Journal articles: 'Binary Frequency Shift Keying'

1

Zhang, Shi Kai, and Jian Li Jin. "Asymmetric Binary Frequency Shift Keying and its Frequency Attribute." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 1236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.1236.

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An innovative asymmetric binary frequency shift keying (ABFSK) modulation format is presented and studied both in the time domain and frequency domain. First, the modulation function is demonstrated, it shows a quasi-continuous phase attribute and an ability of high speed data modulation. Second, the domain attribute is studied; it has a high degree of energy centralization. Thus, a narrow occupied bandwidth can be achieved after a proper filtering. Then, the finite spectrum can be conserved to improve spectrum efficiency.

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Levanon, Nadav, and Itzik Izchak Cohen. "Binary Frequency Shift Keying for Continuous Waveform Radar." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 53, no. 5 (October 2017): 2462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2017.2700919.

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Hidayat, Rahmad, Rushendra, Ellisa Agustina, Salamatul Afiyah, Yudi Herdiana, Andrew Ghea Mahardika, and Ninik Sri Lestari. "Improvement of Binary Frequency Shift Keying Modulation Performance." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1933, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 012102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1933/1/012102.

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Maras, A. M., H. D. Davidson, and A. G. J. Holt. "Optimum threshold diversity reception of binary noncoherent frequency shift keying." IEE Proceedings F Communications, Radar and Signal Processing 135, no. 6 (1988): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-f-1.1988.0067.

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Kistanova, V. A., and V. I. Oganov. "Phase control algorithm for demodulation of binary phase-shift keying signals." Radio industry 28, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2413-9599-2018-28-4-15-20.

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The purpose of this paper is to synthesize an algorithm for coherent digital demodulation of non-uniformly distributed radio signals with absolute two-position phase shift keying, which has a small computational complexity, and to develop a miniature low-power demodulator on its basis. The relevance of the study is determined by the absence of similar devices in the Russian radio electronic market. The algorithm is based on digital phase-locked-loop frequency control. Its basic idea is to retain the optimal amplitude ratio between the phase quadrature of the received signal using a proportional-integral- differential controller. A digital device with the stated technical characteristics was obtained as a result of the study.

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Zhang, Xiangli, Hao-Hsuan Chen, Zongzhi Zhang, and Yaowen Liu. "Electric-field assisted spin torque nano-oscillator and binary frequency shift keying modulation." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 452 (April 2018): 458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.12.063.

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He, Yishan, Yufan Cheng, Gang Wu, Binhong Dong, and Shaoqian Li. "Adaptive Jamming Suppression in Coherent FFH System Using Weighted Equal Gain Combining Receiver over Fading Channels with Imperfect CSI." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/687874.

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Fast frequency hopping (FFH) is commonly used as an antijamming communication method. In this paper, we propose efficient adaptive jamming suppression schemes for binary phase shift keying (BPSK) based coherent FFH system, namely, weighted equal gain combining (W-EGC) with the optimum and suboptimum weighting coefficient. We analyze the bit error ratio (BER) of EGC and W-EGC receivers with partial band noise jamming (PBNJ), frequency selective Rayleigh fading, and channel estimation errors. Particularly, closed-form BER expressions are presented with diversity order two. Our analysis is verified by simulations. It is shown that W-EGC receivers significantly outperform EGC. As compared to the maximum likelihood (ML) receiver in conventional noncoherent frequency shift keying (FSK) based FFH, coherent FFH/BPSK W-EGC receivers also show significant advantages in terms of BER. Moreover, W-EGC receivers greatly reduce the hostile jammers’ jamming efficiency.

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XU, W. K., L. WANG, and G. KOLUMBÁN. "A NOVEL DIFFERENTIAL CHAOS SHIFT KEYING MODULATION SCHEME." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 21, no. 03 (March 2011): 799–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127411028829.

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In binary Differential Chaos Shift Keying (DCSK), the reference and information bearing chaotic wavelets are transmitted in two consecutive time slots. This TDMA approach provides two independent channels for the transmission of reference and information bearing wavelets but requires a delay component both in the modulator and demodulator circuits, furthermore, it halves the data attainable data rate. The wideband Radio Frequency (RF) delay lines at receiver are extremely difficult to implement with CMOS technology, therefore, the DCSK modulation cannot be exploited in many applications, such as ultra-wideband. To avoid the use of wideband RF delay lines at receiver, an alternative solution is proposed here where both the reference and information bearing wavelets are sent in the same time slot. The two wavelets are separated by Walsh codes instead of time delay. The new modulator and demodulator configurations are given, analytical expressions for the Bit Error Rate (BER) are derived and the derived BER expressions are verified by computer simulations over Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and multipath Rayleigh fading channels.

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Qiao, Gang, Yunjiang Zhao, Songzuo Liu, and Niaz Ahmed. "Doppler scale estimation for varied speed mobile frequency-hopped binary frequency-shift keying underwater acoustic communication." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146, no. 2 (August 2019): 998–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5119263.

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Ugrelidze, Nodar, Sergo Shavgulidze, and Juergen Freudenberger. "Four-Dimensional Signal Constellations Based on Binary Frequency-Shift Keying and <i>M</i>-ary Amplitude-Phase-Shift Keying." Journal of Computer and Communications 08, no. 12 (2020): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jcc.2020.812016.

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Yao, Kai-Wen, Cihun-Siyong Alex Gong, Yu-Ting Hsueh, Yu-Lin Tsou, Muh-Tian Shiue, Jian-Chiun Liou, and Yih-Shiou Hwang. "Data-rate-efficient CMOS modulator for wireless biomedical sensor network applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 1 (August 28, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078715001361.

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A 0.18 µm CMOS Binary Frequency Shift Keying Modulator with a novel frequency synthesizer structure is proposed in this paper. Based on an analog adder technique being the backbone of the synthesizer, this prototype demonstrates a compact modulator with low complexity, which achieves 1 Mbps at 400 MHz while dissipating 3.1 mW at 1.5 V supply. The proposed design is ideal for biomedical sensor network systems including distributed wearable body area network.

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Li, Jiong, Man Xi Wang, Dao Xing Guo, and Xiao Fei Pan. "Performance Analysis of LDPC Coded SFH/BPSK in LFM Jamming." Applied Mechanics and Materials 470 (December 2013): 748–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.470.748.

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In this paper, we investigated the low density parity check (LDPC) coded performances of slow-frequency-hopped binary phase shift-keying (SFH/BPSK) systems in the presence linear frequency modulated (LFM) jamming. We investigated the effects of code rate, code length, the number of symbols per hop (SPH) and interleaver on the performance of the SFH/BPSK system with LFM jamming by numerical simulation. And the results suggest that there is good performance through designing the system reasonably.

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Ghauri, Sajjad Ahmed. "KNN BASED CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL MODULATED SIGNALS." IIUM Engineering Journal 17, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v17i2.641.

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Demodulation process without the knowledge of modulation scheme requires Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC). When receiver has limited information about received signal then AMC become essential process. AMC finds important place in the field many civil and military fields such as modern electronic warfare, interfering source recognition, frequency management, link adaptation etc. In this paper we explore the use of K-nearest neighbor (KNN) for modulation classification with different distance measurement methods. Five modulation schemes are used for classification purpose which is Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), 16-QAM and 64-QAM. Higher order cummulants (HOC) are used as an input feature set to the classifier. Simulation results shows that proposed classification method provides better results for the considered modulation formats.

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Marugin, Aleksey S., Vladimir K. Orlov, and Rumiya R. Khaziakhmetova. "RADIO NAVIGATION SYSTEM BROADBAND SIGNAL SEARCH." Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics, no. 6 (January 18, 2019): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2018-21-6-66-74.

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The study object is the search procedure for a ground-based radionavigation system signal using noise-like discrete signals with a long baseline. A comparative analysis of the signal search quality indicators is carried out, which is the most time-consuming procedure with different navigation signal modulation formats in the worst-case conditions and with a limited frequency resource allocated to the system. Bandwidth efficiency of noise-like signals (NLS) with phase shift keying (PSK) and minimal frequency shift keying (MFSK) are analyzed. Relations are obtained for the average maximum search time of the navigation signal with a fixed probability of correct search completion. The qualitative indicators of the search procedure for PSK and MFSK are compared for the same band pass effectiveness and elementary symbol duration. The analysis results show that under the conditions of equal restrictions on the occupied frequency range and the same requirements for the search procedure reliability, NLS MFSK search is effective and implementable at much lower time costs than NLS with traditional binary PSK.

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Cuu, Ho Van, Hoang Hiep Le, and Nguyen Thi Thu-Hang. "EFFICIENT ANALYSIS OF MIMO-OFDM SYSTEM IN NAKAGAMI-m FADING CHANNEL." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 6 (December 7, 2016): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-708x/54/6/8311.

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Bit error rate (BER) and symbol error rate (SER) performance response fading parameter for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system over Nakagami-m fading channel would be provided in this study. Some channel simulations and evaluations were for 2×2 MIMO-OFDM system in which data are sent from two transmit antennas to two receive antennas. In this study, authors have used binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation techniques to modulate the data stream. In addition, numerical results have been presented and compared for several different environmental propagations such as Nakagami-m, Rician, Rayleigh multipath fading channels, and non-fading additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Based on such obtained presentation and comparison, the paper would discuss further about relation between value of paramater m and quality of system.

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Fan, X., G. Fischer, and B. Dietrich. "An integrated 3.1–5.1 GHz pulse generator for ultra-wideband wireless localization systems." Advances in Radio Science 4 (September 6, 2006): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-4-247-2006.

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Abstract. This paper presents an implementation of an integrated Ultra-wideband (UWB), Binary-Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Gaussian modulated pulse generator. VCO, multiplier and passive Gaussian filter are the key components. The VCO provides the carrier frequency of 4.1 GHz, the LC Gaussian filter is responsible for the pulse shaping in the baseband. Multiplying the baseband pulse and the VCO frequency shifts the pulse to the desired center frequency. The generated Gaussian pulse ocupppies the frequency range from 3.1 to 5.1 GHz with the center frequency at 4.1 GHz. Simulations and measured results show that this spectrum fulfills the mask for indoor communication systems given by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission, 2002). The total power consumption is 55 mW using a supply voltage of 2.5 V. Circuits are realized using the IHP 0.25 μm SiGe:C BiCMOS technology.

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Singh, Nitin Shankar, and Gurpartap Singh. "Performance Evaluation of Log-normal And Negative Exponential Channel Modeling Using Various Modulation Techniques in OFDM-FSO Communication." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2005): 639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v4i2c2.4189.

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Free Space Optics (FSO) is one of the emerging technology which is thoroughly being popular and is basically using optical signals for the communication. The paper evaluates the bit error rate performance of the Free space Optics (FSO) system. To design a high performance communication link for the atmospheric FSO channel, it is of great importance to characterize the channel with proper model. The performance of the highly efficient, high data rate system is limited by the certain constraints like scintillation effects and atmospheric turbulence. The FSO communication system using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique which is known for its increased robustness against frequency selective fading, narrow-band interference and high channel efficiency. The performance of the modulation techniques- Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and 8-PSK are studied in the Lognormal and Negative Exponential channel. The obtained results are the comparative study of Bit Error Rate (BER) vs. Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), which is quite useful for analyse the system performance with different channel models for various modulation techniques.

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Raji, T. I., and Z. K. Adeyemo. "Performance of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quartenary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Signalling Schemes in Fast and Frequency Non-Selective Rayleigh Fading Channel with a Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE) at the Receiver." Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (February 2009): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.99.

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In this paper, we study the performance of Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and Quartenary phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation signalling over fast and frequency non-selective Rayleigh fading channel with mobile digital communication and usually a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) at the receiver. Mobile communication is generally a complex process in which the input modulated signals propagate to the receiver over many different paths resulting in what is known as multipath propagation. Its main effects are delay spread and Doppler spread. These effects result in the channel being classified as fast and frequency non selective. Performances in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) with respect to the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) at different selected velocities of 10, 40, 70 and 100km/hr are investigated with Adaptive Equalizer. Simulation results are obtained using MATLAB 7.0 programming language. The results indicate that at all the velocities considered; there is an excessive degradation in the BER performance due to fading with both the BPSK and QPSK modulation schemes. However, the BER improves for BPSK modulation signalling scheme when a decision feedback equalizer is used at the receiver

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Allen, Ben, Timothy D. Drysdale, and Chris Stevens. "Experimental evaluation of spectral efficiency from a circular array antenna producing a Laguerre–Gauss mode." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 12 (December 2020): 201711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201711.

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We present the four-dimensional volumetric electromagnetic field measurements ( x , y , z and frequency) of the complex radiated field produced by an 8-element circular antenna array. The array is designed to produce a Laguerre–Gauss (LG) mode l = +1 over the frequency range of 9–10 GHz. We evaluate our findings in terms of far-field LG mode purity and spectral efficiency in terms of the quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation scheme that can be supported. The application of LG modes in radio systems is as a means of multiplexing several data streams onto the same frequency, polarization and time slot, thus making a highly spectrally efficient transmission system or enhancing radar systems by means of exploiting mode behaviour as an additional degree of freedom. Our results show that for the circular antenna array, we find that mode purity is sufficient to support binary phase shift keying or quadrature phase shift keying modulation over a 0.3 GHz bandwidth, which corresponds to a spectral efficiency of 1.5 b s −1 Hz −1 per mode. Closer to the antennas' design frequency, 256QAM modulation may be supported over a 0.05 GHz band, and which corresponds to a spectral efficiency of 11 b s −1 Hz −1 per mode. We anticipate the practical insights provided in this paper contribute to the successful design of such systems.

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Saab, Samer S., Joe Khalife, and Rayana H. Jaafar. "A Multiple-Access Time and Frequency Spectrum-Spreading Modulation." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (October 25, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8920746.

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In this paper a novel modulation scheme called Carrier Interleaved Multiple Access (CIMA) is proposed. CIMA provides an alternative for multiple-access modulation accommodating resistance to noise and channel interference. The approach is based on polar signaling modulated with an FM-like composite sinusoidal function. The user assigned frequency deviation and modulation index are strictly related and unique. The latter parameters are generated using a nontraditional pseudorandom noise generator (PRNG). This PRNG provides CIMA with low interference capability between cochannels and adjacent channels. CIMA can be considered for a single-user or multiple-access technique. Selected CIMA characteristics are presented. In order to numerically illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed modulation scheme, the performance of CIMA is compared with the conventional direct-sequence spread spectrum binary phase-shift keying (DSSS-BPSK) modulation.

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Li, Jiong, Dao Xing Guo, and Chao Gong. "Performance Analysis of LDPC Coded SFH/BPSK in Partial-Band Interference." Applied Mechanics and Materials 443 (October 2013): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.443.417.

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In this paper, we investigated the low density parity check (LDPC) coded performances of slow-frequency-hopped binary phase shift-keying (SFH/BPSK) systems in the presence partial-band interference (PBI). The contributions of this paper are two folds. First, we give the bits error probability (BER) of the SFH/BPSK system with PBI by analysis, and further verify it by numerical results. Second, we investigated the effects of code rate, code length, the number of symbols per hop (SPH) and interleaver on the performance of the SFH/BPSK system with PBI by numerical simulation.

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Zhenjing, Yao, Hong Li, and Li Yanan. "Improvement of Measurement Range via Chaotic Binary Frequency Shift Keying Excitation Sequences for Multichannel Ultrasonic Ranging System." International Journal of Control and Automation 9, no. 6 (June 30, 2016): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijca.2016.9.6.18.

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Zeng, Xiaodong, Deguo Zeng, Hao Cheng, and Bin Tang. "Intercept of Frequency Agile Signals with Nyquist Folding Receiver Using Binary Phase Shift Keying as the Local Oscillator." IETE Journal of Research 58, no. 1 (2012): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0377-2063.94081.

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Altay, Gökmen. "Performance of Systematic Distance-4 Binary Linear Block Codes with Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying over MIMO Systems." Wireless Personal Communications 44, no. 4 (September 11, 2007): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-007-9364-2.

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He, Zhao Jun, Shi Hai Shao, Ying Shen, Chao Jin Qing, and You Xi Tang. "Performance Analysis of Bit Error Rate in Full-Duplex Wireless Communications with Analog Cancellation Error." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 1439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.1439.

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Recent work has shown the full duplex transmission scheme to allow nodes to send and receive in the same frequency at the same time. In this paper, we investigate the impact of analog cancellation error on the bit error rate (BER) performance of full duplex wireless communication system. Considering the transmission delay error, amplitude error and phase error of analog cancellation, we derive the analytic BER expression of binary phase shift keying (BPSK) in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. The analysis results show that BER generally decreases with timing and amplitude error decreases for fixed signal to interference rate (SIR). Compared with the ideal analog cancellation system, the performance loss 0.3dB when the phase error is 0.0001 degree, carrier frequency is 800MHz and SIR is 100dB.

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Sadchenko, Andrey, and Oleg Kushnirenko. "QPSK-Modulation Modem Invariant to the Rotation of the Signal Constellation Plane." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2018-0018.

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AbstractIn order to increase the efficiency of dedicated frequency channels, i.e. to increase the specific data transfer rate, multipositional quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK, aka 4-PSK) should be used. The problems with QPSK signal demodulation is a rotation of the signal constellation plane by an angle multiple of 90° and a slow response of the carrier oscillation recovery scheme. The study considers the existing methods for eliminating the phase ambiguity of the recovered carrier frequency in typical QPSK modems, and identifies the shortcoming of a low-speed response oscillation recovery circuit. The authors propose a QPSK demodulator circuit with a fast adjustment of the reference oscillator, which is due to the fact that no loop filter is used in the feedback and that a digital calculator of the required phase shift is used. An algorithm for the frame synchronization restoration with the simultaneous elimination of the phase ambiguity multiple of 90° was also developed using synthesized binary sequences with an ideal non-periodic autocorrelation function (NACF) at even shifts that do not have the rotary symmetry property. The phase ambiguity elimination algorithm proposed in the article can be used as an alternative to standard modems with differential coding.

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Rasmussen, Søren, Nicklas Skovgaard Nyboe, Sune Mai, and Jakob Juul Larsen. "Robust cancellation of minimum shift keying-encoded radio interference in data from the transient electromagnetic method." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): E87—E94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0611.1.

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Interference from radio signals in the very low frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) band constitutes a significant part of the noise in data, measured using the transient electromagnetic method (TEM). Most radio signals in this frequency band convey streams of binary data, encoded using minimum shift keying or variants thereof. We have developed a framework for cancellation of these signals by modeling and subtracting the interfering signals from the recorded data. The framework uses several techniques to ensure robust and accurate modeling of the radio signals in a typical airborne TEM environment. These include combination of signals from multiple receiver coils, tracking of time-varying parameters for each receiver coil, use of a priori knowledge pertaining to the TEM primary field, and use of a high-performance decoding algorithm. Examples using recorded noise data from the field combined with synthetic TEM signals indicate a significant reduction in noise power. This results in a reduction of the standard deviation of approximately 1.5–4 times in the early to intermediate-time response, after common processing steps have been applied. In the late-time part of the response, little to no improvement is seen. Although the attainable improvement in signal quality is highly case dependent, we expect that significant noise reduction can be achieved in most cases. Despite not being tested, our framework should be directly applicable in the low frequency (LF, 30–300 kHz) band, which has relevance for wide-band systems.

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Wang, Ke, Xiaopeng Yan, Zhiqiang Zhu, Xinhong Hao, Ping Li, and Qian Yang. "Blind Estimation Methods for BPSK Signal Based on Duffing Oscillator." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 6412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226412.

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To realize the blind estimation of binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signal, this paper describe a new relational expression among the state of Duffing oscillator excited by BPSK signal, the pseudo-random code of BPSK signal, and the difference frequency between the to-be-detect signal and internal drive force signal of Duffing oscillator. Two output characteristics of Duffing oscillators excited by BPSK signals named implied periodicity and pilot frequency array synchronization are presented according to the different chaotic states of Duffing oscillator. Then two blind estimation methods for the carrier frequency and pseudo-random sequence of the BPSK signal are proposed based on these two characteristics, respectively. These methods are shown to have a significant effect on the parameter estimation of BPSK signals with no prior knowledge, even at very low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs).

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Korn, I. "Effect of correlated noise on error probability of binary frequency shift keying with limiter-discriminator-detector and narrowband filters." Electronics Letters 21, no. 11 (May 23, 1985): 481–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19850341.

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Kansal, Lavish, Gurjot Singh Gaba, Naveen Chilamkurti, and Byung-Gyu Kim. "Efficient and Robust Image Communication Techniques for 5G Applications in Smart Cities." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 3986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133986.

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A wide range of multimedia applications must be supported by the modern fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems for realizing the diverse applications in smart cities. The diverse applications such as real-time monitoring of roads, smart homes, smart industries, etc., for a sustainable smart city emphasizes a robust and efficient image transmission. In this paper, the influence of maximal ratio combining (MRC) on the reception of images with different orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) versions is studied. The different OFDM versions considered here are the fast Fourier transform (FFT) based OFDM and discrete cosine transform (DCT) based OFDM. A comparison between diverse modulation levels for the images transmitted through different OFDM methodologies, along with variation in a number of receiving antennas for MRC, is proposed for additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels. The diverse modulation levels used are binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 8-PSK, and 16-PSK. The parameters that are used to compare different versions of OFDM for MRC antenna configurations are signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) vs. bit error rate (BER) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) at the receiver as an estimation parameter for the received image quality.

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Kimionis, John, Apostolos Georgiadis, Spyridon Nektarios Daskalakis, and Manos M. Tentzeris. "A printed millimetre-wave modulator and antenna array for backscatter communications at gigabit data rates." Nature Electronics 4, no. 6 (June 2021): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41928-021-00588-8.

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AbstractFuture devices for the Internet of Things will require communication systems that can deliver higher data rates at low power. Backscatter radio—in which wireless communication is achieved via reflection rather than radiation—is a low-complexity approach that requires a minimal number of active elements. However, it is typically limited to data rates of hundreds of megabits per second because of the low frequency bands used and the modulation techniques involved. Here we report a millimetre-wave modulator and antenna array for backscatter communications at gigabit data rates. This radiofrequency front-end consists of a microstrip patch antenna array and a single pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistor that supports a range of modulation formats including binary phase shift keying, quadrature phase shift keying and quadrature amplitude modulation. The circuit is additively manufactured with inkjet printing using silver nanoparticle inks on a flexible liquid-crystal polymer substrate. A millimetre-wave transceiver is also designed to capture and downconvert the backscattered signals and route them for digital signal processing. With the system, we demonstrate a bit rate of two gigabits per second of backscatter transmission at millimetre-wave frequencies of 24–28 GHz, and with a front-end energy consumption of 0.17 pJ per bit.

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Vasanthi, M. S., T. Rama Rao, and M. Arun Prasad. "Radio Frequency Transceiver Architecture Energy Efficiency Analysis for Wireless Sensor Communications." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 24, no. 02 (November 27, 2014): 1550017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126615500176.

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Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Communications technology enables the sensor nodes to observe, identify, understand and respond to changes in surrounding environment. Many of the communication devices for WSN have power constraints, due to their small size and the requirement to operate off small batteries for long periods of time. Thus energy efficiency is an important design criterion. Since energy consumption in the transceiver front ends is dominant, the focus is on reducing the energy consumption on the system level. In this research article the energy model for the alternating quadrature differential binary phase shift keying (AQ-DBPSK) modulation-based transceiver is developed and compared with the energy models for various transceiver architectures, popularly used in WSN nodes. Its suitability for energy efficient operations in WSN applications is investigated in this research article. Through theoretical analysis and simulated results, we discuss how to select the energy efficient transceiver front end for various WSN application scenarios.

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Horiguchi, Tsuneo, Yuki Masui, and Mohd Zan. "Analysis of Phase-Shift Pulse Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry." Sensors 19, no. 7 (March 27, 2019): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071497.

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Distributed strain and temperature can be measured by using local Brillouin backscatter in optical fibers based on the strain and temperature dependence of the Brillouin frequency shift. The technique of analyzing the local Brillion backscatter in the time domain is called Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR). Although the best spatial resolution of classic BOTDR remains at around 1 m, some recent BOTDR techniques have attained as high as cm-scale spatial resolution. Our laboratory has proposed and demonstrated a high-spatial-resolution BOTDR called phase-shift pulse BOTDR (PSP-BOTDR), using a pair of probe pulses modulated with binary phase-shift keying. PSP-BOTDR is based on the cross-correlation of Brillouin backscatter and on the subtraction of cross-correlations obtained from the Brillouin scatterings evoked by each phase-modulated probe pulse. Although PSP-BOTDR has attained 20-cm spatial resolution, the spectral analysis method of PSP-BOTDR has not been discussed in detail. This article gives in-depth analysis of the Brillouin backscatter and the correlations of the backscatters of the PSP-BOTDR. Based on the analysis, we propose new spectral analysis methods for PSP-BOTDR. The analysis and experiments show that the proposed methods give better frequency resolution than before.

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Dwivedi, Vivek K., and Ghanshyam Singh. "Error-rate analysis of the OFDM for correlated Nakagami-m fading channel by using maximal-ratio combining diversity." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 3, no. 6 (September 1, 2011): 717–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078711000742.

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In this paper, we have analyzed the performance of correlated Nakagami-m fading channel by using the maximal-ratio-combing diversity at the receiver. A closed-form mathematical expression is derived for the average bit error rate (BER) for binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and average symbol-error-rate (SER) for M-Quardrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) scheme in terms of the higher transcendental function such as Appell hypergeometric function by using the well-known moment generating function (MGF)-based approach with arbitrary fading index for the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems. Moreover, we also derived an expression for the outage probability and the proposed numerical results are compared with the reported literature.

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Korn, I. "Erratum: Effect of correlated noise on error probability of binary frequency shift keying with limiter-discriminator-detector and narrowband filters." Electronics Letters 22, no. 3 (1986): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19860121.

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Torres Gómez, Jorge, Fidel Hernández, and Joachim Habermann. "New digital demodulator with matched filters and curve segmentation techniques for BFSK demodulation: FPGA implementation and results." Ingeniería e Investigación 36, no. 1 (April 18, 2016): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v36n1.47388.

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<p>The current article addresses digital implementation of new demodulation schemes for Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK), and has two main objectives: of the description of the performance of the new processing method and its implementation on FPGA technology. Performance is analyzed by means of the total number of demodulated bits free of errors without noise, and by means of the BER parameter. The proposed method exhibits to have better performance than the solutions reported. Additionally, the solution obtained shows lower complexity than reported methods in regard to the total number of adders and multipliers. The implementation is described for FPGA systems, and the System Generator software is used for testing and simulating the results.</p>

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Wang, Hao-Yu, and Jyh-Ching Juang. "Retrieval of Ocean Surface Wind Speed Using Reflected BPSK/BOC Signals." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17 (August 20, 2020): 2698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172698.

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The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has become a valuable resource as a remote sensing technique. In the past decade, the use of reflected GNSS signals for sensing the Earth, also known as GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R), has grown rapidly. On the other hand, with the continuous development of GNSS, multi-frequency multi-modulation signals have been used to enhance not only positioning performance, but also remote sensing applications. It is known that for some constellations, navigation satellites broadcast signals employing BPSK (binary phase-shift keying) modulation and BOC (binary offset carrier) modulation at the same frequency band. This paper proposes a new GNSS-R measurement, called a composite delay-Doppler map (cDDM), by utilizing the received reflected GNSS signals with different modulation techniques for the purpose of retrieving wind speed. The GNSS-R receiver can receive BPSK and BOC signals simultaneously at the same frequency band (e.g., GPS III L1 C/A and L1C or QZSS L1 C/A and L1C) and process the signals to generate GNSS-R measurements. Exploration of the observable features extracted from the composite DDM and the wind speed retrieval algorithm are also provided. The simulation verifies the proposed method under a configuration that is specified for the orbital and instrument specification of the upcoming TRITON mission.

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El-Mahdy, A. E. "Partial band jamming of multicarrier frequency hopping/binary phase shift keying receiver over a Rayleigh fading channel with imperfect channel estimation." IET Communications 4, no. 3 (2010): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2009.0382.

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Scerri, Jeremy, Barnaby Portelli, Ivan Grech, Edward Gatt, and Owen Casha. "A MEMS BPSK to ASK converter." Microelectronics International 36, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-06-2018-0039.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of using micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) to convert a binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signal to a simpler amplitude shift keying (ASK) scheme. Design/methodology/approach The prototype is designed within the SOIMUMPs® fabrication process constraints. The fabrication constraints imposed geometric limitations on what could be tested. These constraints were used to build a mathematical model, which in turn was used to optimize the response using MATLAB®. The optimized design was tested using finite element analysis with CoventorWare®, and finally lab tests on the fabricated device were performed to confirm theoretical predictions. Findings Theoretical predictions compared well with lab measurements on a prototype device measuring 2.9 mm2. The prototype was tested with a carrier frequency of 174 kHz at a BPSK data rate of 3 kHz and carrier amplitude of 6 V. With these parameters, ASK modulation indices of 0.96 and 0.94 were measured at the two output sensors. Originality/value This study provides a MEMS solution for BPSK to ASK conversion. The study also identifies what limits betterment of the modulation index and data rate. Such a device has potential application in wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes that have energy harvesters and sensors that are also built in MEMS. Being a MEMS device, it can facilitate integration in such WSN nodes and, hence, potentially reduce size and costs.

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Wan, Jian, Xin Yu, and Qiang Guo. "LPI Radar Waveform Recognition Based on CNN and TPOT." Symmetry 11, no. 5 (May 27, 2019): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11050725.

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The electronic reconnaissance system is the operational guarantee and premise of electronic warfare. It is an important tool for intercepting radar signals and providing intelligence support for sensing the battlefield situation. In this paper, a radar waveform automatic identification system for detecting, tracking and locating low probability interception (LPI) radar is studied. The recognition system can recognize 12 different radar waveform: binary phase shift keying (Barker codes modulation), linear frequency modulation (LFM), Costas codes, polytime codes (T1, T2, T3, and T4), and polyphase codes (comprising Frank, P1, P2, P3 and P4). First, the system performs time–frequency transform on the LPI radar signal to obtain a two-dimensional time–frequency image. Then, the time–frequency image is preprocessed (binarization and size conversion). The preprocessed time–frequency image is then sent to the convolutional neural network (CNN) for training. After the training is completed, the features of the fully connected layer are extracted. Finally, the feature is sent to the tree structure-based machine learning process optimization (TPOT) classifier to realize offline training and online recognition. The experimental results show that the overall recognition rate of the system reaches 94.42% when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is −4 dB.

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Deng, Zhong Liang, Lei Yang, Lu Yin, and Yue Xi. "A BOC Signal Synchronization Algorithm Based on TK Operator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 319 (May 2013): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.319.302.

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The binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation method is generally utilized for the traditional navigation satellite systems; however, the new generation of GNSS, such as modernized GPS, European Galileo, Chinese Compass, etc., will apply binary offset carrier (BOC) modulation technique, which can efficiently split the spectrums of navigation signals using the same frequency so as to reduce the interferences among different systems. But the autocorrelation function of BOC modulated signals has the drawback of multimodality, so it’s very hard to synchronize to the right peak when acquiring and tracking signals, especially under low SNR circumstances, which can decrease the positioning accuracy and even lead to wrong positioning results. A BOC modulated signal synchronization algorithm based on TK (Teager-Kaiser) operator is proposed in this article, which could eliminate all the other peaks in autocorrelation function of BOC modulated signals, and create an ideal curve with only one right peak. As a result, this method could avoid the false lock of code phase and guarantee the high precision fix results.

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Feger, Reinhard, Herman Jalli Ng, Clemens Pfeffer, and Andreas Stelzer. "A Delta–Sigma modulator-based heterodyne FMCW radar for short-range applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 6, no. 3-4 (March 18, 2014): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078714000063.

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We present a heterodyne frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar, applicable in short-range applications. Owing to a modulation of the transmit (TX) signal, the intermediate frequency (IF) signal can be shifted away from zero frequency to reduce the influence of dc-offsets and low-frequency disturbances like, e.g. flicker noise existing in components like mixers, amplifiers and analog-to-digital converters. The presented system is based on E-band transceivers realized in SiGe technology, which are fully integrated with antennas in a plastic package. A sinusoidal modulation of the TX signal is realized by a binary phase-shift keying modulator, which is controlled by a Delta–Sigma sequence. The choice of a sinusoidal modulation allows to reuse signal processing blocks which are typically available in FMCW radars. Measurements show that the achievable signal-to-noise ratio is comparable to a homodyne realization since the Delta–Sigma noise can be filtered in the IF stage. Experiments with a bandwidth of 8 GHz demonstrate measurements down to 12 cm with standard deviations of the measured ranges lower than 60 µm. Compared to a homodyne realization the blocking distance could be reduced by approximately 40 mm.

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Molchanov, Pavel, and Alexandr Totsky. "Application of Triple Correlation and Bispectrum for Interference Immunity Improvement in Telecommunications Systems." International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 18, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10006-008-0032-9.

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Application of Triple Correlation and Bispectrum for Interference Immunity Improvement in Telecommunications SystemsThis paper presents a new noise immunity encoding/decoding technique by using the features of triple correlation and bispectrum widely employed in digital signal processing systems operating in noise environments. The triple correlation-and bispectrum-based encoding/decoding algorithm is tested for a digital radio telecommunications binary frequency shift keying system. The errorless decoding probability was analyzed by means of computer simulation for the transmission and reception of a test message in a radio channel disturbed by both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and a mixture of an AWGN and an impulsive noise. Computer simulation results obtained for varying and less than unity signal-to-noise ratios at the demodulator input demonstrate a considerable improvement in the noise immunity of the technique suggested in comparison with the traditional redundant linear block encoding/decoding technique.

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Esipenko, Valentin, and Lyudmila Bogomolova. "Experimental Estimate of the Noise Immunity of the Communication System with Binary Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) in Case of Concentrated Interference in the Channel with Frequency Multiplication." Vestnik of Volga State University of Technology. Ser.: Radio Engineering and Infocommunication Systems 30, no. 2 (February 28, 2016): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15350/2306-2819.2016.2.42.

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He, Ting, and Zherui Ma. "Proposed OFDM Modulation for Future Generations of GNSS Signal System." Journal of Navigation 69, no. 5 (March 8, 2016): 971–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463316000059.

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Modulation design has a significant effect on the accuracy of a navigation system. Two problems exist in current modulations for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). One is the extremely low transmission rate of navigation messages. The other is the pseudorange error caused by multipath. To solve the restrictions, a novel GNSS signal system is proposed in this paper. In the new signal system, navigation messages are modulated by Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation for high transmission rate as well as excellent anti-multipath performance and conventional ranging code is still transmitted by Phase Shift Keying-Rectangular (PSK-R) or Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) modulation for precise ranging. Both the signal components supplement each other. Simulation results show that using the proposed GNSS signal system, stable and high transmission quality along with high transmission efficiency for navigation data are achieved. Also, the anti-multipath performance is significantly improved with less computational complexity.

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Jiang, Zhao, Liu, Deng, Luo, Wei, and Yang. "Performance Improvement for Mixed RF–FSO Communication System by Adopting Hybrid Subcarrier Intensity Modulation." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 6, 2019): 3724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183724.

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The improvement for hybrid radio frequency–free space optical (RF–FSO) communication system in wireless optical communications has acquired growing interests in recent years, but rarely improvement is based on hybrid modulation. Therefore, we conduct a research on end-to-end mixed RF–FSO system with the hybrid pulse position modulation–binary phase shift keying–subcarrier intensity modulation (PPM–BPSK–SIM) scheme. The RF link obeys Rayleigh distribution and the FSO link experiences Gamma–Gamma distribution. The average bit error rate (BER) for various PPM–BPSK–SIM schemes has been derived with consideration of atmospheric turbulence influence and pointing error condition. The outage probability and the average channel capacity of the system are discussed as well. Simulation results indicate that the pointing error aggravates the influence of atmospheric turbulence on the channel capacity, and the RF–FSO systematic performance is improved obviously while adopting PPM–BPSK–SIM under strong turbulence and severe pointing error conditions, especially, when the system average symbol length is greater than eight.

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Lyu, Boyun, Yu Hua, Jiangbin Yuan, and Shifeng Li. "Application of Ultra Narrow Band Modulation in Enhanced Loran System." Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 4347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134347.

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The Enhanced Loran (eLoran) system is valued for its important role in the positioning, navigation, and timing fields; however, with its current modulation methods, low data rate restricts its development. Ultra narrow band (UNB) modulation is a modulation method with extremely high spectrum utilization. If UNB modulation can be applied to the eLoran system, it will be very helpful. The extended binary phase shift keying modulation in UNB modulation is selected for a detailed study, parameters and application model are designed according to its unique characteristics of signal time and frequency domains, and it is verified through simulation that the application of this modulation not only meets the design constraints of the eLoran system but also does not affect the reception of the respective signals of both parties. Several feasible schemes are compared, analyzed, and selected. Studies have revealed that application of UNB modulation in the eLoran system is feasible, and it will increase the data rate of the system by dozens of times.

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Mvuma, Aloys. "Adaptive IIR Filters for Single Interference Suppression in a BPSK DS CDMA System In Rayleigh Fading Channel." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 30, no. 1 (June 30, 2007): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v30i1.398.

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In this paper, effect of a single narrow-band interference (NBI) on bit error rate (BER) performance for a binary phase shift keying (BPSK) synchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS CDMA) communication system operating in a frequency nonselective Rayleigh fading channel is analyzed. Second-order adaptive infinite impulseresponse (IIR) notch filters with plain gradient algorithm (GA) for suppression of NBI in the DS CDMA system are proposed. A general closed-form BER expression for the DS CDMA system with NBI suppression second order adaptive IIR notch filters is derived based on the standard Gaussian approximation (SGA) method. BER expressions are then derived for the allpass filter-based adaptive IIR notch filter and adaptive IIR notch filter with constrained poles and zeros, the two structures that are commonly found in literature. It is observed that both adaptive IIR notch filter structures exhibit comparable BER performance. Extensive computer simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy and limitations of the analysis.

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Cho, Seongho, and Daejin Park. "Robust Intra-Body Communication Using SHA1-CRC Inversion-Based Protection and Error Correction for Securing Electronic Authentication." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 24, 2020): 6056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216056.

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The explosive increase in the number of IoT devices requires various types of communication methods. This paper presents secure personal authentication using electrostatic coupling Intra-body communication (IBC) based on frequency shift keying (FSK) and error correction. The proposed architecture uses GPIO for a transmitter and analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) for a receiver. We mplemented FSK modulation, demodulation, data protection, and error correction techniques in the MCU software without applying hardware devices. We used the characteristic that the carrier signal is 50% duty square wave for 1-bit error correction and applied a method of randomly inverting SHA1 hash data to protect user authentication data during transmission. The transmitter modulates binary data using a square wave as a carrier signal and transmits data through the human body. The receiver demodulates the signal using ADC and decrypts the demodulated binary data. To determine the carrier frequency from ADC results, we applied a zero-crossing algorithm which is used to detect edge characteristics in image processing. When calculating the threshold value within the zero-crossing algorithm, we implemented an adaptive threshold setting technique utilizing Otsu’s binarization technique. We found that the size of the electrode pad does not affect the signal strength, but the distance between the electrode pad and the skin has a significant effect on the signal strength. Our results show that binary data modulated with a square wave can be successfully transmitted through the human body, and, when 1-bit error correction is applied, the byte error rate on the receiver side is improved around 3.5% compared to not applying it.

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Abbasizadeh, Hamed, Sang Yun Kim, Behnam Samadpoor Rikan, Arash Hejazi, Danial Khan, Young Gun Pu, Keum Cheol Hwang, Youngoo Yang, Dong In Kim, and Kang-Yoon Lee. "Design of a 900 MHz Dual-Mode SWIPT for Low-Power IoT Devices." Sensors 19, no. 21 (October 28, 2019): 4676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214676.

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This paper presents a duty cycle-based, dual-mode simultaneous wireless information and power transceiver (SWIPT) for Internet of Things (IoT) devices in which a sensor node monitors the received power and adaptively controls the single-tone or multitone communication mode. An adaptive power-splitting (PS) ratio control scheme distributes the received radio frequency (RF) energy between the energy harvesting (EH) path and the information decoding (ID) path. The proposed SWIPT enables the self-powering of an ID transceiver above 20 dBm input power, leading to a battery-free network. The optimized PS ratio of 0.44 enables it to provide sufficient harvested energy for self-powering and energy-neutral operation of the ID transceiver. The ID transceiver can demodulate the amplitude-shift keying (ASK) and the binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) signals. Moreover, for low-input power level, a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) scheme based on multitone is also proposed for demodulation of the information-carrying RF signals. Due to the limited power, information is transmitted in uplink by backscatter modulation instead of RF signaling. To validate our proposed SWIPT architecture, a SWIPT printed circuit board (PCB) was designed with a multitone SWIPT board at 900 MHz. The demodulation of multitone by PAPR was verified separately on the PCB. Results showed the measured sensitivity of the SWIPT to be −7 dBm, and the measured peak power efficiency of the RF energy harvester was 69% at 20 dBm input power level. The power consumption of the injection-locked oscillator (ILO)-based phase detection path was 13.6 mW, and it could be supplied from the EH path when the input power level was high. The ID path could demodulate 4-ASK- and BPSK-modulated signals at the same time, thus receiving 3 bits from the demodulation process. Maximum data rate of 4 Mbps was achieved in the measurement.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Binary Frequency Shift Keying'

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