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Journal articles on the topic 'Binary mixture'
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1
Ogawa, K., and J. Caprio. "Facial Taste Responses of the Channel Catfish to Binary Mixtures of Amino Acids." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 2 (August 1, 1999): 564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.2.564.
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We investigated the neural processing of binary gustatory mixtures of amino acids by the facial taste system of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. In vivo electrophysiological recordings indicated that the magnitude of both integrated and single-unit facial taste responses to binary mixtures of amino acids was greatest if the components bound to independent receptor sites. Facial taste responses were obtained from 32 multiunit and 55 single taste fiber preparations to binary mixtures of amino acids whose components bind to independent taste receptor sites (group I) or to the same or highly cross-reactive taste receptor sites (group II). All component stimuli were adjusted in concentration to provide approximately equal response magnitude as determined by either the height of the integrated multiunit taste response or by the number of action potentials generated/3 s of response time/single taste fiber. The mixture discrimination index (MDI), defined as the response to the mixture divided by the average of the responses to the component stimuli, was calculated for each test of a binary mixture. MDIs of group I binary mixtures for both the integrated multiunit and single fiber data were significantly greater than those for either the control or group II binary mixtures. In a subset of multiunit recordings, the MDIs of a group I binary mixture across three log units of stimulus concentration were similar and significantly greater than those of a group II binary mixture. Analysis of the single fiber data also indicated that the MDIs of group I binary mixtures were significantly larger than those of group II binary mixtures for both alanine-best and arginine-best taste fibers; however, the MDIs of group I binary mixtures calculated from recordings from arginine-best taste fibers were significantly greater than those recorded from alanine-best taste fibers.
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Steltenpohl, Pavol, and Elena Graczová. "Binary mixtures containing imidazolium ionic liquids: properties measurement." Acta Chimica Slovaca 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2022-0003.
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Abstract Densities and transport properties (dynamic viscosity) of pure imidazolium ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide and their binary mixtures with water and ethanol were measured within the temperature range of 293.15—333.15 K. Obtained experimental data were used to calculate excess molar volume and viscosity deviation. For the chosen binary mixtures, variations of excess molar volume, partial molar volumes of mixture components and of the viscosity deviation with the binary mixture composition were correlated using the Redlich-Kister equation. In addition, variation of viscosity with the binary mixture composition and temperature was fitted using the Jouyban-Acree model.
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Wu, Guiying, Bangting Yu, Yanjun Guan, Xuehui Wu, Kai Zhang, and Yongli Li. "Mixing Characteristics of Binary Mixture with Biomass in a Gas-Solid Rectangular Fluidized Bed." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 26, 2019): 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12102011.
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Aiming to better understand the biomass pyrolysis and gasification processes, a detailed experimental study of the mixing characteristics is conducted in a fluidized bed with binary mixtures. Rapeseed is used as biomass, and silica sand or resin as inert material. The effect of mixture composition, initial packing manner, and superficial gas velocity on the concentration distribution is investigated in a rectangular fluidized bed by means of photography and sampling methods. The results show that the mixture composition plays an important role in the axial solids profile of binary mixtures. The mixing behavior of binary mixture is dominated by the bubble movement. The axial distribution of binary mixtures becomes uniform with increasing superficial gas velocity, whilst no obvious effect of initial packing manner is observed in this study.
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Dehnavi, E., A. Shams-Nateri, and H. Khalili. "Wool dyeing with binary mixture of natural dyes." Pigment & Resin Technology 45, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-06-2014-0045.
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Purpose – This paper aims to focus on the absorption behaviour of single and binary mixtures of natural dyes on wool. Natural dyes are multi-components with different structures and properties. Design/methodology/approach – In this research, the absorption behaviour of single and binary mixtures of natural dyes was investigated on wool fibre. Study was conducted via some natural dyes, including pomegranate peel as a yellow natural dye with tannin, weld as a yellow natural dye without tannin and madder as a red natural dye without tannin. Applied mordant was alum, which was used in the pre-mordant method. Different shades were obtained by varying dye concentration in the binary mixture. The effect of tannin on absorption behaviour of binary mixture of natural dyes was investigated by spectral reflectance and colour parameters of dyed samples measurements. Findings – Obtained results indicate that tannin affects the absorption behaviour of natural dyes in binary mixtures. Practical implications – Because natural dyes are multi-components with different structure and properties, the study of compatibility and absorption behaviour of natural dyes in binary mixture on wool is important in applied researches. Originality/value – The study of compatibility and absorption behaviour of binary mixture of natural dyes on wool is novel.
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Zhang, Jin, Shu Shen Liu, Hui Ping Deng, Shu Guang Zhu, and Qi Ling. "Synergistic Effect of Aldicarb on the Toxicity of Ionic Liquid Mixtures to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.413.
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Various chemicals emerge in environment and exist as mixtures with different forms and concentrations. Toxicity interaction by mixtures may pose potential hazards and risks to the environmental safety and human health. Recent data show that toxicity interaction within ionic liquid (IL) mixtures related with some certain component. However, how to determine the specific component in a mixture is not an easy work and needs more researches about it. Therefore, we investigated the toxicity of twelve groups of mixtures by using three ILs and one pesticide aldicarb as mixture components. Four binary and eight pseduo-binary mixtures were designed by equivalent effect concentration ratio ray method using EC5and EC50of individual component. The toxicities of single chemicals and these mixtures to a freshwater photobacteriumVibrio qinghaiensissp.-Q67 were determined by using the microplate toxicity analysis method. Toxicity interaction within mixtures were determined based on an additive referrence model, concentration addition (CA). The results showed that three binary IL mixture exhibited additive action and one antagonism. Interstingly, most pusedo-mixtures of aldicab and binary IL mixture exhibited cleary synergism especialy when they were mixed in the ratio of components EC5.
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Huo, Xiang Chen, Shu Shen Liu, and Meng Chao Wang. "Mixture Toxicity of Copper and Selected Organophosphorus Pesticides to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.785.
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Heavy metals and pesticides released to the environment render the waters suffering from combined pollution. This study investigated the toxicity of binary and ternary mixtures of copper (Cu) and two organophosphorus pesticides (dichlorvos (DIC) and dimethoate (DIM)) to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. For each of three binary mixture groups (Cu-DIC, Cu-DIM, and DIC-DIM), five mixture rays were constructed by using the direct equipartition ray design (EquRay). For the ternary mixture group of Cu-DIC-DIM, five ternary mixture rays were constructed by using the uniform design ray (UD-Ray). The mixture toxicity was determined by the microplate toxicity analysis and assessed by the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA). It is shown that the observed toxicities of all binary mixtures were almost estimated by CA or IA while those of the ternary mixtures were significantly lower than CA or IA estimations.
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Derby, C. D., M. N. Girardot, and P. C. Daniel. "Responses of olfactory receptor cells of spiny lobsters to binary mixtures. II. Pattern mixture interactions." Journal of Neurophysiology 66, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.66.1.131.
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1. The effect of mixture interactions in individual olfactory receptor cells of the spiny lobster on neural coding of odorant quality of binary mixtures and their components is examined in this paper. Extracellular responses of 98 olfactory receptor cells in the antennules of spiny lobsters to seven compounds [adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP), betaine (Bet), L-cysteine (Cys), L-glutamate (Glu), ammonium chloride (NH4), DL-succinate (Suc), taurine (Tau)] and their binary mixtures were recorded, and mixture interactions in individual olfactory receptor cells were identified. 2. Coding of odorant quality was evaluated by examining across neuron patterns (ANPs)--the relative response magnitudes across neuronal populations. ANPs are a feature of the neuronal population response and are a possible concentration-independent code of odorant quality in this system, as indicated by previous studies and present results. 3. For most binary mixtures the diversity of types and degrees of mixture interactions across the individual cells of a population of cells resulted in ANPs for each mixture to be different from the ANPs for the components of the mixture and different from the ANP predicted for the mixture from the responses to the components (Figs. 2–10). These effects are called pattern mixture interactions (PMIs). PMIs occurred for most binary mixtures, even those that did not produce statistically significant intensity mixture interactions (IMIs) for this same population of cells. 4. The results suggest that PMIs can influence coding of stimulus quality, in some cases by causing an improvement of the contrast between the quality of mixtures and some of their components.
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Huang, Yongxiang, Dijie Guo, and Litang Qin. "Evaluation of the combined toxicity of compound pollutants of azole fungicides to Raphidocelis subcapitata." E3S Web of Conferences 603 (2025): 04009. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202560304009.
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In order to investigate the combined toxicity of compound contaminated azole fungicides on alage. Systematic investigation of Difenoconazole, Penconazole, Metconazole, Tetraconazole, Flutriafol, Fuberidazole, Triflumizole, Terrazole, HyMexazol, 9 azole fungicides as the components of the mixture. Thirty-five binary mixture systems with 173 mixture rays were designed by direct equipartition ray method. The growth inhibition toxicity of binary mixtures to Raphidocelis subcapitata was determined by 96-well microplates. Toxic interactions were qualitatively analyzed by Concentration addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) models. Model Deviation Ratio (MDR) was used to quantitatively evaluate the toxic interaction of binary mixtures of azole fungicides, as well as the equivalent graph method, Toxic Unit (TU) method, additivity Index method (AI), Toxicity Index (MTI) and Combination Index (CI) methods were used to analyze the combined toxicity and toxic interaction of the mixture. The results showed that the frequency of synergistic effect was higher when mixed with Difenoconazole, Penconazole and Triflumizole, and the binary mixing with Flutriafol, Fuberidazole and Metconazole could reduce the toxicity of the mixture, showing additive and antagonistic effects. The toxicity of the mixture ranged from 3.053 to 6.415. In addition, at ambient concentrations, the mixture interaction is dominated by addition.
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Davletbaeva, Ilsiya M., Alexander V. Klinov, Alina R. Khairullina, Alexander V. Malygin, and Nikolay V. Madaminov. "Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium in Binary and Ternary Azeotropic Solutions Acetonitrile-Ethanol-Water with the Addition of Amino Esters of Boric Acid." Processes 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 2125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10102125.
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The effect of amino esters of boric acid (AEBA) on the conditions of vapor–liquid equilibrium in binary mixtures of acetonitrile–water, ethanol–acetonitrile and a three-component mixture of ethanol-acetonitrile-water was investigated. Residual curves and vapor–liquid phase equilibrium conditions (TPXY data) were experimentally measured at atmospheric pressure for a binary mixture of acetonitrile-AEBA and a triple mixture of acetonitrile-water-AEBA. Previously unknown energy binary parameters of groups B, CH2N with group CH3CN were determined for the UNIFAC model. The correction of the value of the binary parameter water—acetonitrile was carried out. On the basis of thermodynamic modeling, the degree of influence of AEBA on the relative volatility of acetonitrile in binary and ternary mixtures was analyzed. It is shown that the use of AEBA removes all azeotropic points in the studied mixtures. In this case, acetonitrile turns out to be a volatile component, and water is a non-volatile component in the entire concentration range.
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Kang, J., and J. Caprio. "Electrophysiological responses of single olfactory bulb neurons to binary mixtures of amino acids in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 1435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.4.1435.
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1. For the first time in any vertebrate, responses of single olfactory bulb neurons to odorant mixtures were studied quantitatively in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. 2. Extracellular electrophysiological responses of 61 single olfactory bulb neurons from 36 channel catfish to binary mixtures of amino acids and to their components were recorded simultaneously with the electro-olfactogram (EOG). Tested were a total of 297 mixture trials consisting of 18 different stimulus pairs formed from 8 amino acids. 3. For 42% (126 of the 297) of the tests, no significant change (N) from spontaneous activity occurred. Responses to the remaining 171 tests of binary mixtures were excitatory (E; 29%) or suppressive (S; 29%). No response type was associated with any specific mixture across the neurons sampled. 4. Mixture interactions that changed response types (E or S) from those observed to the individual components were rare, because 89% of the responses of single olfactory bulb neurons to the tested binary mixtures were classified similarly as the responses to at least one of the components. 5. Responses of single olfactory bulb neurons were generally predictable for binary mixtures whose component responses were classified as both E, both S, and both N. For binary mixtures whose component responses were classified differently (e.g., one component evoked excitatory responses and the other evoked suppressive responses), the predictability of the response was dependent on the specific mixture type.
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Onyemenonu, C. C., E. C. Nleonu, C. Onuguh, and A. U. Ezeibe. "Volumetric Behaviour of Binary Mixture of Dual Purpose Kerosene (DPK) and Automotive Gas Oil (AGO) at 303K." Science View Journal 4, no. 3 (December 20, 2023): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.55989/eqbt7954.
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The study of volume changes in binary mixtures is attracting considerable interest from researchers due to the degree of molecular interaction between the mixed solvent molecules and their importance in many chemical industries and engineering disciplines. The experimental values of densities (ρ) and viscosities (η) of pure and binary mixtures of dual-purpose kerosene (DPK) and automotive gas oil (AGO) were obtained over the whole range of mixture composition at a temperature of 303 K. The experimental data obtained were employed to determine the excess molar volume (V_m^E), excess viscosity (VE), and excess Gibb’s free energy of activation (ΔGE) based on the molecular interactions arising due to the structural effect of the mixture. The measured viscosity values were correlated with Grunberg and Nissan, Kendel and Monroe, and Frenkel’s semi-empirical models to evaluate the best fit for the system. The results acquired were explained according to their structural differences, strength, and nature of intermolecular interactions in the binary mixture. The experimental result revealed that the binary mixture of DPK and AGO shows positive excess molar volume and negative excess viscosity. Weak, specific interactions were responsible for the dispersion force in the binary mixtures.
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Derby, C. D., M. N. Girardot, and P. C. Daniel. "Responses of olfactory receptor cells of spiny lobsters to binary mixtures. I. Intensity mixture interactions." Journal of Neurophysiology 66, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.66.1.112.
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1. Neural coding of chemical mixtures was studied with the use of the peripheral olfactory system of the spiny lobster. The occurrence of mixture interactions (i.e., where the observed response to a mixture deviates significantly from the expected response) in individual cells and the effect of such mixture interactions on the coding of odorant intensity by populations of cells were examined. 2. Extracellular recordings of spiking activity of 98 primary olfactory receptor cells in the antennules were measured in response to seven compounds [adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP), betaine (Bet), L-cysteine (Cys), L-glutamate (Glu), ammonium chloride (NH4), DL-succinate (Suc), and taurine (Tau)] and their binary mixtures. To identify mixture interactions, observed responses to a range of concentrations of a binary mixture were compared with the predicted responses based on three mathematical models: a single receptor model, which assumes that the two compounds of a mixture bind to the same receptor site; a multiple receptor model, which assumes that the two compounds bind to two independent receptor sites; and a mixed composition receptor model, which incorporates our current state of knowledge of transduction processes in olfactory receptor cells of spiny lobsters. 3. Mixture interactions in individual cells were common: statistically significant mixture interactions were observed in 25% of the possible cases (Fig. 5). Suppression was much more common than enhancement. 4. Mixture interactions had significant effects on the absolute response magnitudes for a population of cells, which could be used as the neural code for stimulus intensity in this system. These effects are called intensity mixture interactions (Figs. 6-11). Intensity mixture interactions occurred for approximately 50% of the binary mixtures and were almost exclusively suppression (Figs. 12 and 13). The intensity mixture interactions were concentration independent. 5. The results suggest that mixture interactions in individual olfactory cells can result in intensity mixture interactions in the neuronal population such that there is a decrease in sensitivity to binary mixtures relative to what is expected based on the responses to individual components of the mixtures.
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Agarwa, Seema, and Dhirendra Kumar Sharma. "Ultrasonic velocities and refractive indies of binary liquid mixtures of 1, 4-dioxane with 1 – alkanols (C3, C4, C6 , C8 ) at 303.15 K." International Journal of Advanced Chemistry 9, no. 2 (January 2, 2022): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v9i2.31715.
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Density (ρ), ultrasonic velocities (u) and refractive indices (n) of the binary mixture between cyclic ether with 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-octanol for the entire concentration range have been measured at 303.15K, furthermore, deviation in refractive indies from ideal mixture, molar refraction, deviation in molar refraction from ideal values for these mixture has also been evaluated. The deviations from ideality of the acoustical parameters are explained on the basis of molecular interaction between the component molecules in these binary liquid mixtures. The molecular refraction (Rm), excess molecular refraction ( ) and excess molar volume (VE) were calculated from the experimental data. The results are discussed in term of molecular interactions between the components of the binary mixtures.
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Vogt, M. B., and D. V. Smith. "Responses of single hamster parabrachial neurons to binary taste mixtures of citric acid with sucrose or NaCl." Journal of Neurophysiology 70, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 1350–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.70.4.1350.
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1. Although taste experience generally arises from a mixture of gustatory stimuli, most neurophysiological studies of the mammalian central gustatory system have focused on responses to single chemical stimuli. Recently, in a study of single third-order neurons in the hamster parabrachial nucleus (PbN), we reported that mixture suppression occurs in the responses to binary mixtures of sucrose and QHCl presented to the anterior tongue. Mixture suppression was reflected both in reduced response frequencies and in an altered pattern of responses across neurons. In the current report we extend our investigation of CNS neuron responses to binary mixtures of heterogeneous stimuli to include sucrose+citric acid mixtures and NaCl+citric acid mixtures. The response to each mixture was compared with the response to the more effective component (MEC) presented alone, and those that differed by more than a selected criterion (based on response variability) were identified. 2. For all mixture responses recorded, 29% (79/256) involved mixture suppression (mixture response < MEC response), only 6% (18/276) were greater than the response to MEC, and 65% (179/276) did not differ from the response to the MEC. 3. In Experiments 1 and 2, neurons were tested with four concentrations of sucrose or citric acid each presented alone and in binary mixtures with a single strong concentration of the other stimulus. Sucrose suppression (mixture response < sucrose response) occurred in 24% of mixture responses and was exhibited almost exclusively by sucrose-best neurons, primarily to the mixtures that contained the stronger sucrose and citric acid concentrations. Sucrose suppression involved a 40% reduction of mixture response frequencies compared with responses to the sucrose component alone. 4. In Experiments 3 and 4, neurons were tested with four concentrations of NaCl or citric acid each presented alone and in binary mixtures with a single strong concentration of the other stimulus. NaCl suppression (mixture response < NaCl response) occurred in 21% of mixture responses and was displayed by both sucrose-best and NaCl-best neurons. NaCl suppression involved a 28% reduction in mixture response frequencies compared with responses to the NaCl component alone. In all experiments citric acid suppression (mixture response < citric acid response) was observed in only 6% of mixture responses and was relatively small in magnitude. 5. The across-neuron patterns (ANPs) of taste responses, which are correlated with behavioral measures of taste similarity, were compared for mixtures and components.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Liu, Yi, Zhaosheng Yu, Jiecheng Yang, Carl Wassgren, Jennifer Sinclair Curtis, and Yu Guo. "Discrete Element Method Investigation of Binary Granular Flows with Different Particle Shapes." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 1841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071841.
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The effects of particle shape differences on binary mixture shear flows are investigated using the Discrete Element Method (DEM). The binary mixtures consist of frictionless rods and disks, which have the same volume but significantly different shapes. In the shear flows, stacking structures of rods and disks are formed. The effects of the composition of the mixture on the stacking are examined. It is found that the number fraction of stacking particles is smaller for the mixtures than for the monodisperse rods and disks. For binary mixtures with small particle shape differences, the mixture stresses are bounded by the stresses of the two corresponding monodisperse systems. However, for binary mixtures with large particle shape differences, the stresses of the mixtures can be larger than the stresses of the monodisperse systems at large solid volume fractions because larger differences in particle shape cause geometrical interference in packing, leading to stronger particle–particle interactions in the flow. The stresses in dense binary mixtures are found to be exponential functions of the order parameter, which is a measure of particle alignment. Based on the simulation results, an empirical expression for the bulk friction coefficient (ratio of the shear stress to normal stress) for dense binary flows is proposed by accounting for the effects of particle alignment and solid volume fraction.
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Steltenpohl, Pavol, Anna Holečková, and Elena Graczová. "Modeling of transport properties of binary mixtures including ionic liquids based on their experimental estimation." Acta Chimica Slovaca 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2022-0014.
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Abstract Transport properties of selected imidazolium ionic liquids (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, [emim][ac], and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, [bmim][triflate]) as well as of binary mixtures of these ILs with water and ethanol were estimated experimentally. Density data were obtained within the temperature range of 293.15—333.15 K and used for the excess molar volume calculations. For the binary mixtures comprising selected ionic liquids and water/ethanol, partial molar volumes of mixture components were computed and the excess molar volume variation with the mixture composition was correlated using the Redlich-Kister equation. Dependence of viscosity on the binary mixture composition and temperature was described using the Jouyban-Acree model. These data form a base for the assessment of OPEX connected with transportation of mixtures containing these ionic liquids.
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Natig Abbasov, Fatima Jafarli, Natig Abbasov, Fatima Jafarli. "PREDICTING THE FLARE TEMPERATURE OF BINARY FUEL." ETM - Equipment, Technologies, Materials 19, no. 01 (February 25, 2024): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/etm19012024-87.
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A method for calculating the flash point from the results of simulating liquid–solid equilibrium at constant pressure using the Gibbs equation is discussed. A model is used to predict the flash point of the mixture based on the modified Le Chatelier equation, the Antoine equation and a model for estimating the activity coefficient. The flammability hazard of liquids is primarily characterized by their flash point. The flash point is defined as the temperature at which a liquid evaporates and forms a flammable mixture with air. To measure the flash point, closed and open type devices are used. In closed-type devices, the state of equilibrium between the liquid and vapor components of the mixture is studied. Open type devices take into account the interaction of a mixture of flammable liquids with the atmosphere. The flash point of a mixture is a critical property, but experimental data for many mixtures are lacking and obtaining such data is expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, the development of mathematical models for analyzing the state of the environment under conditions of increasing risk of emergency situations is an important scientific and practical task. This paper examines the possibility of predicting the flash point in closed-type devices, i.e. the influence of atmospheric conditions is not taken into account in this approximation. Several models for predicting the flash point for mixtures of various types have been proposed previously. Keywords: binary mixtures, flash point, boiling point, activity coefficients, solvation coefficient, association coefficient.
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Schmitt, B., C. Kiefer, and A. Schütze. "Novel microthermal sensor principle for determining the mixture ratio of binary fluid mixtures using Föppl vortices." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 4, no. 1 (June 18, 2015): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-239-2015.
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Abstract. A novel sensor principle for determining binary fluid mixtures of known components is presented, making use of different thermal and rheological properties of the mixture's components. Using a microheater, a heat pulse is introduced in the mixture. The resulting temperature increase depends on the thermal properties of the mixture, allowing determination of the mixture ratio. Placing a bluff body in the fluid channel causes the formation of a stationary pair of vortices behind the body. The length of the vortex pair depends on the mixture's viscosity and thus its composition. By placing the microheater in the vortex area and making use of forced convection which changes with the size of the vortex, the sensitivity for determination of the mixture ratio can be increased by a factor of 2.5 compared to the direct thermal measurement. The flow velocity is measured independently of the mixture ratio using time-of-flight thermal anemometry.
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Sharma, Manu, Vinay Sharma, and Dipak K. Majumdar. "Influence of Tableting on Enzymatic Activity of Papain along with Determination of Its Percolation Threshold with Microcrystalline Cellulose." International Scholarly Research Notices 2014 (October 14, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/140891.
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The binary mixture tablets of papain and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCP), carrageenan, tragacanth, and agar were prepared by direct compression. Carrageenan, tragacanth, and agar provided maximum protection to enzyme activity compared to MCC and DCP. However, stability studies indicated highest loss of enzyme activity with carrageenan, tragacanth, and agar. Therefore, compression behaviour of different binary mixtures of papain with MCC at different compaction pressures, that is, 40–280 MPa, was studied according to Heckel equation. The compressibility studies of binary mixtures indicated brittle behavior of papain. The application of percolation theory on the relationship between critical density as a function of enzyme activity and mixture composition revealed the presence of percolation threshold for binary mixture. Papain-MCC mixture composition showed significant percolation threshold at 18.48% (w/w) papain loading. Microcrystalline cellulose provided higher protection during stability study. However, higher concentrations of microcrystalline cellulose, probably as dominant particles, do not protect the enzyme with their plastic deformation. Below the percolation threshold, that is, 18.48% (w/w) papain amount in mixture with plastic excipient, activity loss increases strongly because of higher shearing forces during compaction due to system dominance of plastic particles. This mixture range should therefore be avoided to get robust formulation of papain.
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Sun, Rui, Hua Tian, and Gequn Shu. "Prediction of critical points for carbon dioxide-based binary mixtures by the Heidemann-Khalil approach." High Temperatures-High Pressures 52, no. 5 (2023): 411–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32908/hthp.v52.1441.
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Prediction of critical point is of great interest for CO2-based binary mixture being the working fluid of power cycle. Compared with empirical correlation, the critical point of mixture can be calculated based on its rigorous thermodynamic criteria, with limited binary interaction parameters and consistency on vapor-liquid equilibrium and other thermodynamic properties. In this study, the critical points of CO2-based binary mixture, applicable for being working fluid of power cycle, including hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, dimethyl ether, methanol, water and xenon, were studied based on the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR EOS) with van der Waals (vdW) mixing rule, according to the Heidemann-Khalil approach. By comparing the predicted results with the experimental data in the literature, the applicability of this method to various mixtures is discussed. The characteristics of critical lines, type of phase diagram, and binary interaction parameters of each mixture were analyzed and discussed, and the results show that the Heidemann-Khalil approach is efficient for critical point calculation and prediction of CO2-based binary mixture.
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Sharma, Lochan, and Rahul Chhibber. "Design and development of submerged arc welding fluxes using TiO2-SiO2-CaO and SiO2-CaO-Al2O3 flux system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 233, no. 4 (September 4, 2018): 739–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408918794036.
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Submerged arc welding is widely used in pipeline manufacturing due to higher efficiency as compared to the other welding processes. In present study, TiO2-SiO2-CaO and SiO2-CaO-Al2O3–based submerged arc welding fluxes were developed for joining of linepipe steel. Twenty-one fluxes were formulated based on mixture design methodology. Fluxes were analysed using X-ray florescence (XRF), thermogravimetric, differential-scanning calorimetry, Hot-disc and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The structural behaviour of rutile basic fluxes were analysed using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were performed from 25 ℃ to 900 ℃ in order to determine the thermal stability and change in enthalpy of fluxes. Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat of each flux were evaluated by hot disc technique. The density and grain fineness number for flux particles was evaluated at room temperature. Multi objective optimisation was performed to derive the optimised flux formulations. Individual effect of all the mixture constituents is rarely observed on the physicochemical properties of fluxes as compared to the binary and ternary mixture effects. The binary compositions significantly affect the density. TiO2-CaO is the most effective binary mixture which has increasing effect on density while all remaining binary mixture constituents have decreasing effect. The weight loss of fluxes observed during thermogravimetric analysis is affected by binary and ternary mixture constituents. Both binary and ternary flux mixtures affect change in enthalpy observed during differential scanning calorimetry. SiO2.Al2O3 is the only most effective binary mixture constituent of flux having increasing effect on thermal conductivity. Binary mixture constituents TiO2.CaF2, SiO2.Al2O3 and CaO.Al2O3 are the most effective and having synergistic effect on thermal diffusivity.
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Yadav, Ranjit Prasad. "Analysis of Dielectric Properties of Some Polar and Non-Polar Liquids." Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 70–77. https://doi.org/10.3126/av.v8i1.74053.
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The study of dielectric behavior of polar, non polar liquids and their binary mixtures at various temperatures is very interesting. In this article the values of dielectric constant of polar, non polar & their binary mixtures has been experimentally determined and study their properties at various temperatures 288k, 298k, 308k & 318 K. In this experiment the dielectric constant of the mixture of carbon tetra chloride - ethyl acetate and carbon tetra chloride – dimethyl ether was calculated at different temperatures in different concentrations. The results are discussed in the light of intermolecular interactions occurring in the binary mixture.
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Zhou, Quan, Yi Zhang, Hong Bin Guo, Qing Hai Li, and Dong Xu Li. "Research on the Thermo Physical Properties of Lauric Acid-Capric Acid Binary Mixture Phase Change Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 1704–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.1704.
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Lauric acid(LA) and capric acid(CA) were mixed into binary mixture, whose melting temperature was predicted with Schroder’s equation and tested in step cooling curve method. Then latent heat was tested by DSC, and T-history method was used to test thermal conductivity of binary mixtures, heating and cooling characteristics were studied through expanded perlite(EP) adsorption of binary mixtures. Results show that Schroder’s equation can be used to predict melting temperature of fatty acid, and binary mixture prepared of 6:4 molar ratio has a high latent heat and its temperature is within a range that meets indoor comfort temperature. Thermal conductivity and the heating and cooling characteristics of the mixtures reveals that the thermal conductivity of fatty acid phase change material(PCM) is low, which restricts its latent heat release rate.
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Stecco, S. S., and U. Desideri. "Considerations on the Design Principles for a Binary Mixture Heat Recovery Boiler." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906645.
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The use of a binary mixture as a working fluid in bottoming cycles has in recent years been recognized as a means of improving combined cycle efficiency. There is, however, quite a number of studies dealing with components of plants that employ fluids other than water, and particularly binary mixtures. Due to different specific volume, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and Prandtl number, heat recovery boilers designed to work with water require certain modifications before they can be used with binary mixtures. Since a binary mixture is able to recover more heat from the exhaust fumes than water, the temperature difference between the hot and the cold fluids is generally lower over the whole recovery boiler; this necessitates greater care in sizing the tube bundles in order to avoid an excessive heat transfer surface per unit of thermal power exchanged. The aim of this paper is to provide some general criteria for the design of a heat recovery boiler for a binary mixture, by showing the influence of various dimensional parameters on the heat surface and pressure drop both in the cold and the hot side. Heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops in the hot side were computed by means of correlations found in the literature. A particular application was studied for an ammonia-water mixture, used in the Kalina cycles, which represents one of the most interesting binary cycles proposed so far.
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Ali, Hiba Hani Mohammed, Faisal Al-Akayleh, Abdel Hadi Al Jafari, and Iyad Rashid. "Investigating Variation in Compressional Behavior of a Ternary Mixture from a Plastic, Elastic and Brittle Fracture Perspective in the Context of Optimum Composition of a Pharmaceutical Blend." Polymers 15, no. 5 (February 21, 2023): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051063.
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The choice of optimum composition of a mixture of binary and ternary excipients for optimum compressional properties was investigated in this work. Excipients were chosen based on three types of excipients: plastic, elastic, and brittle fracture. Mixture compositions were selected based on a one-factor experimental design using the response surface methodology technique. Compressive properties comprising Heckel and Kawakita parameters, work of compression, and tablet hardness were measured as the main responses of this design. The one-factor RSM analysis revealed that there exist specific mass fractions that are associated with optimum responses for binary mixtures. Furthermore, the RSM analysis of the ‘mixture’ design type for the three components revealed a region of optimal responses around a specific composition. The foregoing had a mass ratio of 80:15:5 for microcrystalline cellulose: starch: magnesium silicate, respectively. Upon comparison using all RSM data, ternary mixtures were found to perform better in compression and tableting properties than binary mixtures. Finally, the finding of an optimal mixture composition has proven effective in its applicability in the context of the dissolution of model drugs (metronidazole and paracetamol).
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Mo, Lingyun, Minyi Zheng, Meng Qin, Xin Zhang, Jie Liu, Litang Qin, Honghu Zeng, and Yanpeng Liang. "Quantitative Characterization of the Toxicities of Cd-Ni and Cd-Cr Binary Mixtures Using Combination Index Method." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4158451.
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Direct equipartition ray design was used to construct Cd-Ni and Cd-Cr binary mixtures. Microplate toxicity analysis was used to evaluate the toxicity of individual substance and the Cd-Ni and Cd-Cr mixtures on Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Selenastrum capricornutum. The interacting toxicity of the mixture was analyzed with concentration addition (CA) model. In addition, combination index method (CI) was proposed and used to quantitatively characterize the toxicity of the binary mixtures of Cd-Ni and Cd-Cr observed in experiment and find the degree of deviation from the predicted outcome of the CA model, that is, the intensity of interacting toxicity. Results indicate that most of the 20 binary mixtures exhibit enhancing and synergistic effect, and only Cd-Cr-R4 and Cd-Cr-R5 mixtures have relatively high antagonistic effects against C. pyrenoidosa. Based on confidence interval, CI can compare the intensities of interaction of the mixtures under varying levels of effect. The characterization methods are applicable for analyzing binary mixture with complex interaction.
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LACOLLE, B., N. SZAFRAN, and P. VALENTIN. "GEOMETRIC MODELLING AND ALGORITHMS FOR BINARY MIXTURES." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 04, no. 03 (September 1994): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021819599400015x.
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We present some computational methods in a particular case of mixing and separation theory, as an application of classical results in the field of computational geometry. Our aim is the production of some given mixtures by mixing parts of basic products. In the geometrical approach we use, products or mixtures are characterized by vectors and the mixing process by vector sums, in the vector space of physico-chemical species. The feasibility of a mixture is viewed as a point-inclusion in the convex set of mixtures which is a zonotope associated with basic mixtures. This paper is concerned with binary mixtures characterized by two species. The geometrical approach leads to plane geometry problems and gives complete solutions to the optimal fabrication of a mixture, as well as to the fabrication of a sequence of several mixtures. Using the framework of computational geometry, we present efficient algorithms for solving the main problems related to the management of binary mixtures.
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Hussain Alsaady, Shimoos, and Haider M. Owaid. "Assessment the Properties of Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Pozzolanic and Waste Materials as Binary and Ternary Blended Binders." Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología - Serie de Conferencias 4 (March 3, 2025): 1546. https://doi.org/10.56294/sctconf20251546.
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The work investigate methodology of creating lightweight self-compacting concrete (LWSCC), with a specific emphasis on utilizing natural and industrial waste materials and theirs effect on the workability and strength properties. The cement replaced with 10%, 20%, and 30% of (limestone powder (LP)), 10%, 20%, and 30% of (calcined kaolin clay (CKC)), and 20% (ground granular blast slag (GGBS)) as substitutes of Portland cement in a binary and ternary mixes. Substitution of 30% CKC decrease slump flow (mm) by 7.5% compared to control mix while the binary mixes of 30% LP and 20% GGBS increased slump flow value by 4.2% and 3.6% respectively compared with control mix. Binary mixes decreased in density at all ages, except the mix of 20% GGBS increase the density by 38 g at 7 days and by 40g at 28 days compared to control mix. Lowest density was observed in binary mixes with 30% CKC and 30% LP by 61g, and 51g respectively compared to control mix. The binary mixtures exhibited an increase in compressive strength over time, with the 20% GGBS mixture demonstrating the most substantial improvements. The 10% CKC mixture demonstrated notable strength improvements, particularly at 7-day. The 20% LP mixture demonstrated robust performance, attaining 50.3MPa after 90 days. The 30% CKC mixture exhibited diminished performance, particularly at initial curing ages. The 10% LP and 30% CKC mixtures did not attain strengths equivalent to those of higher LP and lower CKC blends. The control mixture surpassed all combinations.
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Kakibe, Takeshi, Satoshi Nakamura, Kiyokazu Amakuni, and Hajime Kishi. "Binary Ionic Liquid System for Direct Cellulose Etherification." Australian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 2 (2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch18378.
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Etherification of cellulose was performed using a mixture of ionic liquids (ILs) playing roles in both cellulose dissolution and catalysis. We investigated the effects of the reaction time and the ratio of these ILs in the mixture. Cellulose etherification was performed in these IL mixtures. The proportion of propoxy cellulose exceeded 2.5 after 24 h.
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MAALEM, Youcef, Saida FEDALI, and Hakim MADANI. "Modeling of thermodynamic properties of binary and ternary mixtures. Determination of phase diagrams." Recueil de mécanique 4, no. 1 (September 19, 2019): 326–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3446795.
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The prediction and the determination of the azeotropic point of the binary or ternary refrigerants are very important in refrigerating industry. In this task, a simple method is presented in order to predict and determine the azeotropic point. Our method employs experimental data and a thermodynamic model. trifluoroiodomethane (R13I1) in the mixture presents the possibility of inventing the azeotropic properties. The mixtures studied in this work are: binary mixtures R600a + R1234ze, R600a + R13I1, R1234ze + R13I1 and the ternary mixture R600a + R1234ze + R13I1. The model consists of the Peng–Robinson equation of state (EoS), the Mathias–Copeman alpha function and the Wong-Sandler mixing rules involving the NRTL model. The results proved that there are a good agreement between the predicted values and the experimental data. The presented methods are able to predict the azeotropic positions in binary or ternary mixture.
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Catalán, Javier, Cristina Díaz, and Francisco García-Blanco. "Characterization of binary solvent mixtures: the water–acetonitrile mixture." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 1, no. 3 (January 6, 2003): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b210405a.
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Galkin, Aleksandr, Vladimir Pankov, and Yan Fedorov. "Calculation of thermal conductivity coefficient of a binary mixture." E3S Web of Conferences 371 (2023): 03020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337103020.
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A correct consideration of the thermal factors during the design phase of civil engineering structures in the permafrost area determines their reliable and safe exploitation. Among the important indicators in selection of design solutions is the thermal conductivity coefficient of the construction materials used. The thermal conductivity coefficient is usually chosen from reference tables, but when using mixtures, the thermal conductivity coefficient is determined through a calculation. The aim of the present research was to compare the calculated values of thermal conductivity coefficient of binary mixtures (a mixture of a binding material and a filler) obtained using Lichtenecker and Schwerdtfeger formulas. The comparison was conducted in the range of properties of materials used for thermal accumulation and thermal insulation mixtures. It was determined that for thermal accumilation binary mixtures the calculation results are quite similar within a wide range of initial values. For thermal insulation binary mixtures, the calculation results are significantly different. The divergencies are by hundreds of percents. At the current stage of research it is impossible to make a conclusion about suitability of either calculation method to determine the thermal conductivity of a thermal insulation binary mixture.
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Knezevic-Stevanovic, Andjela, Goran Babic, Mirjana Kijevcanin, Slobodan Serbanovic, and Dusan Grozdanic. "Liquid mixture viscosities correlation with rational models." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 79, no. 3 (2014): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc130610114k.
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In this paper twenty two selected rational correlation models for liquid mixture viscosities of organic compounds were tested on 219 binary sets of experimental data taken from literature. The binary sets contained 3675 experimental data points for 70 different compounds. The Dimitrov-Kamenski X, Dimitrov-Kamenski XII, and Dimitrov-Kamenski XIII models demonstrated the best correlative characteristics for binary mixtures with overall absolute average deviation less then 2%.
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Maier, Joost X., and Donald B. Katz. "Neural dynamics in response to binary taste mixtures." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 8 (April 15, 2013): 2108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00917.2012.
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Taste stimuli encountered in the natural environment are usually combinations of multiple tastants. Although a great deal is known about how neurons in the taste system respond to single taste stimuli in isolation, less is known about how the brain deals with such mixture stimuli. Here, we probe the responses of single neurons in primary gustatory cortex (GC) of awake rats to an array of taste stimuli including 100% citric acid (100 mM), 100% sodium chloride (100 mM), 100% sucrose (100 mM), and a range of binary mixtures (90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 10/90%). We tested for the presence of three different hypothetical response patterns: 1) responses varying monotonically as a function of concentration of sucrose (or acid) in the mixture (the “monotonic” pattern); 2) responses increasing or decreasing as a function of degree of mixture of the stimulus (the “mixture” pattern); and 3) responses that change abruptly from being similar to one pure taste to being similar the other (the “categorical” pattern). Our results demonstrate the presence of both monotonic and mixture patterns within responses of GC neurons. Specifically, further analysis (that included the presentation of 50 mM sucrose and citric acid) made it clear that mixture suppression reliably precedes a palatability-related pattern. The temporal dynamics of the emergence of the palatability-related pattern parallel the temporal dynamics of the emergence of preference behavior for the same mixtures as measured by a brief access test. We saw no evidence of categorical coding.
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Yüksel, Osman, and Cahit Balabanlı. "Yield and Some Quality Properties of Binary Alfalfa-Grass Mixtures in Different Mixture Ratios." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 6 (July 2, 2021): 1020–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i6.1020-1029.4035.
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The aim of this investigation was to determine appropriate perennial grasses and their most suitable mixture ratios, which can be grown with alfalfa in binary mixtures. The research was conducted during 2009-2011 in Isparta (37.50 °N, 30.32 °E), located in the Western Mediterranean climate conditions. In the study, alfalfa was planted as a binary mixture with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.), and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) in a randomized block design with three replications. Sowing ratios of alfalfa in the mixtures varied 20, 30, and 40%, and grass species ratios were 80, 70, and 60%. In the study, significant differences were found among the applications regarding hay yield, crude protein content, crude protein yield, NDF, ADF, land equivalent ratio (LER), and grass ratio in the hay (GR). The highest hay yield was obtained from alfalfa + orchardgrass and alfalfa + smooth bromegrass binary mixtures (25.98 and 25.78 t ha-1, respectively). Alfalfa + perennial ryegrass and alfalfa + meadow fescue mixtures gave the highest crude protein contents as 14.93 and 14.80%, respectively. The highest LER values were observed on perennial ryegrass and smooth bromegrass binary mixtures, and the highest grass ratios were determined in orchardgrass and smooth bromegrass mixtures made with alfalfa. Increasing the alfalfa sowing ratio in the mixtures positively affected all quality characteristics such as crude protein, NDF, and ADF. It was concluded that orchardgrass and smooth bromegrass binary mixtures with alfalfa produced high yield and quality hay and that the mixture should contain 40% alfalfa and 60% grass.
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Prajapati, A. N. "Study of Molecular Interaction in Binary Mixtures (1-Propanol + Acetophenone)." Advanced Materials Research 1141 (August 2016): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1141.125.
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Studies on Physico-chemical properties of binary liquid mixtures provide information on the nature of interactions between the constituent of the binaries. Literature provides extensive data on the static dielectric constant (ε0) and refractive index (n) of liquid compounds, but the combined study of all is quite scarce. In the present work static dielectric constant (ε0) and refractive index (n) have been experimentally determined for binary liquid mixture of 1-Propanol (PrOH) with Acetophenone (ACP) over the entire concentration range of mixture composition (0.0 →1.0) at constant temperature 303 K. Static dielectric constant (ε0) and refractive index (n) for the binary mixture have been measured using high precision LCR meter (0.2 MHz) and Abbe’s refractometer respectively. Excess of static dielectric constant (ε0)E and refractive index (n)E are determined and fitted with Redlich-Kister polynomial equation to derive the binary coefficients and standard deviations. For interaction and structural information various parameters namely, Kirkwood correlation factor (g), Kirkwood effective correlation factor (geff), Kirkwood angular correlation factor (gF) and Bruggeman parameter (fB) are determined for the binary mixtures. Variations of these parameters against the concentration of constituents are discussed in terms of molecular interaction between the constituent species.
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Knezevic-Stevanovic, Andjela, Goran Babic, Mirjana Kijevcanin, Slobodan Serbanovic, and Dusan Grozdanic. "Correlation of the liquid mixture viscosities." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 77, no. 8 (2012): 1083–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc120127038k.
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In this paper forty two selected correlation models for liquid mixture viscosities of organic compounds were tested on 219 binary and 41 ternary sets of experimental data taken from literature. The binary sets contained 3675 experimental data points for 70 different compounds. The ternary sets contained 2879 experimental data points for 29 different compounds. The Heric I, Heric-Brewer II, and Krishnan-Laddha models demonstrated the best correlative characteristics for binary mixtures (overall absolute average deviation < 2%). The Heric I, Heric-Brewer II, Krishnan-Laddha and Heric II models demonstrated the best correlative characteristics for ternary mixtures (overall absolute average deviation < 3%).
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Hebeish, A., F. El-Sisi, A. El-Halwagy, M. El-Kashouti, and H. Omar. "Agricultural Wastes as a Base for Synthesis of Vinyl Polymer-Cellulose Composites." Engineering Plastics 2, no. 6 (January 1994): 147823919400200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919400200604.
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Cellulose pulps prepared from bagasse, rice straw, cotton stalk and wood sawdust were polymerized in the presence of acrylic acid(AA) and acrylonitrile(AN) with binary mixtures. Potassium persulphate was used as the initiating system. The treatment was carried out under different conditions including concentration of AA and AN, composition of AA/AN binary mixture, potassium persulphate concentration, material to liquor ratio, time and temperature of polymerization. Based on the results obtained, appropriate conditions for the preparation of vinyl polymer-cellulose composites were established. The maximum total conversion occurred at 0.5% K2S2O8 along with 5% AA and 5% AN at 70°C for 60 minutes using a material-to-liquor ratio of 1:20. The treated samples were monitored for polymer yield, carboxyl and nitrogen contents as well as swellability and solubility. Results indicated that the total conversion (grafting and homopolymerization) increased by increasing K2S2O8 concentration irrespective of the land of cellulose pulp used. Nevertheless the percent polymer yield and percent graft yield follow the order: > Bagasse > rice straw > cotton stalk ≥ wood sawdust. The nitrogen content is higher the higher the concentration of AN in the AA/AN binary mixtures regardless of the kind of agricultural waste. Carboxyl content is higher, the higher the concentration of AA in the AA/AN binary mixture. The swellability of the composite is governed by the composition of the AA/AN binary mixture and it is higher, the higher the concentration of AN in the AA/AN binary mixture irrespective of the kind of cellulose source, but with the certainty that swellability of the composites follows the order: Bagasse > rice straw > cotton stalk > wood sawdust. The solubility of the composite is also governed by the composition of AA/AN binary mixture and it is higher the higher the concentration of the AA in the mixture and follow the order: Rice straw ≥ wood sawdust > cotton stalk ≥ bagasse
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Hebeish, A., F. El-Sisi, A. El-Halwagy, M. El-Kashouti, and H. Omar. "Agricultural Wastes as a Base for Synthesis of Vinyl Polymer-Cellulose Composites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 2, no. 6 (September 1994): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119400200604.
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Cellulose pulps prepared from bagasse, rice straw, cotton stalk and wood sawdust were polymerized in the presence of acrylic acid(AA) and acrylonitrile(AN) with binary mixtures. Potassium persulphate was used as the initiating system. The treatment was carried out under different conditions including concentration of AA and AN, composition of AA/AN binary mixture, potassium persulphate concentration, material to liquor ratio, time and temperature of polymerization. Based on the results obtained, appropriate conditions for the preparation of vinyl polymer-cellulose composites were established. The maximum total conversion occurred at 0.5% K2S2O8 along with 5% AA and 5% AN at 70°C for 60 minutes using a material-to-liquor ratio of 1:20. The treated samples were monitored for polymer yield, carboxyl and nitrogen contents as well as swellability and solubility. Results indicated that the total conversion (grafting and homopolymerization) increased by increasing K2S2O8 concentration irrespective of the land of cellulose pulp used. Nevertheless the percent polymer yield and percent graft yield follow the order: > Bagasse > rice straw > cotton stalk ≥ wood sawdust. The nitrogen content is higher the higher the concentration of AN in the AA/AN binary mixtures regardless of the kind of agricultural waste. Carboxyl content is higher, the higher the concentration of AA in the AA/AN binary mixture. The swellability of the composite is governed by the composition of the AA/AN binary mixture and it is higher, the higher the concentration of AN in the AA/AN binary mixture irrespective of the kind of cellulose source, but with the certainty that swellability of the composites follows the order: Bagasse > rice straw > cotton stalk > wood sawdust. The solubility of the composite is also governed by the composition of AA/AN binary mixture and it is higher the higher the concentration of the AA in the mixture and follow the order: Rice straw ≥ wood sawdust > cotton stalk ≥ bagasse
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Gupta, Vinay Kumar, and Manuel Torrilhon. "Higher order moment equations for rarefied gas mixtures." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 471, no. 2173 (January 2015): 20140754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0754.
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The fully nonlinear Grad's N ×26-moment ( N × G 26) equations for a mixture of N monatomic-inert-ideal gases made up of Maxwell molecules are derived. The boundary conditions for these equations are derived by using Maxwell's accommodation model for each component in the mixture. The linear stability analysis is performed to show that the 2×G26 equations for a binary gas mixture of Maxwell molecules are linearly stable. The derived equations are used to study the heat flux problem for binary gas mixtures confined between parallel plates having different temperatures.
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Hassan, Naveed, Manickam Minakshi, John Ruprecht, Willey Yun Hsien Liew, and Zhong-Tao Jiang. "A Binary Salt Mixture LiCl–LiOH for Thermal Energy Storage." Materials 16, no. 4 (February 8, 2023): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041434.
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For thermal energy storage, the most promising method that has been considered is latent heat storage associated with molten salt mixtures as phase-change material (PCM). The binary salt mixture lithium chloride—lithium hydroxide (LiCl–LiOH) with a specific composition can store thermal energy. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no information on their thermal stability in previous literature. The key objectives of this article were to investigate the thermophysical properties, thermal repeatability, and thermal decomposition behavior of the chosen binary salt mixture. FactSage software was used to determine the composition of the binary salt mixture. Thermophysical properties were investigated with a simultaneous thermal analyzer (STA). The thermal results show that the binary salt 32 mol% LiCl-68 mol% LiOH melts within the range of 269 °C to 292 °C and its heat of fusion is 379 J/g. Thermal repeatability was tested with a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) for 30 heating and cooling cycles, which resulted in little change to the melting temperature and heat of fusion. Thermal decomposition analysis indicated negligible weight loss until 500 °C and showed good thermal stability. Chemical and structural instability was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) by analysing the binary salt system before and after thermal treatment. A minor peak corresponding to lithium oxide was observed in the sample decomposed at 700 °C which resulted from the decomposition of LiOH at high temperature. The morphology and elemental distribution examinations of the binary salt mixture were carried out via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was conducted for surface analysis, and their elemental composition verified the chemical stability of the binary salt mixture. Overall, the results confirmed that the binary salt mixture is a potential candidate to be used as thermal energy storage material in energy storage applications of up to 500 °C.
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R.N., Okechi, Chukwura E.I., and Nweke C.O. "Assessing the toxicities of the binary mixtures of sodium dodecyl sulfate and heavy metals to Serratia marcescens (SerEW01) from Otamiri River." ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION 16, no. 1 (October 7, 2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5132/eec.2021.01.06.
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Toxicities of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) + Pb(II), SDS + Cd(II), SDS + Ni(II), SDS + Zn(II), and SDS + Co(II) binary mixtures to Serratia marcescens (SerEW01) isolated from Otamiri river water, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria were undertaken, using dehydrogenase activity as a response. Inhibitions of dehydrogenase activity by the individual toxicants were concentrationdependent, increasing steadily as the concentration increases. The observed EC50S ranged from 0.046 ± 0.003 mM for Zn(II) to 2.329 ± 0.092 mM for SDS. Duncan tests indicated that the EC50S of the individual toxicants differed significantly from each other. The order of decreasing toxicities was Zn(II) > Cd(II) > Co(II) > Ni(II) > Pb(II) > SDS. Fixed ratio mixtures [Arbitrary concentration ratio (ABCR) and EC50 equieffect concentration ratio (EECR 50)] were used to study the joint action of the binary mixtures. The mixtures progressively inhibited dehydrogenase activity in S. marcescens as the concentration increases. However, SDS 98.08% + Co(II) 1.92% mixture ratio was biphasic. The effects of the mixtures on the dehydrogenase activity were assessed using Toxic Index, Model Deviation Ratio and Isobolographic analyses. In addition, the toxicities of the mixtures were predicted with concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models. In SDS+Ni(II) binary mixture, both models predicted similar toxicities. In all binary mixtures, both models greatly underestimated the mixture toxicities compared to the experimentally-observed data. Similarly, both the experimentally-observed, CA and IA-predicted EC50S were statistically different from each another. Furthermore, the binary mixtures were generally synergistic against S. marcescens (SerEW01). This demonstrates the potential danger of co-contamination of the aquatic system by SDS and heavy metals
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Pavela, Roman. "ACUTE AND SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF MONOTERPENOID ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOUNDS ON THE LARVAE OF SPODOPTERA LITTORALIS." Journal of Biopesticides 03, no. 03 (December 1, 2010): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.3.3.573-578.
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ABSTRACT Acute toxicity and mutual synergistic effect of six monoterpenoids on Spodoptera littoralis larvae was recorded. Out of the essential oils compounds tested for topical acute toxicity, the most potent were thymol and carvacrol, with LD90 values < 100 ìg per larva (weight 25 - 30 mg). In comparison for fumigant acute toxicity, the most potent were ã-terpinene, p-cymene and 1,8-cineole, with LD90 values < 100 ìg per cm3. Nine binary mixtures out of 15 tested couples showed the synergistic effect in topical application. The most significant synergism was found in p-cymene in the mixture with ã-terpinene or carvacrol. In the fumigant application, 9 binary mixtures showed a synergistic effect; 5 mixtures showed an additive effect, and one mixture showed an antagonistic effect. The most profound synergistic effect was found in ã - terpinene in the mixture with carvacrol and in p-cymene in the mixture with thymol or carvacrol.
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Ruppeiner, George, and Alex Seftas. "Thermodynamic Curvature of the Binary van der Waals Fluid." Entropy 22, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22111208.
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The thermodynamic Ricci curvature scalar R has been applied in a number of contexts, mostly for systems characterized by 2D thermodynamic geometries. Calculations of R in thermodynamic geometries of dimension three or greater have been very few, especially in the fluid regime. In this paper, we calculate R for two examples involving binary fluid mixtures: a binary mixture of a van der Waals (vdW) fluid with only repulsive interactions, and a binary vdW mixture with attractive interactions added. In both of these examples, we evaluate R for full 3D thermodynamic geometries. Our finding is that basic physical patterns found for R in the pure fluid are reproduced to a large extent for the binary fluid.
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Cherniakova, M. Yu, A. V. Kyrychenko, and K. N. Belikov. "Microstructure, dynamics, and temperature behavior of L-menthol, salicylaldoxime, and their binary mixture: a molecular dynamics simulation study." Functional Materials 32, no. 1 (March 23, 2025): 77–86. https://doi.org/10.15407/fm32.01.77.
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Deep eutectic solvents are mixtures of various substances classified as liquid supramolecular systems, which have a wide range of scientific, practical, and technological applications. This study investigated the molecular aspects involved in creating a deep eutectic binary mixture of L-menthol and salicylaldoxime using classical molecular dynamics simulations. We focused on the microstructure and dynamics of intermolecular interactions for both the individual components and their binary mixture at temperatures of 298, 333, and 353 K. Our findings revealed that, at a macroscopic scale, there is a nearly uniform distribution of components in the binary mixture of L-menthol and salicylaldoxime, with no phase separation or domain formation observed within the examined temperature range. We noted a significant increase in self-diffusion coefficients in the formation of the binary mixture, with these coefficients further increasing at higher temperatures. Through hydrogen bonding analysis and radial distribution functions, we demonstrated that the formation of the binary mixture resulted in changes to the solution’s microstructure, including a considerable reduction in the number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Consequently, the transition to a liquid phase at room temperature for this eutectic composition is primarily driven by van-der-Waals attractions between the hydrophobic portions of the components. Our theoretical findings are significant from both scientific and practical perspectives, as they provide valuable insights into the relationship between the microscopic structure of a deep eutectic mixture and its transport properties.
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Chang, Fang, Malan Yi, Huiting Li, Jiangnan Wang, Xuefeng Zhao, Xiaoyue Hu, and Qianju Qi. "Antibiotic Toxicity Isolated and as Binary Mixture to Freshwater Algae Raphidocelis subcapitata: Growth Inhibition, Prediction Model, and Environmental Risk Assessment." Toxics 10, no. 12 (November 29, 2022): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10120739.
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Antibiotics in aqueous environments can have extremely adverse effects on non-targeted organisms. However, many research projects have only focused on the toxicological evaluation of individual antibiotics in various environments. In the present work, individual and binary mixture toxicity experiments have been conducted with the model organism Raphidocelis subcapitata (R. subcapitata), and a mixture concentration-response curve was established and contrasted with the estimated effects on the basis of both the concentration addition (CA) and the independent action (IA) models. In addition, different risk assessment methods were used and compared to evaluate the environmental risk of binary mixtures. The toxic ranking of the selected antibiotics to R. subcapitata was erythromycin (ERY) > sulfamethoxazole (SMX) > sulfamethazine (SMZ). In general, the conclusion of this study is that the adverse effects of binary mixtures are higher than the individual antibiotics. The CA model and RQSTU are more suitable for toxicity prediction and risk assessment of binary mixtures. This study reveals the potential ecological risks that antibiotics and their mixtures may pose to water ecosystems, thus providing scientific information for environmental quality regulation.
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Segu, Venkata Ranganayakulu *. Sanathana Ravi. "ULTRASONIC AND THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES IN ORGANIC BINARY LIQUID MIXTURE." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 5 (May 31, 2017): 700–705. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.800617.
Full textAbstract:
The ultrasonic velocity (u), density (ρ), and viscosity (η) have been measured for the binary mixtures of Butanol +N,N Dimethyl acetamide m, Pentanol + N, N Dimethyl acetamide,and Hexanol + N, N Dimethyl acetamide at 30<sup>0</sup>C. The experimental data have been used to calculate the acoustical parameters namely adiabatic compressibility (β), intermolecular free length (Li), acoustical impedance (Z) ultrasonic absorption ([α/f<sup>2</sup>]), the excess values of some of the above parameters have also been evaluated. The results obtained here are used to explain the molecular interaction between the components of the binary mixture. Thermodynamic properties are useful for understanding the variations in liquid structure and the molecular interaction of the liquid mixtures. Ultrasonic investigation finds extensive applications in probing in to the physico-chemical behavior and properties of the liquid and binary liquid mixture. Investigation results are used in design processes in the chemical and petrochemical industries. The measurement of ultrasonic velocity in liquids and liquid mixtures is used as an effective tool to prove the properties of liquid mixtures. Pure liquids and liquid mixtures consisting polar & non-polar components are considerable importance in analyzing intermolecular interaction between component molecules and molecular structure accurately. The ultrasonic investigations of these studies find several applications in the field of research in science, technology and industries. The excess values of acoustical parameters of binary liquid mixture are useful in understanding the solute-solvent interactions. Ultrasonic studies provide a wealth of information about the state of liquid.
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Kang, J. S., and J. Caprio. "Electro-olfactogram and multiunit olfactory receptor responses to complex mixtures of amino acids in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus." Journal of General Physiology 98, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 699–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.98.4.699.
Full textAbstract:
In vivo electrophysiological recordings from populations of olfactory receptor neurons in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, clearly showed that both electro-olfactogram and integrated neural responses of olfactory receptor cells to complex mixtures consisting of up to 10 different amino acids were predictable with knowledge of (a) the responses to the individual components in the mixture and (b) the relative independence of the respective receptor sites for the component stimuli. All amino acid stimuli used to form the various mixtures were initially adjusted in concentration to provide approximately equal response magnitudes. Olfactory receptor responses to both multimixtures and binary mixtures were recorded. Multimixtures were formed by mixing equal aliquots of 3-10 different amino acids. Binary mixtures were formed by mixing equal aliquots of two equally stimulatory solutions. Solution 1 contained either one to nine different neutral amino acids with long side-chains (LCNs) or one to five different neutral amino acids with short side-chains (SCNs). Solution 2, comprising the binary mixture, consisted of only a single stimulus, either a LCN, SCN, basic, or acidic amino acid. The increasing magnitude of the olfactory receptor responses to mixtures consisting of an increasing number of neutral amino acids indicated that multiple receptor site types with highly overlapping specificities exist to these compounds. For both binary mixtures and multimixtures composed of neutral and basic or neutral and acidic amino acids, the receptor responses were significantly enhanced compared with those mixtures consisting of an equal number of only neutral amino acids. These results demonstrate that receptor sites for the basic and acidic amino acids, respectively, are highly independent of those for the neutral amino acids, and suggest that a mechanism for synergism is the simultaneous activation of relatively independent receptor sites by the components in the mixture. In contrast, there was no evidence for the occurrence of mixture suppression.
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CHATER, Oumaima, Lahsen EL GHADRAOUI, Ahmed HARRACH, and Smail AAZZA. "Extractive optimization of antioxidants and phenolic compounds from Anacyclus pyrethrum." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 15, no. 4 (December 16, 2023): 11616. http://dx.doi.org/10.55779/nsb15411616.
Full textAbstract:
Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. is a Moroccan endemic species well appreciated as a remedy against toothache, digestive disorders, and as a tonic agent for the nervous system. This work aims to select the best solvents for extracting antioxidants and optimize their extraction using a surface mixture design. In this study, eleven solvents with different polarities were screened for their efficiency to extract total phenolic compounds and other molecules endowed with antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and total antioxidant activities. The selected solvent was subjected to response surface methodology using a simplex axial mixture design to optimize the extraction of polyphenols and antioxidants. The results showed a significant influence of solvent nature on extraction. Water, ethanol, chloroform, and methanol were the most effective solvents to achieve good polyphenol yields. The best yield is obtained using the tertiary mixture “water-methanol-ethanol”. The anti-radical activity in A. pyrethrum was significantly influenced by the extraction solvent's nature and the mixture's nature. The percentage of inhibition of DPPH was higher in both extracts obtained with the ternary mixture and binary mixtures “water-methanol” and “water-ethanol”. the best total antioxidant capacity was observed for pure water, followed by binary mixtures including water. This study revealed a good synergetic effect between water and both ethanol and methanol on extraction efficiency. Furthermore, the ternary mixture with the following proportions: water 75%; ethanol 11%; methanol 14% was the most efficient.
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Dorohoi, Dana Ortansa, Dan-Gheorghe Dimitriu, Mihaela Maria Dulcescu-Oprea, Ana Cezarina Morosanu, Nicoleta Puica-Melniciuc, Elena Ardelean, Antonina Gritco-Todirascu, and Corina Cheptea. "Solvatochromic Study of Two Carbanion Monosubstituted 4-Tolyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium Phenacylids in Binary Hydroxyl Solvent Mixtures." Molecules 26, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 3910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133910.
Full textAbstract:
Two 4-tolyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium methylids, namely 4-tolyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium-phenacylid and 4-tolyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium-4′-nitro-phenacylid, are studied from solvatochromic point of view in binary solvent mixtures of water with ethanol and water with methanol. The contributions (expressed in percent) of the universal and specific interactions are separated from the spectral shifts recorded in the visible range for each composition of the binary solvent mixture. The essential role of the orientation and induction interactions in the studied solutions was demonstrated. Based on the statistic cell model of the binary solvent mixture solutions, the difference between the formation energies of ylid-water and ylid-alcohol complexes is estimated. The composition of the ylid’s first solvation shell was also established using the model of the binary solvent mixture solutions. The results obtained from the statistical cell model were compared with those obtained by using the Suppan’s model, resulting a good agreement.