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Journal articles on the topic 'Bio energy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Simanjuntak, Wasinton, Kamisah Delilawati Pandiangan, Tika Dwi Febriyanti, Aryani Putri Islami, Sutopo Hadi, and Ilim Ilim. "Catalytic upgrading of palm oil derived bio-crude oil for bio-hydrocarbon enrichment using protonated zeolite-Y as catalyst." AIMS Energy 12, no. 3 (2024): 600–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2024028.

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<abstract> <p>This research was conducted to study upgrading bio-crude oil (BCO) produced by pyrolysis of palm oil without the use of a catalyst, using protonated zeolite-Y designated as H-Y. Preparation of H-Y was carried out by subjecting zeolite-Y synthesized from rice husk silica (RHS) and food grade aluminium foil (FGAF) to a cation exchange process using ammonium nitrate solution with different concentrations of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 M to obtain (H-Y) samples with different protonation extents. To confirm the formation of Na-Y, the sample was characterized using XRD and SEM,

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2

Andersen, Otto. "Special Issue: Bio-blended Fuels." AIMS Energy, no. 1 (2013): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2013.1.1.

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3

Macaskie, Lynne E., Mark D. Redwood, Rafael Orozco, and Natasha Bridges. "‘Bio’-solutions to recover ‘bio’-energy from ‘bio’-waste." Journal of Biotechnology 136 (October 2008): S429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.993.

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4

Thomas, Jubin. "Optimizing Bio-energy Supply Chain to Achieve Alternative Energy Targets." Journal of Electrical Systems 20, no. 6s (2024): 2260–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/jes.3176.

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In response to global warming and the dwindling reservoirs of fossil fuels, Thailand has increasingly embraced alternative energy sources. Central to its energy development strategy is the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP), which aims to reduce energy intensity, capitalize on residual resources, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. While significant strides have been made in meeting various consumption targets set forth by the AEDP, notable challenges persist, particularly in the realms of bio-mass-derived electricity generation, bio-gas utilization, and bio-ethanol production from

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5

Kim, Tae-Young, Se-Jun Jin, Se-Hun Park, and Hee-Dong Pyo. "The Economic Impacts of Marine Bio-energy Development Project." Journal of Energy Engineering 22, no. 2 (2013): 184–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2013.22.2.184.

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6

Frederiksen, Pia, and Marion Bogers. "Editorial: Bio-energy landscapes." Biomass and Bioenergy 55 (August 2013): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.05.019.

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7

Sun, Guan-Cheng. "Qigong: Bio-Energy Medicine." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 14, no. 8 (2008): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0231.

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8

Chen, Jie, Ye Xi Zhong, and Cai Ying Ni. "Energy Supply by Energy Forest in Enköping Sweden." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 1354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1354.

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Green structure can not only be used for energy saving system, but also can be an energy production source called bio-energy, to support the use of renewable energy sources for generating electricity and heat. The district heating system in Enköping has connected all mayor buildings in the town and also most of the single-family houses. In 1994 a CHP plant was commissioned on bio-energy and in 1997 an oil-fired boiler was converted to wood powder. Since then all electricity and all heat produced are based on bio-energy.

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9

Zhang, Xiaoyue, Caiyan Gao, and Xiaoyong Wu. "Construction of BiO2−x/Bi2O2.75 heterojunction for highly efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction." Functional Materials Letters 14, no. 02 (2021): 2150010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604721500107.

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Nowadays, using solar energy to convert CO2 into hydrocarbon fuels such as CO and methanol is considered as an attractive approach to alleviate environmental pollution and the energy crisis. However, the easy recombination of photo-generated carriers and holes of photocatalyst is still the main factor that inhibits photocatalytic performance for CO2 conversion. In this study, the BiO[Formula: see text]/Bi2O[Formula: see text] heterojunction complex was successfully synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method. The BiO[Formula: see text]/Bi2O[Formula: see text] heterogeneous catalyst shows grea

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10

Chen, Lihao, and Kunio Yoshikawa. "Bio-oil upgrading by cracking in two-stage heated reactors." AIMS Energy 6, no. 1 (2018): 203–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2018.1.203.

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11

Bishnu, Pada Bose, Dhar Moumita, and Ghosh Diptasri. "BIO-WASTE TO BIO-ENERGY: A PERSPECTIVE FROM INDIA." International Journal of Applied and Advanced Scientific Research (IJAASR) 7, no. 1 (2022): 51–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6326890.

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Present crises of climate change, environmental degradation, poverty, food security, and energy optimization are critical challenges linked with the linear model of the economy based on continuous extraction of natural resources, dependency on fossil fuels, and unsustainable production & consumption. Due to the growing population rate and economic development, an enormous amount of bio-waste is being generated in India; on the other hand, globally, to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) and climate change mitigation, the demand for bio-energy is increasing rapidly. Diverse types of bio-waste gener

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12

N. Tande, Lifita, and Valerie Dupont. "Autothermal reforming of palm empty fruit bunch bio-oil: thermodynamic modelling." AIMS Energy 4, no. 1 (2016): 68–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2016.1.68.

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13

Xiao, Mei, Biao Liu, Hua Qiu, and Chun Xiang Wang. "Overview about Bio-Energy and Food Security." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.540.

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Abstract. Introducing the development background of bio-energy in our country,the present situation and trends of international bio-energy research,the bio-energy development path under the constraint of food security,telling the study meaning of bio-energy and food security problem,and doing some study and prospect on this issue to our country. Bio-energy is divided into three generations according to the extractive technology and the use of material.The first generation is based on the sugar and starch to produce alcohol or oil crops to produce bio-diesel.And it is also the bio-energy that h

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14

., Ajit, Harshita Kumari, and Kashish Sharma. "BIO-MASS ENERGY PRESENT SCENARIO." International Journal of Technical Research & Science Special, Issue1 (2020): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30780/specialissue-icrdet-2019/004.

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15

Lehmann, Johannes. "Bio-energy in the black." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment preprint, no. 2007 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/060133.

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16

Lehmann, Johannes. "Bio-energy in the black." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5, no. 7 (2007): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[381:bitb]2.0.co;2.

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17

Baek, Min-Ji, Ho-Young Kim, and Seung-Hoon Yoo. "An Analysis on the Economic Impacts of the Bio-gas Supply Sector." Journal of Energy Engineering 23, no. 2 (2014): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2014.23.2.074.

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18

Kareem, Kashif, Maheen Rasheed, Aliha Liaquat, Abu Md Mehdi Hassan, Muhammad Imran Javed, and Muhammad Asif. "Clean Energy Production from Jatropha Plant as Renewable Energy Source of Biodiesel." ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering 2, no. 2 (2021): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ajse.v2i2.39163.

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Population of the world is increasing very rapidly, due to which energy demand is also is increasing unfortunately Pakistan has deficiency of petroleum of reservoir. Pakistan is producing about 64% of its primary energy from fossil fuel which has serious burden on its economy. At the same Pakistan has been blessed by bio-energy production from different types of biomass waste, jatropha is a wild plant which can at any type of land like in Thar, Thal, Cholistan, and other barren land zones. Sample of jatropha raw oil was collected from local market and it was converted into bio-diesel by transe

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19

Ghosh, Sadhan Kumar. "Biomass & Bio-waste Supply Chain Sustainability for Bio-energy and Bio-fuel Production." Procedia Environmental Sciences 31 (2016): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.02.005.

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20

Hasanudin, Hasanudin, Wan Ryan Asri, Utari Permatahati, et al. "Conversion of crude palm oil to biofuels via catalytic hydrocracking over NiN-supported natural bentonite." AIMS Energy 11, no. 2 (2023): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2023011.

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<abstract> <p>Nickel nitride supported on natural bentonite was prepared and tested for hydrocracking Crude Palm Oil (CPO). The catalyst was prepared using the wet impregnation method and various nickel nitride loading. Subsequently, the nickel nitrate-bentonite was calcined and nitrided under H<sub>2</sub> steam. The surface acidity of as-synthesized NiN-bentonite was evaluated using the gravimetric pyridine gas. Meanwhile, the physiochemical features of the catalyst were assessed using XRD, FT-IR and SEM-EDX. The results showed that the NiN species was finely disperse

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21

Urooj, Shabana, Athar Hussain, and Narayani Srivastava. "Biodiesel Production from Algal Blooms." International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering 2, no. 3 (2012): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmtie.2012070106.

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Usage of Bio-energy is becoming more and more prominent due to the peak oil crisis. Bio-energy is the energy which can be synthesized using methods and raw material which are available in nature and are derived from the biological sources. They are referred as bio-mass energy, bio-diesel, and bio-power. In this paper the study has been carried out on bio-energy generation in form of bio-diesel and the bio-diesel is produced in the laboratory conditions by using base catalyzed trans-esterification process. The nomenclature bio-diesel is given to the oil which can be generated by using the raw m

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22

János, Jóvér, Antal Károly, Zsembeli József, Blaskó Lajos, and Tamás János. "Assessment of gross calorific value of crop and bio-energy residues." Research in Agricultural Engineering 64, No. 3 (2018): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/13/2017-rae.

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This study assessed the gross calorific values (GCV) of crop and bio-energy residues. In addition, it assessed the calorific values of sweet sorghum to clarify its potential as energy crop in the region. Furthermore, it statistically analysed the ash remaining after burning three bio-energy residues, bagasse, oil cakes and fermented sludge of biogas production, to identify their potential for agricultural use. Finally, the study calculated alkali content based on nutrient content and GCVs. Significant differences were found among the GCVs of the investigated materials. Among the crop residues,

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23

Choi, Hyoyeon, Jaehyung Kim, and Daewon Pak. "Comparison of pretreatment of fallen leaves for application evaluation by Bio-ethanol raw material." Journal of Energy Engineering 23, no. 3 (2014): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2014.23.3.241.

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24

Tripathi, Bhavya. "Role of Biomass (Bio-Diesel, Bio-Ethanol, Biomass Pyro-Lysis), Solar Energy and Green Energy Related Project." Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology 13, no. 2 (2022): 10. https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-7463.13.2.447.

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The present work outlines the energy crisis produced by burning of excess amount of fossil fuels. The scientists and environmentalists come to realize the importance of renewable amount of energy to eradicate the pollution by developing new technologies and discussing its pros and cons, in addition to it developing sustainable ways to tackle the problem of global warming and green-house effect. There is a need to understand the development of developing the bio-fuel project by undergoing the cumulative aspects of various environmental, man-made, resource etc. We cannot only rely on the unique

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25

Alsaleh, Mohd, and A. Abdul-Rahim. "Financial Development and Bioenergy Consumption in the EU28 Region: Evidence from Panel Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Bound Approach." Resources 8, no. 1 (2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8010044.

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This paper investigates the relationship between financial development and bio-energy consumption in the European Union (EU28) countries for the period from 1990 to 2013 through the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach and causality analysis. The empirical results show that financial development shows a significant positive impact, at a 1% statistical level, on bio-energy consumption for the EU28 during the studied period. In developing countries, the financial market indicator affects bio-energy consumption outgrowth positively and significantly at a 1% statistical level. For

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26

Mandić, Vilko, Arijeta Bafti, Ivana Panžić, and Floren Radovanović-Perić. "Bio-Based Aerogels in Energy Storage Systems." Gels 10, no. 7 (2024): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10070438.

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Bio-aerogels have emerged as promising materials for energy storage, providing a sustainable alternative to conventional aerogels. This review addresses their syntheses, properties, and characterization challenges for use in energy storage devices such as rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. Derived from renewable sources (such as cellulose, lignin, and chitosan), bio-based aerogels exhibit mesoporosity, high specific surface area, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, making them advantageous for environmental sustainability. Bio-based aerogels serve as electrodes and se

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27

Rajkumar, Mr P. "Energy Harvesting using Bio Mechanical Knee." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, no. 7 (2020): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.30299.

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28

., Urba Ziyauddin Siddiqui. "THE FUTURE OF ENERGY BIO BATTERY." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 02, no. 11 (2013): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2013.0211017.

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29

Kotasthane, Tanmay, and Akula Umakanth. "Energy Canes for Bio-Ethanol Production." International Journal of Marine Biology and Research 2, no. 2 (2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/24754706/2/2/00115.

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30

Thorat, BS, GR Pawar, AS Patil, K. Gangadharam, and AD Kadlag. "Sugarcane: A treasure of bio-energy." International Journal of Research in Agronomy 7, no. 7S (2024): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/2618060x.2024.v7.i7se.1046.

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31

Catacuzzeno, L., F. Orfei, A. Di Michele, L. Sforna, F. Franciolini, and L. Gammaitoni. "Energy harvesting from a bio cell." Nano Energy 56 (February 2019): 823–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.12.023.

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32

Stratton, Andrew. "Bio-energy, technology, thermodynamics and costs." Trends in Biotechnology 3, no. 2 (1985): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(85)90065-4.

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33

Hall, D. O. "Bio-energy: technology, thermodynamics and costs." Fuel 64, no. 2 (1985): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(85)90233-9.

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34

Gul, Mahwash Mahar, and Khuram Shahzad Ahmad. "Bioelectrochemical systems: Sustainable bio-energy powerhouses." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 142 (October 2019): 111576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.111576.

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35

Yan, Xuehai. "Bio-inspired photosystem for green energy." Green Energy & Environment 2, no. 2 (2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2016.11.009.

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36

Gold, Stefan. "Bio-energy supply chains and stakeholders." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 16, no. 4 (2010): 439–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-010-9272-8.

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37

Herendeen, Robert. "All the Energy That's Fit to Print: Communicating the Value of Energy." BioScience 62, no. 7 (2012): 691–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.7.12.

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38

Afroz, Abanti Shama, Donato Romano, Francesco Inglese, and Cesare Stefanini. "Towards Bio-Hybrid Energy Harvesting in the Real-World: Pushing the Boundaries of Technologies and Strategies Using Bio-Electrochemical and Bio-Mechanical Processes." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (2021): 2220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052220.

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Sustainable, green energy harvesting has gained a considerable amount of attention over the last few decades and within its vast field of resources, bio-energy harvesters have become promising. These bio-energy harvesters appear in a wide variety and function either by directly generating energy with mechanisms similar to living organisms or indirectly by extracting energy from living organisms. Presently this new generation of energy harvesters is fueling various low-power electronic devices while being extensively researched for large-scale applications. In this review we concentrate on rece

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39

Wang, Hou Quan. "Study on Coordinated Development between Bio-Energy and Circular Agriculture." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.255.

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Bio energy and circular agriculture is the hot topic of current research，and they are the main direction of future agricultural development. Based on the study of bio-energy and circular agriculture relations, this paper analyzes the problems in coordinated development of bio-energy and circular agriculture, and then it discusses the measures for coordinated development between bio-energy and circular agriculture from policy, technology and propaganda. This helps to solve the problems of energy shortage, the rural economy development lag and environmental pollution in China.

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40

S,, Narendra Kumar. "Renewable Energy Through Soil Segmented Bio-Batteries." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 01 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem40754.

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The increasing global demand for energy and the environmental challenges posed by fossil fuels necessitate the exploration of alternative, renewable energy sources. Soil-based bio-batteries offer a sustainable solution by converting organic matter into electricity. This study introduces segmented bio-batteries, which integrate multiple microbial cells in series or parallel, improving power density and scalability. Manure from cattle, birds, and sheep is used as an organic substrate to enhance microbial activity, optimizing energy output. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of se

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41

Pan, Baixin. "Integrating Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) for BioEnerNet in the Internet of Things (IoT) landscape." Applied and Computational Engineering 70, no. 1 (2024): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/70/20240983.

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The BioEnerNet project aims to revolutionize the bio energy sector by integrating blockchain technology through a Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) model. This paper explores the potential of implementing a BaaS framework in BioEnerNet to create a sustainable bio energy network. By leveraging blockchain technology, BioEnerNet can enhance transparency, security, and efficiency in energy transactions, paving the way for a more sustainable and decentralized bio energy ecosystem. This abstract sets the stage for a detailed examination of the BioEnerNet - BaaS framework and its implications for the fu

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42

Zhang, Guoying. "Application of Bio-energy in Ecological Economy Construction." E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185302002.

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With the development of economy, environmental pollution especially the quality of atmosphere has become an urgent problem. Bio-energy is introduced first in this dissertation. Then the meaning of exploitation and utilization of bio-energy is analyzed. In the end, central heating project in Linan Banqiao town is introduced to provide a useful case for the reasonable utilization of bio-energy in ecological economy construction.

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43

Tel-Dan, R., J. Bachar, and S. Rosenwaks. "Energy transfer from singlet molecular oxygen to Bi, Bi2, and BiO." Chemical Physics Letters 126, no. 6 (1986): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(86)80166-x.

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44

He, Gang, Hu Yang, Tao Chen, Yuan Ning, Huatao Zou, and Feng Zhu. "Lattice Structure Design Method Aimed at Energy Absorption Performance Based on Bionic Design." Machines 10, no. 10 (2022): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10100965.

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To obtain the lattice structure with excellent energy absorption performance, the structure of loofah inner fiber is studied to develop bionic design of lattice structure by experiment and simulation analysis method. From the compression experiment about the four bionic multi-cell lattice structures (bio-45, bio-60, bio-75, and bio-90) and VC lattice structures, we found that all are made of PLA and fabricated by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer. The comprehensive performance of bio-90 lattice structure is the best in the performance of the specific volume energy absorption (SEAv

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45

Amin, Rafiqi Rajauddin, Rimbi Rodiyana Sova, Dewinta Intan Laily, and Dina Kartika Maharani. "STUDI POTENSI LIMBAH TEMBAKAU MENJADI BIO-OIL MENGGUNAKAN METODE FAST-PYROLYSIS SEBAGAI ENERGI TERBARUKAN." Jurnal Kimia Riset 5, no. 2 (2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkr.v5i2.22513.

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The rapid development of industry causes the need for fuel and energy to increase, especially fossil fuels (petroleum). This has the effect of an energy crisis. Biomass is of particular concern as one of the renewable energy sources to address the current energy crisis. Biomass consists of hemiselulose, cellulose, and lignin that can be converted into liquids (bio-oils) of pyrolysis. One of the wastes that can be converted into bio-oil is tobacco waste. Tobacco waste is produced by more than 2 million tons eachs. The waste has the potential to be further processed into bio oil using fast pyrol

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46

Ekwe, Ogbebor Clara, Oshevwiyo Vincent Akpoveta, Jude Onoriode Otedo, et al. "STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON BIO-ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM CASSAVA FLOUR AND CASSAVA PEELS: AN INSIGHT INTO BIO-ENERGY PROCESSES." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 9, no. 3 (2025): 333–39. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2025-0903-3284.

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Knowledge of fermentation parameters with respect to temperature is necessary in bio-ethanol production; as an important process in bio-energy applications for green energy utilization. Bio-ethanol provides an alternative clean energy source that can be obtained from biomass, thereby mitigating pollution problems associated with using environmentally unfriendly energy sources. A study into the effect of temperature on bio-ethanol production from cassava flour and cassava peels was investigated. Temperature was varied between 30-60oC at 5oC intervals and the volume of bio-ethanol produced was e

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47

Zhao, Xianhui, Lin Wei, and James Julson. "First stage of bio-jet fuel production: non-food sunflower oil extraction using cold press method." AIMS Energy 2, no. 2 (2014): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2014.02.193.

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48

B. Norman, Jonathan, and Marcelle McManus. "The techno-economic viability of bio-synthetic natural gas production utilising willow grown on contaminated land." AIMS Energy 7, no. 3 (2019): 285–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2019.3.285.

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49

Ahmad Rizal, RUSDIANASARI, and Leila Kalsum. "Fatty Acid Methyl Ester as an Additional Ingredient in Rice Husk Bio-Pellets to Improve Product Quality." Journal of Mechanical, Civil and Industrial Engineering 4, no. 3 (2023): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jmcie.2023.4.3.4.

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The depletion of fossil energy reserves and the emission of fossil energy which is not environmentally friendly causes the need to use renewable energy as an alternative. Biopellet is a biomass-based renewable energy in Indonesia. Bio-pellets are produced from a large biomass base. Thus, bio-pellets have the potential and promise to continue to be used as fuel by humans. The literature review covers the characteristics of rice husk bio-pellets and the application of bio-pellets as fuel with the addition of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) as an additive to rice husk bio-pellets. Bio-pellets can

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50

Michael Ioelovich. "Thermal energy of plant biomass, its components, and secondary biofuels." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 24, no. 3 (2024): 2786–94. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.24.3.4014.

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The main purpose of this article was to study the content of thermal energy (Q)and energy density (ED) in various biomass types, in the biomass components such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, and some other substances, as well as, in biomass-based secondary biofuels, solid (bio-char), liquid (bio-alcohols, bio-gasoline, biodiesel fuels), and gaseous (bio-hydrogen, bio-methane, syngas). For this purpose, methods of chemical thermodynamics were used. It was found that the increased content of lignin, lipids, resins, and waxes in the biomass contributes to its high Q value, while moisture a

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