Journal articles: 'Binary phase-shift keying modulation'

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J, Padmini, and V. Nanammal. "FPGA Implementation of Digital Modulation Schemes Using Verilog HDL." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 9 (2022): 560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46596.

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Abstract: This paper describes the design and development of an FPGA-based digital Modulation Scheme for high-resolution Communication Application. We are focusing on implementation of Verilog based code simulation for fundamental and widely used digital modulation techniques such as Binary Amplitude-shift keying (BASK), Binary Frequency-shift keying (BFSK), Binary Phase-shift keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(QPSK). In this work the idea of sinusoidal signals that have been generated is plain sailing in nature and based on fundamentals of signal sampling and quantization. Such concept of sinusoidal signals generation is not unfamiliar but somehow simplified using sampling and quantization in time and amplitude domain, respectively. The whole simulation is done on Modelsim and Xilinx-ISE using VERILOG Hardware descriptive language. The work has been accomplished on Thirty two bit serial data transmission with self-adjustable carrier frequency and bit duration length.

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Awan, Waseem. "Digital Modulator using Digitally Programmable Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor Differential Voltage Current Conveyor." Academic Journal of Research and Scientific Publishing 6, no. 65 (2024): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52132/ajrsp.e.2024.65.2.

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This study aims to Developing a digital modulation system using a new technology and idea, which is the digitally programmable CMOS (Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor), Integrate the CMOS DVCC circuit as a modulator in the communication systems, as will be explained in chapter 3, Finally, simulate this new idea in communication by using a simulation program, which is PSpice software, and analyzing the results. By focusing on How to use digital programmable CMOS (Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor) in a communication system as a digital modulator, Verifying the effectiveness of the study using simulation software such as PSpice and MATLAB, and Analyzing and verifying the effectiveness of the three modified modulation techniques. Digitally programmable Binary Amplitude shift keying (DP BASK), Digitally programmable Binary Phase shift keying (DP BPSK), And Digitally programmable Binary Frequency shift keying (DP BFSK). This study adopts an applied research approach. The study demonstrated that the CMOS DVCC circuit could be successfully integrated into communication systems as a digital modulator. The study recommended to conduct further research on the noise resistance capabilities of the DP modulation techniques, and explore additional modulation techniques that could benefit from digitally programmable CMOS technology, such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM).

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Sacher, Wesley D., William M. J. Green, Douglas M. Gill, et al. "Binary phase-shift keying by coupling modulation of microrings." Optics Express 22, no. 17 (2014): 20252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.22.020252.

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Susilo, Deddy, Budihardja Murtianta, and Arivia Aurelia Devina P. "Perancangan Sistem Modulator Binary Phase Shift Keying." Techné : Jurnal Ilmiah Elektroteknika 15, no. 01 (2016): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31358/techne.v15i01.143.

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Sistem yang dibangun adalah sebuah modul sistem modulator BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying). Perangkat yang dibahas adalah modulator BPSK dengan frekuensi 10kHz-48kHz dan untuk transmisi secara nirkabel ditambahkan pemancar FM yang akan mentranslasikan sinyal pembawa pada frekuensi radio sebesar 80MHz. Berdasarkan pengujian yang telah dilakukan, sistem perangkat modulator BPSK yang dibangun dapat bekerja dengan baik. Perancangan pseudorandom generator dengan menanamkan algoritma register geser 5 tingkat dengan mikrokontroler AVR ATTINY13A dapat diatur dengan bit rate bervariasi dari 1200, 2400, 4800 dan 9600 bps. Untai tapis lolos rendah Bessel orde 2 dengan fc 48kHz dapat berfungsi memperhalus hasil keluaran pseudorandom generator dan level shifter. Untai selektor keluaran BPSK dapat berfungsi dengan baik untuk pemilih sinyal sinus 0° dan 180° serta pemancar FM dapat menghasilkan spectrum sinyal paling tinggi pada frekuensi 80MHz.

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Zhang, Shi Kai, and Jian Li Jin. "Asymmetric Binary Frequency Shift Keying and its Frequency Attribute." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 1236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.1236.

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An innovative asymmetric binary frequency shift keying (ABFSK) modulation format is presented and studied both in the time domain and frequency domain. First, the modulation function is demonstrated, it shows a quasi-continuous phase attribute and an ability of high speed data modulation. Second, the domain attribute is studied; it has a high degree of energy centralization. Thus, a narrow occupied bandwidth can be achieved after a proper filtering. Then, the finite spectrum can be conserved to improve spectrum efficiency.

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Ghauri, Sajjad Ahmed. "KNN BASED CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL MODULATED SIGNALS." IIUM Engineering Journal 17, no. 2 (2016): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v17i2.641.

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Demodulation process without the knowledge of modulation scheme requires Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC). When receiver has limited information about received signal then AMC become essential process. AMC finds important place in the field many civil and military fields such as modern electronic warfare, interfering source recognition, frequency management, link adaptation etc. In this paper we explore the use of K-nearest neighbor (KNN) for modulation classification with different distance measurement methods. Five modulation schemes are used for classification purpose which is Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), 16-QAM and 64-QAM. Higher order cummulants (HOC) are used as an input feature set to the classifier. Simulation results shows that proposed classification method provides better results for the considered modulation formats.

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Torres Nova, Juan Mario, and Hernán Paz Penagos. "Studying and comparing spectrum efficiency and error probability in GMSK and DBPSK modulation schemes." Ingeniería e Investigación 28, no. 3 (2008): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v28n3.15123.

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Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) and differential binary phase shift keying (DBPSK) are two digital modulation schemes which are -frequently used in radio communication systems; however, there is interdependence in the use of its benefits (spectral efficiency, low bit error rate, low inter symbol interference, etc). Optimising one parameter creates problems for another; for example, the GMSK scheme succeeds in reducing bandwidth when introducing a Gaussian filter into an MSK (minimum shift ke-ying) modulator in exchange for increasing inter-symbol interference in the system. The DBPSK scheme leads to lower error pro-bability, occupying more bandwidth; it likewise facilitates synchronous data transmission due to the receiver’s bit delay when re-covering a signal.

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Wang, Yi, Haibo Wang, and XueWen Jiang. "Performance of Reconfigurable-Intelligent-Surface-Assisted Satellite Quasi-Stationary Aircraft–Terrestrial Laser Communication System." Drones 6, no. 12 (2022): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6120405.

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This paper proposes the use of quasi-stationary aircraft and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) to improve the system performance in satellite–terrestrial laser communication downlink. Single-input multiple-output (SIMO) technology is applied to the relay node of a quasi-stationary aircraft. The closed expression of the bit error rate (BER) of an RIS-assisted satellite quasi-stationary aircraft–terrestrial laser communication system (RIS-SHTLC) is derived under the M-distributed atmospheric turbulence model while considering the influence of atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors caused by RIS jitter. The effects of coherent binary frequency shift keying (CBFSK), coherent binary phase-shift keying (CBPSK), non-coherent binary frequency shift keying (NBFSK), and differential binary phase-shift keying (DBPSK) on the performance of an RIS-SHTLC system are simulated and analyzed under weak turbulence. The results show that the RIS-SHTLC system with CBPSK modulation has the best communication performance. Simultaneously, the relationships between the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and BER of the RIS-SHTLC system under different RIS elements are simulated and analyzed, and compared with the traditional SHTLC system. In addition, the influence of the zenith angle, receiving aperture and divergence angle on the performance of the system is studied. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations are used to validate the analytical results.

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Fan, Jin Hong. "Transmission Scheme of MIMO Two-Way Relaying Systems Based on Symmetric Channel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.452.

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There are fading and noise in MIMO two-way relaying system. A novel transmission scheme was proposed. The scheme performs equivalent to a 2×2 V-BLAST MIMO(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) and a two 2×1 AlAMOUTI MISO(Multiple-Input Single-Output) in multiple-access phase and broadcast phase respectively. Network coding and minimum mean square error detection are employed at the relay. Binary phase shift keying and 8 phase shift keying modulation is used. The performance is analyzed under the assumption of a symmetric relay channel model. Simulation results show that the proposed transmission scheme can facilitate more reliable transmission.

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Shetty, Mamtha. "Design of BPSK Modulator Using VHDL." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 12 (2014): 5247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v13i12.5276.

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Binary Phase Shift Keying represents the simulation results of binary digital modulation schemes. Here for BASK and BPSK modulation techniques use FPGA algorithm. If multiplier block is used for multiplication bit stream with carrier signal, used time will rises. In addition using multiplier block obtained simulation results were analyzed and compared to other simulation results. Source consumptions of FPGA-based BASK modulation technique and BPSK modulation technique were compared. Also, for different modulation algorithm, source consumptions of BASK and BPSK modulation technique were analyzed using VHDL. Designed modulators using VHSIC (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit) Hardware Description Language (VHDL) was realized on high speed FPGA (Field Program Programmable Gate Array). Because for used modulation technique data rate transfer is fairly important in wireless communication systems. The highest speed data rate transfer can be realized using fiber optic cables. In addition, BER (Bit Error Rate) of BASK and BPSK modulator was compared using MATLAB simulation program. Binary data rate is same for BPSK and BASK. BPSK and BASK modulations were designed on FPGA using VHDL hardware description language.

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Shin, M., J. Lim, C. Y. Park, et al. "An integrated hybrid device for binary-phase-shift-keying subcarrier modulation." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 12, no. 5 (2000): 516–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/68.841271.

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Tadikamalla, Sairam Vamsi, Harish Chandra Mohanta, Sudheer Kumar Terlapu, and Vamshi Krishna Mandhapati. "Enhanced pulse shaping filters for minimizing interference in GFDM signals for 5G cellular networks." International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 14, no. 1 (2025): 153. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v14i1.pp153-163.

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The imminent rise of 5th generation (5G) wireless standards heralds a pivotal era in cellular communication. Among the challenges faced, selecting an optimal multiple access technique stands out as crucial for achieving the desired blend of low latency, high data rates, and throughput. Generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) emerges as a promising can-didate meeting 5G requirements. This study introduces two innovative pulse shaping filters (PSFs) the better than raised cosine filter (BRCF) and modified bartlett hanning filter (MBHF) paired with various modulation schemes such as binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) to assess GFDM signal performance. Considering its spectrum efficiency, QAM modulation emerges as the preferred choice. Performance evaluation of the PSFs entails analyzing symbol error rate (SER) against signal to noise ratio (SNR) across different modulation schemes.

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Sairam, Vamsi Tadikamalla, Chandra Mohanta Harish, Kumar Terlapu Sudheer, and Krishna Mandhapati Vamshi. "Enhanced pulse shaping filters for minimizing interference in GFDM signals for 5G cellular networks." International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology 14, no. 1 (2025): 153–63. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v14i1.pp153-163.

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The imminent rise of 5th generation (5G) wireless standards heralds a pivotal era in cellular communication. Among the challenges faced, selecting an optimal multiple access technique stands out as crucial for achieving the desired blend of low latency, high data rates, and throughput. Generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) emerges as a promising can-didate meeting 5G requirements. This study introduces two innovative pulse shaping filters (PSFs) the better than raised cosine filter (BRCF) and modified bartlett hanning filter (MBHF) paired with various modulation schemes such as binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) to assess GFDM signal performance. Considering its spectrum efficiency, QAM modulation emerges as the preferred choice. Performance evaluation of the PSFs entails analyzing symbol error rate (SER) against signal to noise ratio (SNR) across different modulation schemes.

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Li, Peng Fei, Jin Ping Li, and Xin Zhao. "Design and Simulation of 2PSK Modem." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 2914–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.2914.

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Based on the principle of the modulation and demodulation of Binary Phase Shift Keying(2PSK),a mathematical model for the modulation and demodulation of the 2PSK was built and the carrier signal was designed using the technology of Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS).Then,a model to simulate the hardware circuit of the modulation and demodulation of 2PSK was built,and then analyzed in Matlab and Modelsim.Simulation results show that the model not only properly realizes the function of 2PSK modulator-demodulator,but it also simplifies the hardware circuit and reduces the programming time.

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TSAI, CHIA-CHUN, SHENG-BIN DAI, and TRONG-YEN LEE. "THE RF CIRCUIT DESIGN OF POWER AND DATA CONTACTLESS TRANSMISSION FOR ISO/IEC 14443-2 TYPE B." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 20, no. 08 (2011): 1637–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126611008092.

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In this paper, we design and implement an integrated circuit system for contactless interface transmission to conform the transfer protocol of ISO/IEC 14443-2 Type B. The system consists of two major parts, interrogator and transponder, for magnetic power and data transmission. The power and data can synchronously be transferred from the interrogator to the transponder with 10% amplitude shift keying modulation of mixing both carrier 13.56 MHz and data rate 106 Kbps. Another data can be backward to the interrogator from the transponder with the mixed binary phase shift keying modulation. Simulation results to the whole chip based on TSMC 0.35 μm CMOS process have approved using HSPICE.

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Li, Miaofeng, Xi Xiao, Qi Yang, and Shaohua Yu. "40 Gbaud binary phase shift keying signal modulation using a substrate removed silicon modulator." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 19-21 (2017): 1740009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917400097.

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Substrate removing technique is proposed in silicon Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) to improve the electro-optic bandwidth. Based on this technique, a silicon MZM with 3 dB electro-optical bandwidth of 55 GHz is achieved at 5 V reverse bias for the first time. The V[Formula: see text] L of the modulator is 1.3 V[Formula: see text]cm with an on-chip insertion loss of 5.4 dB. The substrate removing technique reduces the electrode transmission loss, achieves the electro-optical group index matching and realizes 50 [Formula: see text] impedance matching, simultaneously. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate BPSK modulation based on this modulator at the baud rate up to 56 Gb/s.

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Jiang, Kaiyuan, Jiawei Zhang, Haibin Wu, Aili Wang, and Yuji Iwahori. "A Novel Digital Modulation Recognition Algorithm Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (2020): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10031166.

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The modulation recognition of digital signals under non-cooperative conditions is one of the important research contents here. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, deep learning theory is also increasingly being applied to the field of modulation recognition. In this paper, a novel digital signal modulation recognition algorithm is proposed, which has combined the InceptionResNetV2 network with transfer adaptation, called InceptionResnetV2-TA. Firstly, the received signal is preprocessed and generated the constellation diagram. Then, the constellation diagram is used as the input of the InceptionResNetV2 network to identify different kinds of signals. Transfer adaptation is used for feature extraction and SVM classifier is used to identify the modulation mode of digital signal. The constellation diagram of three typical signals, including Binary Phase Shift Keying(BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(QPSK) and 8 Phase Shift Keying(8PSK), was made for the experiments. When the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) is 4dB, the recognition rates of BPSK, QPSK and 8PSK are respectively 1.0, 0.9966 and 0.9633 obtained by InceptionResnetV2-TA, and at the same time, the recognition rate can be 3% higher than other algorithms. Compared with the traditional modulation recognition algorithms, the experimental results show that the proposed algorithm in this paper has a higher accuracy rate for digital signal modulation recognition at low SNR.

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Barkha Pandey, Raghu Harsh Kalia, Monica Kaushik, and Monika Arora. "Performance Enhancement of DS-CDMA System using Extended BPSK Modulation Scheme." Journal on Today's Ideas - Tomorrow's Technologies 4, no. 2 (2016): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jotitt.2016.42009.

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In a last few decades there has been tremendous growth and a drastic rise in wireless communication technologies. The major issue that the world is facing today with the advent of so many sophisticated wireless communication devices is efficient utilization of the spectrum. Spectrum efficiency comes together with a tradeoff factor of energy consumption. Thus, the need of the hour is an energy and bandwidth efficient technique. DS-CDMA is one of the competitive and most investigated technique in wireless communication which caters the large demand at the same time with limited bandwidth. Existing modulation techniques does not promise to provide better performance in case of higher noise. Therefore, one looks for a better BER stipulated modulation format to improve and enhance the performance of the system. This article revisits conventional Binary phase shift keying method and compares its performance in terms of BER with a special Extended Binary Phase Shift Keying (EBPSK) modulation format for a DS- CDMA system. EBPSK scheme is flexible and simple which is easily integrated in a network and assures improved and enhanced performance.

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Miglani, Rajan, and Jagjit Singh Malhotra. "Statistical Analysis of FSO Links Employing Multiple Transmitter/Receiver Strategy over Double-Generalized and Gamma–Gamma Fading Channel Using Different Modulation Techniques." Journal of Optical Communications 40, no. 3 (2019): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0066.

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Abstract Free space optical (FSO) communication links have recently received lot of attention as high bandwidth and cost-effective access technique. However, the transmission medium, i. e. atmosphere, itself is a major spoilsport factor as atmospheric turbulence may lead to fading. The legacy of spatial diversity techniques which have already proven their worth as effective mechanism to counter channel fading in radio links has also been extended to FSO links in this paper. A mathematical model to evaluate error rate performance of FSO links over strong turbulent conditions using gamma–gamma and double-generalized gamma channel model for different modulation techniques has also been included. It was observed that higher modulation techniques such as binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and differential phase shift keying (DPSK) allow superior error performance as compared to on–off keying (OOK) links, and this performance further enhances with incorporation of spatial diversity techniques. However, across different diversity options, explained in this paper, BPSK–MISO links were the best choice for turbulent conditions.

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Qasaymeh, Mahmoud M. "Intelligent Receiver for Frequency Hopping Signals Using Deep Learning." International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications 13, no. 5 (2024): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijeetc.13.5.366-373.

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This paper presents a promising Deep-Learning (DL) approach for accurate symbol detection in a slow Frequency Hopping (SFH) wireless communication System under a Narrow Band (NB) multipath channel fading. A feedforward neural network with three layers of input, hidden, and output was employed for deep learning. The neural network is designed to take 80 features as input, representing the received signal samples at the receiver. The neural network is trained to anticipate the transmitted symbol based on the provided training dataset, utilizing different modulation techniques, including Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 8-PSK, and 16-PSK. Additionally, computer simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method across various modulation schemes. The generated training loss and validation loss curves confirmed the ability of the receiver to learn.

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Hidayat, Rahmad, Rushendra, Ellisa Agustina, et al. "Improvement of Binary Frequency Shift Keying Modulation Performance." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1933, no. 1 (2021): 012102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1933/1/012102.

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Gökçe, Muhsin Caner, Yahya Baykal, and Yalçın Ata. "Binary phase shift keying-subcarrier intensity modulation performance in weak oceanic turbulence." Physical Communication 37 (December 2019): 100904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2019.100904.

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Vikas, Agrawal, Basak Koushik, and Kumar Bahl Rajesh. "Analytical research on optical phase shift modulation scheme with maximum modulation efficiency for analog and digital signals." i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems 11, no. 2 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jcs.11.2.19048.

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This paper presents the analytical research and characterization of optical Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) for single-tone sinusoidal and digital signals. The mathematical analysis and simulation for optimal modulation depth are proposed in this paper for maximum efficiency of the output modulated signal. The modulation depth is analysed with suitable Radio Frequency (RF) drive voltage for message signal and the effect of modulation depth on carrier suppression and higher order harmonics over fundamental tone is analysed theoretically and with simulation. To achieve phase modulation in this work, an external modulation technique via the Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM) is used, and an optical source using a narrow line width Distributed Feed Back (DFB) laser is used to minimise phase noise. The simulation and characterization results strongly support the mathematical analysis of the proposed criteria for suitable RF drive over half wave voltage for optimal detection and maximum message signal efficiency.

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Telagam, Nagarjuna, Y.L. Ajay Kumar, V.R. Seshagiri Rao, Menakadevi Nanjundan, Seetha Chaithanya, and Nehru Kandasamy. "Implementation of IEEE 802.11p for Vehicular Communication: Utilizing NI USRP N321 to Advance Mobile Interactive Technologies." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 19, no. 09 (2025): 19–30. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v19i09.52259.

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This paper aims to comprehensively implement the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11p transceiver using the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) device N321 series for teaching undergraduates. It is a standard in the 802.11 family designed explicitly for wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE). This process involves configuring the USRP N321 device with IEEE standards, such as adjusting the frequency, amplitude, transmitter gain, direction of the radiation pattern, receiver gain, etc. This transceiver uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme. This IEEE 802.11p transceiver provides a practical approach for students and researchers in the realworld platform to analyze wireless communication technologies such as OFDM transceiver, peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) values, and constellation diagrams for various modulation schemes such as binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) with different code rates. The bit error rate values were calculated for the modulation coding schemes index, and data rates of 24 Mbps were achieved for this transceiver.

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Munson, Nicholas R., Bill Correll, Justin K. A. Henry, Ram M. Narayanan, and Travis D. Bufler. "Design and Implementation of a Binary Phase-Shift Keying Frequency Diverse Array: Considerations and Challenges." Sensors 25, no. 1 (2025): 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25010193.

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The frequency diverse array (FDA) is an architecture capable of beamforming in both range and angle, improving upon the traditional phased array (PA) which can only achieve beamforming in angle. The FDA employing directional modulation (DM) for secure directional communications (SDC) can reduce bit error rates (BERs) in both range and angle, again improving upon the traditional PA which can only reduce BER in angle. In this paper, we document the challenges involved in the design and implementation of a two-element linear FDA employing fast-time binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulations. We also show that the experimentally collected field data match well with the results of simulations based on our analytical model.

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mohamed, H. R., A. A. Nagy, and M. Abdelaziz. "Filter bank multi-carrier based offset ternary phase shift keying(FBMC/OTPSK)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2616, no. 1 (2023): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2616/1/012041.

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Abstract Filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) is a popular researched technique for wireless communications that offers several advantages over traditional orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. In this paper, we propose a FBMC system using offset Triangle phase shift keying (TPSK) modulation (FBMC/OTPSK), analyze its bit error rate (BER) performance via additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, and compare it to that of conventional FBMC using offset quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC/OQAM) system. Simulation results show that the proposed FBMC/OTPSK system considerably improves BER performance over FBMC/OQAM system. Additionally, we explore the impact of using ternary convolutional coding (TCC) with TPSK and binary convolutional coding (BCC) with QAM. The presented TPSK modulation encoded by TCC offers better error rate performance and minimum amplitude fluctuation compared to QAM encoded by BCC; therefore, TCC-coded OTPSK is proposed to be used with FBMC instead of BCC-coded OQAM to benefit from its lower error rates without bandwidth expansion, as well increase information carried by symbol, hence increases throughput.

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Kimionis, John, Apostolos Georgiadis, Spyridon Nektarios Daskalakis, and Manos M. Tentzeris. "A printed millimetre-wave modulator and antenna array for backscatter communications at gigabit data rates." Nature Electronics 4, no. 6 (2021): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41928-021-00588-8.

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AbstractFuture devices for the Internet of Things will require communication systems that can deliver higher data rates at low power. Backscatter radio—in which wireless communication is achieved via reflection rather than radiation—is a low-complexity approach that requires a minimal number of active elements. However, it is typically limited to data rates of hundreds of megabits per second because of the low frequency bands used and the modulation techniques involved. Here we report a millimetre-wave modulator and antenna array for backscatter communications at gigabit data rates. This radiofrequency front-end consists of a microstrip patch antenna array and a single pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistor that supports a range of modulation formats including binary phase shift keying, quadrature phase shift keying and quadrature amplitude modulation. The circuit is additively manufactured with inkjet printing using silver nanoparticle inks on a flexible liquid-crystal polymer substrate. A millimetre-wave transceiver is also designed to capture and downconvert the backscattered signals and route them for digital signal processing. With the system, we demonstrate a bit rate of two gigabits per second of backscatter transmission at millimetre-wave frequencies of 24–28 GHz, and with a front-end energy consumption of 0.17 pJ per bit.

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YANG, MENG-HSIANG, K. N. HUANG, C. F. HUANG, S. S. HUANG, and M. S. YOUNG. "A HIGHLY ACCURATE ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR TREMOR USING BINARY AMPLITUDE-SHIFT-KEYING AND PHASE-SHIFT METHOD." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 15, no. 02 (2003): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237203000109.

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A highly accurate Binary Amplitude-Shift-Keyed (BASK) ultrasonic tremor measurement system for use in isothermal air is developed. In this paper, we present a simple but efficient algorithm based upon phase shifts generated by three ultrasonic waves of different frequencies. By the proposed method, we can conduct larger range measurement than the phase-shift method and also get higher accuracy compared with the time-of-flight (TOF) method. Our microcomputer-based system includes two important parts. One of which is BASK modulation signal generator. The other is a phase meter designed to record and compute the phase shifts of the three different frequencies and the result motion is then sent to either an LCD for display or a PC for calibration. Experiments are done in the laboratory using BASK modulation for the frequencies of 200 Hz and 1 kHz with a 40 kHz carrier. The measurement accuracy of this measurement system in the reported experiments is within +/- 0.98 mm. The main advantages of this ultrasonic tremor measurement system are high resolution, narrow bandwidth requirement, low cost, and easy to be implemented.

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Khadim, Rania, Mohammed Erritali, and Abdelhakim Maaden. "Performance Study of IEEE 802.15.4 under OPNET Modeler for Wireless Sensor Networks." TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering 16, no. 1 (2015): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/tijee.v16i1.1593.

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The IEEE 802.15.4 protocol has recently been adopted as a communication standard for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs) due to its low data rate, low power consumption and low cost of Wireless Personal Area Networks. This protocol is quite flexible for a wide range of applications if appropriate tuning of its parameters is carried out. Importantly, the protocol also provides real-time guarantees by using the Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS) mechanism. Indeed, the GTS mechanism is quite attractive for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the performance of BPSK (Binary phase shift keying) and QPSK (Quadrature phase shift keying) modulation techniques. Investigations have been reported to compare the performance of the two modulation schemes. Here modulation schemes have been identified which gives significant performance improvement over the other based on network output load, energy consumption and power reception at the WPAN devices. The results have been presented Pan_Coordinator, GTS and Non GTS End Device (CAP device) of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN).

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Bisma, Pal singh Ravinder, Gill Jasmeen, and Monika Mehra Dr. "A Hybrid Approach for Optimized Resource Allocation in a Deployed 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) Network." International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science & Technology (IJIRCST) 11, no. 1 (2023): 68–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7661031.

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A 4G system is expected to provide an all-inclusive and secure all-IP based mobile broadband solution to laptop, wireless modems, computer, smart phones, and other mobile devices. Although many studies were conducted in the past, there are still many challenges to be met when resource allocation is to be performed in an optimal manner. In the light of the same, a hybrid approach for optimized resource allocation is proposed in a deployed 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. For this to accomplish, firstly a comparative study of the state-of-the-art models has been performed to find out the most optimal method for resource allocation and then propose a hybrid approach to blend the merits of two or more techniques. So, in this article, four main techniques, namely, Binary Phase Shift Keying modulation (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), as modulation techniques have been compared. Since, OFDM outperformed the other modulation techniques, so, it has been integrated with QPSK and OFFT to obtain the most optimal resource allocation. Experimental results show that the proposed technique is simple and robust, and quite promising in the near future for deployed 4G LTE networks.

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31

Oner, Menguc. "On The Classification of Binary Space Shift Keying Modulation." IEEE Communications Letters 22, no. 8 (2018): 1584–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2840147.

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32

Raji, T. I., and Z. K. Adeyemo. "Performance of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quartenary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Signalling Schemes in Fast and Frequency Non-Selective Rayleigh Fading Channel with a Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE) at the Receiver." Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (February 2009): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.99.

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In this paper, we study the performance of Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and Quartenary phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation signalling over fast and frequency non-selective Rayleigh fading channel with mobile digital communication and usually a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) at the receiver. Mobile communication is generally a complex process in which the input modulated signals propagate to the receiver over many different paths resulting in what is known as multipath propagation. Its main effects are delay spread and Doppler spread. These effects result in the channel being classified as fast and frequency non selective. Performances in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) with respect to the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) at different selected velocities of 10, 40, 70 and 100km/hr are investigated with Adaptive Equalizer. Simulation results are obtained using MATLAB 7.0 programming language. The results indicate that at all the velocities considered; there is an excessive degradation in the BER performance due to fading with both the BPSK and QPSK modulation schemes. However, the BER improves for BPSK modulation signalling scheme when a decision feedback equalizer is used at the receiver

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33

Al-Shably, Zainab Hdeib, and Ghadeer I. Maki. "DWT-OFDM forCompressed Image Transmission." Al-Furat Journal of Innovations in Electronics and Computer Engineering 3, no. 2 (2024): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46649/fjiece.v3.2.5a.14.5.2024.

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All existing communications systems require high-speed data transmission rates, as all services today demand high transmission speeds and data transmission dependability, and communications are an essential aspect of daily life. One of the most important modulation techniques used in both wired and wireless communication networks is Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). It is a cutting-edge technology for achieving high-speed digital communication. In this work, compression Images by Discrete Wavelet Transform and transmission over DWT-OFDM, and used different baseband modulation schemes such as Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Key (QPSK), Quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM), and (64QAM) has been considered.From numerical simulation results, it is observed that produced better quality images at the receiver when the Quarter Amplitude Modulation is 16QAM and 64QAM with high SNR

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XU, W. K., L. WANG, and G. KOLUMBÁN. "A NOVEL DIFFERENTIAL CHAOS SHIFT KEYING MODULATION SCHEME." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 21, no. 03 (2011): 799–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127411028829.

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In binary Differential Chaos Shift Keying (DCSK), the reference and information bearing chaotic wavelets are transmitted in two consecutive time slots. This TDMA approach provides two independent channels for the transmission of reference and information bearing wavelets but requires a delay component both in the modulator and demodulator circuits, furthermore, it halves the data attainable data rate. The wideband Radio Frequency (RF) delay lines at receiver are extremely difficult to implement with CMOS technology, therefore, the DCSK modulation cannot be exploited in many applications, such as ultra-wideband. To avoid the use of wideband RF delay lines at receiver, an alternative solution is proposed here where both the reference and information bearing wavelets are sent in the same time slot. The two wavelets are separated by Walsh codes instead of time delay. The new modulator and demodulator configurations are given, analytical expressions for the Bit Error Rate (BER) are derived and the derived BER expressions are verified by computer simulations over Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and multipath Rayleigh fading channels.

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Kaushik, Rahul, Vineet Khandelwal, and R. C. Jain. "An Approximation for BER of Optical Wireless System under Weak Atmospheric Turbulence using Point Estimate." Journal of Optical Communications 40, no. 4 (2019): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0119.

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Abstract Obtaining analytically closed-form expression for bit error rate (BER) of an optical wireless communication (OWC) system under weak atmospheric turbulence is extremely difficult and intractable. In this paper, a simple closed-form approximate expression for average BER of OWC system under weak turbulence condition is obtained using point estimate method. The proposed expression is used to compute the BER for on-off keying (OOK) and sub carrier intensity modulated (SIM) binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation schemes. Results obtained using proposed expression are compared with those obtained using Gauss-Hermite quadrature approximation and Monte-Carlo simulations.

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Cuu, Ho Van, Hoang Hiep Le, and Nguyen Thi Thu-Hang. "EFFICIENT ANALYSIS OF MIMO-OFDM SYSTEM IN NAKAGAMI-m FADING CHANNEL." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 6 (2016): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-708x/54/6/8311.

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Bit error rate (BER) and symbol error rate (SER) performance response fading parameter for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system over Nakagami-m fading channel would be provided in this study. Some channel simulations and evaluations were for 2×2 MIMO-OFDM system in which data are sent from two transmit antennas to two receive antennas. In this study, authors have used binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation techniques to modulate the data stream. In addition, numerical results have been presented and compared for several different environmental propagations such as Nakagami-m, Rician, Rayleigh multipath fading channels, and non-fading additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Based on such obtained presentation and comparison, the paper would discuss further about relation between value of paramater m and quality of system.

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Adiono, Trio, Angga Pradana, and Syifaul Fuada. "A Low-complexity of VLC System using BPSK." International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering, Science & IT (iJES) 6, no. 1 (2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijes.v6i1.8072.

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The design, implementation, and demonstration of visible light communication (VLC) system using Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation has been presented in this short paper. Our system is applied for indoor environment purpose. The test result shows that our VLC system able to work properly as expected, the BPSK constellation can be formed wirelessly through a visible light link. We obtained 13.4 kbps of maximum data rate transfer.

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38

Singh, Nitin Shankar, and Gurpartap Singh. "Performance Evaluation of Log-normal And Negative Exponential Channel Modeling Using Various Modulation Techniques in OFDM-FSO Communication." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 4, no. 2 (2005): 639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v4i2c2.4189.

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Free Space Optics (FSO) is one of the emerging technology which is thoroughly being popular and is basically using optical signals for the communication. The paper evaluates the bit error rate performance of the Free space Optics (FSO) system. To design a high performance communication link for the atmospheric FSO channel, it is of great importance to characterize the channel with proper model. The performance of the highly efficient, high data rate system is limited by the certain constraints like scintillation effects and atmospheric turbulence. The FSO communication system using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique which is known for its increased robustness against frequency selective fading, narrow-band interference and high channel efficiency. The performance of the modulation techniques- Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and 8-PSK are studied in the Lognormal and Negative Exponential channel. The obtained results are the comparative study of Bit Error Rate (BER) vs. Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), which is quite useful for analyse the system performance with different channel models for various modulation techniques.

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39

Shin, Myunghun, Jiyoun Lim, Jeha Kim, Jeong-Soo Kim, Kwang-Eui Pyun, and Songcheol Hong. "Optical Binary-Phase-Shift-Keying Modulation of 10 GHz Using an Integrated Hybrid Device." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 40, Part 1, No. 4B (2001): 2728–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.40.2728.

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Chu, Yi, and Wei Yau Horng. "A Beamformer Employing Pseudo-Interference Technique for Digital Communication Systems." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 1214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.1214.

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This paper presents a new receiver for antenna array to provide robustness against adaptive array imperfections. These imperfections include the array gain errors and the directional mismatch. The superior performance of the proposed receiver is primarily achieved by adding an injected pseudo-interference in the diagonally loaded Capon beamformer. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method has excellent performance for both binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) systems.

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Rajanna, B. V., SVNL Lalitha, Ganta Joga Rao, and S. K. Shrivastava. "BPSK Modulation and Demodulation with Power Line Carrier Communication and GSM Communication for Smart Metering." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 7, no. 3 (2016): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v7.i3.pp713-722.

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GSM/GPRS and PLC communication are used for Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) applications. These AMR systems have made substantial progress over the recent years in terms of functionality, scalability, performance and openness such that they can perform remote metering applications for very demanding and complex systems. By using BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) modulation with Power Line Carrier Communication, Smart Metering can be done in Rural Smart Micro-grids. The design and Simulation of BPSK Modulation and Demodulation are successfully done by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The advantages of using BPSK modulation over the QPSK modulation and the advantages of PLC Communication over the GSM Communication is identified in this paper.

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42

Hu, Xizhen. "Analysis of turbo-coded optical wireless communication system based on on-off keying, binary phase-shift keying, and binary pulse position modulation." Optical Engineering 46, no. 9 (2007): 095001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2786187.

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43

Ali, Mustafa H., Hazim M. Ali, and Tariq A. Hassan. "Numerical comparison between DPSK 33, DPSK 66 and duo binary in WOC system." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 1 (2021): 247–57. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i1.pp247-257.

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OWC systems have turned into a state-of-the-art technology because of their superior performance uniqueness and its innumerable characteristic as compared to its RF. One of the OWC application is inter-satellite wireless optical communication (Is-WOC), this framework can be improved by using different ways such as advanced modulation formats and aperture diameter. We demonstrate an analysis based on the aperture diameter effect in transmission of single channel with 40 Gb/s Is-WOC system using three different modulation methods, differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) with a duty ratio to 66% and 33% and duobinary. Choosing these three modulations from various modulation format is done depending on the advantage they provide where the DPSK gives to fiber nonlinearity a powerful robustness and less susceptible to SPM and XPM and for system requirements of dispersion compensation in duobinary, it provides higher chromatic dispersion tolerance mitigate. The result shows the effect of different transmitter aperture diameter (from 2 to 20 cm) for a constant distance 200 km accomplished by quality factor and minimum BER. We conclude there is a great loss in the small aperture diameter, even in the presence of best modulation format, therefore as the aperture diameter increase the Q-factor increase, but some increased rise is linear and the other is changing from linear to non-linear in a fixed Q-factor point equal to 5.63.

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Wulandari, Sholihah Ayu, Tri Budi Santoso, I. Gede Puja Astawa, and Muhamad Milchan. "Pemodelan Non-uniform Coded-Modulation pada Kanal Akustik Bawah Air di Lingkungan Perairan Dangkal." INOVTEK POLBENG 9, no. 1 (2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35314/ip.v9i1.890.

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In this paper, presented an OFDM performance evaluation with the Non-uniform Coded-Modulation in the underwater acoustic channel in shallow water. A row of binary information is encoded by BCH code (7.4) for error correction and combined with Non-uniform modulation which is the result of modification of the subcarrier arrangement of the OFDM standard IEEE 802.11a. Modeling uses 52 subcarriers consisting of 4 pilots and 48 subcarrier data which are divided into three parts, i.e.: 24 subcarrier data with 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) modulation, 12 subcarrier data with Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation and 12 other data subcarriers with Binary key-shift keying (BPSK) modulation. The channel type used describes the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) condition and is the result of measurement data. The analysis is done in terms of Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) and Bit Error Rate (BER) show that the value of the error rate of 0.001, modulation of BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, and Non-uniform modulation required the power each 5 dB, 8.5 dB, 10.3 dB, and 7.9 dB. However, the proposed system is able to suppress the required power up to 6 dB. The proposed system also shows better performance than fixed modulation and Non-uniform Modulation, which in this case with low power to achieve the same error rate. In addition, the proposed system has a coding gain of 1.9 dB compared to a non-uniform modulation system. Real testing is also done with measurement data at Mangrove estuary, Surabaya. The results show performance similar to simulations performed on Gaussian noise channels.

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Liu, Yun, Shanghong Zhao, Zizheng Gong, Jing Zhao, Chen Dong, and Xuan Li. "Displacement damage in bit error ratio performance of on–off keying, pulse position modulation, differential phase shift keying, and homodyne binary phase-shift keying-based optical intersatellite communication system." Applied Optics 55, no. 11 (2016): 3069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.55.003069.

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46

Bauk, Sanja, Anke Schmeink, and Joan Colomer. "Employing Wireless Networks in Enhancing Occupational Safety at the Developing Seaport – Two Proposals." Polish Maritime Research 24, no. 1 (2017): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pomr-2017-0013.

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AbstractThe paper proposes two Wireless Body Area Network Sensors (WBANSs) scenarios at the logical and simulation levels for improving occupational safety and health conditions at the developing seaport environment. The Port of Bar (Montenegro) is taken as an exemplar. The logical model is based on the actual position of the Port of Bar at the seaport market, its needs and capacities for the information systems innovation through technology transfer and diffusion. The simulation model analyses the channel between the body central unit (BCU) of the worker’s on port wireless body sub-network and the port access point. The quality of the signal transmission at the physical layer has been tested through a source code generated in the Matlab. The code includes the BCU composite signal modulation, transmission, and demodulation, along with a noise and fading effects analysis. The results of the simulation experiments for the different transmission frequencies and distances between transmitter (worker’s BCU) and receiver (port’s access point) by using binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and quadratic phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation schemes are presented. Some directions for further investigations in this field are given, as well.

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Allen, Ben, Timothy D. Drysdale, and Chris Stevens. "Experimental evaluation of spectral efficiency from a circular array antenna producing a Laguerre–Gauss mode." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 12 (2020): 201711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201711.

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We present the four-dimensional volumetric electromagnetic field measurements ( x , y , z and frequency) of the complex radiated field produced by an 8-element circular antenna array. The array is designed to produce a Laguerre–Gauss (LG) mode l = +1 over the frequency range of 9–10 GHz. We evaluate our findings in terms of far-field LG mode purity and spectral efficiency in terms of the quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation scheme that can be supported. The application of LG modes in radio systems is as a means of multiplexing several data streams onto the same frequency, polarization and time slot, thus making a highly spectrally efficient transmission system or enhancing radar systems by means of exploiting mode behaviour as an additional degree of freedom. Our results show that for the circular antenna array, we find that mode purity is sufficient to support binary phase shift keying or quadrature phase shift keying modulation over a 0.3 GHz bandwidth, which corresponds to a spectral efficiency of 1.5 b s −1 Hz −1 per mode. Closer to the antennas' design frequency, 256QAM modulation may be supported over a 0.05 GHz band, and which corresponds to a spectral efficiency of 11 b s −1 Hz −1 per mode. We anticipate the practical insights provided in this paper contribute to the successful design of such systems.

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Magauer, Andreas, and Soumitro Banerjee. "Transmission of Binary Information with a Chaos Coded Communication System using QDPSK-Modulation." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 53, no. 12 (1998): 1022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1998-1215.

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Abstract Synchronisation of chaotic oscillators offers a way of practical application of the theory of Chaos in obtaining secure communication. In this work we introduce a nonautonomous chaotic system with sinusoidal external force for communication of binary signals. The information is applied to the phase position of the sinusoidal forcing signal of the chaotic oscillator using a quadrature difference phase shift keying (QDPSK) modulation. An inverse synchronisation system approach with direct modulation is applied. We describe the system in detail and discuss the requirements of a secure communication system. Issues related to bit error rate, transfer rate, signal to noise ratio, channel bandwidth, bandwidth efficiency and channel capacity are discussed, and the properties of the realized communication system are placed in relation to the requirements of a secure communication system.

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Sheriff Alimi, Olujimi D Alao, and Quadri A Mumuni. "An overview of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing principles, architecture, and its application." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 12, no. 1 (2022): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2022.12.1.0118.

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In this work, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing’s (OFDM) principles, implementation design or high-level system architecture and application were reviewed. The condition for orthogonality, frequency spacing between consecutive subcarriers (called frequency spacing) was established analytically with practical instance highlighted. The review also covers Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) which serves as a bank of demodulators while Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) serves as a bank of modulators in an OFDM system, advancement in OFDM, Quadrature modulation types (Binary Phase Shift Keying, 4-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, 8-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, and 64-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QAM) and spectrum efficiency was also covered. Several technologies that use OFDM were mentioned but attention was given to its usage in Wireless LAN 802.11a.

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Sheriff, Alimi, D. Alao Olujimi, and A. Mumuni Quadri. "An overview of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing principles, architecture, and its application." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 12, no. 1 (2022): 120–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6962373.

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In this work, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing’s (OFDM) principles, implementation design or high-level system architecture and application were reviewed. The condition for orthogonality, frequency spacing between consecutive subcarriers (called frequency spacing) was established analytically with practical instance highlighted. The review also covers Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) which serves as a bank of demodulators while Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) serves as a bank of modulators in an OFDM system, advancement in OFDM, Quadrature modulation types (Binary Phase Shift Keying, 4-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, 8-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, and 64-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QAM) and spectrum efficiency was also covered. Several technologies that use OFDM were mentioned but attention was given to its usage in Wireless LAN 802.11a.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Binary phase-shift keying modulation'

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