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Journal articles on the topic 'Binaural summation'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 26 June 2025

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1

Hawkins, David B., Robert A. Prosek, Brian E. Walden, and Allen A. Montgomery. "Binaural Loudness Summation in the Hearing Impaired." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 30, no. 1 (1987): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3001.37.

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Binaural loudness summation was measured using three different paradigms with 10 normally hearing and 20 bilaterally symmetrical high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss subjects. An adaptive paradigm and a loudness matching procedure measured summation at the lower and upper level of comfortable loudness and the loudness discomfort level (LDL). Monaural and binaural LDLs also were obtained with a clinical procedure designed to select maximum output of hearing aids. Stimuli for all three tasks consisted of 500- and 4000-Hz pure tones and a speech spectrum noise. Binaural summation increased with presentation level using the loudness matching procedure, with values in the 6–10 dB range. Summation decreased with level using the adaptive paradigm, and no summation was present with the clinical LDL task. The hearing-impaired subjects demonstrated binaural summation that was not significantly different from the normally hearing subjects. The results suggest that a bilaterally symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss does not affect binaural loudness summation. The monaural and binaural dynamic range widths were similar, and the LDL results suggest that binaural loudness summation may not be an important factor in selecting maximum output of hearing aids.

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2

Kelly, J. B., and P. W. Judge. "Binaural organization of primary auditory cortex in the ferret (Mustela putorius)." Journal of Neurophysiology 71, no. 3 (1994): 904–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.3.904.

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1. The distribution of binaural responses within the ferret's primary auditory cortex was determined by standard microelectrode mapping techniques. Single and multiple unit responses were recorded from the middle ectosylvian gyrus of barbiturate-anesthetized animals with tungsten microelectrodes (1.2-1.8 M omega) inserted into the brain perpendicular to the cortical surface. The characteristic frequency (CF) and binaural response characteristics were determined for each point sampled. 2. Gated pure tones were delivered independently to the two ears through a sealed sound system, and binaural response types were determined by comparison of evoked activity for monaural and binaural stimulation. Most binaural responses fell into one of three major groups: binaural summation (EE/F), binaural suppression (EO/I), or mixed binaural summation and suppression. 3. The neurons tended to be grouped together on the basis of their binaural response properties. Zones of binaural summation and suppression extended across the surface of the middle ectosylvian gyrus and intersected with regions of sound frequency representation. 4. Particular attention was paid to the distribution of binaural responses within isofrequency contours in the ferret's primary auditory cortex (AI). Along the length of each isofrequency contour, areas of EE/F alternated with areas of EO/I. The summation areas were typically between 0.5 and 0.7 mm wide. Single neurons with mixed binaural response properties were frequently found between groups of EE/F and EO/I cells. The mixed responses appeared to mark a transition in location between zones of summation and suppression responses. 5. The distribution of interaural intensity difference (IID) thresholds was also examined along the length of isofrequency contours. No systematic relation was found between IID threshold and the distance along an isofrequency contour.

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3

Kelly, J. B., and S. L. Sally. "Organization of auditory cortex in the albino rat: binaural response properties." Journal of Neurophysiology 59, no. 6 (1988): 1756–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.59.6.1756.

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1. The binaural response properties of neurons in the auditory cortex of the albino rat were examined using microelectrode mapping techniques. Characteristic frequencies, binaural response classes, and interaural intensity differences for binaural interaction were determined for multiple electrode penetrations across the cortical surface. The location of electrode penetrations was determined by reference to the cortical vascular pattern in individual animals. 2. When examined over a wide range of interaural intensities binaural responses could be classified as one of the following types: summation, i.e., excited by stimulation of either ear alone and facilitated by stimulation of both ears together (35.3%); suppression, i.e., excited by contralateral stimulation, unaffected by ipsilateral stimulation alone, but inhibited under binaural stimulus conditions (42.2%); mixed, i.e., facilitated by binaural stimulation at near threshold levels, but strongly inhibited by increased sound pressure levels in the ipsilateral ear (18.5%); or other, i.e., responses that could not be classified as any other type (4%). 3. Neurons of the summation and suppression class often exhibited binaural interaction when the intensities at both ears were approximately equal. The modal interaural intensity difference for both response types was between 0 and +5 dB. Neurons of the mixed interaction class were facilitate at near equal dichotic intensity but suppressed when the intensity in the ipsilateral ear was increased. The modal value was between 0 and +5 dB for summation and +20 dB for suppression. 4. Summation, suppression, and mixed binaural response types were found over a wide range of sound frequencies from 1 to 40 kHz. There was some tendency for summation responses to prevail at lower frequencies and suppression responses to prevail at higher frequencies but the differences were not large. Generally, responses from each of the three binaural classes were well represented over the rat's hearing range. 5. Cells of the same binaural response type were grouped together to form aggregates of summation, suppression, or mixed interaction patterns. Cortical areas with similar binaural response properties appeared in some cases to extend across isofrequency contours.

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4

Kordus, Monika, and Jan Żera. "Loudness Functions and Binaural Loudness Summation in Bilateral Cochlear Implant Users." Archives of Acoustics 42, no. 3 (2017): 351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2017-0037.

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AbstractLoudness functions and binaural loudness summation was investigated in acoustically stimulated bilaterally implanted cochlear implant users. The study was aimed at evaluating growth of loudness functions and binaural loudness summation in cochlear implant subjects as a function of stimulus presentation level at different frequencies. Loudness was assessed using a rating procedure on a scale of 0 to 100. Three experimental conditions were tested: monaural right, monaural left and binaural, each with bands of noise with center frequencies of 0.25, 1, and 4 kHz. Fifteen implanted and five normal-hearing subjects (control group) participated in the experiments. Results demonstrated large variability in the slopes of the loudness functions and the presence of loudness summation in bilateral cochlear implant users, with large individual differences among subjects.

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5

Reale, R. A., and R. E. Kettner. "Topography of binaural organization in primary auditory cortex of the cat: effects of changing interaural intensity." Journal of Neurophysiology 56, no. 3 (1986): 663–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1986.56.3.663.

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Responses from neuron clusters were used to derive binaural and aural dominance maps within the 5- to 30-kHz frequency representation of the primary auditory cortical (AI) field in the barbiturate-anesthetized cat. Tone burst stimuli were presented dichotically using a calibrated and sealed acoustic delivery system to parametrically vary interaural intensity difference (IID). Neuron cluster responses were divided into three binaural interaction classes using audiovisual criteria: summation (56%), suppression (25%), and mixed (17%). Neurons in the summation and suppression classes demonstrated a single type of binaural interaction, regardless of intensity manipulations. Neurons in the mixed binaural class demonstrated summation responses when dichotic tonal intensities were near their threshold levels and the IID was small, but suppression responses when the IID was increased. The relative proportions of the three binaural interaction classes changed with distance along the dorsal-to-ventral isofrequency dimension. Nearly equal proportions of each class were observed at the ventral end of field AI, whereas quite different proportions of each class were seen at the dorsal extreme of the field. The average frequency of occurrence of the mixed binaural class increased nearly monotonically with increasing distance from the dorsal end of field AI. The majority of mapped AI loci exhibited a contralateral aural dominance (65%) with equidominance (25%), ipsilateral aural dominance (6%), and predominantly binaural (4%) classes accounting for the remainder. Average topographic distributions of aural dominance suggested that the ventral end of field AI consisted almost exclusively of the contralateral dominance class, whereas more equal proportions of the four classes were observed near the dorsal extreme of the field. The highest average proportions of ipsilateral aural dominance and predominantly binaural classes were found in the dorsal half of field AI. Single neurons, isolated at cortical loci assigned to the mixed binaural class during the mapping of neuron clusters, were shown to demonstrate both summation and suppression responses. Quantitative measurements relating either discharge rate or response latency to changes in the IID appeared to distinguish these cells from other single neurons studied. Typically, the probability of discharge was initially increased and subsequently decreased by progressive changes in IID that increased the intensity of the ipsilateral tone relative to the contralateral tone. The initial changes in IID characteristically shortened the latent period to the binaural response while subsequent increments in IID produced a more comp

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6

Snik, Ad F. M., Andy J. Beynon, Catharina T. M. van der Pouw, Emmanuel A. M. Mylanus, and Cor W. R. J. Cremers. "Binaural Application of the Bone-Anchored Hearing Aid." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 107, no. 3 (1998): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949810700301.

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Most, but not all, hearing-impaired patients with air conduction hearing aids prefer binaural amplification instead of monaural amplification. The binaural application of the bone conduction hearing aid is more disputable, because the attenuation (in decibels) of sound waves across the skull is so small (10 dB) that even one bone conduction hearing aid will stimulate both cochleas approximately to the same extent. Binaural fitting of the bone-anchored hearing aid was studied in three experienced bone-anchored hearing aid users. The experiments showed that sound localization, and speech recognition in quiet and also under certain noisy conditions improved significantly with binaural listening compared to the monaural listening condition. On the average, the percentage of correct identifications (within 45°) in the sound localization experiment improved by 53% with binaural listening; the speech reception threshold in quiet improved by 4.4 dB. The binaural advantage in the speech-in-noise test was comparable to that of a control group of subjects with normal hearing listening monaurally versus binaurally. The improvements in the scores were ascribed to diotic summation (improved speech recognition in quiet) and the ability to separate sounds in the binaural listening condition (improved sound localization and improved speech recognition in noise whenever the speech and noise signals came from different directions). All three patients preferred the binaural bone-anchored hearing aids and used them all day.

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7

Higson, Josephine M., Helen Stephenson, and Mark P. Haggard. "Binaural Summation of the Acoustic Reflex." Ear and Hearing 17, no. 4 (1996): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003446-199608000-00005.

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8

Kordus, Monika, and Richard S. Tyler. "Binaural loudness summation by cochlear implant users." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124, no. 4 (2008): 2494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4782806.

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9

Snik, Ad, Martijn Agterberg, and Arjan Bosman. "How to Quantify Binaural Hearing in Patients with Unilateral Hearing Using Hearing Implants." Audiology and Neurotology 20, Suppl. 1 (2015): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000380747.

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Application of bilateral hearing devices in bilateral hearing loss and unilateral application in unilateral hearing loss (second ear with normal hearing) does not a priori lead to binaural hearing. An overview is presented on several measures of binaural benefits that have been used in patients with unilateral or bilateral deafness using one or two cochlear implants, respectively, and in patients with unilateral or bilateral conductive/mixed hearing loss using one or two percutaneous bone conduction implants (BCDs), respectively. Overall, according to this overview, the most significant and sensitive measure is the benefit in directional hearing. Measures using speech (viz. binaural summation, binaural squelch or use of the head shadow effect) showed minor benefits, except for patients with bilateral conductive/mixed hearing loss using two BCDs. Although less feasible in daily practise, the binaural masking level difference test seems to be a promising option in the assessment of binaural function.

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10

Marks, Lawrence E., Eugene Galanter, and John C. Baird. "Binaural summation after learning psychophysical functions for loudness." Perception & Psychophysics 57, no. 8 (1995): 1209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03208377.

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11

Mulligan, B. E. "Binaural loudness summation: Better and less than ‘‘perfect.’’." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 91, no. 4 (1992): 2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.403336.

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12

Edmonds, Barrie A., and John F. Culling. "Interaural correlation and the binaural summation of loudness." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, no. 6 (2009): 3865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3120412.

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13

Pieper, Iko, Manfred Mauermann, Birger Kollmeier, and Stephan D. Ewert. "Toward an Individual Binaural Loudness Model for Hearing Aid Fitting and Development." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (June 5, 2021): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.634943.

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14

Kokkinakis, Kostas. "Binaural Speech Understanding With Bilateral Cochlear Implants in Reverberation." American Journal of Audiology 27, no. 1 (2018): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_aja-17-0065.

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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether bilateral cochlear implant (CI) listeners who are fitted with clinical processors are able to benefit from binaural advantages under reverberant conditions. Another aim of this contribution was to determine whether the magnitude of each binaural advantage observed inside a highly reverberant environment differs significantly from the magnitude measured in a near-anechoic environment.MethodTen adults with postlingual deafness who are bilateral CI users fitted with either Nucleus 5 or Nucleus 6 clinical sound processors (Cochlear Corporation) participated in this study. Speech reception thresholds were measured in sound field and 2 different reverberation conditions (0.06 and 0.6 s) as a function of the listening condition (left, right, both) and the noise spatial location (left, front, right).ResultsThe presence of the binaural effects of head-shadow, squelch, summation, and spatial release from masking in the 2 different reverberation conditions tested was determined using nonparametric statistical analysis. In the bilateral population tested, when the ambient reverberation time was equal to 0.6 s, results indicated strong positive effects of head-shadow and a weaker spatial release from masking advantage, whereas binaural squelch and summation contributed no statistically significant benefit to bilateral performance under this acoustic condition. These findings are consistent with those of previous studies, which have demonstrated that head-shadow yields the most pronounced advantage in noise. The finding that spatial release from masking produced little to almost no benefit in bilateral listeners is consistent with the hypothesis that additive reverberation degrades spatial cues and negatively affects binaural performance.ConclusionsThe magnitude of 4 different binaural advantages was measured on the same group of bilateral CI subjects fitted with clinical processors in 2 different reverberation conditions. The results of this work demonstrate the impeding properties of reverberation on binaural speech understanding. In addition, results indicate that CI recipients who struggle in everyday listening environments are also more likely to benefit less in highly reverberant environments from their bilateral processors.

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Shao, Zhiyue, Fangshuo Mo, and Dongxing Mao. "The effect of stimulus bandwidth on binaural loudness summation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 138, no. 3 (2015): 1508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4928955.

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16

Rawool, Vishakha W., and Madaline Parrill. "Objective evaluation of binaural summation through acoustic reflex measures." International Journal of Audiology 57, no. 7 (2018): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14992027.2018.1435914.

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17

Algom, Daniel, Ronny Adam, and Lior Cohen‐Raz. "Binaural summation and lateralization of transients: A combined analysis." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84, no. 4 (1988): 1302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.396629.

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18

Florentine, Mary, and Michael Epstein. "Binaural loudness summation in and out of the laboratory." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, no. 5 (2008): 3307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2933738.

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19

Heil, Peter. "Towards a Unifying Basis of Auditory Thresholds: Binaural Summation." Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 15, no. 2 (2014): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10162-013-0432-x.

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20

Ellis, Gregory M., and Pavel Zahorik. "Perceived amount of reverberation consistent with binaural summation model." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, no. 5 (2017): 3636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4987833.

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21

Oetting, Dirk, Volker Hohmann, Jens-E. Appell, Birger Kollmeier, and Stephan D. Ewert. "Spectral and binaural loudness summation for hearing-impaired listeners." Hearing Research 335 (May 2016): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2016.03.010.

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22

Schafer, Erin C., Amyn M. Amlani, Andi Seibold, and Pamela L. Shattuck. "A Meta-analytic Comparison of Binaural Benefits between Bilateral Cochlear Implants and Bimodal Stimulation." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 18, no. 09 (2007): 760–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.18.9.5.

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A meta-analytic approach was used to examine sixteen peer-reviewed publications related to speech-recognition performance in noise at fixed signal-to-noise ratios for participants who use bilateral cochlear implants (CIs) or bimodal stimulation. Two hundred eighty-seven analyses were conducted to compare the underlying contributions of binaural summation, binaural squelch, and the head-shadow effect compared to monaural conditions (CI or hearing aid). The analyses revealed an overall significant effect for binaural summation, binaural squelch, and head shadow for the bilateral and bimodal listeners relative to monaural conditions. In addition, all within-condition (bilateral or bimodal) comparisons were significant for the three binaural effects, with the exception of the bimodal condition compared to a monaural CI. No significant differences were detected between the bilateral and bimodal listeners for any of the binaural phenomena. Clinical implications and recommendations are discussed as they relate to empirical findings. Se utilizó un enfoque de meta-análisis para examinar dieciséis publicaciones con revisión editorial relacionadas con el desempeño en reconocimiento del lenguaje en medio de ruido a tasas de señal-ruido fijas, para participantes que usaban implantes cocleares bilaterales (IC) o estimulación bimodal. Se condujeron doscientos ochenta y siete análisis para comparar la contribución subyacente de la sumación bi-auricular, el chapoteo bi-auricular, y el efecto de sombra de la cabeza, en comparación con las condiciones mono-auriculares (IC y auxiliar auditivo). El análisis reveló un efecto global significativo para la sumación bi-auricular, el chapoteo bi-auricular y la sombra de la cabeza para el sujeto con audición bilateral y bimodal, en relación con las condiciones monoauriculares. Además, todas las comparaciones dentro de la misma condición (bilateral o bimodal) fueron significativas para los tres efectos bi-auriculares, con la excepción de la condición bimodal, comparada con un IC monoauricular. No se detectaron diferencias significativas entre sujetos en condición bilateral y bimodal para ninguno de los fenómenos bi-auriculares. Las implicaciones clínicas y las recomendaciones se discuten en tanto se relacionan con los hallazgos empíricos.

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23

Mertens, Griet, Andrea Kleine Punte, Marc De Bodt, and Paul Van de Heyning. "Binaural Auditory Outcomes in Patients with Postlingual Profound Unilateral Hearing Loss: 3 Years after Cochlear Implantation." Audiology and Neurotology 20, Suppl. 1 (2015): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000380751.

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The value of cochlear implants (CI) in patients with profound unilateral hearing loss (UHL) and tinnitus has recently been investigated. The authors previously demonstrated the feasibility of CI in a 12- month outcome study in a prospective UHL cohort. The aim of this study was to investigate the binaural auditory outcomes in this cohort 36 months after CI surgery. The 36-month outcome was evaluated in 22 CI users with postlingual UHL and severe tinnitus. Twelve subjects had contralateral normal hearing (single-sided deafness - SSD group) and 10 subjects had a contralateral, mild to moderate hearing loss and used a hearing aid (asymmetric hearing loss - AHL group). Speech perception in noise was assessed in two listening conditions: the CIoff and the CIon condition. The binaural summation effect (S₀N₀), binaural squelch effect (S₀NCI) and the combined head shadow effect (SCIN₀) were investigated. Subjective benefit in daily life was assessed by means of the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ). At 36 months, a significant binaural summation effect was observed for the study cohort (2.00, SD 3.82 dB; p < 0.01) and for the AHL subgroup (3.34, SD 5.31 dB; p < 0.05). This binaural effect was not significant 12 months after CI surgery. A binaural squelch effect was significant for the AHL subgroup at 12 months (2.00, SD 4.38 dB; p < 0.05). A significant combined head shadow and squelch effect was also noted in the spatial configuration SCIN₀ for the study cohort (4.00, SD 5.89 dB; p < 0.01) and for the AHL subgroup (5.67, SD 6.66 dB; p < 0.05). The SSQ data show that the perceived benefit in daily life after CI surgery remains stable up to 36 months at CIon. CI can significantly improve speech perception in noise in patients with UHL. The positive effects of CIon speech perception in noise increase over time up to 36 months after CI surgery. Improved subjective benefit in daily life was also shown to be sustained in these patients.

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Zeitler, Daniel, and Michael Dorman. "Cochlear Implantation for Single-Sided Deafness: A New Treatment Paradigm." Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base 80, no. 02 (2019): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1677482.

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AbstractUnilateral severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), also known as single sided deafness (SSD), is a problem that affects both children and adults, and can have severe and detrimental effects on multiple aspects of life including music appreciation, speech understanding in noise, speech and language acquisition, performance in the classroom and/or the workplace, and quality of life. Additionally, the loss of binaural hearing in SSD patients affects those processes that rely on two functional ears including sound localization, binaural squelch and summation, and the head shadow effect. Over the last decade, there has been increasing interest in cochlear implantation for SSD to restore binaural hearing. Early data are promising that cochlear implantation for SSD can help to restore binaural functionality, improve quality of life, and may faciliate reversal of neuroplasticity related to auditory deprivation in the pediatric population. Additionally, this new patient population has allowed researchers the opportunity to investigate the age-old question “what does a cochlear implant (CI) sound like?.”

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Sheffield, Sterling W., David S. Haynes, George B. Wanna, Robert F. Labadie, and René H. Gifford. "Availability of Binaural Cues for Pediatric Bilateral Cochlear Implant Recipients." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 26, no. 03 (2015): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.26.3.8.

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Background: Bilateral implant recipients theoretically have access to binaural cues. Research in postlingually deafened adults with cochlear implants (CIs) indicates minimal evidence for true binaural hearing. Congenitally deafened children who experience spatial hearing with bilateral CIs, however, might perceive binaural cues in the CI signal differently. There is limited research examining binaural hearing in children with CIs, and the few published studies are limited by the use of unrealistic speech stimuli and background noise. Purpose: The purposes of this study were to (1) replicate our previous study of binaural hearing in postlingually deafened adults with AzBio sentences in prelingually deafened children with the pediatric version of the AzBio sentences, and (2) replicate previous studies of binaural hearing in children with CIs using more open-set sentences and more realistic background noise (i.e., multitalker babble). Research Design: The study was a within-participant, repeated-measures design. Study Sample: The study sample consisted of 14 children with bilateral CIs with at least 25 mo of listening experience. Data Collection and Analysis: Speech recognition was assessed using sentences presented in multitalker babble at a fixed signal-to-noise ratio. Test conditions included speech at 0° with noise presented at 0° (S 0 N 0 ), on the side of the first CI (90° or 270°) (S 0 N 1stCI ), and on the side of the second CI (S 0 N 2ndCI ) as well as speech presented at 0° with noise presented semidiffusely from eight speakers at 45° intervals. Estimates of summation, head shadow, squelch, and spatial release from masking were calculated. Results: Results of test conditions commonly reported in the literature (S 0 N 0 , S 0 N 1stCI , S 0 N 2ndCI ) are consistent with results from previous research in adults and children with bilateral CIs, showing minimal summation and squelch but typical head shadow and spatial release from masking. However, bilateral benefit over the better CI with speech at 0° was much larger with semidiffuse noise. Conclusions: Congenitally deafened children with CIs have similar availability of binaural hearing cues to postlingually deafened adults with CIs within the same experimental design. It is possible that the use of realistic listening environments, such as semidiffuse background noise as in Experiment II, would reveal greater binaural hearing benefit for bilateral CI recipients. Future research is needed to determine whether (1) availability of binaural cues for children correlates with interaural time and level differences, (2) different listening environments are more sensitive to binaural hearing benefits, and (3) differences exist between pediatric bilateral recipients receiving implants in the same or sequential surgeries.

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Kuokkanen, Paula T., Go Ashida, Catherine E. Carr, Hermann Wagner, and Richard Kempter. "Linear summation in the barn owl's brainstem underlies responses to interaural time differences." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 1 (2013): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00410.2012.

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The neurophonic potential is a synchronized frequency-following extracellular field potential that can be recorded in the nucleus laminaris (NL) in the brainstem of the barn owl. Putative generators of the neurophonic are the afferent axons from the nucleus magnocellularis, synapses onto NL neurons, and spikes of NL neurons. The outputs of NL, i.e., action potentials of NL neurons, are only weakly represented in the neurophonic. Instead, the inputs to NL, i.e., afferent axons and their synaptic potentials, are the predominant origin of the neurophonic (Kuokkanen PT, Wagner H, Ashida G, Carr CE, Kempter R. J Neurophysiol 104: 2274–2290, 2010). Thus in NL the monaural inputs from the two brain sides converge and create a binaural neurophonic. If these monaural inputs contribute independently to the extracellular field, the response to binaural stimulation can be predicted from the sum of the responses to ipsi- and contralateral stimulation. We found that a linear summation model explains the dependence of the responses on interaural time difference as measured experimentally with binaural stimulation. The fit between model predictions and data was excellent, even without taking into account the nonlinear responses of NL coincidence detector neurons, although their firing rate and synchrony strongly depend on the interaural time difference. These results are consistent with the view that the afferent axons and their synaptic potentials in NL are the primary origin of the neurophonic.

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de Graaff, Feike, Robert H. Eikelboom, Cathy Sucher, Sophia E. Kramer, and Cas Smits. "Binaural summation, binaural unmasking and fluctuating masker benefit in bimodal and bilateral adult cochlear implant users." Cochlear Implants International 22, no. 5 (2021): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14670100.2021.1894686.

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Novak, Colin J., and Jeremy Charbonneau. "Determining binaural summation for stationary signals across the frequency spectrum." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 138, no. 3 (2015): 1889–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4933932.

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Sivonen, Ville Pekka. "Directional loudness and binaural summation for wideband and reverberant sounds." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121, no. 5 (2007): 2852–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2717497.

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Katagi, Smt Jyoti M., and Dr Pandurangarao N. Kulkarni. "Combined Effect of Noise Reduction, FBS-Based Spectral Splitting, and Dynamic Range Compression of Speech Signal on Source Localization in Binaural Hearing Aids." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 13, no. 11 (2024): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.k9989.13111024.

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Localizing sound sources in three spatial dimensions (azimuth, elevation, and distance) is critical for human hearing comfort. It relies on two binaural cues: interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD). Cochlear or auditory nerve injury can result in sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Hearing aids enable people with sensorineural hearing loss to converse more effectively and hear better. However, there is an apprehension that the binaural hearing aids may degrade the localization cues, thus affecting the source localization. In response to this concern, the current study investigates how the binaural hearing aid algorithm affects source localization by adopting a cascaded structure of noise reduction technique (wiener filter) followed by filter bank summation (FBS) based spectral splitting and dynamic range compression for binaural dichotic presentation. Listening tests for seven different azimuth angles (-90⁰, -60⁰, -30⁰, 0⁰, 30⁰, 60⁰, and - 90⁰) were conducted on six listeners with normal hearing under different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions as well as on six subjects with mild bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment. Test stimuli included background glass-breaking sound and broadband noise for participants with normal hearing. In an experiment with hearing-impaired subjects, the glass-breaking sound served as one of the test stimuli. The result showed that these binaural hearing aid algorithms had no adverse effects on localization ability.

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Smt., Jyoti M. Katagi. "Combined Effect of Noise Reduction, FBS-Based Spectral Splitting, and Dynamic Range Compression of Speech Signal on Source Localization in Binaural Hearing Aids." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) 13, no. 11 (2024): 7–13. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.K9989.13111024.

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<strong>Abstract:</strong> Localizing sound sources in three spatial dimensions (azimuth, elevation, and distance) is critical for human hearing comfort. It relies on two binaural cues: interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD). Cochlear or auditory nerve injury can result in sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Hearing aids enable people with sensorineural hearing loss to converse more effectively and hear better. However, there is an apprehension that the binaural hearing aids may degrade the localization cues, thus affecting the source localization. In response to this concern, the current study investigates how the binaural hearing aid algorithm affects source localization by adopting a cascaded structure of noise reduction technique (wiener filter) followed by filter bank summation (FBS) based spectral splitting and dynamic range compression for binaural dichotic presentation. Listening tests for seven different azimuth angles (-90⁰, -60⁰, -30⁰, 0⁰, 30⁰, 60⁰, and - 90⁰) were conducted on six listeners with normal hearing under different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions as well as on six subjects with mild bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment. Test stimuli included background glass-breaking sound and broadband noise for participants with normal hearing. In an experiment with hearing-impaired subjects, the glass-breaking sound served as one of the test stimuli. The result showed that these binaural hearing aid algorithms had no adverse effects on localization ability.

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Muzzi, Enrico, Valeria Gambacorta, Ruggero Lapenna, et al. "Audiological Performance of ADHEAR Systems in Simulated Conductive Hearing Loss: A Case Series with a Review of the Existing Literature." Audiology Research 11, no. 4 (2021): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11040048.

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A new non-invasive adhesive bone conduction hearing device (ABCD) has been proposed as an alternative solution for reversible bilateral conductive hearing loss in recurrent or long-lasting forms of otitis media with effusion (OME) in children that cannot undergo surgical treatment. Our aim was to assess the effectiveness of ABCD in children with OME. Twelve normal-hearing Italian-speaking volunteers, in whom a conductive hearing loss was simulated, participated in the study. The free-field average hearing threshold was determined and, to evaluate binaural hearing skills, loudness summation and the squelch effect were assessed. Five conditions were tested: (1) unaided without earplugs, (2) unaided with bilateral earplugs, (3) aided right ear with bilateral earplugs, (4) aided left ear with bilateral earplugs, and (5) bilateral aid with bilateral earplugs. Post-hoc analysis showed a significant statistical difference between plugged, unplugged, and each aided condition. The main results were a better loudness summation and a substantial improvement of the squelch effect in the bilaterally aided. Our results suggest that ABCD is a valid treatment for patients with conductive hearing loss that cannot undergo bone conduction implant surgery. It is also important to consider bilateral aids in order to deal with situations in which binaural hearing is fundamental.

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Chen, Fei, Lena L. N. Wong, Jianxin Qiu, Yehai Liu, Behnam Azimi, and Yi Hu. "The Contribution of Matched Envelope Dynamic Range to the Binaural Benefits in Simulated Bilateral Electric Hearing." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56, no. 4 (2013): 1166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0255).

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Purpose This study examined the effects of envelope dynamic-range mismatch on the intelligibility of Mandarin speech in noise by simulated bilateral electric hearing. Method Noise-vocoded Mandarin speech, corrupted by speech-shaped noise at 5 and 0 dB signal-to-noise ratios, was presented unilaterally or bilaterally to 10 normal-hearing listeners for recognition. For unilateral conditions, the right ear was presented with the 8-channel noise-vocoded stimuli generated using a 15-dB envelope dynamic range (DR). To simulate the envelope DR mismatch between the 2 ears, the left ear was presented with the 8-channel noise-vocoded stimuli generated using a 5-, 10-, or 15-dB envelope DR, respectively. Results Significant binaural summation benefits for Mandarin speech recognition were observed only with matched envelope DR between the 2 ears. With reduced DR, the performance of tone identification was more consistent in the steady-state speech-shaped noise than that of sentence recognition. Conclusions Consistent with previous findings, the present results suggest that Mandarin speech-perception performance of bilateral electric listening in noise is affected by the difference of envelope DR between the 2 implanted ears, and the binaural summation benefits are maximized when DR mismatch is minimized between the 2 implanted ears.

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Moore, Brian C. J., Alexander Gibbs, Grace Onions, and Brian R. Glasberg. "Measurement and modeling of binaural loudness summation for hearing-impaired listeners." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 136, no. 2 (2014): 736–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4889868.

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Akasaka, Sakie, Tadashi Nishimura, Hiroshi Hosoi, et al. "Benefits of Cartilage Conduction Hearing Aids for Speech Perception in Unilateral Aural Atresia." Audiology Research 11, no. 2 (2021): 284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/audiolres11020026.

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Severe conductive hearing loss due to unilateral aural atresia leads to auditory and developmental disorders, such as difficulty in hearing in challenging situations. Bone conduction devices compensate for the disability but unfortunately have several disadvantages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of cartilage conduction (CC) hearing aids for speech perception in unilateral aural atresia. Eleven patients with unilateral aural atresia were included. Each participant used a CC hearing aid in the atretic ear. Speech recognition scores in the binaural hearing condition were obtained at low speech levels to evaluate the contribution of aided atretic ears to speech perception. Speech recognition scores were also obtained with and without presentation of noise. These assessments were compared between the unaided and aided atretic ear conditions. Speech recognition scores at low speech levels were significantly improved under the aided atretic ear condition (p < 0.05). A CC hearing aid in the unilateral atretic ear did not significantly improve the speech recognition score in a symmetrical noise presentation condition. The binaural hearing benefits of CC hearing aids in unilateral aural atresia were predominantly considered a diotic summation. Other benefits of binaural hearing remain to be investigated.

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Panagiotopoulos, Georgios K. "Current Perspectives in Management of Unilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Single Sided Deafness." ENT Open Access Open Journal I, no. 1 (2020): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33169/ent.enatoaoj-i-104.

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Unilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss (USNHL) or even Single Sided Deafness (SSD) were mistakenly believed in the past that they could not induce a notable negative effect on the average individual adult. Respectively, a child with USNHL could eventually develop typically and adequately with no particular challenges. Today, it is well established that both children and adults with USNHL and SSD experience difficulties locating sound sources than their normal peers attributable to the concomitant deprivation of data utilized for localization; interaural time differences along with interaural intensity differences, especially for high frequency sounds. Moreover, USNHL and SSD patients suffer from the absence of the binaural benefits that permit people with bilateral Normal Hearing (NH) to perform relatively well in challenging listening environments. These benefits encompass binaural summation that causes improved speech perception, and binaural release from masking that facilitates word recognition in noise. Rising treatment strategies, involving various type of amplification, Assistive Listening Devices (ALSs) and Cochlear Implantation, can greatly widen our overall approach regarding USNHL and / or SSD. Nevertheless, most recent evidence points out that both prompt and adequate intervention is crucial to promote optimal outcomes.

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Bentler, Ruth A., and John A. Nelson. "Effect of Spectral Shaping and Content on Loudness Discomfort." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 12, no. 09 (2001): 462–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1745634.

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AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to study the impact of spectral shape and content on thresholds of discomfort (TD) for listeners with normal hearing and listeners with hearing loss. Secondary to that purpose was to quantify binaural summation at high intensities across complex stimulus conditions for both groups of listeners. Forty subjects (20 with normal hearing, 20 with hearing loss) participated. Complex acoustic stimuli (multitone and continuous discourse) were filtered to have four spectral shapes: (1) flat spectrum, (2) long-term average speech spectrum, (3) reverse long-term average speech spectrum, and (4) theTD contour derived for each subject from pure-tone TD obtained with eight pure tones from 250 to 4000 Hz. The results suggest that (1) TD for complex stimuli are lower for subjects with hearing loss compared with those with normal hearing, suggesting increased loudness summation with this population; (2) binaural summation of approximately 6 dB (independent of stimulus type, filter shape, or spectral content), indicating that a correction of similar magnitude for bilateral hearing aid fittings is appropriate; and (3) TD obtained at 750, 1500, and 3000 Hz accounted for approximately 60 percent of the variance in the complex TD measures, suggesting that TD at these frequencies be used to set the output obtained from a hearing aid with a 90–dB pure-tone sweep as the input stimulus. Abbreviations: ANOVA = analysis of variance, FIR = finite-impulse response, FS = flat spectrum, LTASS = long-term average speech spectrum, OSPL90 = output obtained from a hearing aid with a 90–dB pure-tone sweep as the input stimulus, R-LTASS = reverse long-term average speech spectrum, TD = threshold(s) of discomfort, TD contour = spectrum derived from TDs obtained with eight pure tones from 250 to 4000 Hz

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Kesser, Bradley W., Erika D. Cole, and Lincoln C. Gray. "Emergence of Binaural Summation After Surgical Correction of Unilateral Congenital Aural Atresia." Otology & Neurotology 37, no. 5 (2016): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0000000000000993.

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Epstein, Michael, and Mary Florentine. "Binaural Loudness Summation for Speech and Tones Presented via Earphones and Loudspeakers." Ear and Hearing 30, no. 2 (2009): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aud.0b013e3181976993.

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Alonso, N., and F. Coro. "Thoracic auditory interneuron with binaural summation by inhibition in a noctuid moth." Naturwissenschaften 73, no. 1 (1986): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01168808.

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Dunn, Camille C., Richard S. Tyler, and Shelley A. Witt. "Benefit of Wearing a Hearing Aid on the Unimplanted Ear in Adult Users of a Cochlear Implant." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 48, no. 3 (2005): 668–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2005/046).

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The purpose of this investigation was to document performance of participants wearing a cochlear implant and hearing aid in opposite ears on speech-perception and localization tests. Twelve individuals who wore a cochlear implant and a hearing aid on contralateral ears were tested on their abilities to understand words in quiet and sentences in noise, and to localize everyday sounds. All speech stimuli were presented from the front, with the noise stimuli presented from the front, the right, or the left at a 90° angle. Binaural summation in quiet and in noise, binaural squelch effects, and localization were studied to determine bilateral advantages. The magnitude of the monaural head shadow effect (the difference in unilateral performance when noise was facing the unilateral device vs. when the noise was opposite the unilateral device) also was studied. The test setup for localization was composed of an 8-speaker array spanning an arc of approximately 108° in front of each participant. Group results yielded a statistically significant combined benefit of wearing a hearing aid in conjunction with a cochlear implant on opposite ears in noise conditions. Those participants who received a binaural advantage in 1 condition did not necessarily show a binaural advantage in another. Only 2 participants out of 12 were able to localize when wearing 2 devices. Further efforts are required to improve the integration of information from combined use of cochlear implant and hearing aid devices for enhancement of speech perception in noise and localization.

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van Beurden, Maarten, Monique Boymans, Mirjam van Geleuken, Dirk Oetting, Birger Kollmeier, and Wouter A. Dreschler. "Potential Consequences of Spectral and Binaural Loudness Summation for Bilateral Hearing Aid Fitting." Trends in Hearing 22 (January 2018): 233121651880569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331216518805690.

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van der Heijden, Marcel, Jeannette A. M. Lorteije, Andrius Plauška, Michael T. Roberts, Nace L. Golding, and J. Gerard G. Borst. "Directional Hearing by Linear Summation of Binaural Inputs at the Medial Superior Olive." Neuron 78, no. 5 (2013): 936–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.04.028.

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van der Heijden, Marcel, Jeannette A. M. Lorteije, Andrius Plauška, Michael T. Roberts, Nace L. Golding, and J. Gerard G. Borst. "Directional Hearing by Linear Summation of Binaural Inputs at the Medial Superior Olive." Neuron 79, no. 1 (2013): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.030.

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Van, Beurden Maarten, Monique Boymans, Geleuken Mirjam Van, Dirk Oetting, Birger Kollmeier, and Wouter A. Dreschler. "Potential Consequences of Spectral and Binaural Loudness Summation for Bilateral Hearing Aid Fitting." Trends in Hearing 22 (June 5, 2018): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2331216518805690.

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Williges, Ben, Thomas Wesarg, Lorenz Jung, Leontien I. Geven, Andreas Radeloff, and Tim Jürgens. "Spatial Speech-in-Noise Performance in Bimodal and Single-Sided Deaf Cochlear Implant Users." Trends in Hearing 23 (January 2019): 233121651985831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331216519858311.

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This study compared spatial speech-in-noise performance in two cochlear implant (CI) patient groups: bimodal listeners, who use a hearing aid contralaterally to support their impaired acoustic hearing, and listeners with contralateral normal hearing, i.e., who were single-sided deaf before implantation. Using a laboratory setting that controls for head movements and that simulates spatial acoustic scenes, speech reception thresholds were measured for frontal speech-in-stationary noise from the front, the left, or the right side. Spatial release from masking (SRM) was then extracted from speech reception thresholds for monaural and binaural listening. SRM was found to be significantly lower in bimodal CI than in CI single-sided deaf listeners. Within each listener group, the SRM extracted from monaural listening did not differ from the SRM extracted from binaural listening. In contrast, a normal-hearing control group showed a significant improvement in SRM when using two ears in comparison to one. Neither CI group showed a binaural summation effect; that is, their performance was not improved by using two devices instead of the best monaural device in each spatial scenario. The results confirm a “listening with the better ear” strategy in the two CI patient groups, where patients benefited from using two ears/devices instead of one by selectively attending to the better one. Which one is the better ear, however, depends on the spatial scenario and on the individual configuration of hearing loss.

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Sivonen, Ville Pekka, and Wolfgang Ellermeier. "Directional loudness in an anechoic sound field, head-related transfer functions, and binaural summation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119, no. 5 (2006): 2965–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2184268.

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Zwicker, E., and U. T. Zwicker. "Dependence of binaural loudness summation on interaural level differences, spectral distribution, and temporal distribution." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 89, no. 2 (1991): 756–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1894635.

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Zhang, Jie, and DongXing Mao. "Dependence of binaural loudness summation on interaural level difference and frequency for pure tones." Science China Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy 53, no. 5 (2010): 834–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11433-010-0189-8.

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Yin, T. C., J. A. Hirsch, and J. C. Chan. "Responses of neurons in the cat's superior colliculus to acoustic stimuli. II. A model of interaural intensity sensitivity." Journal of Neurophysiology 53, no. 3 (1985): 746–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.53.3.746.

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Most neurons in the deep and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (SC) that respond to acoustic stimuli are sensitive to interaural intensity disparities (IIDs). We examine a model for the generation of sensitivity to IIDs that depends upon temporal coincidence of the inputs from each ear at a given binaural neuron. Because the neural response latency decreases with increasing stimulus intensity, IIDs affect the relative timing of arrival of the inputs. If this model were true, the neurons sensitive to IIDs should also respond to interaural time differences (ITDs) of isointensive stimuli, provided that the magnitude of the delays reflect the neural latency-intensity relationship. For both major classes of binaural cells in the SC, namely those that exhibit binaural inhibition (BI) and binaural facilitation (BF), our results support the model in that the detection of IIDs is largely due to their sensitivity to the temporal overlap of inputs from each ear. The shapes of the IID and ITD functions for each class are similar. The summation of inputs includes inhibitory as well as facilitatory interactions. Estimates of the durations of the subliminal excitatory events in BF cells using the model indicate that they are relatively short (1-4 ms), whereas the durations of the inhibitory processes in BI cells are much longer. The model specifies a common neuronal mechanism for comparison of interaural disparities of time and intensity and does not separate the processing of IIDs and ITDs, as the classic duplex theory suggests. The model provides a physiological explanation for certain features of the psychophysical phenomenon of time-intensity trading. It is also consistent with recent experiments that have shown that the auditory system is sensitive to behaviorally significant ITDs of high-frequency complex signals. The model applies only to the processing of transient stimuli and does not address neural sensitivity to IIDs of continuous high-frequency tones.

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