Journal articles: 'Bio-bricks'

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Bernardi, D., J. T. DeJong, B. M. Montoya, and B. C. Martinez. "Bio-bricks: Biologically cemented sandstone bricks." Construction and Building Materials 55 (March 2014): 462–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.019.

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Nithyalakshmi, B., N. Soundarya, and S. Praveen. "Characterization of Biochar Bricks to be used as a Construction Material." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2332, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2332/1/012015.

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Abstract The experimental work on characterization of biochar bricks as a construction material is summarized in this manuscript. This is an important topic to research due to the dearth of knowledge about biochar construction materials and their potential to reduce global warming. Biochar is a charcoal-like substance formed from organic matter decomposition in the absence of oxygen at high temperatures. The use of bio char in a range of applications will help in cutting down CO2 emissions, recycling of organic and plastic waste, and in creation of more jobs. Current applications of bio-char is limited to being used as Soil additives to promote water absorption, plaster to absorb humidity, and energy alternatives to replace fossil fuels. The present study attempts to characterize bio-char bricks for usage in construction. Two types of bio-char bricks were cast and compared to normal concrete bricks. The first set of bricks had 70% biochar and 30% cement, whereas the second set contained 45 percent biochar, 45 percent plastic, and 10% cement. The bricks were characterized using five tests: compressive strength, water absorption, hardness, flammability, and insulation value.

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Poornima, V., R. Venkatasubramani, V. Sreevidya, and Pavan Chandrasekar. "Study on properties of bio-bricks." Materials Today: Proceedings 49 (2022): 2103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.08.315.

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Maximino C. Ongpeng, Jason, Edward Inciong, Vince Sendo, Crizia Soliman, and Adrian Siggaoat. "Using Waste in Producing Bio-Composite Mycelium Bricks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 5303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155303.

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One of the major causes of an increase in the consumption of resources is the progress of the construction industry. Although it leads to new technologies, it heavily contributes to global warming. In this study, the use of sustainable construction materials from waste in brick production with mycelium as a binder is investigated. The ability of mycelium, the root fibers of fungi, obtained from microorganisms is used as stabilizing and binding material on bricks. Forty-eight brick specimens from six design mixes were produced with a size of 200 mm length × 90 mm width × 60 mm height. The mechanical tests conducted were compressive and flexural strength. The changes in weight were recorded against its age to monitor the progress of mycelium growth inside the brick specimens. From the test, bricks made from sawdust and rice bran with mycelium had an increase of 31.0% to 38.5% in average compressive strength compared to the non-mycelium bricks, respectively. Furthermore, the bricks with mycelium experienced an increase in both flexural strength and midpoint displacement for all types of bricks (rice bran, sawdust, and clay). These mycelium-induced bricks can reduce the use and consumption of traditional construction materials with enhanced mechanical properties.

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Makomra, Valentin, Lionel Karga Tapsia, Benoit Ndiwe, Maxime Dawoua Kaoutoing, Noel Konai, Abel Njom, Tawe Laynde, and Danwe Raidandi. "Physico-Mechanical Properties of Bio-Based Bricks." Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 10, no. 04 (2022): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msce.2022.104002.

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Tangboriboon, Nuchnapa, Sopita Moonsri, Atima Netthip, Watchara Sangwan, and Anuvat Sirivat. "Enhancing physical-thermal-mechanical properties of fired clay bricks by eggshell as a bio-filler and flux." Science of Sintering 51, no. 1 (2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1901001t.

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Fired clay bio-bricks were prepared by adding eggshell as a bio-filler and flux into earthenware clay compounds via an extrusion process. In this study, the suiTab. conditions for clay bricks preparation were firing at 1000?C for a period of 5 h. Adding 20 wt% eggshell powder into the clay brick yielded good physical-mechanical-thermal properties: high compressive strength and hardness, low thermal expansion coefficient, and low water absorption. The measured compressive strength, hardness, and refractory water absorption were 7.0 MPa, 6.0 HV, and less than 15 wt%, respectively. The obtained clay brick with the eggshell powder added as shown here is potential for uses as bricks for construction and thermal insulation.

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Laborel-Préneron, A., M. Giroudon, J. E. Aubert, C. Magniont, and P. Faria. "Experimental assessment of bio-based earth bricks durability." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 660 (December 4, 2019): 012069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/660/1/012069.

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Li, Yang, Kejun Wen, Lin Li, Wei Huang, Changming Bu, and Farshad Amini. "Experimental investigation on compression resistance of bio-bricks." Construction and Building Materials 265 (December 2020): 120751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120751.

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Sakhare, Vishakha V., and Rahul V. Ralegaonkar. "Use of bio-briquette ash for the development of bricks." Journal of Cleaner Production 112 (January 2016): 684–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.088.

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Fang, C., T. Mi, and V. Achal. "Sustainable bio‐bricks prepared with synthetic urine enabled by biomineralization reactions." Letters in Applied Microbiology 73, no. 6 (October 20, 2021): 793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lam.13574.

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Wang, Ruixing, Peng Jin, Hua Dong, Yu Liu, Zechen Ding, and Wei Zhang. "Effect of moist content on the bio-carbonated steel slag bricks." Construction and Building Materials 269 (February 2021): 121313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121313.

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Sakhare, Vishakha V., and Rahul V. Ralegaonkar. "Development and investigation of cellular light weight bio-briquette ash bricks." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 19, no. 1 (May 9, 2016): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-016-1200-5.

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Rusanescu, Carmen Otilia, Marin Rusanescu, Cosmin Jinescu, and Ion Durbaca. "Recovery of Treated Sludge." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 10 (November 15, 2019): 3477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.10.7579.

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This paper presents the methods for recovery of treated sludge: technological valorisation, agricultural valorization, energy recovery, gasification, pyrolysis, supercritical oxidation of water, obtaining the material for plastering, obtaining bricks. These technologies are biology-based technologies (advanced anaerobic digestion strategies and bio-drying) and heat-based technologies (gasification, pyrolysis and supercritical water processing).

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Maldonado, Andrea, Angela Corvalan, Delia Cohenca, and Magna Monteiro. "Setting time of ecological bricks with different percentage PET." KnE Engineering 3, no. 1 (February 11, 2018): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/keg.v3i1.1440.

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Raw materials and products environment friendly has led many authors to develop the area of bio-construction, especially in civil construction, using alternative materials to obtain new achievements. PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) bottles, widely used worldwide, have made it possible to produce very ambitious technological products for their energy and economic efficiency. This study is based on the application of discarded PET bottles for application in ecological building bricks. For this, samples with different PET percent were prepared. The samples were prepared in triplicate. These samples were subjected to tests to verify the optimum setting time/PET ratio. The tests were performed according to international standards and compared to the values of conventional bricks.Keywords: Environment friendly, set-up tests, bio-construction.

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Sopajarn, Arrisa, and Panumas Suybangdum. "Oil Palm Frond as an Alternative Material to Reinforce the Fiber Brick." Applied Mechanics and Materials 851 (August 2016): 852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.851.852.

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Oil palm frond was utilized as a fiber biomass material for investigating the strength of the fiber bricks. This research aimed to enhance the potential of oil palm frond utilization to produce bio-fiber brick. It was developed as a composite material to be a choice for industrial construction, decorative interior, or others relevant. Plaster of Paris was identified as a binder of oil palm frond bricks. The oil palm frond, mixed with the plaster of Paris, was tested with three variable ratios of 0.5:0.5, 0.4:0.6, and 0.3:0.7 for brick production. In the performed tests and examinations, the characteristic properties of oil palm frond size, density, and compressive strength were analyzed. The results showed that the oil palm frond can be used to reinforce the fiber brick. It can increased the quality of plaster of Paris bricks of light weight, high modulus, high specific strength, and high fracture toughness depending on OPF size, raw material ratios, and binding.

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Saidi, Meriem, Amel Soukaina Cherif, Ezeddine Sediki, and Belkacem Zeghmati. "Hygrothermal Behavior of Earth-Based Materials: Experimental and Numerical Analysis." MATEC Web of Conferences 330 (2020): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202033001030.

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Bio-based building materials such as earth bricks are attracting renewed interest throughout the world due to their thermal and environmental properties. In this work, a numerical study of the hygrothermal behavior of building walls consist of compressed earth bricks (CEB) and stabilized earth bricks (SEB) was performed. A two-dimensional Luikov model for evaluating the temperature and the moisture migration in porous building materials was proposed. The coupled heat and moisture transfer problem was modeled. The governing equations of a mathematical model were solved numerically with the finite difference method. Input parameters in the model and their dependency on stabilizers content were determined by laboratory experiments. In order to specify the effect of chemical stabilization on the heat and mass transfer within studied materials, average moisture content and temperature were presented as a function of time. Results show that the addition of chemical stabilizers enhances the heat transfer through the earthen materials and reduces their water vapor permeability.

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Lambert, S. E., and D. G. Randall. "Manufacturing bio-bricks using microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation and human urine." Water Research 160 (September 2019): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.069.

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Zhang, Liang, Huiting Zhang, Jian Wu, Bo Yan, and Mengkai Lu. "Parametric Variational Principle for Bi-Modulus Materials and Its Application to Nacreous Bio-Composites." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 08, no. 06 (September 2016): 1650082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825116500824.

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Bi-modulus materials have different moduli in tension and compression and the stress–strain relation depends on principal stress that is unknown before displacement is determined. Establishment of variational principle is important for mechanical analysis of materials. First, parametric variational principle (PVP) is proposed for static analysis of bi-modulus materials and structures. A parametric variable indicating state of principal stress is included in the potential energy formulation and the nonlinear stress–strain relation is evolved into a linear complementarity constraint. Convergence of finite element analysis is thus improved. Then the proposed variational principle is extended to a dynamic problem and the dynamic equation can be derived based on Hamilton’s principle. Finite element analysis of nacreous bio-composites is performed, in which a unilateral contact behavior between two hard mineral bricks is modeled using the bi-modulus stress–strain relation. Effective modulus of composites can be determined numerically and stress mechanism of “tension–shear chain” in nacre is revealed. A delayed effect on stress propagation is found around the “gaps” between mineral bricks, when a tension force is loaded to nacreous bio-composites dynamically.

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Estévez, Alberto T., and Yomna K. Abdallah. "The New Standard Is Biodigital: Durable and Elastic 3D-Printed Biodigital Clay Bricks." Biomimetics 7, no. 4 (October 10, 2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7040159.

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In a previously published study, the authors explained the formal design efficiency of the 3D-printed biodigital clay bricks 3DPBDCB: a project that aimed to change the conventional methods of clay brick design and mass production. This was achieved by employing the behavioural algorithms of reaction-diffusion and the shortest path that were extracted from the exact material physical properties and hydrophilic behaviours of clay and controlled material deposition 3D printing to create sustainable clay bricks. Sustainability in their use in the built environment and their production processes, with full potential sustainability aspects such as passive cooling, thermal and acoustical insulation, and bio receptivity. The current work studies the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed biodigital clay bricks as elastic and durable clay bricks whose properties depend mainly on their geometrical composition and form. Each of the three families of the 3D-printed biodigital clay bricks (V1, V2, V3) includes the linear model of a double line of 0.5 cm thickness and a bulk model of 55% density were tested for compression and elasticity and compared to models of standard industrial clay bricks. The results revealed that the best elasticity pre-cracking was achieved by the V2 linear model, followed by the V3 linear model, which also achieved the highest post-cracking elasticity—enduring until 150 N pre-cracking and 200 N post-cracking, which makes the V3 linear model eligible for potential application in earthquake-resistant buildings. While the same model V3-linear achieved the second-best compressive strength enduring until 170 N. The best compressive strength was recorded by the V1 linear and bulk model enduring up to 240 N without collapsing, exceeding the strength and resistance of the industrial clay bricks with both models, where the bulk and the perforated collapsed at 200 N and 140 N, respectively. Thus, the mass production and integration of the V1 bulk and linear model and the V3 linear model are recommended for the construction industry and the architectural built environment for their multi-aspect sustainability and enhanced mechanical properties.

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Jiang, Jianjuan, Shaoqing Zhang, Zhigang Qian, Nan Qin, Wenwen Song, Long Sun, Zhitao Zhou, et al. "Protein Bricks: 2D and 3D Bio-Nanostructures with Shape and Function on Demand." Advanced Materials 30, no. 20 (March 27, 2018): 1705919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705919.

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Jiang, Jianjuan, Shaoqing Zhang, Zhigang Qian, Nan Qin, Wenwen Song, Long Sun, Zhitao Zhou, et al. "Bio-Nanostructures: Protein Bricks: 2D and 3D Bio-Nanostructures with Shape and Function on Demand (Adv. Mater. 20/2018)." Advanced Materials 30, no. 20 (May 2018): 1870141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201870141.

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Alshalif, Abdullah Faisal, J. M. Irwan, N. Othman, A. A. Al-Gheethi, S. Shamsudin, and Ibrahim M. Nasser. "Optimisation of carbon dioxide sequestration into bio-foamed concrete bricks pores using Bacillus tequilensis." Journal of CO2 Utilization 44 (February 2021): 101412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101412.

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Cheng, Liang, Takamitsu Kobayashi, and Mohamed A. Shahin. "Microbially induced calcite precipitation for production of “bio-bricks” treated at partial saturation condition." Construction and Building Materials 231 (January 2020): 117095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117095.

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Vlasova, Marina, Aguilar Márquez, Veronica González-Molina, Ariadna Trujillo-Estrada, and Mykola Kakazey. "Development of an energy- and water-saving manufacturing technology of brick products." Science of Sintering 50, no. 3 (2018): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1803275v.

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In the work, the carrying of realizing three problems in the manufacture of brick products, namely, energy saving, water saving, and processing of large-scale waste (ecological problem), are considered. Four types of bricks have been obtained and investigated: red clay, red clay-milled cullet mixture, red clay-milled basalt (tezontle) mixture, and red clay-milled glass-milled tezontle mixture. To form the semi-finished products, water or wet waste of activated sludge were added to the dry mixtures. It is established that the presence of low-melting glass into double and triple compositions reduces the sintering temperature of ceramic products down to 900-1000 ?C and sintering time to 8-12 h while maintaining good strength properties of ceramics. This means that the energy-saving technology is provided. The use of waste activated sludge (biowaste) with high water content allows us to exclude the introduction of water into dry mixtures at the stage of molding. This means that the water-saving technology is achieved. The introduction of a different content of burnt out bio waste contributes to the formation of brick products of different porosity. Variations on mixtures compositions and sintering modes make possible to synthesize ceramics of different applications: as a stone products, bricks for external and internal walls, porous bricks, and a filtering ceramics.

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Moussa, Tala, Chadi Maalouf, Christophe Bliard, Boussad Abbes, Céline Badouard, Mohammed Lachi, Silvana do Socorro Veloso Sodré, et al. "Spent Coffee Grounds as Building Material for Non-Load-Bearing Structures." Materials 15, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051689.

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The gradual development of government policies for ecological transition in the modern construction sector leads researchers to explore new alternative and low environmental impact materials with a particular focus on bio-sourced materials. In this perspective, the mechanical, thermal insulation, and the sound absorption performances of a spent coffee grounds/potato starch bio-based composite were analyzed for potential application in buildings. Based on thermal conductivity and diffusivity tests, the coffee grounds waste biocomposite was characterized as an insulating material comparable with conventional thermal insulation materials of plant origin. Acoustical tests revealed absorption coefficients in the same range as other conventional materials used in building acoustical comfort. This bio-sourced material presented a sufficient compressive mechanical behavior for non-load-bearing structures and a sufficient mechanical capacity to be shaped into building bricks. Mechanical, thermal, and acoustic performances depend on the moisture environment. The groundwork was laid for an initial reflection on how this composite would behave in two opposite climates: the continental climate of Reims in France and the tropical climate of Belém in Brazil.

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Iqbal, Dawood Muhammad, Leong Sing Wong, and Sih Ying Kong. "Bio-Cementation in Construction Materials: A Review." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092175.

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The rapid development of the construction sector has led to massive use of raw construction materials, which are at risk of exhaustion. The problem is aggravated by the high demand for cement as binding powder and the mass production of clay bricks for construction purposes. This scenario has led to high energy consumption and carbon emissions in their production. In this regard, bio-cementation is considered a green solution to building construction, because this technology is environmentally friendly and capable of reducing carbon emissions, thus slowing the global warming rate. Most of the previously published articles have focused on microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP), with the mechanism of bio-cementation related to the occurrence of urea hydrolysis as a result of the urease enzymatic activity by the microbes that yielded ammonium and carbonate ions. These ions would then react with calcium ions under favorable conditions to precipitate calcium carbonate. MICP was investigated for crack repair and the surface treatment of various types of construction materials. Research on MICP for the production of binders in construction materials has become a recent trend in construction engineering. With the development of cutting edge MICP research, it is beneficial for this article to review the recent trend of MICP in construction engineering, so that a comprehensive understanding on microbial utilization for bio-cementation can be achieved.

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Arab, Mohamed G., Maher Omar, Abduallah Almajed, Yousef Elbaz, and Amira H. Ahmed. "Hybrid technique to produce bio-bricks using enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) and sodium alginate biopolymer." Construction and Building Materials 284 (May 2021): 122846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122846.

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Farajnia, Aysan, Ali Shafaat, Safar Farajnia, Mohsen Sartipipour, and Hamed Khodadadi Tirkolaei. "The efficiency of ureolytic bacteria isolated from historical adobe structures in the production of bio-bricks." Construction and Building Materials 317 (January 2022): 125868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125868.

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Rautray, Priyabrata, Avik Roy, Deepak John Mathew, and Boris Eisenbart. "Bio-Brick - Development of Sustainable and Cost Effective Building Material." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 3171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.324.

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AbstractBuilding construction is one of the fastest growing industries in India and it puts a huge burden on its limited natural resources. Fired clay bricks are one of the major constituent materials for the construction industry and it produces a huge amount of greenhouse gases. This research tries to highlight the use of alternative materials and how they can be modulated to suit the Indian construction industry. Bio-brick or agro-waste based brick is one such material that has the potential to be a sustainable and cost-effective solution. It acts as good heat and sound insulator and at the same time has overall negative carbon footprint. Additionally, it also acts as a deterrent to stubble burning, prevalent in northern India which causes severe air pollution. Due to its low density, it reduces dead load in high rise structures, thereby making RCC construction more economical. The study also highlights the use of Bio-brick in various areas of a structure. Another important objective of this research is to inspire and motivate architects, designers, researchers and builders to encourage and support the development of such sustainable and eco-sensitive material in construction industry.

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Zhang, Hongsheng, Jianghua Yu, Liang Chen, Tao Tao, Longmian Wang, and Xiaojun Zuo. "Hydraulic conductivity and phosphorus adsorption preference of various waste bricks used as storm-water bio-filter media." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 154 (2019): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.24027.

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Sakhare, Vishakha V., and Rahul V. Ralegaonkar. "Strategy to control indoor temperature for redevelopment of slum dwellings." Indoor and Built Environment 27, no. 9 (May 30, 2017): 1203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x17712107.

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The present paper focuses on developing a strategy to control the indoor temperature in slum dwellings under redevelopment. The proposed framework aims at improving the building planning and appropriate selection of construction materials along with controlled cost with respect to currently adopted practices. The proposed strategy is elaborated with a case study in Nagpur, India. A single storey, four-room model was planned as per the National Building Code of India. The performance of the model building was evaluated by using energy simulation software TRNSYS. The cellular light-weight bricks used in the construction were made with bio briquette ash (BBA), which is a locally available waste material. Instead of using the conventional reinforced cement concrete (RCC) roof, aluminium and sawdust were suggested as a reflecting-cum-insulating material. To improve the temperature control in model homes, installation of a reflecting-cum-insulating material was conducted, consisting of aluminium and sawdust, over the conventional RCC roof. The model building constructed with these new materials was compared with that built with conventional fly ash bricks and RCC roof. Results show that the proposed model building improved the efficiency of indoor temperature control by 23% and, at the same time, reduced the cost by 13%. The present concept will contribute to the redevelopment of slum dwellings to deliver cost-effective dwelling units that provide occupants with acceptable thermal comfort.

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Guadagnuolo, Mariateresa, and Giuseppe Faella. "Simplified Design of Masonry Ring-Beams Reinforced by Flax Fibers for Existing Buildings Retrofitting." Buildings 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10010012.

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Seismic events have repeatedly highlighted the vulnerability of existing masonry buildings. Seismic retrofitting is frequently focused on improving the connection between walls and roof for ensuring behavior able to resist loads from any horizontal direction. This paper deals with the design of masonry ring-beams made of clay bricks reinforced by natural fibers. Various solutions to ensure a masonry building box-behavior are possible, but this is a good combination of both static and conservation requirements, as it allows the use of bio-composites and grouts. It is a relevant possible alternative to the traditional reinforced concrete ring-beams, which are proven to be very ineffective under earthquakes. A simplified model for designing clay brick beams reinforced by flax fibers is provided, and a comparison with customary and traditional floor/roof masonry ring-beams is carried out.

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Vincent, Julia, René Sabot, Isabelle Lanneluc, Philippe Refait, Philippe Turcry, Pierre-Yves Mahieux, Marc Jeannin, and Sophie Sablé. "Biomineralization of calcium carbonate by marine bacterial strains isolated from calcareous deposits." Matériaux & Techniques 108, no. 3 (2020): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2020027.

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Biomineralization induced by microbial enzymes, which catalyse CaCO3 precipitation, is a promising field of research for various applications in building eco-materials. Especially, this could provide an eco-friendly process for protection of coastal areas against erosion. In the present investigation, fourteen bacterial strains were isolated and characterized from both natural seawater and calcareous deposits formed on a cathodically protected steel mesh in marine environment. All of them induced calcium carbonate precipitation in various media by producing urease and/or carbonic anhydrase enzymes. The calcium carbonate minerals produced by bacteria were identified by microscopy and µ-Raman spectroscopy. In parallel, an experimental set-up, based on a column reactor, was developed to study biomineralization and microbial capacity of Sporosarcina pasteurii to form sandy agglomerate. These well-known calcifying bacteria degraded the urea present in liquid medium circulating through the column to produce calcium carbonate, which acted as cement between sand particles. The bio-bricks obtained after 3 weeks had a compressive strength of 4.2 MPa. 20% of the inter-granular voids were filled by calcite and corresponded to 13% of the total mass. We successfully showed that bio-column system can be used to evaluate the bacterial ability to agglomerate a sandy matrix with CaCO3.

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Khater, El-Sayed, Taha Ashour, Samir Ali, Manar Saad, Jasna Todic, Jutta Hollands, and Azra Korjenic. "Development of a Bio-Solar House Model for Egyptian Conditions." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040817.

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The need for heating and cooling in traditional housing is becoming increasingly disadvantageous regarding high energy costs. But what is more concerning is the impact on our environment. The main goal of this paper is studying the prospects of using renewable energy for heating and cooling houses through an integrated bio-solar system in order to solve the energy scarcity problem. For this purpose, a simulation model for a bio-solar house made from different materials (walls made of bricks with straw bales and a roof made of concrete with straw bales) was developed successively in accordance with the energy balance and renewable energies such as biogas and solar energy were applied. This approach enabled an enhancement of the main factors affecting the performance of a building in terms of saving energy. The model was able to predict the energy requirements for heating and cooling of houses, the energy gained by a solar collector and by a biogas digester as well as the energy requirement for heating the biogas digester. Also, the purpose of this paper is to validate this developed simulation model by measuring energy requirements for heating of houses and solar radiation for solar collectors. The model is a simulation model for the bio-solar house with its three main parts—a straw house, a solar collector and a biogas digester. This paper demonstrates the values of the performed measurements and compares them to the theoretical, predicted values. The comparison indicates that the predicted energy requirements for the heating of buildings were a close approximation to the measured values. Another relevant deduction of the validation was the fact that the solar collector delivered the highest heat gain on 21st of June.

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K, Anitha, and Senthilselvan S. "Agricultural Waste Materials Applications in Building Industry – An Overview." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 2371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.2371ecst.

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Agricultural wastes have become a growing concern in recent years as the world's population has grown. Agricultural solid wastes are irresponsibly dumped or burned in public areas in several countries worldwide, resulting in air pollution, soil contamination, and smoke. The residue could end up in a water supply, polluting the water and aquatic ecology. Agricultural waste is crushed and turned into fine and coarse aggregates, or it is burned into ash, which is used in the making of concrete. Agricultural solid waste is a lightweight aggregate used in the production of masonry blocks [1]. Green concrete's thermal insulation, sound absorption, water stability, fire resistance, and mechanical properties will all be improved as a result [2]. The present paper explores the various structural components prepared by using agricultural waste materials, such as bio-bricks, natural fiber components, lightweight concrete, green concrete, concrete roofing, and tile components.

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Bories, Cecile, Emeline Vedrenne, Anne Paulhe-Massol, Gerard Vilarem, and Caroline Sablayrolles. "Development of porous fired clay bricks with bio-based additives: Study of the environmental impacts by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)." Construction and Building Materials 125 (October 2016): 1142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.042.

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Procopio, Anna, Elena Lagreca, Rezvan Jamaledin, Sara La Manna, Brunella Corrado, Concetta Di Natale, and Valentina Onesto. "Recent Fabrication Methods to Produce Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Matrices (Experimental and In Silico Approaches)." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040872.

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The study of novel drug delivery systems represents one of the frontiers of the biomedical research area. Multi-disciplinary scientific approaches combining traditional or engineered technologies are used to provide major advances in improving drug bioavailability, rate of release, cell/tissue specificity and therapeutic index. Biodegradable and bio-absorbable polymers are usually the building blocks of these systems, and their copolymers are employed to create delivery components. For example, poly (lactic acid) or poly (glycolic acid) are often used as bricks for the production drug-based delivery systems as polymeric microparticles (MPs) or micron-scale needles. To avoid time-consuming empirical approaches for the optimization of these formulations, in silico-supported models have been developed. These methods can predict and tune the release of different drugs starting from designed combinations. Starting from these considerations, this review has the aim of investigating recent approaches to the production of polymeric carriers and the combination of in silico and experimental methods as promising platforms in the biomedical field.

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Callegari, Arianna, Petr Hlavinek, and Andrea Giuseppe Capodaglio. "Production of energy (biodiesel) and recovery of materials (biochar) from pyrolysis of urban waste sludge." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 13, no. 2 (March 20, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2128.

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Safe disposal of sewage sludge is one of the most pressing issues in the wastewater treatment cycle: at the European Union level, sludge production is expected to reach 13 Mt by year 2020. Sludge disposal costs may constitute up to, and sometimes above, 50% of the total cost of operation of a WWTP, and contribute to over 40% of its GHGs emissions. The most common disposal options at the moment are landfilling, disposal in agriculture (about 40% EU-wide), incineration or co-incineration, and use in the industrial production of bricks, asphalts and concrete. Sewage sludge, however, still contains beneficial resources such as nutrients, that can be recovered through specific processes (e.g. precipitation as struvite) and energy, recoverable through a variety of approaches. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of urban waste sludge was applied for the production of oil, (Syn)gas, and biochar that were afterwards characterized and compared to mainstream alternative fuels (biodiesels) and other material recovery options. Sustainability issues related to the production of biodiesel/biochars from urban wastewater treatment sludge are also discussed. The paper shows that waste urban sludge can indeed be a full component of the urban circular economy by allowing, if properly processed, recovery of energy resources at multiple levels: bio-oils (biodiesel), syngas and bio-char, all having definite advantages for final residues use and disposal. Biodiesel, in particular, allowing energy recovery as liquid fuel, offers a much more flexible and efficient utilization.

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Dikshit, Rashmi, Nitin Gupta, Arjun Dey, Koushik Viswanathan, and Aloke Kumar. "Microbial induced calcite precipitation can consolidate martian and lunar regolith simulants." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): e0266415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266415.

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We demonstrate that Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) can be utilized for creation of consolidates of Martian Simulant Soil (MSS) and Lunar Simulant Soil (LSS) in the form of a ‘brick’. A urease producer bacterium, Sporosarcina pasteurii, was used to induce the MICP process for the both simulant soils. An admixture of guar gum as an organic polymer and NiCl2, as bio- catalyst to enhance urease activity, was introduced to increase the compressive strength of the biologically grown bricks. A casting method was utilized for a slurry consisting of the appropriate simulant soil and microbe; the slurry over a few days consolidated in the form of a ‘brick’ of the desired shape. In case of MSS, maximum strength of 3.3 MPa was obtained with 10mM NiCl2 and 1% guar gum supplementation whereas in case of LSS maximum strength of 5.65 Mpa was obtained with 1% guar gum supplementation and 10mM NiCl2. MICP mediated consolidation of the simulant soil was confirmed with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry (TG). Our work demonstrates a biological approach with an explicit casting method towards manufacturing of consolidated structures using extra-terrestrial regolith simulant; this is a promising route for in situ development of structural elements on the extra-terrestrial habitats.

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Chippagiri, Ravijanya, Hindavi R. Gavali, Rahul V. Ralegaonkar, Mike Riley, Andy Shaw, and Ana Bras. "Application of Sustainable Prefabricated Wall Technology for Energy Efficient Social Housing." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031195.

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Under the India “Housing for all” scheme, 20 million urban houses have to be constructed by 2022, which requires the rate of construction to be around 8000 houses/day. Previous results by the team show that present design methods for affordable buildings and structures in India need improvement. The challenges are the disposal of solid waste generated from agro-industrial activities and the energy peak demand in extremely hot and cold seasons. The development of bio-based urban infrastructure which can adapt to the climatic conditions has been proposed. Inclusion of sustainable materials such as agro-industrial by-products and insulation materials has resulted in effective environmental sustainability and climate change adaptability. Precast components are highlighted as a suitable solution for this purpose as well as to fulfil the need of mass housing. India has a lesser record in implementing this prefab technology when compared to a global view. For the first time, a novel and sustainable prefab housing solution is tested for scale-up using industrial waste of co-fired blended ash (CBA) and the results are presented here. A model house of real scale measuring 3 × 3 × 3 m3 was considered as a base case and is compared with 17 other combinations of model house with varying alignment of prefab panels. Comparison was made with commercially available fly ash brick and CBA brick with a conventional roof slab. A simulation study was conducted regarding cost and energy analysis for all the 18 cases. Various brick and panel compositions with CBA for housing were tried and the superior composition was selected. Similarly, 18 model houses of real scale were simulated, with different combinations of walls made of bricks or panels and different building orientations, to check the impact on energy peak cooling and cost. Results show that peak cooling load can be reduced by six times with bio-based prefab panels. Prefab construction can be considered for mass housing ranging above 100 housing units, each consisting of an area of 25 m2.

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Patti, Antonella, Stefano Acierno, Gianluca Cicala, Mauro Zarrelli, and Domenico Acierno. "Recovery of Waste Material from Biobags: 3D Printing Process and Thermo-Mechanical Characteristics in Comparison to Virgin and Composite Matrices." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14101943.

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The purpose of this study is to limit the environmental impact of packaging applications by promoting the recycling of waste products and the use of sustainable materials in additive manufacturing technology. To this end, a commercial polylactide acid (PLA)-based filament derived from waste production of bio-bags is herein considered. For reference, a filament using virgin PLA and one using a wood-based biocomposite were characterized as well. Preliminary testing involved infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of printing parameters (nanely bed temperature, layer thickness, top surface layers, retraction speed, and distance) on the final aesthetics of 3D printed parts was verified. The results allow us to attest that the thermal properties of recycled polymer are comparable to those of virgin PLA and biocomposite. In the case of recycled polymer, after the extrusion temperature, bed temperature, and printing speed are estabilished the lowest allowable layer thickness and an appropriate choice of retraction movements are required in order to realize 3D-printed objects without morphological defects visible to the naked eyes. In the case of wood biocomposite, the printing process was complicated by frequent obstructions, and in none of the operating conditions was it possible to obtain an aesthetically satisfying piece of the chosen geometry (Lego-type bricks) Finally, mechanical testing on the 3D printed parts of each system showed that the recycled PLA behaves similarly to virgin and wood/PLA filaments.

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Caponetto, Rosa, Massimo Cuomo, Maurizio Detommaso, Giada Giuffrida, Antonio Lo Presti, and Francesco Nocera. "Performance Assessment of Giant Reed-Based Building Components." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 2114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032114.

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The growing concern for the reduction of energy needs and the environmental impact of the building sector has placed emphasis on the possibilities offered by natural materials. The adoption of agricultural by-products seems to be promising and in line with the circular economy paradigm. Materials such as hemp and straw have been extensively adopted in contemporary construction, but nevertheless, the potential use of giant reed has not been sufficiently investigated despite being a common infesting plant abundantly available all over the planet. This work focuses on the performances assessment of lime/cement–reeds mixtures as base materials to design a new line of building components (bricks, blocks, panels and loose insulation) that can be used both in new bio-based construction and in existing buildings for energy-efficiency retrofit. The main materials used in the experimental campaign are giant reed by-products, lime, cement and local and recycled aggregates. The evaluation of the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of lime–reed and cement–reed composites are presented. The results of thermal conductivities (between 0.245 and 0.191 W/m K) and mechanical properties (compressive strengths between 0.848 and 1.509 MPa, and flexural strengths between 0.483 and 0.829 MPa) allow meeting the requirements for non-bearing and thermal building blocks. The outcomes show how blocks made with the abovementioned lime–reed mixture have good mechanical performance and thermo-physical behavior when compared to conventional building materials such as hollow clay or hemp blocks with the same thickness.

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Defonseka, Chris. "Rice hulls pellets as alternate solid fuel for energy generation." Polymers from Renewable Resources 9, no. 3-4 (October 1, 2018): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041247918799774.

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Rice is the staple diet of over half the population of the world at an estimated production volume of well over 800 million metric tonnes per month, the second largest produced cereal in the world. Rice grows from tropics to subtropical to warm temperature countries up to 400 S and 500 N of the equator. Four major environments are associated with rice growing as follows: irrigated, rain-fed lowlands, upland and flood prone. Fifty per cent of rice grown are consumed by China and India, and until a few years ago, the rice hulls (husks) resulting from hulling have been considered as agricultural waste and only used in a few small end applications. However, due to diligent research, the full potential of this valuable commodity is being realized and three significant products are being manufactured using this biomass – polymeric composite resins, polymeric lumber as an ideal substitute for natural wood, and more recently, rice hulls solid pellets as an alternative for diesel oil and coal as fuel for energy generation. While the first two are made from combinations of rice hulls flour and polymer resins, the last one is made by compression with suitable small quantities of additives primarily for adhesion. The dimensions and densities of these solid pellets can be varied to suit end applications and also to assist fuel feeding systems. When rice hulls solid pellets are used as fuel, they will generate ash in the combustion chamber and also flue ash which can be easily collected and both items can be successfully recycled. They can be used as filler for bricks, for roofing tiles, extraction of silica (>70%), fertilizer, chemical spill absorbents, filtration mediums and some others. The high content of silica in the ash will provide an enhanced moisture barrier for bricks and roofing tiles. A major end application is its usage as a component for the production of Portland cement. Rice hulls are also an ideal feedstock for producing bio-diesel, and for this purpose, thermochemical processes like pyrolysis and gasification can be used. This research study shows that rice hulls basically consisting of lignin polymer and 20% silica can be made into solid pellets and effectively used as an alternate fuel for petro-based diesel oil and coal for generation of energy. This emerging fuel from renewable sources can even replace the current usage of wooden pellets. Moreover, the resulting ash and flue ash from the combustion of rice hulls will have many viable end uses in industrial, commercial and chemical industries.

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Schrank, Franz. "Sensor Integration Technologies for Internet of Things." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2015, S1 (October 1, 2015): S1—S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2015-slide-3.

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Internet of things (IoT) will influence all areas from consumer to health care to building and home automation and to observation. IoT enables direct communication between objects via internet. The main functional blocks of IoT devices are sensing, data transmitting, processing and analysis and subsequent actuation. As a result such a system will consist of sensors, actuators, wireless connection, data processing, power management, energy harvesting, memory and software. A total market volume of almost 400 Bio US$ is predicted for 2024 whereof about 12Bio US$ are expected for IoT sensors (Yole2014)). The main challenges are to reduce footprint (e.g. wearables, swarm), reduce costs of system, improve reliability and provide better performance. For example the costs of today's smart sensor systems are in the 100–1000US$ range and for 2024 an ASP in the 1US$ $ level is expected (Yole2014). To enable this, a high level of integration is needed for the next generations of IoT sensors. This will on one hand reduce costs and form factor but also enable multi sensors devices. More than Moore integration of functions offers the potential to meet both performance and cost targets for mass-market adoption. In addition to SoC (System on Chip) and SiP (System in Package) heterogeneous 3D integrations will be key enablers. 3D integration with the main technology bricks like TSV (Through Silicon Via), RDL (Redistribution Layer), D2W (Die to Wafer) and W2W (Wafer to Wafer) stacking and embedding allows to combine different technologies - different CMOS notes, MEMS, photonics, etc. At the same time expensive single die packaging can be avoided. The presentation will focus on reviewing 3D integration technologies and their potential for IoT from the perspective of a sensor solution provider.

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Bánhidi, Viktor, and László A. Gömze. "Improvement of Insulation Properties of Conventional Brick Products." Materials Science Forum 589 (June 2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.589.1.

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The use of technologically byproduct agricultural wastes in various segments of the brick and tile industry is increasing continuously. The additives, mixed into the raw clay ignite during the firing process, adding extra thermal energy from inside the mixture decreasing the energy requirements of the manufacturing process. Added to this, through the combustion of the bio-wastes the porosity increases enhancing the thermal insulation properties of the final product. We have investigated some common, agricultural wastes to determine their effect on the thermal properties of bricks. In our experiments industry relevant amounts of additives (sawdust, rice-peel, seed-shell) were added to the basic clay composition. We have prepared mixtures with additive concentrations of 0, 4, 7 percentage by weight. The preparations of the samples were (milling, drying and firing) following industrial standard procedures. Precise thermal conductivity data were gathered from all samples using a RAPID-K type static thermal conductivity measuring instrument. Our measurements show that by increasing the amount of the organic byproducts in the clay mixture it is possible to significantly decrease their thermal conductivity, leading to an improved insulation capability of commercial brick products. On the other hand, there was only a minor reduction in the mechanical strength found during previous works. The investigated agricultural byproducts were also ranked based on their effect on the product's thermal properties. It was found that the largest decrease to the thermal conductivity was caused by the sunflower seed-shell additive. Mixing 7 % wt. seed shell to the clay, we can decrease the thermal conductivity of the fired product from 0,27 W/m·K to 0,17 W/m·K (36%). We have found that under the same conditions the sawdust caused the least improvement, only a decrease of 0,27 W/m·K to 0,23 W/m·K (16%) was measured.

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Yadav, Virendra Kumar, Daoud Ali, Samreen Heena Khan, Govindhan Gnanamoorthy, Nisha Choudhary, Krishna Kumar Yadav, Van Nam Thai, Seik Altaf Hussain, and Salim Manhrdas. "Synthesis and Characterization of Amorphous Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by the Sonochemical Method and Their Application for the Remediation of Heavy Metals from Wastewater." Nanomaterials 10, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 1551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10081551.

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Nanoparticles have gained huge attention in the last decade due to their applications in electronics, medicine, and environmental clean-up. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are widely used for the wastewater treatment due to their recyclable nature and easy manipulation by an external magnetic field. Here, in the present research work, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the sonochemical method by using precursors of ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride at 70 °C for one hour in an ultrasonicator. The synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized by diffraction light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The FTIR analysis exhibits characteristic absorption bands of IONPs at 400–800 cm−1, while the Raman spectra showed three characteristic bands at 273, 675, and 1379 cm−1 for the synthesized IONPs. The XRD data revealed three major intensity peaks at two theta, 33°, 35°, and 64° which indicated the presence of maghemite and magnetite phase. The size of the spherical shaped IONPs was varying from 9–70 nm with an average size of 38.9 nm while the size of cuboidal shaped particle size was in microns. The purity of the synthesized IONPs was confirmed by the EDS attached to the FESEM, which clearly show sharp peaks for Fe and O, while the magnetic behavior of the IONPs was confirmed by the VSM measurement and the magnetization was 2.43 emu/g. The batch adsorption study of lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) from 20% fly ash aqueous solutions was carried out by using 0.6 mg/100 mL IONPs, which exhibited maximum removal efficiency i.e., 97.96% and 82.8% for Pb2+ and Cr ions, respectively. The fly ash are being used in making cements, tiles, bricks, bio fertilizers etc., where the presence of fly ash is undesired property which has to be either removed or will be brought up to the value of acceptable level in the fly ash. Therefore, the synthesized IONPs, can be applied in the elimination of heavy metals and other undesired elements from fly ash with a short period of time. Moreover, the IONPs that have been used as a nanoadsorbent can be recovered from the reaction mixture by applying an external magnetic field that can be recycled and reused. Therefore, this study can be effective in all the fly ash-based industries for elimination of the undesired elements, while recyclability and reusable nature of IONPs will make the whole adsorption or elimination process much economical.

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Kumar, Naresh, Piyush Gaur, S. Kaliappan, L. Natrayan, S. Socrates, Pravin P. Patil, and Subash Thanappan. "Processing and Characterization of Novel Bio-Waste Hybrid Brick Composites for Pollution Control." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2022 (July 21, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3127135.

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The main focus of this research is to enhance the use of eco-friendly materials these days. The current materials used in building construction are chemical-based and are harmful to humans and the environment. This research work has developed a new type of hybrid brick by using natural fibres and waste materials. This research focuses on fabricating novel bricks reinforced with different percentages of coconut waste fibre, wheat straw fibre, waste wood animal dung ash, gypsum, sand, and cement. The fabricated novel brick’s physical, mechanical, chemical, acoustic, and heat-absorbing properties were evaluated.

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DIMITRIJEVIC, NADA M., LINDA DE LA GARZA, and TIJANA RAJH. "LIGHT-INDUCED CHARGE SEPARATION ACROSS BIO-INORGANIC INTERFACE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 04 (February 10, 2009): 473–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209049942.

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Rational design of hybrid biomolecule — nanoparticulate semiconductor conjugates enables coupling of functionality of biomolecules with the capability of semiconductors for solar energy capture, that can have potential application in energy conversion, sensing and catalysis. The particular challenge is to obtain efficient charge separation analogous to the natural photosynthesis process. The synthesis of axially anisotropic TiO 2 nano-objects such as tubes, rods and bricks, as well as spherical and faceted nanoparticles has been developed in our laboratory. Depending on their size and shape, these nanostructures exhibit different domains of crystallinity, surface areas and aspect ratios. Moreover, in order to accommodate for high curvature in nanoscale regime, the surfaces of TiO 2 nano-objects reconstructs resulting in changes in the coordination of surface Ti atoms from octahedral (D2d) to square pyramidal structures (C4v). The formation of these coordinatively unsaturated Ti atoms, thus depends strongly on the size and shape of nanocrystallites and affects trapping and reactivity of photogenerated charges. We have exploited these coordinatively unsaturated Ti atoms to coupe electron-donating (such as dopamine) and electron-accepting (pyrroloquinoline quinone) conductive linkers that allow wiring of biomolecules and proteins resulting in enhanced charge separation which increases the yield of ensuing chemical transformations.

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Gaurav Rokade, Vaibhav Yerme, Gaurav Pithore, Dhiraj Dixit, and Prof. S. Mane. "Bio- Bricks." International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, June 30, 2022, 562–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-5604.

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India is among the main three makers of waste on the planet and produces colossal measure of agro-squander that should be arranged. Simultaneously, interest for natural substances, particularly blocks, is truly expanding for Indian development businesses. The bio blocks we created from normal agropaste have an immensely preferable net carbon impression over standard structure materials and are exceptionally modest and straightforward underway. Building development is one of the quickest developing enterprises in India and it puts an immense weight on its restricted regular assets. This study attempts to feature the utilization of elective materials and how they can be balanced to suit the Indian development industry. Bio-block or Agro-squander based block is one such material that can possibly be a maintainable and financially savvy arrangement.

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Ngayakamo, Blasius, Assia Mahamat Aboubakar, Charles Gbetoglo Komadja, Abdulhakeem Bello, and Azikiwe Peter Onwualu. "Eco-friendly use of eggshell powder as a bio-filler and flux material to enhance technological properties of fired clay bricks." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, June 10, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/628.

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In this work, an experimental investigation on the use of eggshell powder from waste eggshells as an alternative source of bio-filler and flux to enhance the technological properties of fired clay bricks were carried out. Four different batch compositions were formed with eggshell powder as a bio-filler and flux replacing clay-soil up to 15 wt.%. The clay bricks were prepared by the casting method and were fired at 800, 900, and 1000 °C at the heating rate of 8 °C/min for 120 minutes. The raw materials and produced fired clay bricks were characterized by SEM/EDS, XRF, and XRD, respectively. Besides, technological properties of fired clay bricks (eg. water absorption, apparent porosity, bulk density, and compressive strength) were also determined. The results showed that adding 15 wt.% of eggshell powder as a bio-filler and flux yielded a compressive strength of 4.8 MPa, the bulk density of 2.1 g/cm3, and a lower water absorption value of 11.1% at the firing temperature of 1000 °C. Consequently, the use of eggshell as a bio-filler and flux to enhance the technological properties of fired clay bricks is promising and can be considered as an effective alternative method to reduce environmental concerns caused by inappropriate discarding and landfill construction to dispose of eggshell waste.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bio-bricks'

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