Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bio fuels and Bio waste

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Bio fuels and Bio waste'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Bio fuels and Bio waste"

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Barman, Ananya, Sangita Bhattacharjee, Trina Dutta, et al. "Biofuel from organic waste- a smart solution to conserve nonrenewable resources – A review." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2286, no. 1 (2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2286/1/012028.

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Abstract Use of bio-fuels, fuels produced from renewable organic material, has the potential to reduce undesirable aspects of fossil fuel production and usage including conventional and greenhouse gas emission. With the continuously depleting fossil fuel reserve, production of biofuel from various feed stocks and processes have shown high potential to provide efficient and cost-effective alternatives, such as, algal photosynthesis, electrochemical carbon fixation, apart from well-developed technologies of production of bio-ethanol and bio diesel. A wide range of bio-fuels including charcoal, bio-oil, renewable diesel, methane and hydrogen can be obtained by pyrolysis of suitable biomass.
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Bishnu, Pada Bose, Dhar Moumita, and Ghosh Diptasri. "BIO-WASTE TO BIO-ENERGY: A PERSPECTIVE FROM INDIA." International Journal of Applied and Advanced Scientific Research (IJAASR) 7, no. 1 (2022): 51–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6326890.

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Present crises of climate change, environmental degradation, poverty, food security, and energy optimization are critical challenges linked with the linear model of the economy based on continuous extraction of natural resources, dependency on fossil fuels, and unsustainable production & consumption. Due to the growing population rate and economic development, an enormous amount of bio-waste is being generated in India; on the other hand, globally, to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) and climate change mitigation, the demand for bio-energy is increasing rapidly. Diverse types of bio-waste generated in India are causing long-term environmental pollution and biodiversity loss; on the other hand, research data reveals that bio-waste has enormous potential in supplementing virgin resources and energy generations. In the early civilization, bio‐wastes were either dumped or burnt off in the open environment leading to environmental degradation, increased concentration of GHG, and incurred a considerable amount of economic cost. The globally accepted circular economy principle for bio-waste utilization holds the promise for providing sustainable long-term solutions towards bio-waste valorisation and supplementing virgin resources and non-renewable energy, respectively. Utilization of diverse category bio-waste with the circular economy principle helps to reduce the volume of the waste dump and is used as raw materials for other fields of applications such as bio-energy, bio-chemical, and bio-fuel. This paper describes the present state of the arts of recycling and valorisation opportunities of bio-waste for bio-energy generation through the circular economy principle, leading to replenishing the depletion of natural resources, reducing the dependency on fossil fuel, reducing global warming, and helping to integrate global sustainability.
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Amin, Rafiqi Rajauddin, Rimbi Rodiyana Sova, Dewinta Intan Laily, and Dina Kartika Maharani. "STUDI POTENSI LIMBAH TEMBAKAU MENJADI BIO-OIL MENGGUNAKAN METODE FAST-PYROLYSIS SEBAGAI ENERGI TERBARUKAN." Jurnal Kimia Riset 5, no. 2 (2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkr.v5i2.22513.

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The rapid development of industry causes the need for fuel and energy to increase, especially fossil fuels (petroleum). This has the effect of an energy crisis. Biomass is of particular concern as one of the renewable energy sources to address the current energy crisis. Biomass consists of hemiselulose, cellulose, and lignin that can be converted into liquids (bio-oils) of pyrolysis. One of the wastes that can be converted into bio-oil is tobacco waste. Tobacco waste is produced by more than 2 million tons eachs. The waste has the potential to be further processed into bio oil using fast pyrolysis method with efficient and quality bio-oil manufacturing measures. The bio-oil results from tobacco waste using the fast pyrolysis method have values of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and other organic compounds and the H/C ratio is greater than the yield of tobacco waste bio-oil using the low pyrolysis method. Where the bio-oil of tobacco waste using the fast pyrolysis method has a high heating value equivalent to the distribution of hydrocarbons from biodiesel, which means it has the potential as an alternative energy to replace petroleum. The potential as a substitute fuel for petroleum must also be balanced with fast and efficient production, maximizing bio-oil production by selecting the reactor and the optimum temperature usedKeywords: Waste, Tobacco, Bio-Oil, Renewable Energy, Fast-pyrolisis
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Sánchez-Borrego, Francisco José, Paloma Álvarez-Mateos, and Juan F. García-Martín. "Biodiesel and Other Value-Added Products from Bio-Oil Obtained from Agrifood Waste." Processes 9, no. 5 (2021): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050797.

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Bio-oil is a promising source of chemicals and renewable fuels. As the liquid phase obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass, the composition and amount of bio-oil generated depend not only on the type of the biomass but also on the conditions under which pyrolysis is performed. Most fossil fuels can be replaced by bio-oil-derived products. Thus, bio-oil can be used directly or co-fed along with fossil fuels in boilers, transformed into fuel for car engines by hydrodeoxygenation or even used as a more suitable source for H2 production than biomass. On the other hand, due to its rich composition in compounds resulting from the pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, bio-oil co-acts as a source of various value-added chemicals such as aromatic compounds. This review presents an overview of the potential applications of bio-oils and the pyrolysis conditions under which they are obtained. Then, different extraction methods for value-added chemicals, along with the most recent developments, are discussed and future research directions for bio-oil upgrades are highlighted.
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Ye, Hei Yu. "The Transformation of Biomass to Bio-nature Gas, Principles and Future Development Trends." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 83 (February 27, 2024): 790–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/0fqann87.

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The urgent global need to combat climate change has driven a switch to renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and tidal power from fossil fuels. Biomass energy, derived from sources such as agricultural and wood waste, shines as a flexible and renewable solution to reduce carbon emissions and reliance on finite fuels. This article explores the transformative potential of converting biomass into bio-natural gas (bio-methane), addressing climate change, waste management, and energy security. Benefits of this conversion include lower greenhouse gas emissions, sustainable renderability, and adaptability in energy generation. Bio-methane integration with existing gas infrastructure eases renewable energy storage and distribution, reducing dependency on foreign fossil fuel imports. It powers various sectors, minimizing environmental impact. Furthermore, biomass-to-bio-natural gas conversion resolves waste issues by utilizing organic waste, creating jobs, and improving air quality. Anaerobic digestion plays a crucial role in this process, yielding methane efficiently through microbial cooperation. Future prospects include higher-quality biomethane suitable for automotive fuel and pipeline injection, enhancing energy storage and integration. Biomethane's role in greener transportation will expand with biogas upgrading advancements. In sum, biomass-to-bio-natural gas conversion charts a cleaner, sustainable energy future, combating global warming and waste challenges while bolstering energy security.
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Yung-Tse Hung, Sanad AlBurgan, Howard H Paul, and Christopher R Huhnke. "Combined bioprocess for fermentative hydrogen production from food waste: A review." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 20, no. 2 (2024): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2024.20.2.0152.

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Bio hydrogen is a cheaper, sustainable and safer source to produce fuel comparable to energy obtained from fossil fuels. There are many experimental methods to produce bio hydrogen using food wastes as substrates that are acted upon by specific bacterial and fungal strains. Some of the methods include batch-dark fermentation, solid-state dark fermentation, dark-anaerobic hydrogen fermentation and integrated light-dark fermentation. Different food wastes are used in these fermentation processes such as kitchen food waste, potatoes peels, sugary waste water, fish, meats, grains, cassava residues, corn pulp and starchy solution etc. These food wastes are rich source of main raw materials that are required for bio hydrogen production such as cellulose, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, lipids, starch, phosphorus, volatile solids, Published experimental and research approaches revealed that the use of mixed dark-photo fermentative bacterial consortium in flat photo bioreactors and fermenters resulted in higher yield. Combined dark-photo fermentation is an advanced and promising strategy for increasing overall yield of bio hydrogen.
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Yung-Tse, Hung, AlBurgan Sanad, H. Paul Howard, and R. Huhnke Christopher. "Combined bioprocess for fermentative hydrogen production from food waste: A review." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 20, no. 2 (2024): 120–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14921503.

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Bio hydrogen is a cheaper, sustainable and safer source to produce fuel comparable to energy obtained from fossil fuels. There are many experimental methods to produce bio hydrogen using food wastes as substrates that are acted upon by specific bacterial and fungal strains. Some of the methods include batch-dark fermentation, solid-state dark fermentation, dark-anaerobic hydrogen fermentation and integrated light-dark fermentation. Different food wastes are used in these fermentation processes such as kitchen food waste, potatoes peels, sugary waste water, fish, meats, grains, cassava residues, corn pulp and starchy solution etc. These food wastes are rich source of main raw materials that are required for bio hydrogen production such as cellulose, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, lipids, starch, phosphorus, volatile solids, Published experimental and research approaches revealed that the use of mixed dark-photo fermentative bacterial consortium in flat photo bioreactors and fermenters resulted in higher yield. Combined dark-photo fermentation is an advanced and promising strategy for increasing overall yield of bio hydrogen.
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Shamueel, Mujtaba*1 Mufassira Rahman2 S. H. Kavitha3 &. Ajay J. Nayar4. "PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCED FROM WASTE VEGETABLE OIL." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 7, no. 3 (2018): 748–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1207047.

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In the view of limited fossil fuel reserves which is continuously depleting and other environmental issues, the efforts are made to find a potential alternate self -sustainable, biodegradable and environment friendly fuels. This has promoted bio diesel significantly in past decade due to its similar characteristics. Although there are various problems like carbon deposition, wearing of engine, severe corrosion associated with bio-diesel usage in engine compatibility. The present study was intended to produce bio-diesel optimally from mixture of waste vegetable oil via Transesterification reaction. Further we have prepared and analyzed the performance characteristic of various bio-diesel blends in the 4 stroke diesel engine. The optimum conditions to achieve maximum performance of biodiesel blends were investigated with different load conditions. The fuel properties of blends including density, kinematic viscosity and calorific value lie within the standards. We have found satisfactory results without engine modifications for B60. Bio-diesel will play a significant role in advancement of internal combustion engines which are facing various problems due to increase in pollution and rapid depletion of fossil fuels. Also, it will make major contribution in the coming years and will lower the pollution because of its eco-friendly nature.
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Ravi, Shastri*1 &. Pushkar Dwivedi2. "REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT OF 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USING PREHEATED OIL BASED BIO-DIESEL WASTE." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 10 (2017): 375–80. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1012551.

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Bio-diesel is widely accepted as comparable fuel to diesel in compression ignition engine. It offers advantages like higher cetane number, reduced emissions of particulates. Moreover, transportation and agriculture sector depends on diesel fuel therefore, it is essential that alternatives to diesel fuels must be developed. In the view of these, vegetable oils like palm oil, cotton seed oil, Neem oil, pongamia oil are considered as alternative fuels to diesel which are promising alternatives. Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons-mainly methane and is produced either from gas wells or in conjunction with crude oil production. Bio-diesel fatty acid methyl or ethyl ester made from vegetable oils (both edible & non-edible) and animal fats. The main commodity sources for bio- diesel in India can be non-edible oils obtained from plant species such as Jatropha, Curcas, Karanj, Neem, Mahua etc. Bio-diesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a bio-diesel blend or can be used in its pure form just like petroleum diesel, bio-diesel operates in compression ignition
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Nanlohy, Hendry Y., Helen Riupassa, and Muji Setiyo. "Characterizing of Nano Activated Bio-Carbon of Sago Waste as a Homogeneous Combustion Catalyst." Automotive Experiences 7, no. 1 (2024): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ae.10619.

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Alternative fuels were developed by blending crude coconut oil and bio-carbon nanoparticles. Bio-carbon, derived from sago waste via pyrolysis and ground using a ball mill, underwent FTIR testing to assess its energy absorption capabilities. SEM analysis was conducted to examine the surface morphology of bio-catalyst with and without crude coconut oil. The findings indicate that incorporating bio-catalyst can enhance mechanical properties, facilitating rapid heat absorption, as evidenced by reduced flashpoint and viscosity. In addition, the results show an increase in fuel mass, broadening of molecular contacts, increased reactivity, and increased heat absorption for easier ignition. This phenomenon indicates that bio-carbon of sago waste have great potential for biofuel use as a homogeneous combustion catalyst.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bio fuels and Bio waste"

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Kolokolova, Olga. "Biomass Pyrolysis and Optimisation for Bio-bitumen." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemical and Process Engineering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8822.

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Biomass waste has been recognised as a promising, renewable source for future transport fuels. With 1.7 million hectares of pine plantation forests and 12 million cubic meters of annual residue produced by sawmills and the pulp and paper industries, New Zealand presents a prime location where utilisation of these resources can take the next step towards creating a more environmentally friendly future. In this research, the process of fast pyrolysis was investigated using a laboratoryscale, nitrogen-blown fluidised bed pyrolyser at CRL Energy. This equipment can process 1–1.5 kg/h of woody biomass in a temperature range of 450–550°C. The purpose of this rig was to determine the impact of various processing parameters on bio-oil yields. Next, the pyrolysis liquids (bio-oil and tar) were processed downstream into bio-bitumen. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out on Pinus Radiata and Eucalyptus Nitens residue sawdust from sawmills and bark feedstock. The properties of the collected products, including pyrolysis liquids (bio-oil and tar), gas and solid bio-chars, were measured under different operational conditions. Further analysis was also performed to determine pH, volatile content, chemical composition and calorific values of the products. The ultimate goal for this project was to develop a feasible, advanced fast-pyrolysis system for a bio-bitumen production plant using various biomass feedstocks. Additionally, a design for a bio-bitumen production plant was developed, and techno-economic analysis was conducted on a number of plant production yield cases and bio-bitumen manufacture ratios.
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Bell, Andrew Norman William. "Optimisation of microbial function for the manufacture of bio-fuels from agricultural, domestic and industrial waste materials." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669553.

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In industrial fermentation processes, alcohols accumulate and become a limiting factor to their own production through metabolic rate limitation leading to reduction of overall yield. Fermentation efficiency is reduced directly by the action of alcohols through disruption of cellular macromolecular structures. This reduces a cell's ability to undergo life processes, leading inexorably to cell death. In order to offset this ethanol-induced stress, cells produce a diverse range of stress protectants (compatible solutes). These have proven to reduce macromolecular disruption, even from agents with chaotropic modes of action and, thus, aid overall cellular stabilisation. A library of yeast species and strains was constructed to allow the identification of uniquely tolerant or intolerant stress resistance patterns, in the presence of diverse stressors. After selecting yeasts that ' proved most capable of survival across a range of stress conditions, their intracellular polyols were identified and quantified. Beta-Galactosidase, was used as a single component enzyme model system. This allowed analysis of the effects that aliphatic alcohols, compatible solutes and a combination thereof, had on the kinetic parameters of the enzyme. Whole cell stress effects were similarly examined to determine the impact of compatible solute supplementation at biologically relevant concentrations on cell growth and fermentation ability. Polyols were found to partially restore enzyme kinetic parameters and cellular growth rate during alcohol-induced inhibition. At moderate, intracellularly relevant concentrations they compounded the problem. Ultimately there were indications that some compatible solutes may be useful at low concentrations during later stages of fermentation. This thesis provides some of the basic information to enable further work in establishing appropriate supplementation procedures and the economic benefits (if any) thereof.
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Fradler, Katrin. "Improving bio-electricity production and waste stabilization in Microbial Fuel Cells." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2015. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/improving-bioelectricity-production-and-waste-stabilization-in-microbial-fuel-cells(91c2db18-126b-4610-9bdb-42d7e42ae5e9).html.

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Biological wastewater treatment is typically aerobic and an energy intensive process, mainly due to the required aeration. Alternative sustainable processes are sought, such as Microbial fuel cells (MFC) where electrogenic bacteria can degrade organic matter present in the waste stream while simultaneously generating electricity. MFCs represent an emerging technology which may deliver the capability to reduce the pollution potential of low strength wastewaters (< 1500 mg COD l-1) while generating electricity which could be used to self-power the process. Waste streams high in volatile fatty acids (VFAs) with high conductivity are particularly preferred substrate streams. These may include the effluent from two stage bio-hydrogen and bio-methane systems, which in this study were treated in a four-module tubular MFC (V=1 l) to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and recover further energy from the substrate. It was shown that the power increased with increasing organic loading rate (0.036-0.572 g sCOD l-1 d-1), but COD removal efficiency decreased. The Coulombic Efficiency (CE) was found to decrease significantly at OLR ˃ 0.6 g sCOD l-1 d-1 and the energy recovery was 92.95 J l-1 (OLR=0.572 g sCOD l-1 d-1). Also, wash-down waters from a chilled food producing company were treated in the same tubular MFC, reducing the soluble COD content by 84.8%. The low power (≈ 30 W m-3) and cell potential (≈ 0.5 V) makes it necessary to investigate methods such as external capacitors, DC/DC converters or serial and parallel connection to improve the power quality. In this thesis, the use of the intrinsic capacitance was tested by switched mode, open and closed circuit (OC/CC) operation of a 2-module tubular MFC with high surface area carbon veil anode. The charge accumulated during OC and released when switched to CC was dependent on the external resistor (R = 100-3 kΩ) and duty cycle. Short period OC/CC switching further increased potential due to the pseudo-capacitance of the reactor, but only at the expense of energy efficiency, compared to continuous operation (CC) under constant load. Another approach to enhance the practical implementation of MFCs is integration with other processes such as reverse electrodialysis to increase MFC’s cell potential or e.g. desalination. In this study a MFC was integrated with supported liquid membrane technology (SLM) for the first time, for the removal of metal ions of wastewater. A three chamber reactor, with a common cathode/feed phase containing 400 mg Zn2+ l-1, enabled V the simultaneous treatment of organic- and heavy metal containing wastewaters. The MFC/SLM combination produces a synergistic effect which enhances the power performance of the MFC significantly; 0.233 mW compared to 0.094 mW in the control. It is shown that the 165±7 mV difference between the MFC/SLM system and the MFC control is partially attributable to the lower cathode pH in the integrated system experiment, the consequent lower activation overpotential and higher oxygen reduction potential. The system demonstrates that within 72 h, 93±4% of the zinc ions are removed from the feed phase. A further study, with continuously operated cathode/feed chamber (100 mg Zn2+ l-1), showed that an enhanced effect on increasing cell potential was possible and could also be maintained in continuous operation.
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Hedman, Björn. "Dioxin emissions from small-scale combustion of bio-fuel and household waste." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Chemistry, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-593.

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<p>Denna avhandling behandlar rökgasutsläpp av persistenta organiska föroreningar, framförallt dioxiner, vid förbränning av fasta biobränslen och torrt hushållsavfall i relativt små anläggningar (5-600 kW) utan avancerad rökgasreningsteknik.</p><p>Samförbränning av avfall och biobränsle i effektiva mindre biobränslepannor testades som en alternativ strategi till den vanligen förekommande storskaliga hanteringen och förbränningen fast hushållsavfall. Medan storskalig förbränning av avfall ger investeringsmässiga fördelar med rökgasreningsteknik etc. kan små lokala anläggningar ha transportmässiga fördelar och möjligheter till utnyttjande av lokala biobränsletillgångar. Källsorterat, torrt, brännbart hushållsavfall insamlades från hushåll i glesbygd och samförbrändes i brikettform med energigräset rörflen i 150-600 kW biobränslepannor. Endast undantagsvis understeg dioxinemissionerna gällande gränsvärden för avfallsförbränning och nivåerna av väteklorid i rökgas översteg gränsvärdena flerfaldigt. Det bedömdes att någon form av extra rökgasrening är nödvändig för att säkerställa nivågränserna. Dioxiner hittades också i det eldade avfallet, framförallt i textilfraktionen. Dioxinmängderna i rökgaserna var oftast lägre än i det ingående bränslet.</p><p>Intermittent pelletseldning gav oväntat höga utsläpp av dioxiner med en emissionsfaktor på 28 ng(WHO-TEQ)/kg. Vedeldning i en modern miljömärkt villapanna gav betydligt lägre utsläpp av dioxiner än eldning i en gammal kombipanna och eldning med full lufttillförsel, som kan jämföras med användning av ackumulatortank, resulterade i upp till 90% minskning av utsläpp av dioxiner jämfört med eldning med reducerat lufttillskott (’pyreldning’). Eldning av plastavfall i en vedpanna gav höga utsläpp av dioxiner.</p><p>Okontrollerad förbränning av trädgårdsavfall och hushålls avfall i tunna eller som öppen eld ’bakgårdsbränning’, gav stora variationer i utsläppsnivåer som bara delvis kunde kopplas till avfallsinnehåll. Resultaten visar att denna typ av förbränning kan vara en betydande källa till dioxiner i miljön, och ett emissionsfaktorintervall på 4-72 ng (WHO-TEQ)/kg föreslås för bedömningar av utsläpp från backgårdsbränning av avfall med låga eller måttliga klorhalter.</p><p>En sammanfattande slutsats av alla försök är att dioxin utsläpp beror på komplicerade samband mellan bränsleinnehåll och förbränningsbetingelser. Bränslen med mycket höga klorhalter av ger oftast högre utsläpp av dioxiner än bränslen med låga klorhalter medan små skillnader döljs av variationer i förbränningsbetingelser.</p><br><p>This thesis deals with emissions of persistent organic pollutants, primarily dioxins, from the combustion of solid biofuels and dry combustible household waste in relatively small facilities, 5-600 kW, without advanced air pollution controls.</p><p>Co-combustion of waste and biofuel in effective small boilers was tested as an alternative to prevailing large-scale management and combustion strategies for handling municipal solid waste. This approach includes no advanced air pollution control systems, but offers two advantages: limiting transport and providing scope to use local biofuel resources. Source-sorted, dry, combustible household waste was collected from households in a sparsely populated area and co-combusted as briquettes together with reed canary-grass in 150-600 kW biofuel boilers. Most trials showed difficulties to meet regulative limits for the emissions of dioxins valid for incineration of MSW and the regulated limits for emissions of hydrochloric acid were exceeded manifold. It was concluded that additional flue-gas cleaning will be needed to ensure that emissions are sufficiently low. Dioxins were also found in the waste, especially in the textile fraction. The mass of dioxins in the flue-gas emissions was generally lower than the mass in the fuel input.</p><p>Intermittent combustion of wood pellets in a residential boiler resulted in an unexpectedly high dioxin emissions factor of 28 ng (WHO-TEQ)/kg fuel. Combustion of wood in a modern environmentally certified boiler yielded considerably lower dioxin emissions than combustion in an old boiler, and combustion with a full air supply, i.e. with use of heat storage tank, resulted in up to 90% reductions in dioxin emission factors compared to combustion with reduced air supply. Combustion of plastic waste in a residential wood boiler resulted in high emissions of dioxins.</p><p>Tests of uncontrolled combustion of garden and household waste in barrels or open fires, ‘backyard burnings’, resulted in emissions with large variations that could only be partly correlated to the waste constituents. The results imply that this may be an important source of dioxins in the environment and an emission factor range of 4-72 ng (WHO-TEQ)/kg is suggested for estimating emissions from backyard burnings of lightly and moderately chlorine-contaminated waste.</p><p>A summarized conclusion from all of the experiments is that predicting emission levels from waste contents is not straightforward (except that fuels with very high chlorine levels will usually result in high levels of dioxins in flue-gas emissions). Moderate differences in chlorine levels will usually be masked by the effect of variations in combustion conditions.</p>
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Hedman, Björn. "Dioxin emissions from small-scale combustion of bio-fuel and household waste /." Umeå : Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-593.

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Bjurman, Therese. "Waste from glued wood - A base for new products and/or bio-fuel?" Thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Energy Systems, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-17426.

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<p> </p><p>The Swedwood Company is a supplier to IKEA of wood furniture. They have grown larger concurrently with IKEA and at present they have 47 production units spread over twelve countries of which most are located in Eastern Europe.</p><p>One of the factories is Zbaszynek which is located in Poland. They manufacture so called board-on-frame furniture. A board-on-frame is basically made out of particle board frames which are filled with special design paper that enfolds air. The frames are then covered with their skin; thinner particle boards, so called High Density Fibre (HDF) boards, and then edge banded with plastic stripes and painted and lacquered into desired design.</p><p>This production generates not only furniture, last financial year Zbaszynek generated about 61 000 tons wood waste too. It can be compared to their total production of furniture which reached 439 000 tons during the same period of time. This generation of wood waste has caused a problem for Swedwood in general. A project called IKEA Goes Renewable (IGR) has started within IKEA with the aim to reduce the electric- and heat energy consumption and increase the use of renewable energy sources. But to be able to reduce the heat energy at a board-on-frame factory, such as Zbaszynek, there has to be an economic incentive to do so. But the wood waste is contaminated in comparison with waste from pure wood (free from adhesives, plastics etc.) so purchasers have been hard to find. And since the wood waste is used to generate the heat at the factories, the economic value has become relative low. Zbaszynek earn 1.4 €/MWh for their wood waste at present (energy value of 5.1 MWh/ton), while for example recycled contaminated wood chippings (RT-chippings) are worth about 7.3 €/MWh in Sweden (energy value of 4.4-5.1 MWh/ton). RT-chippings in Sweden are even allowed to contain more contaminations to receive that price, as long as it is not pressure creosoted. 1.4 €/MWh can also be compared to the economic value of coal which is about 13.7 €/MWh, and for district heating to households in Sweden was the average price about 68 €/MWh during 2007 (Energimarknadsinspektionen, 2007).Therefore, the main task of this thesis has been to investigate if there are any possible solutions to increase the economic value of the wood waste in Zbaszynek. There are more board-on-frame factories within Swedwood with the same problem, but Zbaszynek has been the pilot factory during this research.</p><p>The first thing which should be considered in Zbaszynek is to keep the amount of waste as low as possible. The main task should be to reduce the amounts of wood waste; in the end it is a furniture factory and not a waste producer, which should be concerned before taking any further action. It is assumed though that this has already been thought through in Zbaszynek and further investigation of the waste has taken place.The wood waste has been sent to the Eurofins laboratory in Sweden for an analysis and the test results were then compared to wood waste of pure wood. The comparison indicates the nitrogen content being the main difference between Zbaszynek's wood waste and pure wood. Nitrogen compounds, often referred to as NO<sub>x</sub> can cause severe damage to the environment and foremost lead to increased eutrophication (= Eutrofizacja (Polish) / Övergödning (Swedish)) when it is emitted to the air. Apart from the nitrogen contamination, other significant differences have not been found. The energy content of the wood waste has even revealed it would suit well as bio-fuel, on the condition that proper equipment to reduce the NO<sub>x</sub> emissions is present. It has been calculated that the energy content, of the generated wood waste in Zbaszynek during Financial Year 2008, reached 310 GWh. Which can be compared to the electricity consumption of 78 GWh as was bought during the same time of period.</p><p>Four main possibilities have been investigated in this report and they are:</p><ul><li><p>- Selling the waste to cement producers as alternative fuel</p></li><li><p>- Make new products and use for furniture production again</p></li><li><p>- Make briquettes or pellets and sell as fuel</p></li><li><p>- Start up a Combined Heat and Power plant and produce electricity</p></li></ul><p>All these alternatives have their advantages and disadvantages but they all seem to be realistic solutions, on a few conditions.</p>
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Staniforth, J. "The use of biogas to power a small tubular solid oxide fuel cell." Thesis, Keele University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311728.

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Ben, Haoxi. "Thermal conversion of biomass and biomass components to biofuels and bio-chemicals." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51738.

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This thesis examined the conversions of biomass and biomass components to petrochemicals and total aliphatic gasoline like products. There are three major projects of the thesis. Since biomass is very complicated, to understand the thermal decomposition pathways of biomass, the pyrolytic behaviors of various biomass components including lignin and cellulose under different reaction were investigated in the first phase. Due to complexity and limited volatility, the thermal decomposition products from biomass bring insurmountable obstacles to the traditional analysis methods such as GC-MS, UV and FT-IR. Therefore, precise characterization of the whole portion of thermal decomposition products has significant impacts on providing insight into the pyrolysis pathways and evaluating the upgrading processes. Various NMR methods to characterize different functional groups presented in liquid and solid pyrolysis products by 1H, 13C, 31P, 2D-HSQC and solid state 13C-NMR were introduced in the second phase. Nevertheless, the major drawback towards commercialization of pyrolysis oils are their challenging properties including poor volatility, high oxygen content, molecular weight, acidity and viscosity, corrosiveness and cold flow problems. In situ upgrading the properties of pyrolysis oils during thermal conversion process by employing zeolites has been discussed in the third phase. The further hydrogenation of pyrolysis oils to total aliphatic gasoline like products by heterogeneous catalysis in “green medium” – water has also been examined in the third project.
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Dhital, Avinash. "Opportunities for small-scale anaerobic digesters for hotels and restaurants in Kathmandu, Nepal." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-244406.

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About 83% of total energy consumed in Nepal comes directly from the solid fuels. The import of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) is also growing at an exponential rate. The hospitality subsector (hotels and restaurants), one of the key economic subsectors in the country, consumes most of the energy within the commercial sector primarily for cooking purposes. The bio-waste generated from growing hospitality subsector and other sectors in Kathmandu is poorly managed. Similarly, on the other hand, Nepal has an extensive knowledge and experience of manure based anaerobic household biogas systems mainly in rural areas. Based upon this situation, the thesis investigates the opportunities for anaerobic biogas production for cooking at hotels and restaurants by utilizing their own organic waste. Currently available biogas technologies, important parameters affecting the biogas yield, policy and financial supports and case studies of various stakeholders employing the biogas technologies in the hotels and restaurants in Nepal were considered. The most applicable technology for the purpose was then chosen. The organic waste sampling study from randomly selected 4-star hotel (Yatri Spa and Suites), tourist standard hotel (Hotel Bliss International) and restaurant (Fren’s Kitchen) in Thamel, the tourist zone of Kathmandu was conducted. Similarly, various data especially focusing on the current cooking energy need, demand, supply, cost, organic waste management of the hotels and the restaurant was collected through questionnaires and series of interviews. The average amount of daily organic waste and organic waste fraction for Yatri, Bliss and Fren’s was found to be 61.3 kg and 63.0%, 18.4 kg and 82.7%, and 16.3 kg and 81.8% respectively. Similarly, the variations in weekly organic wastes and waste generated per guest was also determined. Based upon the amount and characteristics of organic waste from the sampling survey, the theoretical biogas potential of the organic waste at digester output rate of 0.27 kWh/kg/day for JUAS digesters, the technology selected for the biogas conversion, was found to be 18.4 kWh/day, 5.5 kWh/day and 4.9 kWh/day equivalent to 4.9%, 3.0% and 5.4 % of the current daily energy need for Yatri, Bliss and Fren’s respectively. Similarly, the economic implications of the small-scale biogas technology if employed in the hotels and the restaurant was scoped out. It was found that the recommended Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) based 3000 l sized JUAS bio-digesters had positive Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and payback time of around 5 years on average for all the eateries under study. The monthly life cycle cost of the integrated LPG-JUAS system is found be cheaper for all eateries as compared to the current LPG system. Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE) of the JUAS digesters is calculated to be competitive as compared to energy from other renewables in the country. There is, however, need to improve the digester conditions to get higher biogas yields. For the wider adoption of the digesters across urban sectors, the subsidies amount should also be increased together with information dissemination regarding biogas uses and its potential among the stakeholders.<br>Omkring 83% av den totala energiförbrukningen i Nepal kommer direkt från det fasta bränslet. Importen av flytande petroleumgas (LPG) växer också i exponentiell takt. Underhållningsbranschen (hotell och restauranger), en av de viktigaste ekonomiska delområdena i landet, förbrukar mest energi inom kommersiell sektor, främst för matlagning. Det biologiska avfallet som genereras av växande underhållsbranschen och andra sektorer i Katmandu är dåligt förvaltad. På samma sätt har Nepal en omfattande kunskap och erfarenhet av gödselbaserade anaeroba hushållsbiogasystem, huvudsakligen i landsbygdsområden. Baserat på denna situation undersöker man avhandlingen möjligheterna till anaerob biogasproduktion för att laga mat på hotell och restauranger genom att använda eget organiskt avfall. För närvarande finns biogasteknik, viktiga parametrar som påverkar biogasutbytet, politiska och finansiella stöd och fallstudier av olika intressenter som använder biogasteknik i hotell och restauranger i Nepal. Den mest tillämpliga tekniken för ändamålet valdes sedan. Undersökning av organiska avfallsprov från slumpmässigt utvalt 4-stjärnigt hotell (Yatri Spa and Suites), turisthotell (Hotel Bliss International) och restaurang (Fren's Kitchen) i Thamel, utförs turistområdet Katmandu. På samma sätt samlades olika data som speciellt fokuserade på dagens energibehov, efterfrågan, tillgång, kostnad, organisk avfallshantering av hotellen och restaurangen genom enkäter och intervjuer. Den genomsnittliga mängden dagligt organiskt avfall och organiskt avfallsfraktion för Yatri, Bliss och Fren var visat sig 61,3 kg respektive 63,0%, 18,4 kg respektive 82,7% respektive 16,3 kg respektive 81,8%. På samma sätt bestämdes också variationerna i organiskt avfall per vecka och avfall som genererades per gäst. Baserat på mängden och egenskaperna hos organiskt avfall från provtagningsundersökningen befanns den teoretiska biogaspotentialen hos det organiska avfallet vid kokareutgångshastigheten på 0,27 kWh / kg / dag för JUAS-kokare, den teknik som valts för biogasomvandling, befunnits vara 18,4 kWh / dag, 5,5 kWh / dag och 4,9 kWh / dag motsvarande 4,9%, 3,0% och 5,4% av dagens energibehov för Yatri, Bliss och Fren. På samma sätt scenkades de ekonomiska konsekvenserna av den småskaliga biogastekniken om de anställdes i hotell och restaurangen. Det visade sig att de rekommenderade polyvinylkloridbaserade (PVC) -baserade JUAS-bioförstörare av polyvinylklorid med jämna mellanrum hade positivt nettoförsäkringsvärde (NPV), interna avkastningsräntor och återbetalningstid på cirka 5 år i genomsnitt för alla restauranger som studerades. Den månatliga livscykelkostnaden för det integrerade LPG-JUAS-systemet befinner sig vara billigare för alla matställen jämfört med det aktuella LPG-systemet. Nivånad kostnad för energi (LCoE) hos JUAS-kokare beräknas vara konkurrenskraftig jämfört med energi från andra förnybara energikällor i landet. Det är dock nödvändigt att förbättra kokareförhållandena för att få högre biogasutbyten. För det bredare godkännandet av kokare i städerna bör bidragsbeloppet också ökas tillsammans med informationsspridning avseende biogasanvändning och dess potential bland intressenterna.För det bredare godkännandet av kokare i städerna bör bidragsbeloppet också ökas tillsammans med informationsspridning avseende biogasanvändning och dess potential bland intressenterna.
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De, Maron Jacopo <1990&gt. "Catalytic upgrading of carboxylic acids and esters to bio fuels and bio chemicals." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9395/1/De%20Maron%20Jacopo%20PhD%20Thesis.pdf.

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The research activity was focused on the transformation of methyl propionate (MP) into methyl methacrylate (MMA), avoiding the use of formaldehyde (FAL) thanks to a one-pot strategy involving in situ methanol (MeOH) dehydrogenation over the same catalytic bed were the hydroxy-methylation/dehydration of MP with FAL occurs. The relevance of such research line is related to the availability of cheap renewable bio-glycerol from biodiesel production, from which MP can be obtained via a series of simple catalytic reactions. Moreover, the conventional MMA synthesis (Lucite process) suffers from safety issues related to the direct use of carcinogenic FAL and depends on non-renewable MP. During preliminary studies, ketonization of carboxylic acids and esters has been recognized as a detrimental reaction which hinders the selective synthesis of MMA at low temperature, together with H-transfer hydrogenation with FAL or MeOH as the H-donor at higher temperatures. Therefore, ketonization of propionic acid (PA) and MP was investigated over several catalysts (metal oxides and metal phosphates), to obtain a better understanding of the structure-activity relationship governing the reaction and to design a catalyst for MMA synthesis capable to promote the desired reaction while minimizing ketonization and H-transfer. However, ketonization possesses scientific and industrial value itself and represents a strategy for the upgrade of bio oils from fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials, a robust and versatile technology capable to transform the most abundant biomass into liquid biofuels. The catalysts screening showed that ZrO2 and La2O3 are the best catalysts, while MgO possesses low ketonization activity, but still, H-transfer parasitic hydrogenation of MMA reduces its yield over all catalysts. Such study resulted in the design of Mg/Ga mixed oxides that showed enhanced dehydrogenating activity towards MeOH at low temperatures. It was found that the introduction of Ga not only minimize ketonization, but also modulates catalyst basicity reducing H-transfer hydrogenations.
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Books on the topic "Bio fuels and Bio waste"

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Muschal, Frank. Bio-fuels. Cherry Lake Publications, 2008.

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New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. and Environmental Risk Limited, eds. Environmental assessment of the Atlas Bio-Energy waste wood fluidized bed gasification power plant: Final report. The Authority, 1995.

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Directorate, Law Library of Congress (U S. ). Global Legal Research. Sustainability criteria for bio-fuels. The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center, 2008.

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Shah, Shachi, V. Venkatramanan, and Ram Prasad, eds. Bio-valorization of Waste. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9696-4.

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Mohammad, Arif. Bio-diesel: Jatropha curcas (a promising source). Satish Serial Pub. House, 2009.

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Cavani, Fabrizio, Stefania Albonetti, Francesco Basile, and Alessandro Gandini, eds. Chemicals and Fuels from Bio-Based Building Blocks. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527698202.

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Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies (Bombay, India) and Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, eds. Training module on bio-medical waste management. All India Institute of Local Self-Govt., 2009.

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Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies (Bombay, India) and Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, eds. Training module on bio-medical waste management. All India Institute of Local Self-Govt., 2009.

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Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies (Bombay, India) and Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, eds. Training module on bio-medical waste management. All India Institute of Local Self-Govt., 2009.

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K, Dadhich Pradeep, and Energy and Resources Institute, eds. Production and technology of bio-diesel: Seeding a change. The Energy and Resources Institute, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bio fuels and Bio waste"

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Privett, Katie, James H. Clark, Mehrdad Arshadi, et al. "Food Supply Chain Waste: Emerging Opportunities." In Chemicals and Fuels from Bio-Based Building Blocks. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527698202.ch26.

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Saba, Beenish, Ann D. Christy, Kiran Abrar, and Tariq Mahmood. "Bio-based Products in Fuel Cells." In Waste to Sustainable Energy. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429448799-4.

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Bartoli, Mattia, Mauro Giorcelli, Ruggero Vigliaturo, Pravin Jagdale, Massimo Rovere, and Alberto Tagliaferro. "Bio-derived and Waste Fats Use for the Production of Drop-In Fuels." In Clean Fuels for Mobility. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8747-1_7.

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Thangalazhy-Gopakumar, Suchithra, and Sushil Adhikari. "Fast Pyrolysis of Agricultural Wastes for Bio-fuel and Bio-char." In Recycling of Solid Waste for Biofuels and Bio-chemicals. Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0150-5_11.

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Krishnan, Santhana, Mohd Fadhil Md Din, Shazwin Mat Taib, et al. "Conversion of Landscape Waste into Bio-coke Solid Fuel." In Green Engineering for Campus Sustainability. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7260-5_8.

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Cosío-Cuadros, R., Gema Núñez-López, Martha F. Martín del Campo, Jorge A. Rodríguez, Juan C. Mateos-Díaz, and Georgina Sandoval. "Agro-Industrial Wastes to Sustainable Bio-Oil Fuels, Enzymes and Biobased Chemicals in Yeast-Biorefineries." In Microbiology of Green Fuels. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003171157-3.

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Shahane, Shraddha, Payel Choudhury, O. N. Tiwari, Umesh Mishra, and Biswanath Bhunia. "Exoelectrogenic Bacteria: A Candidate for Sustainable Bio-electricity Generation in Microbial Fuel Cells." In Waste to Sustainable Energy. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429448799-7.

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Volli, Vikranth, Anjani Ravi Kiran Gollakota, Mihir Kumar Purkait, and Chi-Min Shu. "Conversion of Waste Biomass to Bio-oils and Upgradation by Hydrothermal Liquefaction, Gasification, and Hydrodeoxygenation." In Biorefinery of Alternative Resources: Targeting Green Fuels and Platform Chemicals. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1804-1_13.

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Pandit, Shally, Anand Prakash, and Arindam Kuila. "Bio-Aviation Fuel via Catalytic Hydrocracking of Waste Cooking Oil." In Clean Energy Production Technologies. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8783-2_7.

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Chakraborty, Ivi, Arup Chattopadhyay, Pinky Maity, et al. "Bio-Valorization of Sweet Potato Bagasse into Food Additives, Feeds, and Fuels." In Roots, Tubers, and Bulb Crop Wastes: Management by Biorefinery Approaches. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8266-0_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bio fuels and Bio waste"

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Marin, Florian, Oana Botoran, Simona Oancea, Marius Constantinescu, and Anca-Maria Zaharioiu. "RECYCLING OF BLACK LIQUOR WASTE FROM PULP FACTORIES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE FUELS." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/4.1/s18.40.

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The lignocellulosic biomass is produced worldwide in large quantities, which may contribute to environmental changes, global warming, wildfires, ocean and sea level rise. Recent research demonstrated efficacy of the thermal reconversion of black liquor, which represents a waste resulted from wood Kraft pulping, into gaseous (syngas), liquid (bio-oil) and solid (bio-char) final products through the pyrolysis process. This review describes the physical chemical and energy features of black liquor required for its valorization into fuels and valuable chemical compounds, the thermochemical process and the pyrolytic final products developed from such waste. The obtained syngas rich in hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide can be directly used for energy purposes. In order to increase the energy values of the synthesis gas, as well as to reduce the negative impact on the environment, it is desirable to use it in mixtures, in different ratios, with natural gas, geothermal gas or biogas. The pyrolytic bio-oil can be used as an alternative fuel to fossil ones after refining. The pyrolytic bio-char has great potential for valorization into adsorbent materials for CO2 capture and storage, after a chemical activation process. The advantages of black liquor pyrolysis consist in the elimination of this waste regularly produced in considerable quantities for the development of alternative and renewable fuels that contain high levels of ecological carbon.
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Nagarajan, Ravi, Steve Liebhart, Pedro Escudero, and Shahab Soltaninia. "Bio Fuel Feedstock and Finish Products – Linings Case Study." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-18898.

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Abstract The production of Renewable Fuels has been embraced by the Global Oil and Gas Industry to adopt more environmentally sustainable practices. This remarkable technology switch has been made possible by concerted research and design changes to traditional sourcing, handling, refining, and storing of natural oils feedstocks and bio-based finish products. Each end of the production chain of biofuels presents corrosion challenges to the infrastructure being used in the process and they must be separately and thoroughly understood by the coatings industry. This presentation examines lessons learned by a leading coatings manufacturer when answering the call for recommending adequate linings for feedstock and finish product storage tanks with an emphasis on an actual project done in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada where a mothballed refinery is being refurbished to produce biofuels. The R &amp; D has been scaled up at different part of the world to mitigate corrosion in Biofuels markets. The raw feed stock supply options keep growing from standard vegetable seed oils to remaining agricultural waste, from animal fat to animal wastes and municipal wastes, are increasing the unknown variables in the process causing corrosion and solutions to mitigate. These waste to fuel category is attracting diversified feed stocks in offering from the new market. The information exchanges’ &amp; improved tests could help in the lining selection process.
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Liebhart, Steve, Ravi Nagarajan, and Pedro Escudero. "Biofuel Tank Lining- From Lab to the Field Journey." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-20722.

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Abstract The unprecedented growth in the use of bio-based feedstocks in the Oil and Gas industry has led to several research efforts on the part of coating manufacturers to determine best options for the lining of feedstock storage tanks. While a few technologies have emerged as good, better, and best candidates to withstand the chemical exposure and storage temperature of the feedstocks, their application requirements for application conditions vary widely. Given the geographical locations of the facilities that are involved in the production of biofuels, the site environmental conditions make some of the lining options less practical than others for the application of the selected technologies. This paper will screen coatings with different physical properties to support the initial selection process. The results of the tested technologies discuss the preselection of linings for various feedstocks for short term storage. The R &amp; D has been scaled up at different part of the world to mitigate corrosion in Biofuels markets. Due to significant growth in bio fuels the raw feed stock supply options keep growing from standard vegetable seed oils and animal fat to remaining agricultural waste, other animal wastes, municipal wastes etc. This increases the unknown variables in the process causing corrosion and solutions to mitigate. These waste to fuel category is attracting diversified feed stocks in offering from the new market. The findings to adopt the fit for purpose approach is aimed in tooling owners and operators in the journey.
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Gillette, Kristy McNitt, Bob Berg, and Margarita Kharshan. "Modern Advances in Environmentally Friendly Vapor-Phase Corrosion Inhibiting Coatings: Expanding the Realm of VpCI Packaging." In CORROSION 2009. NACE International, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2009-09486.

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Abstract Coatings for substrates used in the packaging industry have recently undergone a substantial transformation with the push to promote environmentally friendly or “green” products. This distinct change of direction has transcended from non-renewable materials derived from fossil fuels which are pollutants to bio-based renewable-resource-derived products which, in comparison, drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions and hazardous waste. This shift has already been witnessed in the food packaging industry and now the automotive, cosmetic and other packaging industries are following in its path. This paper discusses the advancement of environmentally friendly VpCI-containing coatings that have allowed for the development of novel VpCI packaging products. The products discussed include grease resistant and water resistant papers, cohesive film, anti-skid linerboard, and masking film. Each of these products is environmentally friendly having been constructed from nonhazardous, water-based coatings, which in some cases provided biodegradable and bio-based products. In addition to their unique physical properties each of these products provides excellent multi-metal corrosion protection. Test methods employed in assessing the performance of the materials will be discussed including physical properties, as well as contact-, barrier- and vapor-phase corrosion inhibiting abilities. The advantages provided using these products will be demonstrated through real-life field applications.
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Kári-Horváth, Attila, Zsolt Lantos, Ákos Sztancsek, and Gábor Kristóf. "Steps for the Implementation of Equipment Operating on the Principle of Thermal Drying for the Disposal of Waste Water and Bio-Waste Generated on Cruise Ships." In 10th International Scientific Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-tvy75s.

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The majority of passengers on sea cruises do not even think that they endanger the environment and human health more with a cruise of at least one week than if they had chosen another way of travel. The large amount of fuel burned during the journey pollutes the atmosphere and thus endangers health, and all kinds of (dangerous) waste and sewage generated daily on ships cannot remain on board. A ship carrying an approx. 3,000 passengers produces an average of nearly 80 m3 of wastewater per day! Newer ships are often capable of carrying 8,000 passengers, so their daily waste water production is obviously larger than this. It is enough to see these huge floating cities with 10-12 floors (Fig. 1.)
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Williams, Selwyn E., and Michael Harrison. "Lining Solutions for the Storage of Biodiesel or Renewable Feedstocks." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19459.

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Abstract Global demand for renewable and bio-based fuels is expected to grow with political and consumer led mandates on reducing greenhouse gases and achieving carbon neutrality. A typical Biofuel production facility faces numerous performance challenges which are unique to storage and processing of feedstocks. With the increased move to renewable feedstocks and fuels the tank owners want increasing flexibility in their storage options and there is a need for the tanks used, traditionally, for fossil based fuels and feedstocks to be able to store the likes of Waste Cooking Oil, Meat Tallows, Pyrolysis Oils as well as Biodiesel and Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) As the chemistry of renewable feedstocks differ considerably from fossil fuels, it is essential to confirm the chemical resistance of linings used in these storage tanks. It cannot be assumed that linings, traditionally used for Crude Oil, will offer the same protection. Ethanol poses a well-known challenge to store due to it being very aggressive to epoxy coatings especially at elevated temperature. Biofuels can degrade when in contact with water. The degradation products, free fatty acids and free water can be very aggressive to the lining on carbon steel tanks. This attack on the lining can eventually lead to lining failure and corrosion of the metal of the storage tank. Sherwin Williams has tested several generic lining technologies in various feedstocks over a range of temperatures. Some linings are showing no degradation at the lower exposure temperatures of 71°C [160°F], besides slight discoloration; however, higher temperature exposures start to show greater deviations from the performance seen in fossil-based hydrocarbons. Exposures in this study has been in Beef Tallow and Waste Cooking Oil at 71°C (160°F), 82°C (180°F) and latterly (2nd phase of tests) at 93°C (200°F). The addition of water to these feedstocks had negligible effect on the performance of the lining. Testing is ongoing, including the higher temperature exposures and will continue for at least 24 months.
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Enestam, Sonja H., Marko K. Fabritius, Seppo K. Hulkkonen, and Jukka T. Ro¨ppa¨nen. "Control of Ash-Related Operational Problems in BFB Combustion of Biofuels and Waste." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-134.

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When moving towards CO2 neutral bio fuels and waste derived fuels, new challenges are set for combustion facilities and technical boiler solutions. A common feature for both bio- and waste fuels is a big variety in composition, often high levels of alkali metals, chlorine and moisture which make these fuels difficult to burn in facilities designed for conventional fuels such as coal, peat and wood. The problems that might occur due to high alkali and chlorine levels in the fuels, are slagging, fouling, corrosion and bed sintering. The Fortum BioMAC BFB boilers are designed especially for difficult, unconventional fuels such as rice husk, olive waste, straw, construction residue, de-inking sludge, etc. The design of each individual boiler is made based on advanced theoretical prediction tools and extensive fuel testing in laboratory and in pilot scale combustion facilities. The theoretical tools consist of a multi-phase multi-component chemical equilibrium model that estimates the slagging/fouling, sintering and corrosion propensity of the fuels/fuel mixtures and of a computational fluid dynamics part. CFD calculations are used to optimize the flow pattern and the temperature of the boiler in order to avoid hot temperatures in the vicinity of refractory linings and cooled surfaces. The chemical equilibrium calculations predict the melting behavior of the fuel ash, which is used as an indicator for the placement of the superheaters. The bottom ash removal is controlled for efficient removal of coarse material, screening and recirculation. The ash related problems of important bio and waste fuels, the analytical procedure of the evaluation of the usability of the fuels and the adaptation of the boiler design are discussed in the paper.
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Mrad, Nadia, Maria Paraschiv, Fethi Aloui, Mohand Tazerout, and Sassi Ben Nasrallah. "Production of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuel by Catalytic Cracking of Waste Fish Fat in Continuous Pilot System." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-17012.

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Liquid fuels can be produced from triglyceride sources via thermo-catalytic process. In the present work, the production of bio-fuel by catalytic cracking of waste fish fat in a continuous reactor at atmospheric pressure has been studied. Different catalysts were used and maximum bio-oil yield of 66% with the lowest acidity of 4.3 mgKOH/goil was obtained with a controlled reaction temperature of 500°C and Na2CO3 as a catalyst. After chemical treatment of this bio-oil, the acidity decreases to 1.5mgKOH/goil. These bio-fuels were characterized according to their physico-chemical properties, and compared with the diesel fuel. The results show that the catalytic cracking process represents an alternative method to produce bio-fuels with physico-chemical characteristics similar to petroleum fuels from fish oil industrial residues.
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Narawi, N. A. F., M. N. Islam, R. Rosli, and M. H. M. Ali. "Bio-fuels production through co-pyrolysis of biomass solid waste: a review." In 7th Brunei International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2018 (BICET 2018). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2018.1572.

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Eichenauer, Sabrina, Bernd Weber, and Ernst A. Stadlbauer. "Thermochemical Processing of Animal Fat and Meat and Bone Meal to Hydrocarbon Based Fuels." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49197.

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The results of the study at hand may have implications for treatment of grease, lipid fractions, free fatty acids (FFA) and salts of FFA extracted from wastes of food industry, bio-refineries or sewage sludge as well as contaminated lipid containing forage. The goal of the study is, to prevent such contaminated wastes from entering the food chain. The following ways of treatment are proposed. Thermal conversion of waste fats from rendering plants or lipids in the presence of aluminosilicates of the zeolite family produce hydrocarbons with net calorific values in the range of 40–42 MJ/kg. NMR studies show aliphatic hydrocarbons as main product at T = 400°C. The spectrum of products is shifted to alkyl benzenes at T = 550°C. In case of sodium carbonate conversion is achieved in the presence of 5% water at T = 430 ± 20°C yielding mainly a liquid bio-crude with a low acid index, a mixture of non-condensable gases and minor amounts of coke. Rectification of bio-crude from animal fat produces 65.8% of hydrocarbon based bio-diesel and 13.3% of gasoline type hydrocarbons. Distillation curve for bio-diesel is in accordance with DIN EN 490. However, the gasoline fraction lacks low boiling hydrocarbons indicating the necessity for technical improvements of condensers. Sodium carbonate is found to be effective as well as being relatively inexpensive compared to zeolite catalysts. Finally, successful conversion of meat and bone meal to biochar is proved by solid-state 13C-NMR.
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Reports on the topic "Bio fuels and Bio waste"

1

Capareda, Sergio, Mahmoud El-Halwagi, Kenneth R. Hall, et al. Bio-energy Alliance High-Tonnage Bio-energy Crop Production and Conversion into Conventional Fuels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1330450.

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Wong, J. K. L., G. N. Banks, and H. Whaley. Flame tunnel emissions testing of ENSYN liquid bio-fuels. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304626.

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Trujillo, Sharon, Zachary Parks, and Kathryn Berchtold. Energy-Efficient Purification of Bio-Fuels and Bio-Chemicals Using a Novel Advanced Polymeric Membrane System: CRADA Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1330820.

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Petrik, Michael, and Robert Ruhl. Small Scale SOFC Demonstration Using Bio-Based and Fossil Fuels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1051495.

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Taheripour, Farzad, and Wally Tyner. Introducing First and Second Generation Biofuels into GTAP Data Base version 7*. GTAP Research Memoranda, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.rm21.

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The first version of GTAP-BIO Data Base was built based on the GTAP standard data base version 6 which represents the world economy in 2001 (Taheripour et al., 2007). That data base covers global production, consumption, and trade of the first generation of biofuels including ethanol from grains (eth1), ethanol from sugarcane (eth2), and biodiesel (biod) from oilseeds in 2001. Version 7 of GTAP Data Base, which depicts the world economy in 2004, is now published (Narayanan, B.G. and T.L. Walmsley, 2008). However, this standard data base does not include biofuel industries explicitly. The first objective of this research memorandum is to introduce the first generation of biofuels into this new data base. To accomplish this task we will follow Taheripour et al. (2007). The rapid expansion of the first generation of biofuels in the past decades has raised important concerns related to food-fuel competition, land use change, and other economic and environmental issues. These issues have increased interest in the second generation of biofuels which can be produced from cellulosic materials such as dedicated crops, agricultural and forest residues, and waste materials. To examine the economic and environmental consequences of the second generation of biofuels, a CGE model is an appropriate and essential instrument. A data base which presents the first and second generation of biofuels will facilitate research in this field. Hence the second objective of this research memorandum is to expand the space of biofuel alternatives to the second generation. Given that advanced cellulosic biofuels are not yet commercially viable, we used the most up to date information in this area to define the production technologies for these industries.
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Rosenfeld, Devon, Fungmin Liew, Michael Kopke, et al. Bio-Syngas to Fatty Alcohols (C6-14) as a Pathway to Fuels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1604947.

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Bailey, J. W. Project W-320, waste retrieval sluicing system: BIO/SER implementation matrices. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/345009.

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COVEY, L. I. Waste Encapsulation and Storage Facility (WESF) Basis for Interim Operation (BIO). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/805458.

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Fermi Research Alliance, Fermi Alliance. Conceptual Design of an Electron Accelerator for Bio-Solid Waste Treatment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1568824.

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Dobryn, D. G., A. L. Brisson, C. M. Lee, and S. M. Roll. Bio-leaching of toxic metals from geothermal waste. A preliminary engineering analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5293588.

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