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Journal articles on the topic 'Binaural hearing in mammals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Grothe, Benedikt, Michael Pecka, and David McAlpine. "Mechanisms of Sound Localization in Mammals." Physiological Reviews 90, no. 3 (July 2010): 983–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00026.2009.

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The ability to determine the location of a sound source is fundamental to hearing. However, auditory space is not represented in any systematic manner on the basilar membrane of the cochlea, the sensory surface of the receptor organ for hearing. Understanding the means by which sensitivity to spatial cues is computed in central neurons can therefore contribute to our understanding of the basic nature of complex neural representations. We review recent evidence concerning the nature of the neural representation of auditory space in the mammalian brain and elaborate on recent advances in the understanding of mammalian subcortical processing of auditory spatial cues that challenge the “textbook” version of sound localization, in particular brain mechanisms contributing to binaural hearing.

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2

Joris, Philip X., and Marcel van der Heijden. "Early Binaural Hearing: The Comparison of Temporal Differences at the Two Ears." Annual Review of Neuroscience 42, no. 1 (July 8, 2019): 433–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061925.

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Many mammals, including humans, are exquisitely sensitive to tiny time differences between sounds at the two ears. These interaural time differences are an important source of information for sound detection, for sound localization in space, and for environmental awareness. Two brainstem circuits are involved in the initial temporal comparisons between the ears, centered on the medial and lateral superior olive. Cells in these nuclei, as well as their afferents, display a large number of striking physiological and anatomical specializations to enable submillisecond sensitivity. As such, they provide an important model system to study temporal processing in the central nervous system. We review the progress that has been made in characterizing these primary binaural circuits as well as the variety of mechanisms that have been proposed to underlie their function.

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3

Grothe, Benedikt, Ellen Covey, and John H. Casseday. "Medial Superior Olive of the Big Brown Bat: Neuronal Responses to Pure Tones, Amplitude Modulations, and Pulse Trains." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 5 (November 1, 2001): 2219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.5.2219.

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The structure and function of the medial superior olive (MSO) is highly variable among mammals. In species with large heads and low-frequency hearing, MSO is adapted for processing interaural time differences. In some species with small heads and high-frequency hearing, the MSO is greatly reduced in size; in others, including those echolocating bats that have been examined, the MSO is large. Moreover, the MSO of bats appears to have undergone different functional specializations depending on the type of echolocation call used. The echolocation call of the mustached bat contains a prominent CF component, and its MSO is predominantly monaural; the free-tailed bat uses pure frequency-modulated calls, and its MSO is predominantly binaural. To further explore the relation of call structure to MSO properties, we recorded extracellularly from 97 single neurons in the MSO of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, a species whose echolocation call is intermediate between that of the mustached bat and the free-tailed bat. The best frequencies of MSO neurons in the big brown bat ranged from 11 to 79 kHz, spanning most of the audible range. Half of the neurons were monaural, excited by sound at the contralateral ear, while the other half showed evidence of binaural interactions, supporting the idea that the binaural characteristics of MSO neurons in the big brown bat are midway between those of the mustached bat and the free-tailed bat. Within the population of binaural neurons, the majority were excited by sound at the contralateral ear and inhibited by sound at the ipsilateral ear; only 21% were excited by sound at either ear. Discharge patterns were characterized as transient on (37%), primary-like (33%), or transient off (23%). When presented with sinusoidally amplitude modulated tones, most neurons had low-pass filter characteristics with cutoffs between 100 and 300 Hz modulation frequency. For comparison with the sinusoidally modulated sounds, we presented trains of tone pips in which the pulse duration and interstimulus interval were varied. The results of these experiments indicated that it is not the modulation frequency but rather the interstimulus interval that determines the low-pass filter characteristics of MSO neurons.

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4

Tait Sanchez, Jason, Yuan Wang, Edwin W. Rubel, and Andres Barria. "Development of Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission in Binaural Auditory Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 3 (September 2010): 1774–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00468.2010.

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Glutamatergic synaptic transmission is essential for binaural auditory processing in birds and mammals. Using whole cell voltage clamp recordings, we characterized the development of synaptic ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) function from auditory neurons in the chick nucleus laminaris (NL), the first nucleus responsible for binaural processing. We show that synaptic transmission is mediated by AMPA- and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors (AMPA-R and NMDA-R, respectively) when hearing is first emerging and dendritic morphology is being established across different sound frequency regions. Puff application of glutamate agonists at embryonic day 9 (E9) revealed that both iGluRs are functionally present prior to synapse formation (E10). Between E11 and E19, the amplitude of isolated AMPA-R currents from high-frequency (HF) neurons increased 14-fold. A significant increase in the frequency of spontaneous events is also observed. Additionally, AMPA-R currents become faster and more rectifying, suggesting developmental changes in subunit composition. These developmental changes were similar in all tonotopic regions examined. However, mid- and low-frequency neurons exhibit fewer spontaneous events and evoked AMPA-R currents are smaller, slower, and less rectifying than currents from age-matched HF neurons. The amplitude of isolated NMDA-R currents from HF neurons also increased, reaching a peak at E17 and declining sharply by E19, a trend consistent across tonotopic regions. With age, NMDA-R kinetics become significantly faster, indicating a developmental switch in receptor subunit composition. Dramatic increases in the amplitude and speed of glutamatergic synaptic transmission occurs in NL during embryonic development. These changes are first seen in HF neurons suggesting regulation by peripheral inputs and may be necessary to enhance coincidence detection of binaural auditory information.

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5

Römer, Heiner. "Directional hearing in insects: biophysical, physiological and ecological challenges." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): jeb203224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203224.

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ABSTRACTSound localisation is a fundamental attribute of the way that animals perceive their external world. It enables them to locate mates or prey, determine the direction from which a predator is approaching and initiate adaptive behaviours. Evidence from different biological disciplines that has accumulated over the last two decades indicates how small insects with body sizes much smaller than the wavelength of the sound of interest achieve a localisation performance that is similar to that of mammals. This Review starts by describing the distinction between tympanal ears (as in grasshoppers, crickets, cicadas, moths or mantids) and ﬂagellar ears (specifically antennae in mosquitoes and fruit flies). The challenges faced by insects when receiving directional cues differ depending on whether they have tympanal or flagellar years, because the latter respond to the particle velocity component (a vector quantity) of the sound ﬁeld, whereas the former respond to the pressure component (a scalar quantity). Insects have evolved sophisticated biophysical solutions to meet these challenges, which provide binaural cues for directional hearing. The physiological challenge is to reliably encode these cues in the neuronal activity of the afferent auditory system, a non-trivial problem in particular for those insect systems composed of only few nerve cells which exhibit a considerable amount of intrinsic and extrinsic response variability. To provide an integrative view of directional hearing, I complement the description of these biophysical and physiological solutions by presenting findings on localisation in real-world situations, including evidence for localisation in the vertical plane.

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6

Grothe, Benedikt, Thomas J. Park, and Gerd Schuller. "Medial Superior Olive in the Free-Tailed Bat: Response to Pure Tones and Amplitude-Modulated Tones." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 1553–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.3.1553.

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Grothe, Benedikt, Thomas J. Park, and Gerd Schuller. Medial superior olive in the free-tailed bat: response to pure tones and amplitude-modulated tones. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1553–1565, 1997. In mammals with good low-frequency hearing and a moderate to large interear distance, neurons in the medial superior olive (MSO) are sensitive to interaural time differences (ITDs). Most small mammals, however, do not hear low frequencies and do not experience significant ITDs, suggesting that their MSOs participate in functions other than ITD coding. In one bat species, the mustached bat, the MSO is a functionally monaural nucleus, acting as a low-pass filter for the rate of sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) stimuli. We investigated whether the more typical binaural MSO of the Mexican free-tailed bat also acts as an SAM filter. We recorded from 60 MSO neurons with their best frequencies covering the entire audiogram of this bat. The majority revealed bilateral excitation and indirect evidence for inhibition (EI/EI; 55%). The remaining neurons exhibited reduced inputs, mostly lacking ipsilateral inputs (28% I/EI; 12% O/EI; 5% EI/O). Most neurons (64%) responded with a phasic discharge to pure tones; the remaining neurons exhibited an additional sustained component. For stimulation with pure tones, two thirds of the cells exhibited monotonic rate-level functions for ipsilateral, contralateral, or binaural stimulation. In contrast, nearly all neurons exhibited nonmonotonic rate-level functions when tested with SAM stimuli. Eighty-eight percent of the neurons responded with a phase-locked discharge to SAM stimuli at low modulation rates and exhibited low-pass filter characteristics in the modulation transfer function (MTF) for ipsilateral, contralateral, and binaural stimulation. The MTF for ipsilateral stimulation usually did not match that for contralateral stimulation. Introducing interaural intensity differences (IIDs) changed the MTF in unpredictable ways. We also found that responses to SAMs depended on the carrier frequency. In some neurons we measured the time course of the ipsilaterally and contralaterally evoked inhibition by presenting brief frequency-modulated sweeps at different ITDs. The duration and timing of inhibition could be related to the SAM cutoff for binaural stimulation. We conclude that the response of the MSO in the free-tailed bat is created by a complex interaction of inhibition and excitation. The different time constants of inputs create a low-pass filter for SAM stimuli. However, the MSO output is an integrated response to the temporal structure of a stimulus as well as its azimuthal position, i.e., IIDs. There are no in vivo results concerning filter characteristics in a “classical” MSO, but our data confirm an earlier speculation about this interdependence based on data accessed from a gerbil brain slice preparation.

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7

Efrati, Adi, and Yoram Gutfreund. "Early life exposure to noise alters the representation of auditory localization cues in the auditory space map of the barn owl." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 5 (May 2011): 2522–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00078.2011.

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The auditory space map in the optic tectum (OT) (also known as superior colliculus in mammals) relies on the tuning of neurons to auditory localization cues that correspond to specific sound source locations. This study investigates the effects of early auditory experiences on the neural representation of binaural auditory localization cues. Young barn owls were raised in continuous omnidirectional broadband noise from before hearing onset to the age of ∼65 days. Data from these birds were compared with data from age-matched control owls and from normal adult owls (>200 days). In noise-reared owls, the tuning of tectal neurons for interaural level differences and interaural time differences was broader than in control owls. Moreover, in neurons from noise-reared owls, the interaural level differences tuning was biased towards sounds louder in the contralateral ear. A similar bias appeared, but to a much lesser extent, in age-matched control owls and was absent in adult owls. To follow the recovery process from noise exposure, we continued to survey the neural representations in the OT for an extended period of up to several months after removal of the noise. We report that all the noise-rearing effects tended to recover gradually following exposure to a normal acoustic environment. The results suggest that deprivation from experiencing normal acoustic localization cues disrupts the maturation of the auditory space map in the OT.

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8

Hafter, Ervin R. "Binaural hearing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 91, no. 4 (April 1992): 2413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.403219.

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9

Bredahl Greiner, S[solidus in circle]ren. "BINAURAL HEARING INSTRUMENT." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 3 (2013): 1854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4795090.

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10

Lindemann, Eric. "Binaural hearing aid." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 99, no. 6 (1996): 3283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.414934.

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11

Snik, Ad, Martijn Agterberg, and Arjan Bosman. "How to Quantify Binaural Hearing in Patients with Unilateral Hearing Using Hearing Implants." Audiology and Neurotology 20, Suppl. 1 (2015): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000380747.

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Application of bilateral hearing devices in bilateral hearing loss and unilateral application in unilateral hearing loss (second ear with normal hearing) does not a priori lead to binaural hearing. An overview is presented on several measures of binaural benefits that have been used in patients with unilateral or bilateral deafness using one or two cochlear implants, respectively, and in patients with unilateral or bilateral conductive/mixed hearing loss using one or two percutaneous bone conduction implants (BCDs), respectively. Overall, according to this overview, the most significant and sensitive measure is the benefit in directional hearing. Measures using speech (viz. binaural summation, binaural squelch or use of the head shadow effect) showed minor benefits, except for patients with bilateral conductive/mixed hearing loss using two BCDs. Although less feasible in daily practise, the binaural masking level difference test seems to be a promising option in the assessment of binaural function.

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12

Levitt, Harry. "Experiments in binaural hearing: Masking, speech intelligibility, and binaural hearing aids." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 89, no. 4B (April 1991): 1930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2029550.

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13

Benka, Stephen G. "Binaural hearing for the hearing-impaired." Physics Today 67, no. 3 (March 2014): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.2301.

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14

Hall, Joseph W., and Eugene L. Derlacki. "Effect of Conductive Hearing Loss and Middle Ear Surgery on Binaural Hearing." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 95, no. 5 (September 1986): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948609500516.

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This study investigated whether conductive hearing loss reduces normal binaural hearing advantages and whether binaural hearing advantages are normal in patients who have had hearing thresholds improved by middle ear surgery. Binaural hearing was assessed at a test frequency of 500 Hz using the masking level difference and interaural time discrimination thresholds. Results indicated that binaural hearing is often poor in conductive lesion patients and that the reduction in binaural hearing is not always consistent with a simple attenuation of the acoustic signal. Poor binaural hearing sometimes occurs even when middle ear surgery has resulted in bilaterally normal hearing thresholds. Our preliminary results are consistent with the interpretation that auditory deprivation due to conductive hearing loss may result in poor binaural auditory processing.

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15

Stettbacher, Juerg M. "Audiometry for binaural hearing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, no. 2 (February 1999): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.426378.

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16

Moore, Patrick W. B., and Randall L. Brill. "Binaural hearing in dolphins." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 109, no. 5 (May 2001): 2330–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4744180.

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17

Ostergaard Nielsen, Peter, and John Melanson. "Synchronized binaural hearing system." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117, no. 6 (2005): 3358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1948278.

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18

Avan, Paul, Fabrice Giraudet, and Béla Büki. "Importance of Binaural Hearing." Audiology and Neurotology 20, Suppl. 1 (2015): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000380741.

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An essential task for the central auditory pathways is to parse the auditory messages sent by the two cochleae into auditory objects, the segregation and localisation of which constitute an important means of separating target signals from noise and competing sources. When hearing losses are too asymmetric, the patients face a situation in which the monaural exploitation of sound messages significantly lessens their performance compared to what it should be in a binaural situation. Rehabilitation procedures must aim at restoring as many binaural advantages as possible. These advantages encompass binaural redundancy, head shadow effect and binaural release from masking, the principles and requirements of which make up the topic of this short review. Notwithstanding the complete understanding of their neuronal mechanisms, empirical data show that binaural advantages can be restored even in situations in which faultless symmetry is inaccessible.

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19

Hood, Linda. "Physiology of Binaural Hearing." Seminars in Hearing 18, no. 04 (November 1997): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1083034.

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20

Haykin, Simon. "Binaural adaptive hearing aid." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121, no. 6 (2007): 3267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2748565.

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21

Feuerstein, James F. "Monaural versus Binaural Hearing." Ear and Hearing 13, no. 2 (April 1992): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003446-199204000-00003.

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22

Niederdränk, Torsten. "Ite hearing aid for binaural hearing assistance." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, no. 4 (2009): 2470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3117318.

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23

Beck, Frank, and Gerhard Sporer. "Directional hearing given binaural hearing aid coverage." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, no. 6 (2009): 4106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3155482.

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24

Hawley, Monica L., Ruth Y. Litovsky, and H. Steven Colburn. "Binaural hearing by listeners with hearing impairments." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, no. 2 (February 1999): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.425471.

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25

Kimberley, Barry P., Rob Dymond, and Abram Gamer. "Bilateral Digital Hearing Aids for Binaural Hearing." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 73, no. 3 (March 1994): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556139407300311.

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The rehabilitation of binaural hearing performance in hearing impaired listeners has received relatively little attention to date. Both localization ability and speech-understanding-in noise are affected in the impaired listener. When localization performance is tested in impaired ears with conventional hearing aid fittings it is found to be worse than the unaided condition. Advances in electronic design now permit speculation about the implementation of complex digital filters within the confines of an in-the-ear hearing aid. We have begun exploring strategies to enhance the localization performance of impaired listeners with bilateral digital signal processing. We are examining three strategies in bilateral hearing aid design to improve localization performance in hearing impaired listeners, namely 1) more accurate fitting of individual ear losses, 2) equalization of the effect of the hearing aid itself on the acoustics within the ear canal, and 3) binaural fitting strategies which in effect modify individual ear fittings to enhance localization performance. The results of early psychophysical testing suggests that localization performance can be improved with these strategies.

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26

BODDEN, M. "Binaural hearing and future hearing-aids technology." Le Journal de Physique IV 04, no. C5 (May 1994): C5–411—C5–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1994586.

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27

Okada, Heiji, Shin‐ichi Tanaka, and Kimio Shibayama. "Holographic interpretation of binaural hearing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, no. 4 (October 1996): 2592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.417571.

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28

Palmer, Alan R., Trevor M. Shackleton, and David McAlpine. "Neural mechanisms of binaural hearing." Acoustical Science and Technology 23, no. 2 (2002): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1250/ast.23.61.

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29

Zaslavski, Gennadi L. "Directional hearing or binaural phenomenon?" Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, no. 2 (February 1999): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.424538.

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30

Scanlon, Michael V., and Stephen M. Tenney. "Binaural arrays for hearing enhancement." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96, no. 5 (November 1994): 3262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.411006.

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31

Akeroyd, Michael A. "The psychoacoustics of binaural hearing." International Journal of Audiology 45, sup1 (January 2006): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14992020600782626.

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32

Westermann, Søren Erik. "Binaural digital hearing aid system." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 114, no. 4 (2003): 1718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1627540.

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33

Kan, Alan, and Ruth Y. Litovsky. "Binaural hearing with electrical stimulation." Hearing Research 322 (April 2015): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2014.08.005.

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34

Roeck, Hans-Ueli, and Manuela Feilner. "METHOD FOR OPERATING A BINAURAL HEARING SYSTEM AS WELL AS A BINAURAL HEARING SYSTEM." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 4 (2013): 2518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4800152.

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35

McKenzie, A. R., and C. G. Rice. "Binaural hearing aids for high-frequency hearing loss." British Journal of Audiology 24, no. 5 (January 1990): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03005369009076573.

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36

Hawkins, David B., Robert A. Prosek, Brian E. Walden, and Allen A. Montgomery. "Binaural Loudness Summation in the Hearing Impaired." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 30, no. 1 (March 1987): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3001.37.

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Binaural loudness summation was measured using three different paradigms with 10 normally hearing and 20 bilaterally symmetrical high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss subjects. An adaptive paradigm and a loudness matching procedure measured summation at the lower and upper level of comfortable loudness and the loudness discomfort level (LDL). Monaural and binaural LDLs also were obtained with a clinical procedure designed to select maximum output of hearing aids. Stimuli for all three tasks consisted of 500- and 4000-Hz pure tones and a speech spectrum noise. Binaural summation increased with presentation level using the loudness matching procedure, with values in the 6–10 dB range. Summation decreased with level using the adaptive paradigm, and no summation was present with the clinical LDL task. The hearing-impaired subjects demonstrated binaural summation that was not significantly different from the normally hearing subjects. The results suggest that a bilaterally symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss does not affect binaural loudness summation. The monaural and binaural dynamic range widths were similar, and the LDL results suggest that binaural loudness summation may not be an important factor in selecting maximum output of hearing aids.

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37

Snik, Ad F. M., Andy J. Beynon, Catharina T. M. van der Pouw, Emmanuel A. M. Mylanus, and Cor W. R. J. Cremers. "Binaural Application of the Bone-Anchored Hearing Aid." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 107, no. 3 (March 1998): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949810700301.

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Most, but not all, hearing-impaired patients with air conduction hearing aids prefer binaural amplification instead of monaural amplification. The binaural application of the bone conduction hearing aid is more disputable, because the attenuation (in decibels) of sound waves across the skull is so small (10 dB) that even one bone conduction hearing aid will stimulate both cochleas approximately to the same extent. Binaural fitting of the bone-anchored hearing aid was studied in three experienced bone-anchored hearing aid users. The experiments showed that sound localization, and speech recognition in quiet and also under certain noisy conditions improved significantly with binaural listening compared to the monaural listening condition. On the average, the percentage of correct identifications (within 45°) in the sound localization experiment improved by 53% with binaural listening; the speech reception threshold in quiet improved by 4.4 dB. The binaural advantage in the speech-in-noise test was comparable to that of a control group of subjects with normal hearing listening monaurally versus binaurally. The improvements in the scores were ascribed to diotic summation (improved speech recognition in quiet) and the ability to separate sounds in the binaural listening condition (improved sound localization and improved speech recognition in noise whenever the speech and noise signals came from different directions). All three patients preferred the binaural bone-anchored hearing aids and used them all day.

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38

Leigh-Paffenroth, Elizabeth D., Christina M. Roup, and Colleen M. Noe. "Behavioral and Electrophysiologic Binaural Processing in Persons with Symmetric Hearing Loss." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 22, no. 03 (March 2011): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.22.3.6.

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Background: Binaural hearing improves our ability to understand speech and to localize sounds. Hearing loss can interfere with binaural cues, and despite the success of amplification, ˜25% of people with bilateral hearing loss fit with two hearing aids choose to wear only one (e.g., Brooks and Bulmer, 1981). One explanation is reduced binaural processing, which occurs when the signal presented to one ear interferes with the perception of the signal presented to the other ear (e.g., Jerger et al, 1993). Typical clinical measures, however, are insensitive to binaural processing deficits. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which behavioral measures of binaural performance were related to electrophysiological measures of binaural processing in subjects with symmetrical pure-tone sensitivity. Research Design: The relationship between middle latency responses (MLRs) and behavioral performance on binaural listening tasks was assessed by Spearman's rho correlation analyses. Separate repeated measures analyses of variance (RMANOVAs) were performed for MLR latency and MLR amplitude. Study Sample: Nineteen subjects were recruited for the present study based on a clinical presentation of symmetrical pure-tone sensitivity with asymmetrical performance on a word-recognition in noise test. This subpopulation of patients included both subjects with and subjects without hearing loss. Data Collection and Analysis: Monaural and binaural auditory processing was measured behaviorally and electrophysiologically in right-handed subjects. The behavioral tests included the Words-in-Noise test (WIN), the dichotic digits test (DDT), and the 500 Hz masking level difference (MLD). Electrophysiologic responses were measured by the binaural interaction component (BIC) of the MLR. The electrophysiological responses were analyzed to examine the effects of peak (Na, Pa, and Nb) and condition (monaural left, monaural right, binaural, and BIC) on MLR amplitude and latency. Results: Significant correlations were found among electrophysiological measures of binaural hearing and behavioral tests of binaural hearing. A strong correlation between the MLD and the binaural Na-Pa amplitude was found (r = .816). Conclusions: The behavioral and electrophysiological measures used in the present study clearly showed evidence of reduced binaural processing in ˜10 of the subjects in the present study who had symmetrical pure-tone sensitivity. These results underscore the importance of understanding binaural auditory processing and how these measures may or may not identify functional auditory problems.

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39

Moore, David R., Jemma E. Hine, Ze Dong Jiang, Hiroaki Matsuda, Carl H. Parsons, and Andrew J. King. "Conductive Hearing Loss Produces a Reversible Binaural Hearing Impairment." Journal of Neuroscience 19, no. 19 (October 1, 1999): 8704–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.19-19-08704.1999.

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40

Chung, S. M., and S. D. G. Stephens. "Factors influencing binaural hearing aid use." British Journal of Audiology 20, no. 2 (January 1986): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03005368609079006.

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41

Moore, David R. "Anatomy and Physiology of Binaural Hearing." International Journal of Audiology 30, no. 3 (January 1991): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00206099109072878.

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Mead, C. A., X. Arreguit, and J. Lazzaro. "Analog VLSI model of binaural hearing." IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 2, no. 2 (March 1991): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/72.80333.

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Desloge, Joseph G., Patrick M. Zurek, and William M. Rabinowitz. "Multimicrophone hearing aids with binaural output." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95, no. 5 (May 1994): 2991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.408752.

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Steven Colburn, H., Barbara Shinn-Cunningham, Gerald Kidd, Jr, and Nat Durlach. "The perceptual consequences of binaural hearing." International Journal of Audiology 45, sup1 (January 2006): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14992020600782642.

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Gao, Shawn, Jean Sullivan, Sriram Jayaraman, and Sigfrid D. Soli. "Method for fitting binaural hearing aids." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95, no. 5 (May 1994): 2991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.408898.

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Blauert, Jens P., and Jonas Braasch. "Applications of models of binaural hearing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 5 (May 2013): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4805366.

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Koehnke, Janet, and Joan Besing. "Assessment of binaural and spatial hearing." Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery 7, no. 5 (October 1999): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00020840-199910000-00013.

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Bipin Kishore, Prasad. "Binaural hearing: Physiological and Clinical View." Archives of Otolaryngology and Rhinology 6, no. 2 (May 5, 2020): 033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-1759.000118.

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Van Wanrooij, Marc M., and A. John Van Opstal. "Sound Localization Under Perturbed Binaural Hearing." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 1 (January 2007): 715–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00260.2006.

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Abstract:

This paper reports on the acute effects of a monaural plug on directional hearing in the horizontal (azimuth) and vertical (elevation) planes of human listeners. Sound localization behavior was tested with rapid head-orienting responses toward brief high-pass filtered (>3 kHz; HP) and broadband (0.5–20 kHz; BB) noises, with sound levels between 30 and 60 dB, A-weighted (dBA). To deny listeners any consistent azimuth-related head-shadow cues, stimuli were randomly interleaved. A plug immediately degraded azimuth performance, as evidenced by a sound level–dependent shift (“bias”) of responses contralateral to the plug, and a level-dependent change in the slope of the stimulus–response relation (“gain”). Although the azimuth bias and gain were highly correlated, they could not be predicted from the plug's acoustic attenuation. Interestingly, listeners performed best for low-intensity stimuli at their normal-hearing side. These data demonstrate that listeners rely on monaural spectral cues for sound-source azimuth localization as soon as the binaural difference cues break down. Also the elevation response components were affected by the plug: elevation gain depended on both stimulus azimuth and on sound level and, as for azimuth, localization was best for low-intensity stimuli at the hearing side. Our results show that the neural computation of elevation incorporates a binaural weighting process that relies on the perceived, rather than the actual, sound-source azimuth. It is our conjecture that sound localization ensues from a weighting of all acoustic cues for both azimuth and elevation, in which the weights may be partially determined, and rapidly updated, by the reliability of the particular cue.

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Ross, Mark. "Reflections On Binaural Hearing Aid Fittings." Hearing Journal 50, no. 4 (April 1997): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00025572-199704000-00001.

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