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Journal articles on the topic 'Bimetallic strip'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Lekhov, O. S., A. V. Mikhalev, and M. M. Shevelev. "PRODUCTION OF THREE-LAYER STEEL BIMETALLIC STRIPS IN THE UNIT OF CONTINUOUS CASTING AND DEFORMATION. REPORT 2." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 10 (November 3, 2019): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-10-763-768.

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The paper states urgency of the problem of determining stressstrain state of metals of the cladding layer and the main strip in production of three-layer bimetal: alloyed steel-constructional steelalloyed steel. Temperature field of the main strip and cladding layer is given to calculate stress-strain state of metals of three-layer bimetallic strip. Initial data for calculating this stress-strain state are given. To assess the effect of coefficient of friction between cladding layer s and the main strip on stress-strain state of metals in deformation zone, three values of it are taken. Geometric model is described for calculating stress-strain state and metal flow in deformation center of cladding layer. Characteristic lines and points of calculation are provided. Technique for solving the problem of determining stresses and flows in deformation focus is described by finite element method using ANSYS app. Regularities of flow of cladding layer’s metal along the length of deformation center and movement of the main strip of bimetallic ingot are given. Values of mutual displacement of layers of bimetallic strip are determined as a function of deformation degree of the cladding layer. And the recommendations are given on this degree to improve quali ty of a three-layer bimetal. Regularities of distribution of axial and tangential stresses in deformation center are presented for production of steel three-layer bimetallic strips in the unit of combined continuous casting and deformation. Stress state of the cladding layer’s metal in focus of cyclic deformation was estimated from the position of improving quality of three-layer bimetallic strips produced in such unit.

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2

Lekhov, O. S., A. V. Mikhalev, and M. M. Shevelev. "Production of three-layer steel bimetallic strips in the unit of continuous casting and deformation. Report 1." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 8 (September 13, 2019): 594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-8-594-599.

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High technical and economic efficiency of the use of bimetals in chemical, oil, transport and energy engineering and other industries is described. The urgency of creating high-performance continuous processes for the production of bimetallic strips is substantiated. The authors have established the main technological tasks for development of the processes of obtaining bimetal of wide class. The paper describes resource-saving production technology of three-layer bimetals alloyed steel – constructional steel – alloyed steel at the unit of combined process of continuous casting and deformation. Possibilities of the proposed technology are outlined from the standpoint of improving the quality of bimetallic strips. The initial data are given to determine the temperature change over time of the main steel strip as it passes through the molten metal of the alloyed steel. The equations are given for non-stationary heat conduction, initial and boundary conditions for determining the temperature fields of main strip and cladding layer when obtaining a three-layer bimetallic strip on the unit of a combined process of continuous casting and deformation. The values of density, thermal conductivity and heat capacity for steel St3 were determined in a given temperature range. A procedure is described for calculating temperatures in the ANSYS package by solving a non-stationary heat conduction problem in a flat formulation by the finite element method. The authors have described the geometric model for calculating the temperature of strip and molten metal of the cladding layer. Values of the coefficient of heat transfer between the main strip and molten metal of the cladding layers of bimetallic strip are given adopted for calculation. Characteristic points are indicated in the model for calculating the temperatures of main strip and molten metal of the cladding layer. The graphs show temporal changes in these temperatures at production of a three-layer bimetallic strip on the unit of combined process of continuous casting and deformation. Calculated data on the time variation of temperature of main strip and molten metal of the cladding layer at characteristic points are given for different values of the contact heat transfer coefficient.

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3

Angel, GD, G. Haritos, A. Chrysanthou, and V. Voloshin. "Chord line force versus displacement for thin shallow arc pre-curved bimetallic strip." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 229, no. 1 (April 29, 2014): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214530873.

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A pre-curved bimetallic strip that is applied with a force in an axial orientation, i.e. along its chord line, exhibits nonlinear force–displacement characteristics. For thin bimetallic strips, whereby the radius of curvature is large compared to the thickness of the strip, the non-linearity tends to be tangent related. The new theoretical formula introduced here was correlated to the results of a set of force–displacement tests, and a good overall fit of the theory to the test data was achieved. The formula put forward in this work enables the evaluation of large chord line displacements but is limited to the permissible stress limits of the material. This work can also be directly applied to thin shallow arc beams of a single material. The application of this work is in the field of bimetallic force–displacement actuators.

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4

Khatkhate, Amol, R. Singh, and P. T. Mirchandani. "An Elastic Moduli Independent Approximation to the Radius of Curvature of the Bimetallic strip." Material Science Research India 14, no. 1 (June 28, 2017): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/140111.

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A parametric approach has been used to derive an approximate formula for the prediction of the radius of curvature of a thin bimetallic strip that at initial ambient temperature, is both flat and straight, but at above ambient temperature, forms into an arc of a circle. The formula enables the evaluation of the radius of curvature of the strip as a function of heating or cooling. A formula for calculating the radius of curvature of a bimetallic strip already exists, and was produced by Timoshenko in his paper on Bimetallic Thermostats. The formula by Timoshenko has been vigorously tested, tried and proven and accepted in countless papers and journals since its original publication. The parametric approach solution introduced in this work gives an approximate solution to the Timoshenko formula for equal thicknesses of two mating metals within the bimetallic. The Khatkhate Singh Mirchandani (KSM) formula presented here is taken from the first order approximation derived by Angel and Haritos by incorporating the ratio of Young's modulus of the bimetallic materials. Furthermore, researchers in this area have proven that the Young's modulus does not have a significant effect on the radius of curvature. Taking this fact into consideration, the authors have suitably incorporated a correction modifier purely based on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the materials. The simulation results and the overall close agreement with the Timoshenko formula has been put forward here. Also, the solution derived by the authors Khatkhate et.al shows better prediction as compared to the solutions derived by other researchers.

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5

Pionke, Christopher D., and Gerald Wempner. "The Various Approximations of the Bimetallic Thermostatic Strip." Journal of Applied Mechanics 58, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 1015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2897676.

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A thin strip, formed by bonding two dissimilar materials, constitutes a simple thermostatic element. If edge effects are neglected, then the strip is reduced to a uniform beam, or plate, with two degrees-of-freedom. The flexure occurs only because of the bond and interfacial shear which is also accompanied by transverse normal stress. These latter stresses are very localized at the end and edges. Here, the elementary approximations, and refinements via finite elements, are presented and compared. Deflections are given with reasonable accuracy by the simple approximations, but the severe interfacial stresses are revealed only by the refinements.

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6

Klein, Siegfried. "Spherical membrane omnidirectional loudspeaker using a magnetostrictive bimetallic strip." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 92, no. 5 (November 1992): 3031–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.404216.

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7

Kuo, An-Yu. "Thermal Stresses at the Edge of a Bimetallic Thermostat." Journal of Applied Mechanics 56, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3176131.

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The plane stress problem of a semi-infinite, bimetallic thermostat subjected to uniform heating or cooling is treated with the theory of elasticity. Solutions to this problem are expressed as the sum of a basic solution for a bimetallic strip of infinite length and a series of complementary solutions. Interlayer peeling stresses at the free edge of the bimetallic thermostat are shown to be singular or nonsingular (but still higher than the nominal values) depending upon whether the combination of the two Dundurs’ bimaterial constants, α (α−2β), are greater or less than zero. In an example problem, current solutions agree well with finite element results while results predicted by a modified beam theory show a large deviation from the other two solutions near the free edge. Boundary layer effects near the free edges of a bimetallic thermostat are also discussed.

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8

Noda, Nao-Aki, Kejun Hu, Yoshikazu Sano, Katsma Ono, and Yusuke Hosokawa. "Residual Stress Simulation for Hot Strip Bimetallic Roll during Quenching." steel research international 87, no. 11 (March 21, 2016): 1478–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201500430.

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9

Knapp, G. S., M. Ramanathan, H. L. Nian, A. T. Macrander, and D. M. Mills. "A simple sagittal focusing crystal which utilizes a bimetallic strip." Review of Scientific Instruments 63, no. 1 (January 1992): 465–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142733.

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10

Baroura, Lazhar, Ommar Bourabbou, Massaoud Bendaoui, and Lahcene Mebarki. "Influence of the Variation of the Thickness of a Bilayers Cu/(001) Fe in Isotropic Elasticity on the Field of Displacements." Diffusion Foundations 18 (September 2018): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.18.79.

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The knowledge of elastic fields caused by dislocation networks is a network that is sometimes indispensable for the interpretation of images obtained by electron microscopy and for the understanding of physical phenomena. In this axis, the present work makes it possible to determine the elastic behavior of a thin bimetallic isotropic elasticity in the case where the hetero-interface is covered with a parallel network of wedge type detuning dislocations. The topology of the free surfaces is calculated according to the total thickness of the bimetallic strip until a relaxation is reached for a thickness "h" called critical thickness.

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11

Lille, Harri, Jakub Kõo, Jaak Valgur, Alexander Ryabchikov, Renno Reitsnik, and Renno Veinthal. "Measurement of Residual Stresses in the Cold-Rolled Fe-Ni-Mn/Invar Thermo-Bimetallic Plate." Materials Science Forum 768-769 (September 2013): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.768-769.101.

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The paper presents a method for measuring residual stresses in normal thermo-bimetal Fe-Ni-Mn/Invar strips with a thickness of 0.76 mm. For this purpose, a setup was designed which permits to remove layers from a strip substrate by electrochemical etching. Residual stresses in the directions that are longitudinal and transversal to rolling are determined by the curvature method based on the layer growing/removing techniques. As a reference, residual stresses were also determined by hole-drilling technique. Tensile and compressive residual stresses arose both in active and in passive layers and were considerably higher when determined by the hole-drilling technique.

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12

Lekhov, O. S., A. V. Mikhalev, and M. M. Shevelev. "Stressed state of striker – bimetall system at production of three-layer steel bimetallic strips in the unit of continuous casting and deformation." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-2-140-145.

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The article presents the initial data for calculation of stress-strain state of a three-layer bimetallic strip. The regularities of distribution of axial and tangent stresses in the zone of cyclic deformation are considered. The main loads acting on the mold strikers are described for the unit of combined continuous casting and deformation at production of steel three-layer bimetallic strips. The authors describe the method for determining total stresses in the installation strikers from the efforts of compression and temperature loads. Also temperature boundary conditions for determining the temperature fields are considered. The procedure for determining temperature fields and thermoelastic stresses in the strikers is shown using the ANSYS package. The calculation results of temperature fields and thermoelastic stresses were made in five sections of the striker and are given for characteristic lines. The nature of temperature distribution over the thickness of the striker is shown when it is cooled with water at idling and in contact with a bimetallic ingot during its compression. For the calculated temperature fields, the authors have determined the axial and equivalent stresses occurring in the strikers without channels when the ingot is compressed and cooled with water during idling. The magnitudes and patterns of distribution of total axial stresses from the compression and thermal loads are also given along the thickness of the contact layer, along the height and thickness of the strikers.

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13

Epstein, J. S., S. M. Graham, K. E. Perry, and W. G. Reuter. "Displacement and Strain Fields for a Bimetallic Strip Under Remote Tension." Journal of Applied Mechanics 62, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 997–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2896035.

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Experimental displacement and strain fields are presented for a generalized plane stress tensile specimen consisting of commercially pure titanium diffusion bonded to 6Al-4V titanium. Plastic flow initiates at the intersection of the interface with the specimen free edge. Further deformation results in concentrated shear bands emanating from the interface at both free edges. Interactions of the interface-free edge shear bands force a state of plane strain in the center of the specimen. These interface constraint effects have practical relevance on the testing of joined metals with property mismatch.

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14

Henriksen, M., D. B. Larson, and C. J. Van Tyne. "On the Analysis of Distortion and Residual Stress in Carburized Steels." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 114, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904186.

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This paper appraises the accuracy with which distortion and residual stress can be predicted in carburized and quenched gear steels. An experimental sample is heattreated such that a nonsymmetric carbon profile results. During quenching, the strip develops longitudinal transformation strains that result in amplified transverse deflections, similar to those of thin bimetallic strips. Deformations in carburized SAE 4023 and SAE 4620 alloys are compared with finite element predictions. The finite element procedure is based on an elastic-plastic yield surface which includes dependence on temperature. The analysis uses property data published and used by others. Some, but not all, of the predicted distortions agree with experiments; the study shows that distortions are quite sensitive to small variations in constitutive parameters. The paper includes recommendations for practitioners using finite element procedures for prediction of residual stress.

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15

Shaparev, A. V., and I. Savin. "Calculation of the Amount of the Reduction Required for the Formation of Compound Layers during Cold Rolling of Bimetals." Materials Science Forum 870 (September 2016): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.870.328.

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Calculated values of joint plastic deformation for forming a connection layer of the bimetal during cold rolling. Deflection of the primary setting of the bimetal layers depends on the thickness and sizes of destruction blocks, the ratio of the geometric shapes of the blocks of the surface layer destruction, the external friction during rolling, the strip tension, the diameter of the rolls, the thickness of the bimetallic billet.

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16

Arnaud, A., J. Boughaleb, S. Monfray, F. Boeuf, O. Cugat, and T. Skotnicki. "Electrical performances of pyroelectric bimetallic strip heat engines describing a Stirling cycle." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 660 (December 10, 2015): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/660/1/012047.

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17

Rahmoun, M., A. El Hassani, D. Leclerq, and E. Bendada. "Peltier Effect Applied to the Design and Realization of a New Mass Flow Sensor." Active and Passive Electronic Components 22, no. 3 (2000): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/78576.

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The present paper deals with design and realization of a new mass flow sensor using the Peltier effect. The sensor, shaped as a bimetallic circuit includes two continuous parallel strips coated with a great deal of metal plated spots. In such a device, one track performs as a classical thermoelectrical circuitry whose both plated and uncoated parts provide the thermopile junctions. The other strip is subjected to electrical current so as to generate numerous small thermal gradients owing to the Peltier effect. Then, the resulting differences in temperature induce a Seebeck e.m.f. detected by the other strip acting as a receiver. The thermal coupling between transmitter and receiver tracks depends on many variation of the surrounding environment heat transfer coefficient. Therefore, such a device allows us to detect any shift in physical properties related to the apparent thermal conductivity. In special case of a steady state fluid, the induced e.m.f. in the receiving track hinges on the thermal conductivity. When the fluid is in relative motion along the sensor, the velocity can be read out as a funotion of voltage as an application, the sensor is placed into a tube conducting a fluid flow, in order to design a new mass flowmeter.

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18

Kim, Dae-Gil, HanChul Kang, Jae-Kyung Pan, Young-Chon Kim, and Minho Song. "Sensitivity enhancement of a fiber grating temperature sensor combined with a bimetallic strip." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 56, no. 8 (May 24, 2014): 1926–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.28490.

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19

Ji, Ce, Huagui Huang, Junpeng Zhang, and Ridong Zhao. "Influence of the substrate strip on the asymmetric heat transfer of twin-roll casting for fabricating bimetallic clad strips." Applied Thermal Engineering 158 (July 2019): 113818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.113818.

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20

Boughaleb, Jihane, Arthur Arnaud, Benoit Guiffard, Daniel Guyomar, Raynald Seveno, Stéphane Monfray, Thomas Skotnicki, and Pierre-Jean Cottinet. "Coupling of PZT Thin Films with Bimetallic Strip Heat Engines for Thermal Energy Harvesting." Sensors 18, no. 6 (June 6, 2018): 1859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18061859.

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21

Boughaleb, J., A. Arnaud, S. Monfray, P. J. Cottinet, S. Quenard, F. Boeuf, D. Guyomar, and T. Skotnicki. "Design and performance benchmark of various architectures of a piezoelectric bimetallic strip heat engine." Optical Materials 56 (June 2016): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2016.01.019.

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22

Li, Chuanyang, Weimin Ouyang, Hongwei Guo, Dewei Tang, Rongqiang Liu, and Zongquan Deng. "Concept and preliminary design of SMA bimetallic strip smart actuator for space adaptive structures." Materials Research Express 6, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 115710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab5026.

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23

Čepon, Gregor, Blaž Starc, Blaž Zupančič, and Miha Boltežar. "Coupled thermo-structural analysis of a bimetallic strip using the absolute nodal coordinate formulation." Multibody System Dynamics 41, no. 4 (May 26, 2017): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11044-017-9574-7.

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24

Kalenskii, V. K. "Special features of producing high-quality bimetallic sheets by rolling slabs deposited with strip electrodes." Welding International 3, no. 6 (January 1989): 482–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507118909446594.

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25

Carpenter, A. C., A. N. Smith, H. Wagner, Y. Cohen-Tayar, S. Rao, V. Wallace, R. Ashery-Padan, and R. A. Lang. "Wnt ligands from the embryonic surface ectoderm regulate 'bimetallic strip' optic cup morphogenesis in mouse." Development 142, no. 5 (February 24, 2015): 972–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120022.

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26

Boughaleb, J., A. Arnaud, S. Monfray, P. J. Cottinet, S. Quenard, F. Boeuf, D. Guyomar, and T. Skotnicki. "Coupling of a bimetallic strip heat engine with a piezoelectric transducer for thermal energy harvesting." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 628, no. 1 (March 23, 2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2015.1137390.

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27

Arnaud, A., J. Boughaleb, S. Monfray, F. Boeuf, O. Cugat, and T. Skotnicki. "Thermo-mechanical efficiency of the bimetallic strip heat engine at the macro-scale and micro-scale." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 25, no. 10 (September 25, 2015): 104003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/25/10/104003.

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28

MANNOJ, PAUL SINGH R., M. KHATKHATE AMOL, and DANPURWALA ABIZER. "SIMULATION STUDIES OF A NOVEL FORMULA FOR PREDICTING THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE OF A BIMETALLIC STRIP." i-manager's Journal on Material Science 8, no. 1 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jms.8.1.15415.

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29

Povarova, K. B., A. V. Antonova, V. I. Burmistrov, B. V. Safronov, L. S. Perfilov, and A. P. Chukanov. "Structure of a bimetallic strip produced by plasma spraying of a TiAl powder on a niobium sheet." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2007, no. 5 (October 2007): 418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029507050126.

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30

Kim, Wansun, Jae-Chul Lee, Gi-Ja Lee, Hun-Kuk Park, Anbok Lee, and Samjin Choi. "Low-Cost Label-Free Biosensing Bimetallic Cellulose Strip with SILAR-Synthesized Silver Core–Gold Shell Nanoparticle Structures." Analytical Chemistry 89, no. 12 (May 25, 2017): 6448–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00300.

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31

Shaparev, Alexander V. "Contact Surfaces Preparation in Manufacturing of Bimetallic Strips CuZn10 Brass - C22E Steel - CuZn10 Brass." Defect and Diffusion Forum 410 (August 17, 2021): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.410.463.

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Contact surfaces preparation before cold cladding is one of the most important technological operations. A joint plastic components deformation of the of bimetal 1 according to OST 3-6648-91 and bimetal 3 according to OST 3-6649-91 CuZn10 brass - C22E steel - CuZn10 brass (according to EN standard) should be performed with the strongest possible compression to obtain the required layers connection strength, ensuring strip winding into a roll without delamination. We investigated influence of some factors on the bond strength of bimetal layers: surface hardening of contact surfaces, presence of an underlayer on a steel base, contact surfaces micro geometry, components heating temperature in the deformation zone, diffusion annealing after cladding and a bimetal layers thicknesses ratio effect. Cold cladding technological recommendations have been developed for manufacturing of bimetal 1 according to OST 3-6648-91 and bimetal 3 according to OST 3-6649-91 (CuZn10 brass - C22E steel - CuZn10 brass).

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32

Poncelet, J., T. Baudin, M. de Oliveira, T. Waeckerlé, Y. Ateba-Betanda, F. Brisset, and AL Helbert. "Recrystallization and grain growth at the interface of a bimetallic colaminated strip composed of two different Fe-Ni alloys." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1270 (August 2019): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1270/1/012024.

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33

L'Hostis, Gildas, Karine Buet-Gautier, and Bernard Durand. "Thermaly Active Structures for Shape Morphing Applications." Smart Materials Research 2012 (May 15, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/530217.

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For shape morphing application, thermal activation coupling to a bimetallic strip effect can be a substitute for classical actuators, piezoelectrical or shape memory alloys. The controlled behaviour of composite material (CBCM) is a thermaly activated composite material. The thermal activation is made thanks to carbon yarns which are connected to a power supply. If the anisotropy of the structure is well organized, the desired deformation is reached when the temperature within the composite is rising. To obtain a CBCM morphing composite structure, it is necessary to design a specific structure. The aim of this work is to show that it is possible to adapt the CBCM principle in order to transform any kind of classical composite structure to an active structure. The first part of this work consists in presenting the experimental results for two examples of composite beams. The second part is about the active structure FEM modeling and the development of adapted tools for this particular design.

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34

Germer, Maxim, Uwe Marschner, and Alison B. Flatau. "Electrical tuning of magnetostrictive applications: Equivalent electromechanical circuit analysis." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 9 (February 13, 2019): 1435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19828484.

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Electromechanical equivalent circuit models provide an efficient tool for analysis of power flow across multiple physical domains. This work applies this approach to analyze the dynamic behavior of magnetostrictive material-based devices. Here, the unimorph system consists of a magnetostrictive galfenol (Fe-Ga alloy) layer bonded to a non-magnetic flexible metal layer, a pick-up coil wound around the bimetallic strip, and an electrical load. Permanent magnets at both ends of the unimorph provide a magnetic bias. The electrical load, consisting of a resistance and capacitance, is connected to the pick-up coil, such that vibration in the magnetostrictive alloy layer generates electrical energy. From a system point of view, a transformation of the electrical and magnetic elements into the mechanical domain reveals a vibration absorption core structure of the electromechanical system with the appropriate applied electrical load. Experimental results from two different devices are presented and their dynamic behaviors are compared with simulations for purposes of adjustable damping and tunable energy harvesting. Because of the very good agreement between simulations and measurements, the presented network model can be used to predict the performance of magnetostrictive sensors, actuators, energy harvesters, and dampers with a similar structure.

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35

Sahoo, Subash Chandra, Shashi Bhushan Sinha, M. S. R. N. Kiran, Upadrasta Ramamurty, Arcan F. Dericioglu, C. Malla Reddy, and Panče Naumov. "Kinematic and Mechanical Profile of the Self-Actuation of Thermosalient Crystal Twins of 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene: A Molecular Crystalline Analogue of a Bimetallic Strip." Journal of the American Chemical Society 135, no. 37 (July 29, 2013): 13843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja4056323.

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36

Varner, H., J. Mahaffey, T. Marinis, and C. DiBiasio. "Encapsulation of Microelectronic Assemblies for use in Harsh Environments." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2017, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 000292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2017-wa51_072.

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Abstract Microelectronic systems that are intended for use in high shock and vibration environments are encapsulated to achieve stable and reliable operation. The physical design of the electronic assembly, the material properties of the encapsulant, and the magnitude and frequency of the inertial loading must all be factored into the system design. Overall robustness to shock and vibration are improved by minimizing the physical size and mass of the system, which increases its stiffness and reduces the magnitude of the inertial forces that must be supported. This work describes the development of an encapsulation process and facilities that are optimized for building high-reliability microelectronic systems that range between one and five cubic centimeters in volume. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to ensure that sensitive components are not overstressed by the encapsulant as a result of residual curing stresses and inertial loading effects. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software is used to model the filling process, with the objective of identifying locations prone to void formation. The CFD models are validated via cross sectioning mechanical replicas of the system and by encapsulating enclosures fitted with viewing windows to allow sequential photographs of the progression of the fill frontier. During fabrication, the encapsulant is dispensed under vacuum while being observed with a stereoscopic microscope. An essential component of the process is characterization of the encapsulant materials. Coefficient of thermal expansion and cure shrinkage of the encapsulant are determined by casting a sample onto a thin metal strip and extracting stress parameters with equations of a bimetallic strip. The surface energies of the encapsulant on materials in the system are measured by a modified sessile drop technique in which the material is dispensed on a coupon, cured and then measured with a profilometer. These tests are performed on each lot of material when received and periodically afterwards to monitor the condition of inventory. This paper provides a detailed description of the design process and facilities using examples from representative products.

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Haque, Z., B. A. Clark, and R. S. Lillard. "Experimental Considerations for Modeling Galvanic Corrosion in Aluminum and Its Alloys." Corrosion 74, no. 8 (April 4, 2018): 903–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/2607.

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In this paper, experimental data are compared for an aluminum/copper galvanic system with model predictions from a commercially available software package. The experimental data consisted of optical profilometry measurements of damage accumulation in a bimetallic Al-Cu strip as a function of immersion time in a chloride environment. Model predictions of corrosion rate were accomplished with software that used a solution of the Laplace equation to determine the potential distribution for a mesh of the system. Current density and, ultimately, corrosion rates were determined with this model by correlating the potential at a mesh point with a current density from the experimental potentiodynamic polarization curves for the materials. Although this is a proven method for systems where the anode material is under activation control, this methodology presents a problem for the case of pitting corrosion, such as Al and its alloys in chloride solution. In the case of pitting corrosion, the surface average current density from the polarization curve (i.e., the couple current density) is not equal to the current density at the base of the pit resulting in a model prediction that underestimates the corrosion rate. To overcome this shortcoming, an alternate method for determining the polarization curve for Al is offered from artificial pit electrodes (pencil electrodes) and model predictions using that method are presented.

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Cammarata, Robert C., John C. Bilello, A. Lindsay Greer, Karl Sieradzki, and Steven M. Yalisove. "Stresses in Multilayered Thin Films." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 2 (February 1999): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400051526.

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Almost all thin films deposited on a substrate are in a state of stress. Fifty years ago pioneering work concerning the measurement of thin-film stresses was conducted by Brenner and Senderoff. They electroplated a metal film onto a thin metal substrate strip fixed at one end and measured the deflection of the free end of the substrate with a micrometer. Using a beam-bending analysis, they were able to calculate a residual stress from the measured deflection of the bimetallic film-substrate system. A variety of other, more sensitive methods of measuring the curvature of the surface of a film-substrate system have since been developed using, for example, capacitance measurements and interferometry techniques.When a monochromatic x-ray beam is incident onto a curved single crystal, the diffraction condition is satisfied only for regions of the crystal where the inclination angle with respect to the incident beam exactly matches the Bragg angle. When a parallel beam plane-wave source is used, the diffracted beam from a particular set of (hkl) planes gives rise to a single narrow-contour band. If the crystal is rocked by an angle ω, the contour band will move by a certain distance D. The radius of curvature R of the crystal lattice planes is given bywhere θ is the Bragg angle. Equal rocking angles produce equivalent D values for uniform curvature, or varied D values for nonuniform curvature. Using this procedure, detailed contour maps of the angular displacement field of the crystal can be mapped in two dimensions.

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Lane, M. C., M. A. Koehl, F. Wilt, and R. Keller. "A role for regulated secretion of apical extracellular matrix during epithelial invagination in the sea urchin." Development 117, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 1049–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.117.3.1049.

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Epithelial invagination, a basic morphogenetic process reiterated throughout embryonic development, generates tubular structures such as the neural tube, or pit-like structures such as the optic cup. The ‘purse-string’ hypothesis, which proposes that circumferential bands of actin microfilaments at the apical end of epithelial cells constrict to yield a curved epithelial sheet, has been widely invoked to explain invaginations during embryogenesis. We have reevaluated this hypothesis in two species of sea urchin by examining both natural invagination of the vegetal plate at the beginning of gastrulation and invagination induced precociously by Ca2+ ionophore. Neither type of invagination is prevented by cytochalasin D. In one species, treatment with A23187 three hours before the initiation of invagination resulted in the deposition of apical extracellular matrix at the vegetal plate, rather than invagination. This apical matrix contains chondroitin sulfate, as does the lumen of the archenteron in normal gastrulae. When the expansion of this secreted matrix was resisted by an agarose gel, the vegetal plate buckled inward, creating an archenteron that appeared 3–4 hours prematurely. Pretreatment with monensin, which blocks secretion, inhibits both Ca2+ ionophore-stimulated folding and natural invagination, demonstrating that secretion is probably required for this morphogenetic event. These results indicate that alternatives to the purse-string hypothesis must be considered, and that the directed deposition of extracellular matrix may be a key Ca(2+)-regulated event in some embryonic invaginations. A bending bilayer model for matrix-driven epithelial invagination is proposed in which the deposition of hygroscopic material into a complex, stratified extra-cellular matrix results in the folding of an epithelial sheet in a manner analagous to thermal bending in a bimetallic strip.

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Pellenen, Anatole, Nadezhda T. Kareva, and Vasily A. Ivanov. "Studies on Technological Features of Obtaining Thin Bimetallic Brass-Aluminum-Brass Strips." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 807–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.807.

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Manufacturing of bimetallic brass-aluminum-brass strips is connected with a number of technological features. The features under consideration are cladding (welding) of the primary components, annealing of metal compositions and strain modes assignment. The purpose of the studies upon the development of bimetallic brass-aluminum-brass strips production technologies in SUSU is to analyze the modes, as well as to elaborate recommendations for the primary components thickness selection, strain modes assignment and annealing using bell-type furnace and strand-type furnace. The performed studies resulted in recommendations dealing with annealing cycles. The studies have also delivered the regression ratio between the thickness selection of primary components during the cladding operation, and the supreme total strain. A correct ratio prevents from the surface ruptures on the bimetallic brass-aluminum-brass strips surface while rolling.

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Fadzlina Naim, Nani, Nur Shahira Anuar, Suzi Seroja Sarnin, and Norsuzila Yaa’cob. "Design of metal plate temperature sensor based on fiber bragg grating (FBG)." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v15.i3.pp1282-1289.

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<p>This paper presents the design and characterization for metal plate temperature sensor based on Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG). Five types of FBGs were used such as Acrylate FBG, Bare FBG, Bimetallic Acrylate FBG, Bimetallic Bare FBG and Ceramic FBG to determine the sensitivity on four different plates at 23℃ to 70℃, experimentally. The four different plates are Aluminium, Aluminium Coating, Zinc and Zinc Coating has been used because of their excellent thermal conductivity. Two metals which are Copper and Zinc have been chosen to design the Bimetallic Strips FBG due to the Coefficient Thermal Expansion (CTE) to improve their sensitivity. The results show that Ceramic FBG has been chosen as the best temperature sensor because it has the highest sensitivity compared to other FBGs with sensitivity value of 50.4 and 59.7 pm  16(â„ƒ)-1"> when in contact with Aluminium and Zinc plates, respectively. In addition, Aluminium and Zinc plates has been chosen as the most reliable metal plates where it can transfer heat efficiently due to high thermal conductive which is 237 W/mK and 116 W/mK thus it gives the highest sensitivity when measured using Bimetallic Acrylate, Bimetallic Bare and Ceramic FBG.</p>

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Pan, D., K. Gao, and J. Yu. "Cold roll bonding of bimetallic sheets and strips." Materials Science and Technology 5, no. 9 (September 1989): 934–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1989.5.9.934.

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Meng, L., S. P. Zhou, F. T. Yang, Q. J. Shen, and M. S. Liu. "Diffusion annealing of copper–silver bimetallic strips at different temperatures." Materials Characterization 47, no. 3-4 (September 2001): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1044-5803(01)00182-6.

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Zhang, Zheng, Kai Pei, Helong Wu, Min Sun, Hao Chai, Huaping Wu, and Shaofei Jiang. "Bistable characteristics of hybrid composite laminates embedded with bimetallic strips." Composites Science and Technology 212 (August 2021): 108880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.108880.

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Maurelli, L., M. Mazzoleni, and F. Previdi. "Modeling and simulation of bimetallic strips in industrial circuit breakers." IFAC-PapersOnLine 54, no. 7 (2021): 803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.08.460.

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Lashgari, Amir, Shahriar Ghamami, Saeedeh Shahbazkhany, Guillermo Salgado-Morán, and Daniel Glossman-Mitnik. "Fractal Dimension Calculation of a Manganese-Chromium Bimetallic Nanocomposite Using Image Processing." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/384835.

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Bimetallic materials, which have the ability to convert heat change into mechanical movement, normally consist of two bonded strips of dissimilar metals that expand at different rates. We describe how we made a manganese-chromium (Mn-Cr) bimetallic nanocomposite using the centrifuge method and a low-to-high approach. We conducted scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis, and X-ray diffraction spectra of the nanocomposite to prove its identity. We examined how centrifuge speed, process time, and the use of an “intruder agent” affected the properties of the material. The fractal dimension is a significant factor that can be used to approximate the surface roughness, the texture segmentation, and an image of the studied compounds. We calculated the technique of fractal dimensions using image-processing values on a computer and histogram plot with the SEM image of the Mn-Cr bimetallic nanocomposite using MATLAB software. We applied the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software for statistics data extracted from the SEM image of the nanocomposite and obtained the following results: mean = 1.778, median = 1.770, max = 1.98, min = 1.60, skewness = 0.177, range = 0.38, and harmonic mean = 1.771 for fractal dimension of the SEM image.

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Kareva, N. T., A. A. Khabibullin, and A. P. Pellenen. "Research of annealing bimetallic brass-aluminium strips in a draw furnace." Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series ‘Metallurgy’ 15, no. 4 (November 2015): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/met150412.

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Kleinberg, AS, RL Meltzer, JR Schroeder, B. Benzing, MB Vieth, K. Greene, MT Pravitz, CRL Murthy, and KK Brahma. "Nondestructive Evaluation of Bond Quality of Bimetallic Strips Using Acoustic Emission." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 13, no. 5 (1985): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte10965j.

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Comparini, E., and C. Manni. "On a model for the temperature distribution in moving bimetallic strips." Meccanica 25, no. 2 (June 1990): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01566212.

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Narushima, Tetsuya, Niall T. Kinahan, and John J. Boland. "Simple controlled heating method for a free-standing sample using bimetallic strips." Review of Scientific Instruments 76, no. 9 (September 2005): 095113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2052590.

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