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Journal articles on the topic 'Bio-oil model compounds'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 20 February 2023

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1

Xu, Qingli, Weidi Dai, Jianchun Jiang, and Yongjie Yan. "Bio-Oil Model Compounds Upgrading Under CO Atmosphere." Asian Journal of Chemistry 26, no. 2 (2014): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.15415.

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2

Zhang, Li, Qin Jie Cai, and Shu Rong Wang. "Co-Cracking of Bio-Oil Model Compound Mixture and Ethanol with Different Blending Ratios for Bio-Gasoline Production." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.30.

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Since the composition of crude bio-oil was complex, model compounds were usually used in the study of cracking to simulate the actual bio-oil. However, the cracking of pure model compound mixture generated an inferior oil phase which had a high content of oxygenated byproducts. When ethanol was adopted as the co-reactant, the reactant conversion, yield and quality of oil phase were obviously improved. The conversions of the reactants were 100% and the selectivity of the oil phase was 31.5wt% when the concentration of model compound mixture in the feed reached 30%. Meanwhile, the oil phase also

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3

Stepacheva, A., P. Guseva, and A. Dozhdelev. "Supercritical Solvent Composition Influence on Bio-oil Model Compound Deoxygenation." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 11 (2019): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/48/02.

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Hydrofining of oxygen-containing compounds of bio-oil allows efficient use of the final product as a liquid fuel from biomass. Deoxygenation is considered to be one of the most perspective ways to modernize bio-oil. Generally, deoxygenation is carried out under fairly strict conditions in the presence of hydrogen in a medium of high-boiling hydrocarbons. This paper describes a new approach to deoxygenation of model compounds of bio-oil using supercritical liquids as a solvent and hydrogen donor. The possibility of using a complex solvent consisting of non-polar n-hexane with a low critical poi

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4

Gu, Yue Ling, Guo Hui Xu, Zuo Gang Guo, and Shu Rong Wang. "Esterification Research on a Bio-Oil Model Compounds System with an Optimal Solid Acid Catalyst." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 1144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.1144.

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Solid acid catalyst has high catalytic esterification activity but with a free acid excess problem. In this paper, washing pretreatments were adopted in the catalyst preparation processes and their influences on catalytic activity and residual free acid amount were investigated. Residual free acid amount can be reduced by 33% with both washing before calcinations and washing after calcinations pretreatments. But their influences on catalyst activities were different. Washing before calcinations pretreatment reduced the catalytic activity from 80.29% to 57.72% while the other washing pretreatme

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5

Yu, Yuxiang, Xiaoqian Qiu, Chao Li, Defu Bao, and Jianmin Chang. "Performance and characterization of phenol-formaldehyde resin with crude bio-oil by model compound method." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (2023): e0271478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271478.

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In order to clarify the effects of crude bio-oil for phenol-formaldehyde resin, the phenol-formaldehyde resin with bio-oil model compounds (BMPF) were prepared by model compound method. The bonding strength and aging resistance of BMPF were determined, and their microstructure and chemical bonds were also analyzed by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, respectively. The results showed that the components of crude bio-oil had various degrees of effects on the BMPF performance, and the most obvious one is the phenols. Th

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6

Watson, Michael J. "Platinum Group Metal Catalysed Hydrodeoxygenation Of Model Bio-oil Compounds." Johnson Matthey Technology Review 58, no. 3 (2014): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/147106714x682157.

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7

Pourzolfaghar, Hamed, Faisal Abnisa, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud, and Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua. "Atmospheric hydrodeoxygenation of bio-oil oxygenated model compounds: A review." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 133 (August 2018): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.04.013.

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8

Jamil, Farrukh, Bawadi Abdullah, Murni Melati Ahmad, Abrar Inayat, and Suzana Yusup. "Catalytic Cracking of Synthetic Bio-Oil: Kinetic Studies." Applied Mechanics and Materials 625 (September 2014): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.259.

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Kinetic study on the transformation of model compounds of bio-oil into less oxygenated liquid product was performed. A fixed bed continuous reactor was used for the catalytic cracking of bio-oil model compounds at the temperatures of 300°C, 400°C and 500°C under atmospheric pressure. HZSM-5 was used as the catalyst with the oil to catalyst ratio of 15. The kinetic behavior of the catalytic cracking of bio-oil was represented by a 3-lumped model. The kinetic parameters were calculated using an error minimization approach based on least square method. The results indicated that rate of formation

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9

Shumeiko, Bogdan, Klaus Schlackl, and David Kubička. "Hydrogenation of Bio-Oil Model Compounds over Raney-Ni at Ambient Pressure." Catalysts 9, no. 3 (2019): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9030268.

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Lignocellulosic biofuels are the most promising sustainable fuels that can be added to the crude oil pool to refill the dwindling fossil resources. In this work, we tested a Raney-Ni catalyst for the hydrogenation of four bio-oil model compounds and their binary mixtures to assess their reactivity under mild conditions suitable for bio-oil stabilization preceding green diesel production from lignocellulosic biomass. The hydrogenation experiments were performed at ambient hydrogen pressure at temperatures in the range 30–70 °C. Raney-Ni was found to hydrogenate all investigated model compounds

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10

Sedai, Baburam, Jin Lin Zhou, Nansi Fakhri, Abdelhamid Sayari, and R. Tom Baker. "Solid Phase Extraction of Bio-Oil Model Compounds and Lignin-Derived Bio-Oil Using Amine-Functionalized Mesoporous Silicas." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 8 (2018): 9716–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b00747.

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11

Kim, Hannah, Heejin Lee, Eun Hwa Lee, et al. "Hydrodeoxygenation of Bio-Oil Model Compounds Over Pt/Al-MSU-F." Science of Advanced Materials 9, no. 6 (2017): 945–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2017.2917.

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12

Graça, I., F. Ramôa Ribeiro, H. S. Cerqueira, Y. L. Lam, and M. B. B. de Almeida. "Catalytic cracking of mixtures of model bio-oil compounds and gasoil." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 90, no. 3-4 (2009): 556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.04.010.

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13

Tan, Zhichao, Xingmin Xu, Yonggang Liu, et al. "Upgrading bio-oil model compounds phenol and furfural within situgenerated hydrogen." Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 33, no. 3 (2014): 751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.11915.

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14

Li, Shanling, Suping Zhang, Zhanyuan Feng, and Yongjie Yan. "Coke formation in the catalytic cracking of bio-oil model compounds." Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 34, no. 1 (2014): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.11936.

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15

Wang, Aiguo, Danielle Austin, and Hua Song. "Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass and its Model Compounds for Fuel Production." Current Organic Chemistry 23, no. 5 (2019): 517–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272823666190416160249.

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The heavy dependence on fossil fuels raises many concerns on unsustainability and negative environmental impact. Biomass valorization to sustainable chemicals and fuels is an attractive strategy to reduce the reliance on fossil fuel sources. Gasification, liquefaction and pyrolysis are the main thermochemical technologies for biomass conversion. Gasification occurs at high temperature and yields the gas (syngas) as the main product. Liquefaction is conducted at low temperature but high pressure, which mainly produces liquid product with high quality. Biomass pyrolysis is performed at a moderat

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16

Maidana, Yanina P., Eduardo Izurieta, Andres I. Casoni, Maria A. Volpe, Eduardo Lopez, and Marisa N. Pedernera. "STEAM REFORMING OF UPGRADED BIO-OIL AQUEOUS PHASE FRACTION FROM SUNFLOWER SEED HULLS: THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 49, no. 4 (2019): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2019.210.

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This work focuses on the study of hydrogen production process departing from waste lignocellulosic biomass. The bio-oil was first obtained by non-catalytic fast pyrolysis of sunflower seed hulls. Subsequently, it was upgraded to reduce the concentration of higher molecular weight compounds by water addition and mixing. A 1/1 bio-oil:water ratio was selected here. Later, a thermodynamic analysis based on free energy minimization was profited to study the steam reforming process of the upgraded bio-oil sample. The influence of the operation temperature on the reforming was analyzed. The highest

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17

Stepacheva, Antonina A., Mariia E. Markova, Yury V. Lugovoy, et al. "Hydrogen-Free Deoxygenation of Bio-Oil Model Compounds over Sulfur-Free Polymer Supported Catalysts." Catalysis for Sustainable Energy 7, no. 1 (2020): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cse-2020-0003.

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AbstractHydrotreatment of bio-oil oxygen compounds allows the final product to be effectively used as a liquid transportation fuel from biomass. Deoxygenation is considered to be one of the most promising ways for bio-oil upgrading. In the current work, we describe a novel approach for the deoxygenation of bio-oil model compounds (anisole, guaiacol) using supercritical fluids as both the solvent and hydrogen-donors. We estimated the possibility of the use of complex solvent consisting of non-polar n-hexane with low critical points (Tc = 234.5 ºC, Pc = 3.02 MPa) and propanol-2 used as H-donor.

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18

Sembodo, Bregas Siswahjono Tatag, Hary Sulistyo, Wahyudi Budi Sediawan, and Mohammad Fahrurrozi. "Kinetics study on non-isothermal thermochemical liquefaction of corncobs in ethanol-water solution: Effect of ethanol concentration." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 09005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819709005.

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Corncobs are potentially processed into bio-oil through thermochemical liquefaction processes. It is difficult to construct kinetics models based on the compounds involved in the reaction. It would be made four kinetic models based on four reaction products, i.e., solids, bio-oil, gas and volatile products. The purposes of the study were to seek kinetics model of thermochemical liquefaction of corncobs in ethanol-water solution and to study the effect of ethanol concentration. The experiment of liquefaction processes of corncobs in ethanol-water solution using sodium carbonate catalyst was per

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19

Qu, Lu, Xia Jiang, Zihao Zhang, et al. "A review of hydrodeoxygenation of bio-oil: model compounds, catalysts, and equipment." Green Chemistry 23, no. 23 (2021): 9348–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc03183j.

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20

Li, Siyi, Shuo Cheng, and Jeffrey S. Cross. "Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis Impact on Pyrolyzed Cellulose to Produce Bio-Oil." Catalysts 10, no. 2 (2020): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10020178.

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Effectively utilizing catalytic pyrolysis to upgrade bio-oil products prepared from biomass has many potential benefits for the environment. In this paper, cellulose (a major component of plants and a biomass model compound) is pyrolyzed and catalyzed with different catalysts: Ni2Fe3, ZSM-5, and Ni2Fe3/ZSM-5. Two different pyrolysis processes are investigated to compare homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis influence on the products. The results indicate that the Ni2Fe3 cluster catalyst shows the best activity as a homogeneous catalysis. It can also be recycled repeatedly, increases the yiel

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21

Lozano, Pablo, Ana Simón, Lucía García, Joaquín Ruiz, Miriam Oliva, and Jesús Arauzo. "Influence of the Ni-Co/Al-Mg Catalyst Loading in the Continuous Aqueous Phase Reforming of the Bio-Oil Aqueous Fraction." Processes 9, no. 1 (2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010081.

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The effect of catalyst loading in the Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) of bio-oil aqueous fraction has been studied with a Ni-Co/Al-Mg coprecipitated catalyst. Because of the high content of water in the bio-oil aqueous fraction, APR could be a useful process to convert this fraction into valuable products. Experiments of APR with continuous feeding of aqueous solution of acetol, butanol and acetic acid as the only compound, together with a simulated and a real aqueous fraction of bio-oil, were carried out. Liquid products in the liquid effluent of the APR model compounds were quantified and the

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22

Zhang, Jing, Kaige Wang, Michael W. Nolte, Yong S. Choi, Robert C. Brown, and Brent H. Shanks. "Catalytic Deoxygenation of Bio-Oil Model Compounds over Acid–Base Bifunctional Catalysts." ACS Catalysis 6, no. 4 (2016): 2608–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b00245.

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23

Bindwal, Ankush B., Atul H. Bari, and Prakash D. Vaidya. "Kinetics of low temperature aqueous-phase hydrogenation of model bio-oil compounds." Chemical Engineering Journal 207-208 (October 2012): 725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.07.043.

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24

Li, Yunchao, Jingai Shao, Xianhua Wang, et al. "Upgrading of Bio-oil: Removal of the Fermentation Inhibitor (Furfural) from the Model Compounds of Bio-oil Using Pyrolytic Char." Energy & Fuels 27, no. 10 (2013): 5975–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef401375q.

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25

Li, Siyi, Dan Yu, Shuo Cheng, and Jeffrey S. Cross. "Recyclabl Metal (Ni, Fe) Cluster Designed Catalyst for Cellulose Pyrolysis to Upgrade Bio-Oil." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (2020): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101160.

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A new recyclable catalyst for pyrolysis has been developed by combining calculations and experimental methods. In order to understand the properties of the new cluster designed catalysts, cellulose (a major component of plants) as a biomass model compound was pyrolyzed and catalyzed with different cluster designed catalysts. The NiaFeb (2 ≤ a + b ≤ 6) catalyst clusters structures were calculated by using Gaussian and Materials Studio software to determine the relationships between catalyst structure and bio-oil components, which is essential to design cluster designed catalysts that can improv

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26

Feng, Junfeng, Zhongzhi Yang, Chung-yun Hse, et al. "In situ catalytic hydrogenation of model compounds and biomass-derived phenolic compounds for bio-oil upgrading." Renewable Energy 105 (May 2017): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.12.054.

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27

Ozagac, M., C. Bertino-Ghera, D. Uzio, M. Rivallan, D. Laurenti, and C. Geantet. "Understanding macromolecules formation from the catalytic hydroconversion of pyrolysis bio-oil model compounds." Biomass and Bioenergy 95 (December 2016): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.10.007.

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28

Du, Shoucheng, David P. Gamliel, Marcus V. Giotto, Julia A. Valla, and George M. Bollas. "Coke formation of model compounds relevant to pyrolysis bio-oil over ZSM-5." Applied Catalysis A: General 513 (March 2016): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2015.12.022.

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29

Costa da Cruz, A. R., J. J. Verstraete, N. Charon, and J. F. Joly. "A Monte Carlo method for the simulating hydrotreating of bio-oil model compounds." Chemical Engineering Journal 377 (December 2019): 120144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.10.081.

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30

Tang, Xingfei, Wentao Ding, and Hao Li. "Improved hydrodeoxygenation of bio-oil model compounds with polymethylhydrosiloxane by Brønsted acidic zeolites." Fuel 290 (April 2021): 119883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119883.

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31

Li, Xianglin, Zhanming Zhang, Lijun Zhang, et al. "Investigation of coking behaviors of model compounds in bio-oil during steam reforming." Fuel 265 (April 2020): 116961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116961.

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32

Verma, Anand Mohan, and Nanda Kishore. "First-principles study on the gas-phase decomposition of bio-oil oxygenated compounds over the palladium catalyst surface." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 40 (2019): 22320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp04858h.

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33

Ma, Zhong, Rui Xiao, and Huiyan Zhang. "Catalytic steam reforming of bio-oil model compounds for hydrogen-rich gas production using bio-char as catalyst." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42, no. 6 (2017): 3579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.11.107.

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34

Ionescu, Mihail, and Zoran Petrovic. "Phenolation of vegetable oils." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 76, no. 4 (2011): 591–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc100820050i.

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Novel bio-based compounds containing phenols suitable for the synthesis of polyurethanes were prepared. The direct alkylation of phenols with different vegetable oils in the presence of superacids (HBF4, triflic acid) as catalysts was studied. The reaction kinetics was followed by monitoring the decrease of the double bond content (iodine value) with time. In order to understand the mechanism of the reaction, phenol was alkylated with model compounds. The model compounds containing one internal double bond were 9-octadecene and methyl oleate and those with three double bonds were triolein and

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35

Page, Jeffrey R., Zachary Manfredi, Stoyan Bliznakov, and Julia A. Valla. "Recent Progress in Electrochemical Upgrading of Bio-Oil Model Compounds and Bio-Oils to Renewable Fuels and Platform Chemicals." Materials 16, no. 1 (2023): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010394.

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Sustainable production of renewable carbon-based fuels and chemicals remains a necessary but immense challenge in the fight against climate change. Bio-oil derived from lignocellulosic biomass requires energy-intense upgrading to produce usable fuels or chemicals. Traditional upgrading methods such as hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) require high temperatures (200–400 °C) and 200 bar of external hydrogen. Electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH), on the other hand, operates at low temperatures (<80 °C), ambient pressure, and does not require an external hydrogen source. These environmental and economica

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36

Xie, Huaqing, Qingbo Yu, Xin Yao, Wenjun Duan, Zongliang Zuo, and Qin Qin. "Hydrogen production via steam reforming of bio-oil model compounds over supported nickel catalysts." Journal of Energy Chemistry 24, no. 3 (2015): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2095-4956(15)60315-1.

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37

Wang, Huamin, Jonathan Male, and Yong Wang. "Recent Advances in Hydrotreating of Pyrolysis Bio-Oil and Its Oxygen-Containing Model Compounds." ACS Catalysis 3, no. 5 (2013): 1047–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cs400069z.

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38

Xu, Ying, Jinxing Long, Qiying Liu, et al. "In situ hydrogenation of model compounds and raw bio-oil over Raney Ni catalyst." Energy Conversion and Management 89 (January 2015): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.09.017.

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39

Fu, Ming, Wei Qi, Qingli Xu, Suping Zhang, and Yongjie Yan. "Hydrogen production from bio-oil model compounds dry (CO2) reforming over Ni/Al2O3 catalyst." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 3 (2016): 1494–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.11.104.

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40

Snell, Ryan W., Elliot Combs, and Brent H. Shanks. "Aldol Condensations Using Bio-oil Model Compounds: The Role of Acid–Base Bi-functionality." Topics in Catalysis 53, no. 15-18 (2010): 1248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-010-9576-7.

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41

Fu, Jie, Sikander H. Hakim, and Brent H. Shanks. "Aqueous-Phase Processing of Bio-oil Model Compounds Over Pt–Re Supported on Carbon." Topics in Catalysis 55, no. 3-4 (2012): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-012-9784-4.

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42

Goodwin, Vituruch, Boonyawan Yoosuk, Tanakorn Ratana, and Sabaithip Tungkamani. "Hydrotreating of Free Fatty Acid and Bio-Oil Model Compounds: Effect of Catalyst Support." Energy Procedia 79 (November 2015): 486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.523.

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43

Xie, Huaqing, Qingbo Yu, Kun Wang, Xiaobo Shi, and Xinhui Li. "Thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen production from model compounds of bio-oil through steam reforming." Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 33, no. 3 (2013): 1008–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.11846.

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44

Ortiz, Edixon Daniel, Arief Budiman, and Rochim Bakti Cahyono. "Bio-oil synthesis from Botryococcus braunii by microwave-assisted pyrolysis." Jurnal Rekayasa Proses 16, no. 2 (2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.74241.

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Microalgae have proven to be a promising resource in renewable energy search; Products such as bio-oils could contribute to the replacement of petroleum. The objective of this investigation is to determine the decomposition mechanism, obtain the kinetic reaction, as well as evaluate the potential to obtain microalgae bio-oil through microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP). MAP is a new thermochemical conversion from biomass to bio-oil that is faster, efficient, controllable, and flexible, compared to conventional pyrolysis, rapid pyrolysis, or instant pyrolysis. As raw material in this experiment,

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45

Kanak, Md Amirul Alam, Ji Yeon Park, and In Gu Lee. "Catalytic Cracking of Oleic Acid over Zeolites." Key Engineering Materials 814 (July 2019): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.814.517.

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Compared with bio-oil from sawdust (common lignocellulosic biomass), the bio-oil obtained by fast pyrolysis of coffee waste has a unique feature to contain a significant amount of fatty acids such as oleic acid and palmitic acid. It is necessary to conduct C-C cracking of fatty acids present in coffee-waste bio-oil to maximize gasoline fraction (C5-C12) production. In this work, catalytic cracking of oleic acid as a model compound for the fatty acids was carried out in batch reactors to understand the effect of major parameters such as zeolite type (HZSM-5, SAPO-11, MCM-41), reaction temperatu

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46

Wang, Wenbo, Zhongyang Luo, Simin Li, Shuang Xue, and Yi Yang. "Effects of the controllable mesostructure of nano-sized ZSM-5 on the co-cracking of phenolic bio-oil model compounds and ethanol." Catalysis Science & Technology 9, no. 13 (2019): 3525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cy00576e.

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47

Rowena C. Tanquilut, Mari, Homer C. Genuino, Erwin Wilbers, et al. "Biorefining of Pigeon Pea: Residue Conversion by Pyrolysis." Energies 13, no. 11 (2020): 2778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112778.

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Pyrolysis is an important technology to convert lignocellulosic biomass to a renewable liquid energy carrier known as pyrolysis oil or bio-oil. Herein we report the pyrolysis of pigeon pea wood, a widely available biomass in the Philippines, in a semi-continuous reactor at gram scale. The effects of process conditions such as temperature (400–600 °C), nitrogen flow rate (7–15 mL min−1) and particle size of the biomass feed (0.5–1.3 mm) on the product yields were determined. A Box-Behnken three-level, three-factor fractional factorial design was carried out to establish process-product yield re

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48

Shi, Juanjuan, Mengsi Zhao, Yingyu Wang, Jie Fu, Xiuyang Lu, and Zhaoyin Hou. "Upgrading of aromatic compounds in bio-oil over ultrathin graphene encapsulated Ru nanoparticles." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 16 (2016): 5842–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta01317a.

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A novel Ru@G-CS composite, in which 1–2 layered N-doped graphene encapsulated nano-sized Ru (2.5 ± 1.0 nm) particles, was fabricated on carbon sheets (CS) via the direct pyrolysis of mixed glucose, melamine and RuCl<sub>3</sub>. And Ru@G-CS-700 (pyrolysis at 700 °C) is highly active, selective and stable for the hydrogenation of model compounds (such as phenols, furfurals and aromatics) in bio-oil in water.

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49

MA, Ya-kai, Xin-hua YUAN, Ze-jun LUO, and Xi-feng ZHU. "Influence of vacuum degrees in rectification system on distillation characteristics of bio-oil model compounds." Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology 50, no. 2 (2022): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1872-5813(21)60140-8.

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50

Chen, Guanyi, Ruixue Zhang, Wenchao Ma, et al. "Catalytic cracking of model compounds of bio-oil over HZSM-5 and the catalyst deactivation." Science of The Total Environment 631-632 (August 2018): 1611–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.147.

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