Journal articles: 'Binocular vision anomalies'

1

Currie, Debra C. "BINOCULAR VISION ANOMALIES." Optometry and Vision Science 67, no. 9 (September 1990): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199009000-00017.

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Goss, David A. "BINOCULAR VISION ANOMALIES INVESTIGATION AND TREATMENT." Optometry and Vision Science 63, no. 11 (November 1986): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-198611000-00012.

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Harle, Deacon E., and Bruce J. W. Evans. "Subtle binocular vision anomalies in migraine." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 26, no. 6 (November 2006): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2006.00410.x.

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4

Daum, Kent M. "BINOCULAR ANOMALIES, DIAGNOSIS AND VISION THERAPY." Optometry and Vision Science 73, no. 6 (June 1996): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199606000-00015.

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Strominger, Mitchell B. "Pickwellʼs Binocular Vision Anomalies, 5th Edition." Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 29, no. 4 (December 2009): 372–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wno.0000365410.59026.25.

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6

Lee, J. P. "Binocular Vision Anomalies: Investigation and Treatment." British Journal of Ophthalmology 69, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.69.6.475.

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Kulp, Marjean Taylor. "Anomalies of Binocular Vision: Diagnosis & Management." Optometry and Vision Science 76, no. 1 (January 1999): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199901000-00013.

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Kumar Bhardwaj, Gaurav, and Pinaz Nasim. "Non Strabismic Binocular Vision Anomalies: Whoosh the Diagnosis." Acta Scientific Ophthalmology 3, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asop.2020.03.non-strabismic-binocular-vision-anomalies-whoosh-the-diagnosis.

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Toole, Andrew J. "Binocular Anomalies: Diagnosis and Vision Therapy, 4th Ed." Optometry and Vision Science 82, no. 3 (March 2005): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-200503000-00007.

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Dandapani, Sushmitha Arcot, Prema Padmanabhan, and Jameel Rizwana Hussaindeen. "Spectrum of Binocular Vision Anomalies in Keratoconus Subjects." Optometry and Vision Science 97, no. 6 (June 2020): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000001517.

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García-Muñoz, Ángel, Stela Carbonell-Bonete, and Pilar Cacho-Martínez. "Symptomatology associated with accommodative and binocular vision anomalies." Journal of Optometry 7, no. 4 (October 2014): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2014.06.005.

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Siatkowski, R. Michael. "Binocular Anomalies: Diagnosis and Vision Therapy, Fourth Edition." Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 24, no. 4 (December 2004): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00041327-200412000-00022.

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13

Atiya, Ayisha, Jameel Rizwana Hussaindeen, Supraja Kasturirangan, Srikanth Ramasubramanian, K. Swathi, and Meenakshi Swaminathan. "Frequency of undetected binocular vision anomalies among ophthalmology trainees." Journal of Optometry 13, no. 3 (July 2020): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2020.01.003.

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14

Evans, B. J. W., and Debra C. Currie. "Pickwellʼs Binocular Vision Anomalies. Investigation and Treatment. 3rd ed." Optometry and Vision Science 74, no. 12 (December 1997): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199712000-00014.

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15

Pierce, Gil. "Primary Care Optometry: Anomalies of Refraction and Binocular Vision." Optometry and Vision Science 75, no. 6 (June 1998): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199806000-00019.

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Vikesdal, Gro Horgen, and Kathinka Jeber. "Binocular decompensation and diplopia after refractive laser surgery." Scandinavian Journal of Optometry and Visual Science 4, no. 1 (June 29, 2011): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5384/sjovs.vol1i4p16-21.

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An increasing number of people undergo refractive surgery, and even if the refractive result after surgery is perfect, the outcome is not always successful. Decompensation of binocular vision anomalies is rarely mentioned in reports considering the outcome of refractive surgery. This report presents 4 cases with binocular vision problems after refractive laser surgery. The patients were referred to the eye department of a Norwegian hospital after having received refractive laser surgery. All patients were male adults. For all patients the reason for referral was intermittent or constant binocular diplopia. Examinations were performed according to standard procedures of the hospital eye department. Two patients were diagnosed with decompensated esodeviations; they both had a history of treatment for accommodative esotropia. One patient had unstable binocular vision of unknown cause, and one had a decompensated congenital trochlear nerve paresis. Some binocular vision problems can be foreseen with proper evaluation before surgery. A thorough history and binocular evaluation are recommended before initiating refractive laser surgery.

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Hussaindeen, Jameel Rizwana, Prerana Shah, Krishna Kumar Ramani, and Lalitha Ramanujan. "Efficacy of vision therapy in children with learning disability and associated binocular vision anomalies." Journal of Optometry 11, no. 1 (January 2018): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2017.02.002.

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VAKROU, C. "Assessment of BV & the more common anomalies of binocular vision." Acta Ophthalmologica 89, s248 (September 2011): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.3253.x.

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19

Revell, M. "Binocular vision anomalies By ?, 178 pp., illus., Butterworths, London, 1984, £17.50." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 5, no. 4 (1985): 470–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0275-5408(85)90018-3.

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Hussaindeen, Jameel Rizwana, Archayeeta Rakshit, Neeraj Kumar Singh, Meenakshi Swaminathan, Ronnie George, Suman Kapur, Mitchell Scheiman, and Krishna Kumar Ramani. "Binocular vision anomalies and normative data (BAND) in Tamil Nadu: report 1." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 100, no. 3 (October 30, 2016): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12475.

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Heirani, Mohsen, and Farshad Askarizadeh. "Letter to the Editor: Spectrum of Binocular Vision Anomalies in Keratoconus Subjects." Optometry and Vision Science 98, no. 6 (June 2021): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000001715.

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22

Yekta, A. A., M. Khabazkhoob, H. Hashemi, Z. Shadalouee, H. Ostadimoghaddam, F. Rezvan, A. Azimi, J. Heravian, R. Yekta, and R. Davari Ashteyani. "Frequency of refractive errors and binocular vision anomalies in children with learning disability." Acta Ophthalmologica 93 (September 23, 2015): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2015.0283.

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23

Deshmukh, Saurabh, Damaris Magdalene, Pritam Dutta, Mitalee Choudhury, and Krati Gupta. "Clinical profile of nonstrabismic binocular vision anomalies in patients with asthenopia in North-East India." TNOA Journal of Ophthalmic Science and Research 55, no. 3 (2017): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_36_17.

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Hu, Jiali, Guokun Wang, Zhe Zhou, Yan Sun, Qingling Zhang, Jinhui Wu, and Yu Gao. "Evaluation of a Novel Quality of Life Scale for Schoolchildren with Nonstrabismic Binocular Vision Anomalies." BioMed Research International 2020 (July 31, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4723402.

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Background. The professional Quality of Life Scale (QLS) can provide a valuable reference for the diagnosis of visual function anomalies. In the present study, we aimed to design a novel QLS to specially quantify the life quality of schoolchildren with nonstrabismic binocular vision anomalies (NSBVAs) in China. Methods. The novel QLS, named QOL-CVF20, was established based on classical vision-related scales and the administration of the questionnaire to 116 schoolchildren with NSBVAs and 100 healthy schoolchildren in China. The diagnostic reference value between QOL-CVF20 and VF-14 was evaluated on the questionnaires to 240 schoolchildren with NSBVAs and 238 healthy schoolchildren. Results. All the subjects could complete the QOL-CVF20 questionnaires independently. QOL-CVF20 had good structural validity, content validity, and discriminant validity, when it was applied in Chinese schoolchildren. The average score of the NSBVA group was significantly lower than that of the control group (49.0±6.9 vs. 69.7±6.7, respectively; P<0.01). Moreover, the average score of cured NSBVA schoolchildren after treatment (61.8±22.6) was significantly improved (P<0.01). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that QOL-CVF20 reflected strong separation between the NSBVA and healthy groups (AUC=0.901). Meanwhile, QOL-CVF20 could detect individuals with NSBVAs with specificity of 0.847 and sensitivity of 0.846. The critical value of 58.50 in QOL-CVF20 could be effectively applied for quality of life assessment in schoolchildren with NSBVAs. Conclusions. QOL-CVF20 could quantify the life quality of schoolchildren with NSBVAs and might be served as a valuable reference for early diagnosis and clinical evaluation of NSBVAs.

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Alghamdi, Waleed. "Refractive Errors and Binocular Anomalies in Primary Schools in Uyoun Aljawa: A Small Urban Town in Saudi Arabia." Global Journal of Health Science 12, no. 10 (August 14, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n10p116.

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AIM: To assess the prevalence of uncorrected refractive error (RE) and binocular vision (BV) anomalies in school-aged children in Uyoun Aljawa, a small urban town in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 417 students (aged 6–13 years old) conducted in two primary schools in Uyoun Aljawa from November 2019 to January 2020. All students underwent comprehensive eye examination that include: distance visual acuity (VA), Non- cycloplegic refraction, ocular alignment assessment with the cover test; Near Point of Convergence (NPC) evaluation, Near stereo-acuity with Titmus-fly Stereotest, and finally, colour vision was screened with Ishihara plates. RESULTS: A total of 417 male schoolchildren (mean age ± SD: 9.2 ± 1.9) were included. In this study, 78 (18.4%) students had reduced vision (VA of ≤6/9) of which only 21 (27%) students had spectacles at the time of the study and 19.2% had uncorrected RE (VA of <6/18 and no corrections). Emmetropia was reported in 80.3% of children where hyperopia was the most common refractive error (8.9%) followed by myopia (7.7%), and simple astigmatism was reported only in 3.1%. Heterophoria was reported in 12.5% of the sample, 5.2% had convergence insufficiency, and 16.3% showed subnormal results in stereo-acuity and 11 cases had a colour vision deficiency. CONCLUSION: The results of this study reveal a high prevalence of RE and other BVA among schoolchildren in Uyoun Aljawa. Vision Screening programs of children for RE and BVA should be conducted at the community level and integrated into school health programmes.

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Majumder, Chiranjib. "Non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies among students of a Malaysian private university uses visual display unit." International Eye Research 2, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ier.2021.02.08.

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AIM: To determine the status of non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies (NSBVA) among students of a Malaysian private university uses visual display units (VDU). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among university students who use VDU 3h or more from January 2019 to May 2019. A convenient sampling method was utilized. All subjects had gone through primary eye-examinations to satisfy the inclusion criteria. Those who satisfy the inclusion criteria, further gone through the NSBVA assessment. The descriptive analysis was done to rule out the percentage of NSBVA and Chi-square test of independence was carried out to observe the association of NSBVA with age, gender and hours of VDU usage. RESULTS: A total of 140 students including 88 females (62.9%) and 52 males (37.1%) participated in this study. The mean age of the participants was 22.54±1.48 years and the mean VDU usage hours were 5.76±2.49h. The percentage of NSBVA is 40% among the students those who use VDU. The occurrence of accommodative and vergence anomalies among the VDU users is 17.86% and 22.14% respectively. There was a moderate association between gender and NSBVA (P=0.010). However, there was no significant association observed for age (P=0.334) and hours of VDU usage (P=0.835) with NSBVA. CONCLUSION: NSBVA is 40% among the students of a Malaysian private university uses VDU. Accommodation insufficiency (15%) and convergence insufficiency (10%) is more common among all NSBVA for VDU users.

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Hussaindeen, Jameel Rizwana, Archayeeta Rakshit, Neeraj Kumar Singh, Ronnie George, Meenakshi Swaminathan, Suman Kapur, Mitchell Scheiman, and Krishna Kumar Ramani. "Prevalence of non-strabismic anomalies of binocular vision in Tamil Nadu: report 2 of BAND study." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 100, no. 6 (November 18, 2016): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12496.

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Hussaindeen, Jameel Rizwana, Archayeeta Rakshit, Neeraj Kumar Singh, Meenakshi Swaminathan, Ronnie George, Suman Kapur, Mitchell Scheiman, and Krishna Kumar Ramani. "The minimum test battery to screen for binocular vision anomalies: report 3 of the BAND study." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 101, no. 2 (November 18, 2017): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12628.

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Serra, Pedro, Regina Costa, Nuno Almeida, and António Baptista. "Visual Status in a Portuguese Population with Intellectual Disability." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 7715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217715.

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Background: Neurosensory deprivation associated with vision is a well-known fact in people with intellectual disability (ID). This work aims to report the visual status of a population with ID in Portugal. Methods: A vision screening protocol was conducted during two Special Olympics events. The vision protocol included personal medical history, ocular health evaluation, and clinical measures, such as visual acuity (VA), binocular vision, colour vision, refractive error, and intraocular pressure. This protocol was administered to 134 subjects. Results: Half of the subjects reported that they had never attended or they did not remember having attended a previous eye exam. Additionally, 10% of them had not attended an eye exam in the immediate past three years. Half the subjects failed the VA test and 13% presented moderate Visual Impairment (VI) (VA worse than 0.5 logMAR in the best eye). Manifest ocular deviation was found in 25% of the subjects and the most common ocular health dysfunction conditions were conjunctiva hyperaemia, meibomian gland dysfunction, and lens anomalies. Refractive error correction allowed a reduction in the level of moderate VI to 3.7%. Conclusions: The population analysed showed a poor eye care attendance rate and vision-related conditions are in agreement with previous reports. The development of national strategies to promote the awareness for routine eye care in people with ID and improving accessibility to eye care services may mitigate many of the most prevalent conditions encountered.

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Bruenech, Jan Richard, Inga-Britt Kjellevold Haugen, Ulla Bak, Marianne Maagaard, and Frans VanderWerf. "The Oculomotor Systems Ability to Adapt to Structural Changes Caused by the Process of Senescence: A Review." Scandinavian Journal of Optometry and Visual Science 5, no. 1 (July 17, 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5384/sjovs.vol5i1p1-14.

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Age-related binocular vision anomalies are frequently encountered during clinical examination of mature patients. Observations of both concomitant and incomitant restrictions in eye motility indicate that all oculomotor system levels are implicated, from cortical neurons down to extraocular muscles. The system can make adaptations in response to changes induced by growth and ageing, which it does by monitoring and adjusting its own performance. This adaptive mechanism, which is important for maintaining motility, spatial orientation, and perceptual stability, seems to rely on extra-retinal information about eye position in relation to the head and trunk. Receptors in the extraocular muscles and the vestibular system, assumed to contribute to this type of information, also undergo age-related changes. This may compromise their ability to assist in the adaptive process and in potential calibrations of other neural systems. Furthermore, recent observations of a dual, common, final pathway and double insertions of distal extraocular muscles suggest that muscle and tendon receptors may facilitate other, still unresolved, functions in the visual system. Consequently, age-related changes in certain mechanoreceptors may have more severe implications for ocular motility and visual functions than previously assumed. This review aims to detail some of the most frequent neurogenic and myogenic age-related changes that take place in the human oculomotor system and relevant pre-motor structures. It will also address clinical implications of these changes and the potential adaptive mechanism they initiate.

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"Binocular Vision Anomalies and Normative Data (Band) In Tamilnadu – Study Design and Methods." Vision Development & Rehabilitation, December 21, 2015, 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31707/vdr2015.1.4.p260.

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Purpose: To report the study design and methods of the “Binocular Vision Anomalies and Normative Data” (BAND) study in school children in Tamilnadu. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with an estimated sample size of 936 in rural and urban arms of Tamilnadu. A total of four schools with similar socio-economic factors have been selected in the rural and urban arm and children between 7 and 17 years of age are included based on simple random sampling. All children will undergo an initial screening protocol, followed by comprehensive binocular vision assessment. Children who are asymptomatic and who pass the comprehensive binocular vision assessment protocol will be included in the normative data study and children who fail the binocular vision assessment protocol will be included in the binocular vision prevalence study. Vision therapy will be provided to children with symptomatic BV anomalies and binocular vision assessment will be repeated after vision therapy. The primary objectives are to calculate prevalence estimates of binocular vision (BV) anomalies, and development of normative data. After the prevalence estimates are calculated, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses will be performed for the binocular vision tests to find the tests that have the maximum sensitivity and specificity. After the ROC analyses, re-assessment of prevalence with the minimum test battery will be carried out. Conclusion: This study is expected to provide the prevalence data for binocular vision anomalies in rural and urban Tamilnadu and normative data for binocular vision testing.

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Darko-Takyi, Charles, Naimah Ebrahim Khan, and Urvashni Nirghin. "A review of the classification of nonstrabismic binocular vision anomalies." Optometry Reports 5, no. 1 (June 17, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/optometry.2016.5626.

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There are conflicting and confusing ideas in literature on the different types of accommodative and vergence anomalies as different authors turn to classify them differently. This paper sought to review literature on the different classifications and types of nonstrabismic binocular vision anomalies and harmonize these classifications. Search engines, namely Google scholar, Medline, Cinahl and Francis databases, were used to review literature on the classification of accommodative and vergence dysfunctions using keywords like binocular vision dysfunctions, classification of nonstrabismic binocular vision disorders or anomalies, accommodative disorders/anomalies classification and vergence disorders/anomalies classifications, and included works that described these anomalies. Nonstrabismic binocular vision anomalies are classified as accommodative and vergence anomalies. There are three different major types of accommodative anomalies, namely accommodative insufficiency, accommodative infacility (accommodative inertia), and accommodative excess (accommodative spasm), and seven different types of vergence anomalies (convergence insufficiency, convergence excess, divergence insufficiency, divergence excess, basic esophoria, basic exophoria and fusional vergence dysfunctions), which are functional in origin. Functionally, there is a commonly reported interaction between accommodative and convergence insufficiency referred to as pseudoconvergence insufficiency. Accommodative paralysis (subtype of accommodative insufficiency) and vergence anomalies – i.e., convergence paralysis, convergence spasm and divergence paralysis – are non-functional in origin with underlying systemic disease etiologies. Systemic convergence insufficiency, associated with subnormal accommodation, is a non-functional interaction between the accommodative and convergence insufficiency. The classification of nonstrabismic binocular vision anomalies is based on the description of the clinical signs and the underlying etiology either functional or non-functional in origin. Proper diagnosis and management involves investigation of the underlying etiology in addition to the battery of binocular vision test procedures.

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"Neuroanatomical Structures in Extraocular Muscles and Their Potential Implication in the Management of Strabismus." Vision Development & Rehabilitation, July 1, 2021, 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31707/vdr2021.7.2.p117.

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Keywords: extraocular muscles, oculomotor anomalies, sensory receptors, strabismus Key points: • Human extraocular muscles contain neural structures important for the development and maintenance of binocular vision. • Strabismus and other oculomotor anomalies may be attributable to developmental delay or acquired dysfunctions associated with these structures. • Treatment options and their potential implications are discussed.

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Admin, OJS. "Anomalies of Refraction, Accommodation and Binocular Single Vision in Down Syndrome." Asian Journal of Allied Health Sciences (AJAHS), August 28, 2020, 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52229/ajahs.v1i1.274.

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Down syndrome is one of common chromosomal abnormalities. Many ophthalmic features are studied and reported previously. The aim of this research is to investigate and thoroughly study the anomalies of refraction, accommodation and binocular single vision(BSV) in Down syndrome along with strabismus and ocular abnormalities.

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Mandal, Rajib. "Connection Between Indications of Binocular Single Vision Anomalies and Punctum Proximum Among University Students of India." Journal of Clinical and Medical Research, May 2, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37191/mapsci-2582-4333-3(3)-072.

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Purpose: To evaluate the connection between indications of binocular single vision anomalies and punctum proximum among university students of India. Method: This was a cross-sectional prospective study of 90 randomly selected subjects age ranging from18-26 years. The subjects were paramedical students studying in A.J Institute of medical science, Mangalore. After going through a detailed ophthalmic examination including standard binocular vision examination if the subject met the inclusion criteria, according to CISS questionnaire students were divided into two groups (asymptomatic and symptomatic).NPC was measured with RAF rule asking the subject to focus on a single vertical line as a target on the rule. After data collection, data were analyzed in an excel spreadsheet using, paired t-test. Result: NPC break and recovery value are more in symptomatic (9.479±0.3653 and 10.845±0.4865) subjects than asymptomatic subjects (6.033±1.3966 and 7.598±1.3921), with a highly significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Strong relationship was found between anomalies binocular single vision symptoms and punctum proximum (PP). The assurance of PP is useful to separate the indicative of symptomatic subjects from the asymptomatic. PP was more in symptomatic groups when compared to asymptomatic groups.

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Yekta, Abbas Ali, Hassan Hashemi, Zahra Shadalouee, Nooshin Dadbin, Hadi Ostadimoghaddam, Saman Mohazzab-Torabi, Negareh Yazdani, Azam Malekifar, and Mehdi Khabazkhoob. "Distribution of Binocular Vision Anomalies and Refractive Errors in Iranian Children With Learning Disabilities." Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics 6, no. 4 (November 23, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.17795/compreped-32680.

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Cantó-Cerdán, Mario, Pilar Cacho-Martínez, and Ángel García-Muñoz. "Delphi methodology for symptomatology associated with visual dysfunctions." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (November 10, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76403-9.

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Abstract To analyse what eyecare clinicians think about which symptoms are associated with refractive, accommodative and binocular dysfunctions, and which of them should be used in a questionnaire of visual symptomatology. A Delphi method was developed, using a coordinating group and a group of experts, and the process was conducted in three rounds. In the first round we compiled a list of 34 symptoms from the scientific literature and additional 10 suggested by the experts. These symptoms were categorized by each expert to the associated visual anomalies and working distance. In the second round, the relationship between each symptom and visual dysfunctions was analysed using a numeric scale. In the third round, the appearance or absence of the 44 symptoms in a questionnaire was assessed. Symptoms most frequently assigned by the experts to visual anomalies were related to near vision. Symptoms of blurred vision, difficulty focusing from one distance to another and close one eye obtained the highest mean score for refractive, accommodative and binocular disorders respectively. The experts were in agreement for 15 symptoms and in disagreement for 5 symptoms that should appear in a questionnaire. Delphi method has been used to identify the symptoms related to visual dysfunctions according to eyecare professionals and has allowed to arrive at appropriate symptoms to be asked for in a visual symptomatology questionnaire.

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"BYNOCS®1 – A Cloud-Based Indigenous Tele-Health Vision Therapy Software for the Assessment and Management of Binocular Vision Disorders." Vision Development & Rehabilitation, October 1, 2020, 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31707/vdr2020.6.3.p243.

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Background: Binocular vision assessment is an integral part of an eye and vision care practice. With the need for a user friendly, simplified, and comprehensive tool especially in this digital era, we propose a new indigenous cloudbased software, Bynocs.® This manuscript describes the technical details, the functioning of this indigenous software, and a case series demonstrating the application and efficacy of Bynocs® as a tele-health vision therapy tool. All the three cases were handled remotely through the Bynocs tele-health vision therapy platform. Case Reports: Case 1: This is a case of symptomatic convergence insufficiency who had prior compliance issues with a conventional vision therapy approach. With 10 sessions of Bynocs vision therapy focused on improving convergence amplitudes, the patient showed significant improvements in both subjective and objective parameters. Case 2: This case is of a 12 year old child with residual anisometropic amblyopia who had excellent compliance with patching therapy for 3 years but visual acuity had plateaued over the last 6 months. After 20 sessions of Dichoptic amblyopia therapy, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved by 3 log MAR lines, with improvements in stereoacuity to 100 sec of arc. Case 3: This case of a 10 year old child with residual exophoria after strabismus surgery was referred for managing the residual deviation and associated visual complaints. The child had 20/20 visual acuity in both eyes and 10 prism diopters of residual exophoria at distance and near. After 30 sessions of vision therapy, improvements in fusional vergence amplitudes was achieved along with the deviation restoring to orthophoria at both distance and near, with further improvements in stereoacuity from 400 sec of arc to 120 sec of arc. Conclusions: As tele-health is finding favor across the globe, Bynocs® can be a valuable tele-health vision therapy tool for in the management of binocular vision anomalies and amblyopia with the functionality for remote diagnosis and therapy.

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Junghans, Barbara M., Serap Azizoglu, and Sheila G. Crewther. "Unexpectedly high prevalence of asthenopia in Australian school children identified by the CISS survey tool." BMC Ophthalmology 20, no. 1 (October 12, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12886-020-01642-3.

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Abstract Background To date there have been few systematic attempts to establish the general prevalence of asthenopia in unselected populations of school-aged children. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether the incorporation of Borsting et al’s 2003 Revised Convergence-Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) into a general school vision screening could aid in the identification of children with visual discomfort and indicate the need for further investigation. Methods Vision screening of an unselected middle school population investigated and analysed the incidence of self-reported nearwork-related visual discomfort via the CISS along with distance and near visual acuities plus non-cycloplegic autorefraction using a Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001. Results Of the 384 unselected students approached in Grades 6–9, 353 participated (92.2%, mean 13.2 ± 1.4 years). The mean CISS score for the population without amblyopia and/or strabismus (96.0% of all students) was 16.8 ± 0.6, i.e., 45% of students in this cohort had CISS scores greater than one standard deviation above the mean found by Borsting et al. in 2003 during their validation study of the CISS on 9 to 18 year old children without binocular anomalies. Regression analyses indicated significantly higher (p < 0.001) mean CISS scores for the 3.2% who were hyperopes ≥ + 2.00D by non-cycloplegic autorefraction (27.7 ± 14.7) and for those who were amblyopic (24.3 ± 6.6) or strabismic (34.0 ± 9.8). The mean CISS score of 31.6 ± 9.0 for non-amblyopic/strabismic students having near vision poorer than 0.1 LogMAR was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than for those with good acuity. Conclusion The most important finding of this study was the high incidence of asthenopia in an unselected population and that refractive status per se was not a major contributor to CISS scores. The results highlight the usefulness of the CISS questionnaire for assessment of visual discomfort in school vision screenings and the need for future exploration of near binocular vision status as a potential driver of asthenopia in school students, especially given current trends for frequent daily use of computers and handheld devices and necessarily prolonged accommodative-convergence effort at near, both at school and at home.

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Wajuihian, Samuel Otabor. "Is there an association between convergence insufficiency and refractive errors?" African Vision and Eye Health 76, no. 1 (January 30, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v76i1.363.

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Background: Refractive errors and convergence insufficiency play major roles in reading efficiency. Uncorrected refractive errors are a primary cause of binocular anomalies, including convergence insufficiency. Symptoms of asthenopia in both refractive and binocular vision anomalies are similar. Despite the relationships that exist between them, the extent of association between refractive errors and convergence insufficiency has not been studied extensively.Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of convergence insufficiency and refractive errors and investigate their associations with gender and age in a sample of high school children.Methods: The study design was cross-sectional and comprised data from 1056 African high school students aged 13–18 years, who were randomly selected from 13 high schools in uMhlathuze municipality in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. In the final sample, 403 (38%) were males and 653 (62%) were females. The participants’ mean age and standard deviation were 15.89 ± 1.58 years and median age was 16 years. Refractive errors, heterophoria, near point of convergence, fusional vergences and accommodative functions were evaluated.Results: Prevalences for convergence insufficiency were as follows: low suspect 12.4% (confidence interval, [CI] 10.2–14.4), high suspect 6.3% (CI, 5.0–7.9), definite 4.6% (CI, 3.4–5.9), and pseudo-convergence insufficiency 2.1% (CI, 1.2–3.0). Refractive errors were: hyperopia 6.8% (CI, 5.3–8.4), myopia 6.0% (CI, 4.6–7.5), astigmatism 2.3% (CI, 1.8–3.2), anisometropia 1.3% (CI, 0.7–2.0) and emmetropia 86.2% (CI, 85.1–89.1). There were no significant associations between convergence insufficiency and gender (p = 0.32), age (p = 0.38), grade levels (p = 0.99) or refractive errors (p = 0.08).Conclusion: The prevalence of clinically significant convergence insufficiency and refractive errors was low in this sample of black high school students in South Africa, and there was no significant correlation between them.

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Wajuihian, Samuel O. "Frequency of asthenopia and its association with refractive errors." African Vision and Eye Health 74, no. 1 (March 26, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v74i1.293.

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Background: Asthenopia is a common complaint amongst patients who attend eye care settings. Owing to associated discomfort or distress, asthenopia affects efficient reading and performance of near tasks.Purpose: To study the prevalence of asthenopia and any association with refractive errors in a clinical setting.Methods: In this cross-sectional practice-based study, the clinic records of 1109 school-aged children (mean age and standard deviation 14.39 ± 3.39 years) were analysed. The sample comprised 427 (38.5%) male and 682 (61.5%) female patients between the ages of 6 and 19 years. Refractive errors were classified into various types, and the association between these refractive types and symptoms in asthenopia were explored.Results: The most common symptom of asthenopia was headaches (40.8%), of which temporal headaches were the most frequent type (15.7%). Various symptoms were significantly associated with mainly astigmatism.Conclusion: Headaches were the most frequent complaint amongst patients who attended the author’s optometric practice. Astigmatism was the most frequent cause of asthenopia. Female patients were more likely than male patients to complain of asthenopia, whilst high school students were more likely than primary school children to complain of asthenopia. Further studies to relate asthenopia to binocular anomalies will be relevant in enhancing our understanding of the relationship between asthenopia and vision anomalies.

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Wajuihian, S. O., and K. S. Naidoo. "A comparison of the visual status of dyslexic and non-dyslexic schoolchildren in Durban, South Africa." African Vision and Eye Health 70, no. 1 (December 15, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v70i1.92.

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Background: Reading difficulties constitute an impediment to the learning process and in the educational achievement of a child. Consequently, several studies examined the visual status of dyslexic children in the Caucasian populations. Such studies are lacking in the African populations.Aim: To determine the prevalence of vision defects and investigate if there is an association between dyslexia and vision in a South African population of dyslexic school children. Methods: This comparative study assessed the visual function of 62 children (31 dyslexic and 31 normally-reading children), mean age 13 ± 1.42 years and 11.90 ± 0.93 years respectively. The participants were matched for gender, race and socio-economic status. The visual functions evaluated and the techniques used were: visual acuity (LogMAR acuity chart), refraction (static retinos-copy), ocular alignment (cover test) near point of convergence (RAF rule), accommodation facility (± 2 D flipper lenses), amplitude of accommodation (push-up method) relative accommodation(trial lenses) accommodation posture (monocular estimation technique) and vergence reserves (prism bars). Results: In the following, results are provided for the dyslexic versus control: Refractive errors: (hyperopia 6.5% vs 3%,) (myopia 6.5% vs 6.5%), (astigmatism 10% vs 13%), (anisometropia 6.5% vs 6.5%) (amblyopia 6.5% vs 0%), (remote NPC 33% vs 48%) (esophoria at near 3% vs 0%) (exophoria at near 9.5% vs 0%), (accommodative infacility at near 54% vs 33%), lag of accommodation 39.28% vs 41,93%, (poor positive fusional amplitude at near, 25% vs 16%). Only the binocular accommodative facility at near was significantly associated with dyslexia (p=0.027). Conclusion: The prevalence of vision defects was similar between the dyslexic and non-dyslexic participants, which suggest that an association between dyslexia and vision variables investigated, cannot be inferred. This study provides a research perspective on the prevalence of vision defects in a Black South African population of dyslexic children and has clinical relevance and implications for the assessment, detection and management of vision anomalies in dyslexic schoolchildren. (S Afr Optom 2011 70(1) 29-43)

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Journal articles on the topic 'Binocular vision anomalies'

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