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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bioﬁlm'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Gutierrez, Ramos Salomé. "Acoustic conﬁnement of Escherichia coli : the impact on bioﬁlm formation". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS599.

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Les particules browniennes ou auto-propulsées dans des suspensions aqueuses peuvent être piégées par des champs acoustiques générés par des transducteurs piézoélectriques, généralement à des fréquences dans le mégahertz. Le confinement obtenu permet d’étudier des comportements collectifs riches tels que la dynamique de regroupement ou d’étalement dans des conditions de type microgravité. Le champ acoustique induit la lévitation des particules autopropulsées et fournit des forces latérales secondaires pour les capturer dans les plans nodaux. Dans cette thèse, nous allons plus loin dans le champ

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2

Dinh, Anh thi. "Finite Element Methods for nonlinear interface problems. Application to a bioﬁlm growth model". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD083.

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Un biofilm est un ensemble de micro-organismes tels que les bactéries, les champignons ou encore les algues qui vivent en communauté. Les biofilms ont la capacité d’être présents en tout lieu. Ils sont observés dans les milieux aqueux ou humides. Ils peuvent se développer sur n’importe quel type de surface naturelle ou artificielle,qu’elle soit minérale (roche, interfaces air-liquide...) ou organique (peau, tube digestif,racines et feuilles des plantes), industrielle (canalisations, coques des navires) ou médicale comme les prothèses et les cathéters. Cette ubiquité est à l’origine de nombreus

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3

Rizk, Nancy. "Caractérisation du colmatage chimique et biologique et leurs interactions au sein d’un dispositif de micro-irrigation dans le contexte de la réutilisation des eaux usées épurées en irrigation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0224/document.

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Dans un contexte de stress hydrique, la micro-irrigation avec des eaux usées traitées constitue une solution visant à réduire les dépenses en eau. Cependant, le colmatage des goutteurs constitue une contrainte à l’utilisation de ces eaux bien chargées à cause des précipitations chimiques et du développement de biofilm. Les objectifs de cette étude sont de: a) Caractériser la précipitation des sels dissous en fonction des conditions opératoires, b) étudier le développement des biofilms sous différentes conditions hydrodynamiques, c) analyser l’interaction entre le carbonate de calcium et le dév

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4

Otemaier, Kelly Rafaela. "BioSom." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/31637.

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Resumo: Genes e proteínas são de grande importância biológica para a compreensão de processos bioquímicos e requerem nomes consistentes. Existem diversas diretrizes para nomenclatura de genes, mas elas não são rigorosamente aplicadas à atribuição de nomes aos genes recém-identificados, gerando assim, inúmeras maneiras de nomear um mesmo gene. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de detectar e minimizar a redundância e a inconsistência de dados para colaborar com a identificação correta de genes. Para isso foram utilizadas técnicas de Inteligência Artificial para identificar os sinônimos realizando um

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5

Sendamangalam, Varunraj. "The Influence of Biofilm Structure and Total Interaction Energy on Pathogen Retention by Biofilm." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1340381730.

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6

Heaton, Karen. "Protozoan participation in biofilm dynamics." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421619.

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7

Beech, Iwona B. "Biofilm formation on metal surfaces." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253751.

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The development of biofilms on mild and stainless steel surfaces in pure and mixed batch cultures of the bacterial species Pseudomonas fluorescens and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and the role of these biofilms in corrosion of steel has been investigated. Early events leading to the formation of biofilms have been elucidated by studying the attachment of bacterial cells to steel using epifluorescence microscopy. To identify the nature of the bacterial surface components involved in the initial adhesion to mild steel, lectins, their sugar inhibitors and saccharolytic and proteolytic enzymes have

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8

Spenceley, Hazel. "Bacterial attachment and biofilm development." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1993. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/73521/.

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Initial work involved the isolation and characterization of bacteria found on the surfaces in a range of food processing environments. The attachment characteristics of three species of bacteria (S.liquefaciens, S.cohnii and P.fragi) isolated from the same production surface were examined. Mixed culture biofilm development was also modelled using these three organisms. The species were found to have differing attachment abilities and therefore cell surface characteristics such as outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide profiles, exopolysaccharide production, and cell surface hydrophobici

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9

Al-Rustamani, Wafa Abdullah H. "Biofilm deposition on medical devices." Thesis, University of Brighton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302293.

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10

Herzog, Dylan Benjamin. "Rapid fluorescence amplified biofilm detection." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/rapid-fluorescence-amplified-biofilm-detection(a6f7d42b-941b-441b-9be1-f591978fb883).html.

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Bacterial biofilms are the cause of many diseases linked to persistent bacterial infection. When remaining in the root canal space following endodontic treatment, bacteria can lead to a secondary infection, resulting in treatment failure and the subsequent need for re-intervention. Currently, there are no methods in use to detect bacterial presence within the root canal space in a fast and reliable manner. Such methods would be especially beneficial in determining the end point of root canal treatments. Here, we make use of molecular fluorescent dyes and fluorescent microscopy/spectroscopy to

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11

Stojicic, Sonja. "Dynamics of killing biofilm bateria." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45104.

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Oral bacteria are the main cause of common oral diseases such as caries, periodontal infection and root canal infections. Bacteria in nature survive predominantly as biofilms, which are complex microbial communities composed of populations of microorganisms adhered to living or non-living surfaces and embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Various biofilm models have been developed to simulate the real situation in nature. In this thesis, I studied a new in vitro biofilm model, and examined the antimicrobial efficacy of current as well as newly developed

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12

Blankemeier, Andrew R. "Characterization of Pseudomonas fluorescens Biofilm." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1307731184.

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13

Guthrie-Irons, Colette. "Biofilm formation in `Campylobacter jejuni'." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536794.

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14

Haddad, Peter Alexander. "Biofilm Treatments with Electric Currents." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30947.

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The Problem: Biofilms are a community of bacteria that cause infections which are resistant to the immune system and antimicrobial treatments, posing a significant threat for patients with implantable and indwelling medical devices. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to effectively treat biofilms utilizing electric currents assisted by antibiotics. Method: Evaluated the impact of direct electric current with or without vancomycin against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Results: (1) Electric current reduced the S. epidermidis biofilm and (2) increased the effectiveness of vancomycin.

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15

Chae, Min Seok. "Comparative analysis of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation and characterization of cell viability and biofilm structure." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ43148.pdf.

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16

Eriksson, Janne. "Biofilm growth in strong electric fields." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för bioteknologi (BIO), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-49103.

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Bacterial surface associated communities, so called biofilms, located on the inside of drinking water distribution pipes, are believed to be responsible for lowering the drinking water quality by releasing bacteria into the water stream. As there were some indications that a strong electric field along the pipes inner walls could deter and possibly kill bacteria trying to adhere to the surface, it was the aim of this thesis to investigate that effect and its possible application in tap water. A closed system was set up with three cylindrical containers, made from short pieces of the pipe inten

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17

Timoner, Amer Xisca. "Stream biofilm responses to flow intermittency." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283569.

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Streams experiencing a recurrent non-flow phase (i.e., flow intermittency) are characteristic of world regions with arid and semi-arid climates, where Mediterranean regions are part of. During non-flow streambed sediments, and consequently, microorganisms inhabiting these sediments are exposed to desiccation. These microorganisms, assembled in biofilms, lead a substantial part of the ecosystem processes. They recycle the carbon materials, intervene in the nutrient cycles and are on the base of the food web, fueling energy to the higher trophic levels. The aim of this tesis is to understand how

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18

Parini, Michael R. "Biofilm Removal Using Bubbles and Sound." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd958.pdf.

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19

Drace, Kevin. "Microbial biofilm attachment to Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008d/drace.pdf.

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20

Johnson, Miranda. "Regulation of S. aureus biofilm formation." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9934.

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S. aureus is a natural commensal of the human host and an opportunistic pathogen that causes a wide range of diseases. Biofilm formation is an important S. aureus virulence determinant. S. aureus colonisation of medical devices and host tissues as a biofilm can impede treatment as genetically and metabolically diverse cells in the different layers of the film can prevent the penetration or activity of the therapeutic agent used. Biofilm formation is a multi-factorial process which can be influenced by many environmental factors. A major environmental stress encountered by bacteria in vivo is s

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21

Okhiria, Olusola Adeola. "The role of biofilm in wounds." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/943.

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Biofilms have long been implicated in persistent infections and have recently been associated with chronic wounds. The role of bacteria in wounds is not yet fully understood and their ability to form biofilm is yet to be fully elucidated. Biofilms are associated with phenotypic features such as the signalling molecules for regulation of activities within biofilm and secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The presence of biofilm may be confirmed by specialised microscopy techniques or by detecting biofilm markers. Routine methods are not yet available for detecting biofilms in w

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22

Byers, Lisa Marie. "Microbial biofilm and ventilator-associated pneumonia." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343092.

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23

Bukhari, Sarah. "Biofilm formation in Enterococci and Streptococci." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616653.

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Enterococci are intestinal facultative anaerobic strains which recognized as opportunistic pathogens. The ability to form biofilms is an important virulence trait that has been reported for Enterococci. Biofilm formation showed differences between E. faecalis strains. However, several factors were involved in this process e.g. the presence of virulence factors, hydrophobicity and heterogeneity. Interestingly, we demonstrated for the first time a biochemical test for a cell surface protein in biofilm formation: addition of the purified N domain of Esp (EspN) to E. faecium E1162Δesp resulted in

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24

Meredith, Kate. "Biofilm formation and pathogenicity in Enterococci." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601651.

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Enterococci are opportunistic pathogens that are frequently a source of nosocomial infections and it is their resistance to antibiotics and their ability to form biofilms that represent important virulence traits. Normally, in healthy individuals it is a harmless commensal that is usually found in the intestine. This thesis firstly studies signal peptidases (SPases), which play an essential role in protein translocation. Interestingly, E. faecium was found to contain three type I SPases. Many proteins that are secreted are virulence factors, and the aim was to delete one or more of the SPases

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25

Jones, A.-Andrew D. III (Akhenaton-Andrew Dhafir). "Exoelectrogenic biofilm growth in shearing flows." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115610.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. Pages 100 and 101 blank.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Microbial biofouling occurs when a biofilm adheres to materials involved in liquid transport causing economic loss through corrosion and drag losses on ship hulls, and in oil and food distribution. Microorganisms interacting

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26

Perni, Stefano. "Listeria innocua : growth and biofilm formation." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2005. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33600.

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The contamination of food processing equipment by pathogenic bacteria is a serious threat to food safety and public health. Much attention has recently been focussed on Listeriae because of their ability to both grow over a wide temperature range and to adhere to a wide range of materials. However, whilst many previous studies have studied attachment under static or low Reynolds number (Re) flow, no published work exists on the effects of flow conditions at industrially relevant Re on the phenomenon of attachment. This is examined here using non-pathogenic Listeria innocua—frequently claimed t

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27

Dara, Ahmed, and Yousuf Rassam. "Mekanisk borttagning av biofilm i katetrar." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-200583.

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28

Srikumar, Vivek. "Microbial biofilm monitoring by Electrochemical methods." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302540.

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Hospital Acquired Infections and equipment contamination are some of the biggest issues faced by the healthcare industry worldwide. These infections generally range from mild to life threatening human infections which lead to increased costs and prolonged hospitalization time. The primary factor which caused these issues were biofilm forming bacteria which are able to withstand medications and defend themselves from various cleaning procedures. Another aspect which make these bacteria troublesome is that they are able to hide inside the biofilm, thus evading a lot of diagnostic tests. The meth

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29

Aumeran, Claire. "Prévention et traitement des infections liées au biofilm sur les dispositifs médicaux invasifs." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF1MM24.

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À ce jour, la thèse n’a pas été déposée. L’Université Clermont Auvergne est donc dans l’impossibilité d’en assurer le traitement, la conservation et la diffusion<br>To date, this thesis has not been deposited. The Université Clermont Auvergne is therefore unable to ensure its processing, conservation and dissemination

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30

Ahmed, Warsama. "Nitrifying Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors at Low Temperatures and Cold Shock Conditions: A Kinetic, Biofilm and Microbiome Study." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41196.

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The nitrification process, the biologically mediated process of ammonia treatment in water resources recovery facilities (WRRF), remains the most common treatment process to mitigate the adverse effects of effluent ammonia discharges in surface water. However, it is well established that the temperature-sensitive process of nitrification remains hindered at low temperatures in conventional suspended growth technologies; specifically, passive treatment systems such as the lagoons, representing over 50% of Canadian treatment facilities in operation. As such, nitrification in lagoon facilities re

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31

Schrottenbaum, Ines. "Influence of Wall Biofilm on Pathogen Transport in Water Distribution Systems. Modeling Estimates Derived from Synthetic Biofilm Experiments." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1427812859.

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32

Head, Nathaniel Edwards. "Regulation of biofilm formation of pseudomonas aeruginosa." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2006. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=663.

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33

Chan, Wendy Wing Yan. "Effect of viscosity on biofilm phenotypic expression." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0015/MQ49603.pdf.

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34

Purevdorj-Gage, Boloroo. "Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Structure, Behavior and Hydrodynamics." Thesis, Montana State University, 2004. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/purevdorj-gage/Purevdorj-GageB1204.pdf.

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Biofilm formation by bacterial pathogens is an important factor in the progression and treatment of many infectious diseases. Biofilm structural development is a dynamic process dependent on many cellular and environmental parameters including Quorum Sensing (QS) and hydrodynamics. Since QS is dependent on a threshold autoinducer concentration, it was hypothesized that the flow dynamics in the bulk fluid surrounding the biofilm would play an important role in expression of QS and the genes that are under its control. In order to investigate the relative contribution of hydrodynamics and QS on

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35

Splendiani, Antonietta. "Biofilm control in an extractive membrane bioreactor." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401883.

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36

Epstein, Alexander. "Bioinspired, Dynamic, Structured Surfaces for Biofilm Prevention." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10505.

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Bacteria primarily exist in robust, surface-associated communities known as biofilms, ubiquitous in both natural and anthropogenic environments. Mature biofilms resist a wide range of biocidal treatments and pose persistent pathogenic threats. Treatment of adherent biofilm is difficult, costly, and, in medical systems such as catheters, frequently impossible. Adding to the challenge, we have discovered that biofilm can be both impenetrable to vapors and extremely nonwetting, repelling even low surface tension commercial antimicrobials. Our study shows multiple contributing factors, including

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37

Dörges, Lena [Verfasser]. "Vom Biofilm zur planktonischen Lebensform / Lena Dörges." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1047453185/34.

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38

Nöjd, Alexander. "Karakterisering av bioslam för modellering av biogasproduktion." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-31871.

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39

Lynch, Martin J. "Quorum sensing in Aeromonas hydrophila biofilm formation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324695.

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40

Silagyi, Karen Suzanne. "Biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7806.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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41

Krige, Adolf. "Microbial Fuel cells, applications and biofilm characterization." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Kemiteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-73938.

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Since the 1900’s it has been known that microorganisms are capable of generating electrical power through extracellular electron transfer by converting the energy found organic compounds (Potter, 1911). Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) has garnered more attention recently, and have shown promise in several applications, including wastewater treatment (Yakar et al., 2018), bioremediation (Rosenbaum & Franks, 2014), biosensors (ElMekawy et al., 2018) desalination (Zhang et al., 2018) and as an alternative renewable energy source in remote areas (Castro et al., 2014). In MFCs catalytic reactions o

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42

Abdalla, Salwa Milad A. "Mechanisms of biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28533.

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Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne bacterial pathogen which has the ability to attach to and form biofilm on food-processing surfaces. It is thought that L. monocytogenes biofilm formation in food processing environments is a major source of contamination because, once established, the biofilm appears to have greater resistance to disinfectants and other cleaning agents. In the first stage of this thesis, L. monocytogenes wild type 10403s and Tn917transposon mutant strains were surveyed for their ability to attach to polystyrene surfaces at different temperatures (37°C, 30°C and 18°C). The

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Awadh, Ammar A. "Biofilm formation and characterisation in human mycoplasmas." Thesis, Kingston University, 2014. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/32196/.

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Mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest self-replicating prokaryotes, lacking a cell wall and are bound by a single membrane-the plasma membrane. Moreover, mycoplasmas are consequential and chronic pathogens of humans and animals that rely on adhesion to host tissue for colonisation and infections. In other word biofilm formation is correlated with infections and because of this, the biofilm formation of Mycoplasma species has been investigated and characterised in this project. The viability of biofilm formation was assessed and quantified using crystal violet assay over 20-day incubation p

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44

Li, Laoshen. "Mathematical modelling of mechanisms for biofilm expansion." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/c86dd46a-acf9-48a1-9e4f-11bcca0b778f.

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Biofilms are multi-cellular communities of microorganisms attached to surfaces. It has been estimated that about 99% of all bacteria exist in biofilm. Thus to understand the critical role bacteria play in natural and man-made ecosystems, requires a better knowledge of these multi-cellular communities. Biofilms are complex structures comprising cells embedded in a sticky material composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by the cells themselves. The physical structure of the biofilm has been shown to be important to its evolutionary success. EPS is involved in maintaining st

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45

Wu, Yilin. "Mathematical Models of Biofilm in Various Environments." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/582206.

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Mathematics<br>Ph.D.<br>Microbial biofilms are defined as clusters of microbial cells living in self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which always attached to various kinds of surfaces. In this thesis, we studied several mathematical models of biofilm in the human body and marble environment. Some related background of biofilm growth and some basic existing numerical models were introduced in the first chapter. In the first project, we introduced how biofilm affects the local oxygen concentration near the neutrophil cells in the human body with three one-dimensional reaction-

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46

Smith, Sara Jean. "Attachment and Biofilm Formation of Foodborne Pathogens." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28387.

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Outbreaks of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli are increasingly attributed to fresh produce. Current control measures have been assessed for decades, with no alternatives adopted. Sources were identified, reducing flhD transcription and biofilm amounts nearly 2-fold. ?-phenylethylamine (PEA), reduced growth and biofilm 96% and 70%, respectively. Curli production was assessed and found to be microorganism-, strain-, and/or serotype-dependent. Reporter fusions were constructed, evaluating expression of Listeria cellulose protein (Lcp). Plcp was not impacted by conditions u

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47

Clabaugh, Matthew McConnell. "Nitrification of Landfill Leachate by Biofilm Columns." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33547.

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Landfill leachate characteristics vary depending on the operation type of the landfill and the age of the landfill. At landfills operated as bioreactors, where leachate recirculation is practiced, leachate ammonia nitrogen concentrations may accumulate to extremely higher levels than during single pass leaching, thereby requiring treatment before final discharge to a receiving system (Onay, 1998). Usually several physical/chemical wastewater treatment technologies are used to treat the leachate. In most cases the COD and BOD are treated, and then nitrification is performed in a separate s

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48

Guo, Weihua. "Computational Modeling of Planktonic and Biofilm Metabolism." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79669.

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Most of microorganisms are ubiquitously able to live in both planktonic and biofilm states, which can be applied to dissolve the energy and environmental issues (e.g., producing biofuels and purifying waste water), but can also lead to serious public health problems. To better harness microorganisms, plenty of studies have been implemented to investigate the metabolism of planktonic and/or biofilm cells via multi-omics approaches (e.g., transcriptomics and proteomics analysis). However, these approaches are limited to provide the direct description of intracellular metabolism (e.g., metabolic

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49

Zhang, Siyuan. "Biofilm Removal with Acoustic Cavitation and Lavage." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1356194652.

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50

Simpson, Andrew E. "A Discrete Model Approach to Biofilm Growth." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1342790784.

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