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1
Toledo-Hernández, Erubiel, Amairani Santana-Flores, Alejandro Sánchez-Ayala, Yanet Romero-Ramírez, Santo Ángel Ortega-Acosta, and Jeiry Toribio-Jiménez. "Aislamiento e identificación de bacterias tolerantes y bioacumuladoras de metales pesados, obtenidas de los jales mineros El Fraile, México." REVISTA TERRA LATINOAMERICANA 38, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.28940/terra.v38i1.430.
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The mining activity has left mine tailings with high quantities of heavy metals and metalloids. Due their extreme toxicity, they represent a hostile environment for microbial colonization; however, there are metalotolerant bacteria in these mining wastes, and this is attributed to mechanisms of bioaccumulation and biotransformation of metals. The native bacteria from El Fraile mine tailings have developed adaptation mechanisms that allow them to persist in a toxic environment, thus, the objective of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria with the ability to tolerate, bioaccumulate or biotransform heavy metals. Our study was based on descriptive observations, we isolated 141 strains from water, leachate, soil, and rhizosphere and stems of plants from El Fraile mine tailings, Guerrero, Mexico. Bacterial tolerance was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration in different metallic salts, the capacity of bioaccumulation of Ag, Pb, Cr, and Cd, and by the biotransformation of As (III) and Cr6+; in addition, representative bacteria were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequences. The results of the 141 strains analyzed showed ascending tolerance to Cd2+ 2 mM, Cu2+ 5 mM, Pb2+ 9 mM, Zn2+ 9 mM, Ag2+ 10 mM, As3+ 30 mM, and As5+ 45 mM. Only 9.24 and 39% of the strains bioaccumulated Zn2+, Pb2+ and Ag2+. In regard to biotransformation, 9% oxidized As3+ to As5+, and 7 and 24% reduced As5+ to As3+ and Cr6+ to Cr3+, respectively. The genera that prevailed were Chryseobacterium sp., Staphyloccoccus sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Acinetobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Serratia sp., and Enterobacter sp. These results showed that in El Fraile mine tailings, there are bacterial strains capable of bioaccumulating and biotransforming heavy metals and metalloids; therefore, further studies must be conducted to know their potential in the processes of bioremediation of areas polluted with metals.
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Holder, Philippa J., Ainsley Jones, Charles R. Tyler, and James E. Cresswell. "Fipronil pesticide as a suspect in historical mass mortalities of honey bees." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 51 (December 3, 2018): 13033–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804934115.
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Mass mortalities of honey bees occurred in France in the 1990s coincident with the introduction of two agricultural insecticides, imidacloprid and fipronil. Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid, was widely blamed, but the differential potency of imidacloprid and fipronil has been unclear because of uncertainty over their capacity to bioaccumulate during sustained exposure to trace dietary residues and, thereby, cause time-reinforced toxicity (TRT). We experimentally quantified the toxicity of fipronil and imidacloprid to honey bees and incorporated the observed mortality rates into a demographic simulation of a honey bee colony in an environmentally realistic scenario. Additionally, we evaluated two bioassays from new international guidance for agrochemical regulation, which aim to detect TRT. Finally, we used analytical chemistry (GC-MS) to test for bioaccumulation of fipronil. We found in demographic simulations that only fipronil produced mass mortality in honey bees. In the bioassays, only fipronil caused TRT. GC-MS analysis revealed that virtually all of the fipronil ingested by a honey bee in a single meal was present 6 d later, which suggests that bioaccumulation is the basis of TRT in sustained dietary exposures. We therefore postulate that fipronil, not imidacloprid, caused the mass mortalities of honey bees in France during the 1990s because it is lethal to honey bees in even trace doses due to its capacity to bioaccumulate and generate TRT. Our results provide evidence that recently proposed laboratory bioassays can discriminate harmful bioaccumulative substances and, thereby, address evident shortcomings in a regulatory system that had formerly approved fipronil for agricultural use.
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Umeo, Suzana Harue, Maria Graciela Iecher Faria, Simone Schenkel Scheid Vilande, Douglas Cardoso Dragunski, Juliana Silveira do Valle, Nelson Barros Colauto, and Giani Andrea Linde. "Iron and zinc mycelial bioaccumulation in Agaricus subrufescens strains." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 6 (August 29, 2019): 2513. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6p2513.
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Agaricus subrufescens, a basidiomycete native to Brazil, is worldwide cultivated due to its medicinal properties. This fungus is capable of bioaccumulating metals in the mycelial biomass when cultured in the presence of them; however, this capacity is little explored for functional food production. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of iron or zinc bioaccumulated in the vegetative mycelium of sixteen strains of A. subrufescens. Mycelia were grown in malt extract agar added with 50 mg/L of iron or with 7.5 mg/L of zinc. The metal bioaccumulation in the mycelial biomass was strain-dependent. In general, metal can inhibit or stimulate the mycelial growth ranging from -81 to +78% for iron and from -86 to +100% for zinc. The highest bioaccumulated iron and zinc concentrations in the mycelial biomass was 2,595.65 mg/kg and 1,655.83 mg/kg, respectively and occurred in the U4-4 strain. The supplementation of mycelial biomass using iron or zinc is an alternative to develop food supplements, that can be used both in the human and animal diet and in the prevention of diseases.
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Mareri, B., E. Kitur, and P. Obade. "Bioaccumulation of zinc, lead, cadmium in water hyacinth, hippo grass and papyrus reed as water quality indicator in River Kisat in Kisumu County, Kenya." African Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.33886/ajpas.v2i2.213.
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River Kisat in Kenya is increasingly being polluted serving as a sink for waste receiving effluent from sewerage, industrial waste and agricultural pesticide residues leading to heavy metal contamination. This has led to the contamination of the aquatic ecosystem and water used by communities for consumption and farming. Little information is available on the bio-indicative aspects of water quality using bioaccumulation factor by macrophytes. This study aimed at determining concentrations of Zn, Pb and Cd in water, (Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), Vossia cuspidata (hippo grass), Cyperus papyrus (papyrus reed) and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) in River Kisat, Kisumu County. This was determined following laboratory standard procedures using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results showed mean concentrations (mg/L) of Cd (Below detectable limit), Zn (0.2 -0.15) and Pb (0.03-0.03) in water. Mean values were within allowable WHO drinking water limits except for Pb which was above acceptable limits. Zn recorded highest accumulated levels in E. crassipes (72.43mg/L), C. papyrus (70.13mg/L) and V. cuspidate (71.03mg/L). E. crassipes was observed to bioaccumulate the highest concentration of the heavy metals with C. papyrus bioaccumulating the lowest (E. crassipes > V. cuspidata> C. papyrus). Pearson matrix correlation analysis showed positive significant correlations (r = 0.621; p = 0.027) between Zn and Pb in water and the macrophytes which reflected a common source of pollution and indication of accumulation. BAF recorded for all macrophytes ranged from 2.45 to 6.85, above value of 1, indicating significant bioaccumulation for Zn and Pb. The findings from this study showed higher concentrations of Zn and Pb in the macrophytes in comparison to the water in River Kisat with BAF values >1 indicating bioaccumulation which represented poor water quality. The study recommends local authorities employ monitoring processes with incorporation of BAF as a water quality indicator where low metal concentrations in water are recorded, introduce penalties for polluters and sensitize local inhabitants on detrimental health effects of heavy metal and avoid use of River Kisat water for agricultural activities.
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Talaber, Iva, Cornelis A. M. Van Gestel, Anita Jemec Kokalj, Gregor Marolt, Sara Novak, Primož Zidar, and Damjana Drobne. "Comparative biokinetics of pristine and sulfidized Ag nanoparticles in two arthropod species exposed to different field soils." Environmental Science: Nano 7, no. 9 (2020): 2735–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0en00291g.
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Ag bioaccumulation upon exposure to pristine Ag NPs is of bigger concern in acidic sandy soils, but not in case of the environmentally relevant sulfidized Ag NPs, which do not bioaccumulate in P. scaber or F. candida.
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Reemtsma, T., and N. Klinkow. "A strategy for the assessment of hazardous substances in industrial effluents (IDA)." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0309.
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A strategy for the assessment of industrial wastewater discharges with regard to the major hazard parameters toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation is presented. The modular design of the strategy named IDA (Industrial Discharge Assessment) allows us to successively determine the three hazard parameters. Starting with the parameter toxicity biological tests for acute and chronic as well as genotoxicity are performed. Next persistence in the aquatic environment is simulated by a biological degradation test. A method based on solid-phase extraction was developed to cover the parameter bioaccumulation by determination of the amount of potentially bioaccumulating substances. The strategy was applied to real wastewater samples to test its applicability. In one of the investigated discharges toxic and persistent but no potentially bioaccumulating substances were found to be present. The strategy IDA is generally applicable and provides reasonable results to allow for a deeper insight into the hazard potential of an effluent.
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Burtnyk, Michael D., Gordon Paterson, Kenneth G. Drouillard, and G. Douglas Haffner. "Steady and non-steady state kinetics describe polychlorinated biphenyl bioaccumulation in natural populations of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and cisco (Coregonus artedi)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66, no. 12 (December 2009): 2189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f09-150.
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This study investigated polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) bioaccumulation patterns across age classes of bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) and cisco ( Coregonus artedi ) collected from Sharbot Lake, Ontario. For bluegill, lipid normalized concentrations of PCB congeners of log Kow < 6.8 did not demonstrate any significant increases across individuals 2–5 years of age. In similarly aged cisco, however, significant age-related increases in lipid normalized PCB concentrations were observed for the majority of these congeners. For PCBs of log Kow > 6.8, these congeners demonstrated significant and similar age-related fugacity increases in both species. These patterns indicated that the bioaccumulation of less hydrophobic PCB congeners in bluegill suggest quicker growth kinetics and demonstrate the potential of this species to achieve steady state within their lifetime. In contrast, PCB bioaccumulation patterns in cisco demonstrated that biomagnification and non-steady state kinetics better reflect the capacity of this species to bioaccumulate PCBs. These results demonstrated that for pollutants of log Kow < 6.8, growth dilution and age-specific metabolic rates are critical for understanding their bioaccumulation by freshwater fish. However, for increasingly hydrophobic pollutants, their bioaccumulation reflects the biology and ecology of these species in their respective warm- and cold-water habitats.
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Pilaquinga, Fernanda, Sofía Cárdenas, Doris Vela, Eliza Jara, Jeroni Morey, José Luis Gutiérrez-Coronado, Alexis Debut, and María de las Nieves Piña. "Fertility and Iron Bioaccumulation in Drosophila melanogaster Fed with Magnetite Nanoparticles Using a Validated Method." Molecules 26, no. 9 (May 10, 2021): 2808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092808.
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Research on nanomaterial exposure-related health risks is still quite limited; this includes standardizing methods for measuring metals in living organisms. Thus, this study validated an atomic absorption spectrophotometry method to determine fertility and bioaccumulated iron content in Drosophila melanogaster flies after feeding them magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs) dosed in a culture medium (100, 250, 500, and 1000 mg kg−1). Some NPs were also coated with chitosan to compare iron assimilation. Considering both accuracy and precision, results showed the method was optimal for concentrations greater than 20 mg L−1. Recovery values were considered optimum within the 95–105% range. Regarding fertility, offspring for each coated and non-coated NPs concentration decreased in relation to the control group. Flies exposed to 100 mg L−1 of coated NPs presented the lowest fertility level and highest bioaccumulation factor. Despite an association between iron bioaccumulation and NPs concentration, the 500 mg L−1 dose of coated and non-coated NPs showed similar iron concentrations to those of the control group. Thus, Drosophila flies’ fertility decreased after NPs exposure, while iron bioaccumulation was related to NPs concentration and coating. We determined this method can overcome sample limitations and biological matrix-associated heterogeneity, thus allowing for bioaccumulated iron detection regardless of exposure to coated or non-coated magnetite NPs, meaning this protocol could be applicable with any type of iron NPs.
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Douketis, James, Deborah Cook, Nicole Zytaruks, Diane Heels-Ansdell, and Mark Crowther. "Dalteparin Thromboprophylaxis in Critically Ill Patients with Severe Renal Insufficiency: The Direct Study." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.304.304.
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Abstract Background: Critically ill patients with renal insufficiency are at high risk for deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) effectively prevent DVT but are avoided in patients with renal insufficiency because of potential bioaccumulation and potential bleeding risk. However, evidence is lacking that LMWHs bioaccumulate in such patients. Objectives: The objectives of DIRECT were, in critically ill patients with severe renal insufficiency, to determine if dalteparin prophylaxis leads to bioaccumulation and bleeding from excessive anticoagulation and to determine the pharmacodynamic profile of dalteparin. Methods: Multi-center, open-label, prospective cohort study of critically ill patients with a creatinine clearance <30 mL/min who receive dalteparin, 5000 IU once-daily, subcutaneously for up to 30 days. Dalteparin bioaccumulation in a patient was defined by a trough anti-Xa level >0.40 IU/mL, measured twice-weekly 20 hours after the prior dalteparin dose. The pharmacodynamic profile of dalteparin was assessed by anti-Xa levels measured at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 20, and 24 hours after the prior dose on days 3, 10, and 17 of treatment. Results: We enrolled 156 patients with a mean (SD) creatinine clearance of 18.9 (6.5) mL/min; of these, 18 were excluded because they died or were discharged before testing (n = 3) or had prevalent DVT (n = 14) or pulmonary embolism (n = 1) within 48 hours of enrollment. Of 138 patients included, the median (inter-quartile range [IQR]) duration of dalteparin treatment was 7 days (4, 12). In 120 pa tients who had ≥1 trough anti-Xa measured (427 total), none had dalteparin bioaccumulation; the median (IQR) trough anti-Xa level was <0.1 IU/mL (<0.1, <0.1). In 138 patients who received ≥1 dose of dalteparin,10 patients (7.2%; 95% CI: 4.0, 12.8) had a major bleed, all with trough anti-Xa levels ≤0.18 IU/mL. The pharmacodynamic profile of dalteparin, shown in the Figure, was typical for drugs that do not bioaccumulate, with a typical peak and decline after 3, 10, and 17 days of treatment. Conclusions: In critically ill patients with severe renal insufficiency, thromboprophylaxis with dalteparin did not bioaccumulate. Dalteparin, 5000 IU once-daily, appears to be a reasonable option for thromboprophylaxis of critically ill patients with severe renal insufficiency. Figure Figure
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Akhter, Kulsoom, Tahseen Ghous, Zain Ul-Abdin, Saiqa Andleeb, Muhammad Naeem Ahmed, and Basharat Hussain. "Chromium bioaccumulation potential of Bacillus cereus isolated from rhizospheres of Tagetes minuta L." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 49, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v49i1.49091.
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Two metal resistant Bacillus cereus strains (AVP12 and NC7401) isolated from metal polluted and nonpolluted rhizospheres of Tagetes minuta were examined for Cr(VI) bioaccumulation potential. It was found that the strains have potential to survive even at metal concentration of 300 mg/l. The per cent removal capacity of Cr(VI) by AVP12 and NC7401 strains was analyzed as a function of environmental factors including pH, incubation time and biosorbate concentration. The optimum pH was found to be 5 andwas selected for further studies. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were found suitable for description of Cr(VI) bioaccumulation. The maximum Cr(VI) bioaccumulation capacity by Bacillus cereus AVP12 and Bacillus cereus NC7401 strains isolated from polluted rhizosphere was 181.0 and 107.5 mg/l, respectively while maximum Cr(VI) bioaccumulation capacity by Bacillus cereus AVP12 and Bacillus cereus NC7401 strains isolated from non-polluted rhizosphere was 92.59 and 62.11 mg/l, respectively. Both types of rhizobacterial strains, especially isolated from metal polluted rhizospheres could serve as economical and ecofriendly bioaccumulating agents for removal of Cr(VI).
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Zhang, Linlin, and Xiaoran Sun. "The Use of Biological and Chemical Parameters to Determine the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Wastewaters." Water Quality Research Journal 30, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1995.011.
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Abstract This study was conducted to determine the different parameters of the wastewater entering the Haihe River in the city of Tianjin. Different biological and experimental testing methods were used, including bioluminescence, the Ceriodaphnia dubia test, simulated bioaccumulation by thin-layer chromatography, and GC-MS analysis. Two samples showed acute toxicity to bioluminescent bacteria and Ceriodaphnia dubia, and contained many kinds of chemical compounds which tended to bioaccumulate. The wastewaters were also assessed and a basis for the river pollution control was provided.
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Xiang, Lei, Yan-Wen Li, Zhen-Ru Wang, Bai-Lin Liu, Hai-Ming Zhao, Hui Li, Quan-Ying Cai, Ce-Hui Mo, and Qing X. Li. "Bioaccumulation and Phytotoxicity and Human Health Risk from Microcystin-LR under Various Treatments: A Pot Study." Toxins 12, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12080523.
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Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is prevalent in water and can be translocated into soil-crop ecosystem via irrigation, overflow (pollution accident), and cyanobacterial manure applications, threatening agricultural production and human health. However, the effects of various input pathways on the bioaccumulation and toxicity of MCs in terrestrial plants have been hardly reported so far. In the present study, pot experiments were performed to compare the bioaccumulation, toxicity, and health risk of MC-LR as well as its degradation in soils among various treatments with the same total amount of added MC-LR (150 μg/kg). The treatments included irrigation with polluted water (IPW), cultivation with polluted soil (CPS), and application of cyanobacterial manure (ACM). Three common leaf-vegetables in southern China were used in the pot experiments, including Ipomoea batatas L., Brassica juncea L., and Brassica alboglabra L. All leaf vegetables could bioaccumulate MC-LR under the three treatments, with much higher MC-LR bioaccumulation, especially root bioconcentration observed in ACM treatment than IPW and CPS treatments. An opposite trend in MC-LR degradation in soils of these treatments indicated that ACM could limit MC-LR degradation in soils and thus promote its bioaccumulation in the vegetables. MC-LR bioaccumulation could cause toxicity to the vegetables, with the highest toxic effects observed in ACM treatment. Similarly, bioaccumulation of MC-LR in the edible parts of the leaf-vegetables posed 1.1~4.8 fold higher human health risks in ACM treatment than in IPW and CPS treatments. The findings of this study highlighted a great concern on applications of cyanobacterial manure.
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Maalouf, Haifa, Julien Schaeffer, Sylvain Parnaudeau, Jacques Le Pendu, Robert L. Atmar, Sue E. Crawford, and Françoise S. Le Guyader. "Strain-Dependent Norovirus Bioaccumulation in Oysters." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 10 (March 25, 2011): 3189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03010-10.
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ABSTRACTNoroviruses (NoVs) are the main agents of gastroenteritis in humans and the primary pathogens of shellfish-related outbreaks. Some NoV strains bind to shellfish tissues by using carbohydrate structures similar to their human ligands, leading to the hypothesis that such ligands may influence bioaccumulation. This study compares the bioaccumulation efficiencies and tissue distributions in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) of three strains from the two principal human norovirus genogroups. Clear differences between strains were observed. The GI.1 strain was the most efficiently concentrated strain. Bioaccumulation specifically occurred in digestive tissues in a dose-dependent manner, and its efficiency paralleled ligand expression, which was highest during the cold months. In comparison, the GII.4 strain was very poorly bioaccumulated and was recovered in almost all tissues without seasonal influence. The GII.3 strain presented an intermediate behavior, without seasonal effect and with less bioaccumulation efficiency than that of the GI.1 strain during the cold months. In addition, the GII.3 strain was transiently concentrated in gills and mantle before being almost specifically accumulated in digestive tissues. Carbohydrate ligand specificities of the strains at least partly explain the strain-dependent bioaccumulation characteristics. In particular, binding to the digestive-tube-specific ligand should contribute to bioaccumulation, whereas we hypothesize that binding to the sialic acid-containing ligand present in all tissues would contribute to retain virus particles in the gills or mantle and lead to rapid destruction.
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Rowan, David J., and Joseph B. Rasmussen. "Bioaccumulation of Radiocesium by Fish: the Influence of Physicochemical Factors and Trophic Structure." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 2388–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-240.
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Although many measurements have been made on radiocesium levels in water and aquatic biota, no agreement has been reached regarding the factors affecting bioaccumulation of these radionuclides. With monitoring data from countries that operate nuclear facilities and data from the primary literature, we explored the chemical and ecological factors that determine the bioaccumulation of radiocesium. Using log–linear regression we found that the bioaccumulation of 137Cs by fish was a negative function of both dissolved potassium and suspended sediment concentration, and a positive function of temperature. Important ecological factors were the trophic level of the fish (piscivores bioaccumulate more than plank-tivores and benthivores), and the length of the food chain as reflected by the ratio of piscivore yield relative to net primary production. Fish from softwater drainages, which make up a large portion of northern Europe and Canada, are more vulnerable to radiocesium contamination than fish from hardwater sedimentary drainages, because these waters are extremely low in potassium and suspended sediment, and their watersheds are less efficient in retaining radiocesium. High dissolved potassium, short food chains, and the much greater volume and mixing potential of the ocean make marine fish less vulnerable to releases of radiocesium.
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Torres, Ronaldo J., Augusto Cesar, Camilo D. S. Pereira, Rodrigo B. Choueri, Denis M. S. Abessa, Marcos R. L. do Nascimento, Pedro S. Fadini, and Antonio A. Mozeto. "Bioaccumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Mercury in Oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) from Two Brazilian Estuarine Zones." International Journal of Oceanography 2012 (July 31, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/838320.
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Nowadays, organisms are increasingly being used in biomonitoring to assess bioavailability and bioaccumulation of contaminants. This approach can use both native and transplanted organisms in order to accomplish this task. In Brazil, most of the studies related to bioaccumulation of contaminants in oysters deal with metals. The present work employs this kind of test in Brazilian coastal estuaries (Santos and Paranaguá) to evaluate total mercury and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in sediments and oysters (native and caged Crassostrea rhizophorae). The methodologies employed were based on known USEPA methods. Results have shown a significant contamination in Santos sediments and consequent bioavailability of organisms. Paranaguá sediments presented lower contamination in sediments, but native oysters were able to accumulate total Hg. The experiments done with caged oysters did not show significant bioaccumulation of Hg and PAHs in the Paranaguá site, but proved to be an excellent tool to assess bioavailability in the Santos estuary since they were able to bioaccumulate up to 1,600% of total PAH in the samples from the inner part of this estuary when compared to control organisms. Multivariate statistical analyses employed to these results have separated the sites evaluated and the most contaminated samples from the least contaminated.
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Saxena, D., R. Levin, and M. A. Firer. "Removal of chromate from industrial effluent by a new isolate of Staphylococcus cohnii." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2000): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0297.
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We have isolated and identified of a new isolate of Staphylococcus cohnii from a tannery effluent and have studied the capacity of the organism to bioaccumulate chromium. The Staph.cohnii isolate is resistant to Cr, growing well in standard medium supplemented with 1000ppm Cr(VI). Over a treatment period of 96 hrs, the isolate removed about 90% Cr(VI) from medium containing 100ppm Cr(VI) and from contaminated tannery wastewater. Bioaccumulation of Cr from the wastewater was confirmed by atomic absorption. Results further indicate that the organism reduces Cr(VI) to Cr(III).
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Gewurtz, Sarah B., and Miriam L. Diamond. "Distribution and burdens of bioaccumulative contaminants in the Lake Erie food web: A review." Environmental Reviews 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a03-014.
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The bioaccumulation of organic contaminants in the Lake Erie food web is reviewed in context of the numerous changes experienced by the system. In the late 1960s, internal lake processes, related to the eutrophic status of the lake, minimized contaminant bioaccumulation despite high contaminant loadings. From the 1970s to 1980s contaminant concentrations decreased at different rates in many species of different trophic levels, coincident with decreased loadings to the lake. Since the early 1980s contaminant concentrations in biota have not changed consistently. Several factors have been proposed to account for these patterns, including reduced nutrient loadings and productivity, and the invasion of several exotic species such as zebra mussels. These factors have altered the food web structure and the internal distribution of contaminants in the lake. Emerging and continuing issues, such as climate change, invasions of additional exotic species, new chemical contaminants of concern, and algal toxins will likely impact contaminant dynamics in the future.Key words: Lake Erie, bioaccumulative contaminants, food web.
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Wnorowski, Aleksandra U. "Selection of Bacterial and Fungal Strains for Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0429.
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Eighty strains of fungi and heterotrophic bacteria, isolated from natural water sources polluted with heavy metals, were tested for their bioaccumulation abilities. Metal-resistant strains were first selected in a preliminary step. Preselected cultures were then screened for gold, silver, nickel and cadmium uptake capabilities. A collection of bioaccumulating strains, consisting of 39 strains for the recovery of gold, 9 strains for silver, 28 for cadmium and 22 for nickel, has been established. All the strains selected were able to remove metals tested from diluted solutions (ca. 5 mg/l) to levels below 0.5 mg/l. The maximum uptake capacity of strains was determined in concentrated metal solutions (20 - 50 mg/l). Nine of the strains had saturation values of 100 mg/g dry weight or higher. The importance of pH in passive bioaccumulation process is discussed.
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Vukašinović-Pešić, Vesna, Bogumiła Pilarczyk, Tymoteusz Miller, Monika Rajkowska-Myśliwiec, Joanna Podlasińska, Agnieszka Tomza-Marciniak, Nada Blagojević, Nevzeta Trubljanin, Andrzej Zawal, and Vladimir Pešić. "Toxic Elements and Mineral Content of Different Tissues of Endemic Edible Snails (Helix vladika and H. secernenda) of Montenegro." Foods 9, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9060731.
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The objective of the present study is to determine the differences between the mineral content of various organs of Helix vladika and H. secernenda, the two most abundant edible snail species in Montenegro. The bioaccumulation of 12 examined elements (zinc, manganese, copper, aluminum, cadmium, lead, nickel, iron, chromium, lithium, selenium and mercury) was determined in the hepatopancreas, albumen gland, digestive tract, reproductive system, mantle, foot and shell from three sampling sites (Biogradska Gora, Nikšić and Malesija). The examined populations of H. vladika and H. secernenda showed a significant difference in their lithium and selenium contents. The levels of the most examined metals (Zn, Mn, Cu, Al, Cd, Pb, Se and Hg) varied significantly among organs. The digestive tract and hepatopancreas tend to bioaccumulate selenium and cadmium. The general mean concentration of cadmium in the examined snail tissues exceeded the maximum allowable level at the Biogradska Gora and Malesija sites. Therefore, the use of the Montenegrin edible snails collected from the wilderness for human consumption seems to be limited by their higher bioaccumulation capacity for toxic elements such as cadmium.
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Taskin, Mesut, and Serkan Erdal. "Reactive dye bioaccumulation by fungus Aspergillus niger isolated from the effluent of sugar fabric-contaminated soil." Toxicology and Industrial Health 26, no. 4 (March 17, 2010): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233710364967.
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The present study dealt with the decolorization of textile dye Reactive Black-5 by actively growing mycelium of Aspergillus niger MT-1 in molasses medium. It was found that the fungus, which was isolated from the effluent of sugar fabric-contaminated soil, was capable of decolorizing the Reactive Black-5 dye in a wide range of temperature, shaking speed and pH values. The experiments also revealed that highest dye decolorization efficiency was achieved with cheap carbon (molasses sucrose) and nitrogen (ammonium chloride) sources. Under the optimized culture conditions, the complete decolorization (100%) of 0.1 g/L dye was achieved in 60 hours. The dominant mechanism of dye removal by the fungus was found to be probably bioaccumulation. Fungal growth in small uniform pellet form was found to be better for dye bioacumulation. Molass as carbon source increased dye bioaccumulation by stimulating the mycelial growth in small uniform pellet form. The maximum bioaccumulation efficiency of fungus for dye was 91% (0.273 g bioaccumulated dye) at an initial dye concentration of 0.3 g/L in 100 hours. It was shown for the first time in the present study that the effluent of sugar fabric-contaminated soil was a good source of microorganisms, being capable of decolorizing snythetic textile dyes.
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Storey, AW, and DHD Edward. "The freshwater Mussel, Westralunio carteri Iredale, as a Biological monitor of Organochlorine Pesticides." Marine and Freshwater Research 40, no. 6 (1989): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9890587.
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The freshwater mussel Westralunio carteri was tested as a biomonitor of the organochlorine pesticides dieldrin, DDE, DDD and DDT. The mussel survived handling, transportation and being caged, and demonstrated significant bioaccumulation of the pesticides. Total DDT analogues at one site reached a maximum of 0.48 mg kg-1 wet whole tissue after 112 days and at a second site accumulated to 1.23 mg kg-1 wet whole tissue after 66 days. It is suggested that observed reductions in levels of bioaccumulated residues by aestivating mussels in an intermittent stream were the result of preferential utilization of stored lipids and release of associated pesticides.
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Zalewska, Tamara, and Michał Saniewski. "Bioaccumulation of 137Cs by benthic plants and macroinvertebrates." Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 40, no. 3 (January 1, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13545-011-0023-6.
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Abstract137Cs activity concentrations were determined in macrophytes and macrozoobenthic organisms from the southern Baltic Sea. Cesium isotope content was analysed in macroalgae species (green, red and brown algae representatives) and in some species of vascular plants. The analyzed macroinvertebrate organisms included bivalves and a crustacean.Concentration factors (CF) were calculated using the determined 137Cs concentration in the flora and fauna organisms against that in seawater, and the bioaccumulative properties were compared. The study pointed out that the most important factors in the cesium bioaccumulation process occurring in plants are related to morphology. The highest CF values were obtained in algae Polysiphonia fucoides, Ectocarpus siliculosus and Cladophora glomerata. Decidedly lower CF values were observed in the vascular plants and macrozoobenthos representatives.
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Nutescu, Edith A., and Alex C. Spyropoulos. "Differences among Various Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins in Patients with Severe Renal Insufficiency: An Analysis of Recent Clinical Trials." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 4047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.4047.4047.
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Abstract Background: Primarily eliminated by the kidneys, low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) need to be monitored carefully when used in patients with severe renal insufficiency, because of the concern about bioaccumulation, which can increase the risk of bleeding. Individual LMWHs have not been compared with each other in large clinical trials, and currently there is no standard of practice for the use of LMWH in this patient population. Methods: Computerized queries of PubMed, MEDLINE, and the American Society of Hematology abstract database were performed to identify clinical trials assessing the safety of LMWHs in patients with severe renal failure (creatinine clearance [CrCl] <30 mL/min). Results: A meta-analysis of 15 studies of enoxaparin and 2 studies of tinzaparin (N = 5201) showed that when compared with patients with a CrCl >30 mL/min, those with a CrCl ≤30 mL/min had more than double the risk of major bleeding and higher peak anti-Xa levels (Lim et al, 2006). Much of this effect was confined to patients who received standard therapeutic doses of enoxaparin (Mahe et al, 2007). A study of medical patients with a reduced CrCl treated with tinzaparin or enoxaparin showed significantly increased mean anti-Xa activity in the enoxaparin group but not in the tinzaparin group, indicating a significant accumulation of enoxaparin but not of tinzaparin (Mahe et al, 2007). Recent data suggest that dalteparin, when used at prophylactic doses, does not bioaccumulate and can be used safely in patients with severe renal impairment (Tincani et al, 2006; Douketis et al, 2007). Conclusions: Whereas studies suggest that enoxaparin bioaccumulates in patients with severe renal insufficiency (Mahe et al, 2007), dalteparin and tinzaparin do not appear to bioaccumulate to the same degree (Tincani et al, 2006; Mahe et al, 2007; Douketis et al, 2007). These differences may be explained by the fact that smaller LMWH chains (enoxaparin) are cleared primarily by the kidneys, whereas larger chains (dalteparin, tinzaparin) have greater clearance by nonrenal mechanisms. Thus, dalteparin and tinzaparin may be preferred in patients with renal impairment. Table. Summary of recent trials evaluating dalteparin and tinzaparin in patients with renal impairment Trial Study Design/Regimen Results CrCl = creatinine clearance; DIRECT = Dalteparin’s Influence on Renally Compromised: Anti-Ten-A Study; DVT = deep vein thrombosis; SC = subcutaneous. Tincani et al, 2006 N = 115 Patients with acute medical illness and elevated serum CrCl
 Dalteparin 2500 IU (low-risk patients) or 5000 IU (high-risk patients) SC once daily for ≥6 days No evidence of dalteparin bioaccumulation (increased anti-Xa levels) on Day 6, irrespective of renal function
 No correlation between degree of renal impairment and peak anti-Xa level on Day 6 No major bleeding or DVT events DIRECT (Douketis et al, 2007) N = 138 Critically ill patients with CrCl <30 mL/min
 Dalteparin, 5000 IU SC once daily for ≤30 days No evidence of dalteparin bioaccumulation Median trough anti-Xa level <0.1 IU/mL
 Major bleeds occurred in 10 patients (7.2%), all with trough anti-Xa <0.12 IU/mL DVT occurred in 7 patients (5.1%) Mahe et al, 2007 N = 55 Elderly medical patients with a baseline CrCl between 20 and 50 mL/min
 Enoxaparin 4000 IU SC or tinzaparin 4500 IU SC once daily for 8 days The accumulation factor was not significant for tinzaparin (1.05, P= 0.29), whereas it was significant for enoxaparin (1.22, P<0.0001) by Day 8
 No patient in the study had a thromboembolic event 4 patients given enoxaparin had bleeding events (1 major) vs 5 in the tinzaparin group (2 major)
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Nabi, Deedar, Samuel Katz, and Christoph Aeppli. "ARE OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS IMPORTANT OIL DEGRADATION PRODUCTS AFTER OIL SPILLS?" International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 571–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.571.
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ABSTRACT 2017-186 Oxygenated hydrocarbons (OxHC) are major and persistent hydrocarbon degradation products that are formed after oil spills. However, there are still knowledge gaps related to formation, fate and effect of these products. The objective of this study was to find if the OxHCs present in weathered oils are more or less toxic and bioaccumulative than their parent compounds. In this study, we first systematically investigated bioaccumulation potential and toxicity potential of oxygenated oil weathering products, using predictions based on Abraham Solvation Parameters. We then quantified OxHC in select crude and weathered oil samples from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (DHOS). Seawater-dissolved concentrations were calculated using Raoult’s law, and baseline toxicity of the mixtures towards fathead minnow fish were estimated. We found that while OxHC generally had a lower bioaccumulation potential than corresponding n-alkanes, the baseline toxicity of OxHC was higher than that of their n-alkane precursors due to increased water solubility. After 30 days of weathering, toxicity of the oil residue decreased by a factor of ten. However, following six years of weathering, the calculated residual toxicity only dropped by a further factor of two. In the most weathered sample, toxicity was dominated by OxHC and not polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These preliminary data suggest that further research into OxHC toxicity is necessary. In future, additional factors such as reactive toxicity and biotransformation can be implemented to further explore OxHC toxicity and bioaccumulation in long-term environmental impacts of oil spills.
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Carvalho, Maiara A., Simone C. Marques, Emerson T. Martos, Renê LO Rigitano, and Eustáquio S. Dias. "Bioaccumulation of insecticide in Agaricus subrufescens." Horticultura Brasileira 32, no. 2 (June 2014): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362014000200006.
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Agaricus subrufescens, known as Sun Mushroom, is a high-value mushroom because of its medicinal properties, used as nutraceutical food to stimulate the immune system and to prevent some diseases, including cancer. Mushrooms are generally characterized by their great ability to bioaccumulate heavy metals and other toxic substances from the mushroom compost. Sugarcane bagasse is a common raw material used in mushroom compost production for Agaricus subrufescenscultivation, whereas insecticides, such as fipronil, can be applied to combat several pests in sugarcane crops. For this reason, we aimed to assess mushroom yield and fipronil bioaccumulation in Sun Mushroom, regarding different concentrations added to the mushroom compost (0, 8, 16 and 32 mg kg-1) and casing layer (0, 2, 4 and 8 mg kg-1). Each experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Regression analysis from mushroom production data was applied using SISVAR 5.1 program. Fipronil was quantified using gas-liquid chromatography (HP 6890) with thermionic detector (NPD). Mushroom yield was affected when fipronil was added, decreasing from 12% (compost with 0 mg kg-1 of fipronil) to 4.8% (compost with 32 mg kg-1). However, bioaccumulation was not detected. In contrast, insecticide bioaccumulation was detected when adding fipronil to casing layer, increasing from <0.01 mg kg-1 (casing layer with 2 mg kg-1) to 0.26 mg kg-1 (casing layer with 8 mg kg-1), however, mushroom yield was not affected.
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McDonald, Ellen, Craig Dale, Susan Pleasance, Andrea McNeill, Johanne Harvey, Christine Wynne, Mark Duffett, et al. "Anti-Xa Levels in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Dalteparin for Thromboprophylaxis." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 4075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.4075.4075.
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Abstract Rationale: Despite the efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparin (LWMH) compared to unfractionated (UFH) in many patients, LMWH may bioaccumulate in patients with renal insufficiency which could cause an increased risk of bleeding. If LMWH thromboprophylaxis is safe in ICU patients with renal insufficiency, this could reduce the risk of DVT and HIT. Since the extent to which LMWH bioaccumulates in critically ill patients in prophylactic rather than therapeutic doses is unclear, our objective was to measure peak and trough anti-Xa levels during a multicenter randomized pilot trial of LMWH vs UFH for thromboprophylaxis in the medical-surgical ICU setting. Methods: We included 128 patients ≥18 years with an expected ICU stay ≥72h. We excluded patients with trauma, orthopedic, cardiac, or neurosurgery, severe hypertension, DVT, PE or hemorrhage within 3 mos, INR >2ULN, PTT >2ULN, platelets <100 x109/L, and if creatinine clearance was <30 ml/min on ICU admission. Trough anti-Xa levels were drawn when patients developed creatinine clearance <30ml/min, trough and peak anti-Xa levels were drawn on Tuesdays and Thursdays regardless of serum creatinine, and random anti-Xa levels were drawn if patients had a bleeding event. Results: No differences were found in the 2 groups (median anti-Xa levels) as shown below. Conclusions: We did not observe LWMH or UFH bioaccumulation when administered in prophylactic doses in these critically ill patients with a range of renal dysfunction. Anti-Xa Levels Allocation Cr Cl <30 (trough) Tues & Thurs (trough) Tues & Thurs (peak) Bleeding (random) Group A 8 tests in 2 pts 17 tests in 9 pts 17 tests in 9 pts 7 tests in 4 pts Group A 0.1 IU/mL 0.09 IU/mL 0.11 IU/mL 0.1 IU/mL Group B 23 tests in 5 pts 46 tests in 12 pts 46 tests in 12 pts 10 tests in 8 pts Group B 0.1 IU/mL 0.09 IU/mL 0.11 IU/mL 0.1 IU/mL
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Siaw, Douglas Baah, Solomon S. R. Gidigasu, Anthony Andrews, Emmanuel Gikunoo, and Gordon Foli. "GEOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF TRACE METALS IN SOIL, STREAM WATER AND SELECTED FOOD CROPS AT KIBI GOLDFIELDS ENVIRONMENT, GHANA." Earth Science Malaysia 4, no. 1 (September 23, 2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/esmy.01.2020.71.76.
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This study assesses environmental receptors impacted by alluvial gold mining at Kibi Goldfields Limited in the Eastern region of Ghana to establish trace metals contamination risk. Specific objectives are to determine concentrations of (1) As, Cr, Ni and Pb in soils, drainage and food crops, using X-ray fluorescence, (2) Cl- in drainage using standard methods. Mean concentrations of As, Cr and Ni in soils are higher at impacted sites than control sites; while Pb and As concentrations in drainage exceeds the maximum contamination guideline values in drinking water. Using Cl- as a conservative tracer, As and Pb are adsorbing from water, while Cr and Ni are desorbing into water. In the food crops, bioaccumulation factors of As and Ni are profound at the impacted site than control sites; Except Cr in cocoyam at impacted sites, translocation factors are negligible in the food crops. Cr bioaccumulates in in cocoyam and plantain at the control site, while Ni bioaccumulates in only plantain at the impacted sites. Overall, the metal contamination is of concern in the receptors, except Pd in plants. Results from this study can be used for trace metals risk assessment in the environment.
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Borgmann, U., W. P. Norwood, and I. M. Babirad. "Relationship between Chronic Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Cadmium in Hyalella azteca." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 1055–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-124.
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The chronic toxicity of Cd to Hyalella in Burlington City tap (Lake Ontario) water with additions of complexing agents, distilled water, or sediments was much more constant if toxicity was expressed as a function of Cd bioaccumulated, rather than the Cd concentrations added or measured in the water. Additions of 20 mg humic acid/L or 0.5 μM EDTA increased the 6-wk EC50 from 0.53 to 4.6 and 19 μg/L, respectively. The EC50 based on bioaccumulated Cd, however, increased from 38 to only 44 μg/g (dry weight). Addition of sediments increased the 4-wk EC50 by > 1000-, 13-, or 2.3-fold for EC50s based on nominal Cd added, Cd concentrations measured in water, or Cd concentrations accumulated by Hyalella, respectively. A 10-fold reduction in hardness caused a twofold increase in the 6-wk EC50 based on Cd accumulation. The relationship between survival and Cd bioaccumulation by Hyalella was, therefore, affected less by complexing agents, hardness, and sediments than was survival compared with concentrations in water. Published Cd concentrations in Hyalella from a number of Ontario lakes are close to levels associated with toxicity in the laboratory.
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Ankley, Gerald T., Philip M. Cook, Anthony R. Carlson, Daniel J. Call, Julie A. Swenson, Henry F. Corcoran, and Robert A. Hoke. "Bioaccumulation of PCBs from Sediments by Oligochaetes and Fishes: Comparison of Laboratory and Field Studies." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 2080–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-231.
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Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus) were exposed in the laboratory to sediment samples from the lower Fox River/Green Bay, and their bioaccumulation of PCBs was compared with PCB concentrations in synoptic collections of fish (black bullhead, Ameiurus melas) and oligochaetes (primarily Limnodrilus sp.) from the field. Total PCBs and PCB homologues (expressed as lipid-normalized tissue concentrations/organic carbon-normalized sediment concentrations) were qualitatively and quantitatively similar in the laboratory-exposed and field-collected oligochaetes. PCB concentrations in A. melas generally were greater than in any of the other test species, due possibly to differences in exposure (e.g. biomagnification) compared with the other organisms. PCB concentrations in P. promelas were consistently smaller than in any of the other species investigated. These results indicate that, under the exposure regime used in this study, laboratory tests with L. variegatus can provide a reasonable quantitative estimate of the bioaccumulation of PCBs in field populations of oligochaetes. However, the use of P. promelas in laboratory sediment tests may result in significant underprediction of the exposure of indigenous benthic invertebrates and fishes to bioaccumulable contaminants.
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Eijaz, Nayha, Bhairavei Gnanamanogaran, Paras Kapoor, and Saranya Naraentheraraja. "The effects of radium-226 in cattle and predicted impacts of cancer." University of Ottawa Science Undergraduate Research Journal 1 (August 23, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/osurj.v1i1.3714.
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Hydraulic fracturing is a controversial method of natural gas extraction that has gained its fair share of critics. Although research has been conducted on the environmentalimpact of fracking, research concerning naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) has been scarce. Radionuclides are known to bioaccumulate in the environment and can have toxic effects on humans. This study aims to examine the extent of biomagnification of radium-226 in soil, crops and animals. Fluid samples from areas near fracking sites will be compared with samples from non-fracking sites via gamma spectroscopy. Homogenized samples of soil and crops will be analyzed by gamma spectroscopy while milk and cattle meat samples will undergo alpha spectroscopy. This will provide a clear image of the process of bioaccumulation and magnification of radionuclides in the environment as a byproduct of fracking.
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Weisbrod, Anne V., Lawrence P. Burkhard, Jon Arnot, Ovanes Mekenyan, Philip H. Howard, Christine Russom, Robert Boethling, et al. "Workgroup Report: Review of Fish Bioaccumulation Databases Used to Identify Persistent, Bioaccumulative, Toxic Substances." Environmental Health Perspectives 115, no. 2 (February 2007): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9424.
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Dai, Zhineng, and Fansheng Zeng. "Distribution and Bioaccumulation of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Xiamen Coastal Waters." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (August 20, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2612853.
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Since perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAs) are widely used and harmless to organisms, they have attracted great attention in recent years. The distribution of PFAs in the oceans all around the world is well documented. However, the study of PFAs in Xiamen could be a beneficial complement, for its unique geologies of no rivers that originate from other cities to influence the concentration of PFAs in this area. In this paper, six PFAs were analyzed in water, sediments, and organisms from both freshwater and seawater and the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were calculated with the quantity of PFAs in different trophic levels of aquatic organisms. The results showed that the ΣPFA concentrations ranged from 7.66 to 11.98 ng·L−1 for seawater samples and from 2.12 to 8.61 ng·L−1 for freshwater. The concentration of ΣPFAs in sediments was 7.43–12.89 ng·g−1 and 4.53–5.80 ng·g−1 in seawater and freshwater, respectively. The PFA concentration in water is highly positive correlated with the PFA concentration in sediments (R2 = 0.85). The calculated bioaccumulation factors (BCFs) were 6412–14254 L·kg−1 and 2927–7959 L·kg−1 for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS), respectively. PFOA seems more bioaccumulative than PFOS in seawater. The results illustrated the PFA pollution in the Xiamen sea area, and it is useful for the protection and control of the organic pollutants in this area.
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Arias, Andrés H., María V. Panebianco, Sopheak Net, David Dumoulin, Sami Souissi, Baghdad Ouddane, Humberto L. Cappozzo, and Jorge E. Marcovecchio. "Franciscana dolphins as PCBs marine biomonitors in Argentina, south-west Atlantic Ocean." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96, no. 4 (June 22, 2015): 979–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315415000776.
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Including a multi-year collection of samples (2004–2011) the present research fills 20 years of an information gap regarding the PCB burden in south-west Atlantic franciscana dolphins (Pontoporia blainvillei) while aiming to test the null hypothesis that PCBs congeners are increasingly bioaccumulating in south-west Atlantic specimens in relation to northern hemisphere records. In addition, the present survey analyses indicators of potential biological impairment associated to PCBs tissue burden. The results could associate each sampling area group of dolphins to one or two Aroclor® patterns and point to dominant regional diffuse sources entering PCBs mixtures to the marine environment with a possible regional/long-range atmospheric contribution. In addition, total PCB levels were from four to seven times lower than the closer precedents for the area (18–26 years ago) indicating a progress in the environmental release and biota exposure of PCBs and posing an objective indicator of success of the present international elimination programme. Further, when compared with regional and global bioaccumulation patterns, PCBs congeners in Argentinean specimens appeared to occur in a decreasing tendency. Finally, calculated TEQs TCDD levels raised a concern in regards to environmental safety, showing guideline values to be widely exceeded and the occasional occurrence of positive correlations between PCBs bioaccumulation vs. sexual immaturity.
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Genuis, Shelagh K., Detlef Birkholz, and Stephen J. Genuis. "Human Excretion of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Flame Retardants: Blood, Urine, and Sweat Study." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3676089.
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Commonly used as flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are routinely detected in the environment, animals, and humans. Although these persistent organic pollutants are increasingly recognized as having serious health implications, particularly for children, this is the first study, to our knowledge, to investigate an intervention for human elimination of bioaccumulated PBDEs. Objectives. To determine the efficacy of blood, urine, and perspiration as PBDE biomonitoring mediums; assess excretion of five common PBDE congeners (28, 47, 99, 100, and 153) in urine and perspiration; and explore the potential of induced sweating for decreasing bioaccumulated PBDEs. Results. PBDE congeners were not found in urine samples; findings focus on blood and perspiration. 80% of participants tested positive in one or more body fluids for PBDE 28, 100% for PBDE 47, 95% for PBDE 99, and 90% for PBDE 100 and PBDE 153. Induced perspiration facilitated excretion of the five congeners, with different rates of excretion for different congeners. Conclusion. Blood testing provides only a partial understanding of human PBDE bioaccumulation; testing of both blood and perspiration provides a better understanding. This study provides important baseline evidence for regular induced perspiration as a potential means for therapeutic PBDE elimination. Fetotoxic and reproductive effects of PBDE exposure highlight the importance of further detoxification research.
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Yam, Rita S. W., Yen-Tzu Fan, Zhehan Tan, Tzu-Dan Wang, and Chiu-Yu Chiu. "Assessing Impacts of Metallic Contamination along the Tidal Gradient of a Riverine Mangrove: Multi-metal Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Filter-Feeding Bivalves." Forests 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050504.
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Most riverine mangroves (characterized by salinity fluctuations and tidal inundations), are seriously threatened by metallic pollution. Whether differences in salinity and tidal effects along the river continuum can affect metallic bioaccumulation and the biomagnification of species is still unknown. Bivalves are representative sessile inhabitants in mangrove ecosystems, with a high capacity to bioaccumulate metallic contaminants. The present study used two bivalves, Meretrix lusoria and Mytilopsis sallei, to monitor inter-site changes in metallic contamination and assess the associated ecological impacts along the tidal gradients of riverine mangroves. The concentrations of a total of six metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in M. lusoria and M. sallei, collected at three different sites along Danshuei Riverine Mangrove, were investigated. The metallic concentrations of the whole soft body of the studied bivalves, and the associated surface sediment from each site, were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the inter-site effects on the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of metallic contaminants in bivalves. There are increasing concentrations of four metallic contaminants, Zn, Cr, Cd and Cu, in the seaward direction of the bivalves. The increasing mean metallic concentrations along the seaward direction may be the effect of salinity, further decreasing the rate of the elimination of these metals, thus resulting in a net increase in metallic contaminants. Our results clearly show prominent inter-site changes in the metallic burdens of bivalves in our study on riverine mangrove ecosystems associated with different levels of bioaccumulation and biomagnification of metallic contaminants. Thus, it is important to monitor multiple sites along the dynamic environment of riverine mangroves in order to gain a good understanding of the ecological impact of metallic pollution risks. The present findings provide important evidence of the use of simple indices to assess the ecological impacts of metallic pollution in riverine mangroves.
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Tesán Onrubia, Javier A., Kahina Djaoudi, Franco Borgogno, Susanna Canuto, Bernard Angeletti, Giovanni Besio, Marco Capello, et al. "Quantification of Microplastics in North-Western Mediterranean Harbors: Seasonality and Biofilm-Related Metallic Contaminants." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030337.
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The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most impacted basins in terms of microplastics pollution. Land-based activities are the major sources of plastic litter to the ocean, with harbors probably representing significant hotspots. In the framework of the SPlasH! project (Stop alle Plastiche in H2O, Interreg Marittimo project), microplastics were sampled in three north-western Mediterranean harbors during summer and winter. In this study, the areal concentrations of microplastics ranged from 5576 to 379,965 items·km−2. A decreasing gradient was observed from the inner to the outer zones of the studied harbors, pointing out these enclosed systems as hotspots regarding microplastic pollution. During summer, the areal concentrations of microplastics were higher than in winter, which could be explained by an enhancement of port activities leading to MPs production. The investigation of microplastics size classes distribution in the surface waters revealed that microplastics within the size range between 300 µm and 500 µm were the least represented. In this study, we assessed trace metal (Pb, Fe, Cu, V, Cd and As) bioaccumulation by the biofilm which developed on the surface of microplastics. The results highlighted that concentrations within the biofilm were higher than those in the surrounding waters. This result strongly suggested trace metal bioaccumulation on microplastics through biofilm formation. When trace metal concentrations were normalized over the corresponding surface of microplastics and macroplastics, higher values were obtained for microplastics, evidencing their enhanced capacities to bioaccumulate contaminants when compared to macroplastics.
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Bittencourt-Oliveira, MC, TC Hereman, MK Cordeiro-Araújo, I. Macedo-Silva, CT Dias, FFC Sasaki, and AN Moura. "Phytotoxicity associated to microcystins: a review." Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no. 4 (November 2014): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.06213.
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Microcystins (MC) are the most studied toxins of cyanobacteria since they are widely distributed and account for several cases of human and animal poisoning, being potent inhibitors of the serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). The phosphatases PP1 and PP2A are also present in plants, which may also suffer adverse effects due to the inhibition of these enzymes. In aquatic plants, biomass reduction is usually observed after absorption of cyanotoxins, which can bioaccumulate in its tissues. In terrestrial plants, the effects caused by microcystins vary from inhibition to stimulation as the individuals develop from seedling to adult, and include reduction of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, oxidative stress, decreased photosynthetic activity and even cell apoptosis, as well as bioaccumulation in plant tissues. Thus, the irrigation of crop plants by water contaminated with microcystins is not only an economic problem but becomes a public health issue because of the possibility of food contamination, and this route of exposure requires careful monitoring by the responsible authorities.
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Venturino, Andrés, Rosa M. Bergoc, and Ana M. Pechen. "Kinetic Models of Lipophilic Compound Uptake and Bioelimination in Amphibians During the Aquatic Stages." Journal of Biological Systems 06, no. 01 (March 1998): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339098000108.
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During embryonic development, amphibians are particularly sensitive to lipophilic toxic compounds, given their tendency to bioaccumulate from the aquatic environment. On the basis of a series of toxicokinetic experiments with the organophosphorus malathion, we have developed several biomathematical models to explain the behavior of the toxin in an aquatic environment, as well as its biotransformation in amphibian larval stages. Malathion in medium displayed uniexponential bioelimination, while it rapidly accumulated in larvae, decaying according to complex kinetics. Both kinetics were satisfactorily predicted by a model of two compartments in series. In the first compartment, which accounts for bioaccumulation in lipidic tissues, an exponential decline in capacity correlated with progressive depletion of larval lipid reserves was considered. In the second, metabolic biotransformation by several degradative enzymes was considered as a function of the mass of compound present in it. The rapid mass equilibrium between medium and lipidic compartment justifies the apparent uniexponential decay in the first, driven by the overall biotransformation rate constant from the metabolic compartment.
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Souza, Larissa Braun de, Franciele de Freitas, Sabrine Lunardi, Janaina Saiz Cassins Von der Osten, Rafael Arruda, Ricardo Lopes Tortorela de Andrade, and Leandro Dênis Battirola. "Copper accumulation by the root and leaf biomass of Salvinia natans (L.) All. (Salviniaceae)." Scientific Electronic Archives 14, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/14720211369.
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Aquatic plants are often exposed to metal contamination. The study evaluated the bioaccumulation of copper (Cu) ions in aqueous solution by the biomass of leaves and roots of the macrophyte Salvinia natans. Plants of S. natans were submitted to culture solutions with different concentrations of Cu ions, evaluated at intervals of seven days. The leaf and root samples were separately subjected to atomic absorption spectroscopy with flame atomization to assess the concentration of copper accumulated in its biomass. The results demonstrated a pattern of accumulation dependent on the concentration of the metal in the culture medium and the time of exposure of the plants to the contamination. The accumulation was greater in the biomass of the roots when compared to the leaves. Throughout the experiment, toxicity symptoms were observed in the morphology of plants subjected to all copper concentrations, demonstrating the macrophyte's viability for bioindicating the toxicity of this metal in aquatic environments. A high accumulation of copper ions was obtained both in the biomass of the roots and leaves of the plants, confirming their potential bioaccumulator of Cu. The analysis of biomass suggests an important characteristic of metal compartmentalization by the plant, associating the absorption by the roots and the possible transfer to the leaves. In general, our results show that S. natans is an organism with a potential bioindicator and bioaccumulator of Cu and consists of a viable cost-effective option for phytoremediation of aquatic environments contaminated by metals
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Suja, Fatihah, Biplob Kumar Pramanik, and Shahrom Md Zain. "Contamination, bioaccumulation and toxic effects of perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in the water environment: a review paper." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 6 (September 1, 2009): 1533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.504.
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Perfluorinated compounds such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane acid (PFOA) have been recognized as emerging environmental pollutants because of their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment, biota and humans. The paper focuses on the distribution, bioaccumulation and toxic effects of PFOS and PFOA in the water. From the available literature, tap and surface water samples in several countries were found to be contaminated with PFOS and PFOA. These compounds were detected globally in the tissues of fish, bird and marine mammals. Their concentrations from relatively more industrialized areas were greater than those from the less populated and remote locations. Blood samples of occupationally exposed people and the general population in various countries were found to contain PFOS and PFOA which suggested a possibility of atmospheric transport of these compounds. There is still a death of information about the environmental pathways of PFOS and PFOA. The presence of these compounds in the tap water, surface water and animal and human tissues indicates their global contamination and bioaccumulative phenomena in the ecosystems.
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Arguello-Pérez, Miguel Ángel, Eduardo Ramírez-Ayala, Jorge Alberto Mendoza-Pérez, María Magdalena Monroy-Mendieta, Miguel Vázquez-Guevara, Carlos Lezama-Cervantes, Enrique Godínez-Domínguez, Francisco de Asís Silva-Bátiz, and Adrián Tintos-Gómez. "Determination of the Bioaccumulative Potential Risk of Emerging Contaminants in Fish Muscle as an Environmental Quality Indicator in Coastal Lagoons of the Central Mexican Pacific." Water 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2020): 2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102721.
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This research proposes an environmental quality indicator to detect, predict and scientifically evaluate the environmental impact generated by chemical substances within the pollutant group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that are categorized as emerging contaminants (ECs) with endocrine disruptive action. The present study was carried out in two coastal lagoons affected by wastewater produced by urban and rural settlements in the states of Colima and Jalisco. Four pharmaceutical compounds were analyzed: diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketorolac and naproxen. The muscle tissues of 14 fish species were analyzed; all had measurable concentrations of the four contaminants. The presence of the ECs was confirmed in all the samples collected. The bioaccumulative potential risk (BPR) of the ECs is estimated by calculating the environmental risk factors and the potential risks to human health, evaluating the concentration and assessing the risk involved in the incorporation of the pollutants into the environment. The BPR indicates the potential impact of NSAIDs on the ecology of these coastal lagoons, and predicts whether a contaminant is likely to act and persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in organisms. Additionally, it estimates the possibility of contamination and risks to human health caused by residues of the chemical contaminants.
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Foli, Gordon, Simon K. Y. Gawu, Blestmond A. Brako, and Prosper M. Nude. "Geochemical Assessment of Trace Metals in Peri-Urban Drainage and Bioaccumulation in Selected Food Crops in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana." Environment and Natural Resources Research 9, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v9n1p25.
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This paper evaluates some geochemical properties of trace metals in peri-urban drainage and bioaccumulation in cassava, plantain, lettuce and sugarcane in the Kumasi metropolis in Ghana, West Africa. The aim is to establish water quality and food safety. Water, sediment and the food crops were sampled along the profiles of Wiwi and Subin rivers for analysis. T-test statistic shows that pH, HCO3, Cl, Cu, As, Pb and Ni are significant in water and sediment. Mean concentrations of Cu, As, Pb and Ni in water and sediment are (0.01mg/l; 3.2mg/kg), (3.08mg/l; 4.9mg/kg), (0.034mg/l; 8.7mg/kg) and (0.021mg/l; 6.1mg/kg), respectively. In water, As, Pb and Ni concentrations are above primary maximum contamination limits of 0.05 mg/l, 0.015 mg/l and 0.020mg/l with metal ratios of 61.54, 2.27 and 1.05, respectively. In sediment, As concentration is above the continental crustal background value of 1.8mg/kg with a metal ratio of 2.72. From geochemical process models: (1) As and Ni adsorbs into sediment and may lead to attenuation in water in closed systems; (2) Cu and Pd are in equilibrium and may affect water quality at higher concentrations. The food crops have trace metals concentrations below reference values and bioaccumulation factors<1. The food crops are therefore excluders, and safe for dietary intake. Members in cassava-plantain-lettuce and cassava-lettuce-sugarcane suites have translocation factors (TFs)>1 for Cu and As, respectively, while lettuce has TF>1 for Pd and Ni. Crops with TF>1 may bioaccumulate the respective trace metals in over a prolonged period.
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Wu, Jiang-Ping, Yun-Tao Guan, Ying Zhang, Xiao-Jun Luo, Hui Zhi, She-Jun Chen, and Bi-Xian Mai. "Several current-use, non-PBDE brominated flame retardants are highly bioaccumulative: Evidence from field determined bioaccumulation factors." Environment International 37, no. 1 (January 2011): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.09.006.
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Araud, Elbashir, Erin DiCaprio, Yuanmei Ma, Fangfei Lou, Yu Gao, David Kingsley, John H. Hughes, and Jianrong Li. "Thermal Inactivation of Enteric Viruses and Bioaccumulation of Enteric Foodborne Viruses in Live Oysters (Crassostrea virginica)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 7 (January 29, 2016): 2086–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03573-15.
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ABSTRACTHuman enteric viruses are among the main causative agents of shellfish-associated outbreaks. In this study, the kinetics of viral bioaccumulation in live oysters and the heat stabilities of the predominant enteric viruses were determined both in tissue culture and in oyster tissues. A human norovirus (HuNoV) GII.4 strain, HuNoV surrogates (murine norovirus [MNV-1], Tulane virus [TV]), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and human rotavirus (RV) bioaccumulated to high titers within oyster tissues, with different patterns of bioaccumulation for the different viruses. We tested the thermal stability of each virus at 62, 72, and 80°C in culture medium. The viruses can be ranked from the most heat resistant to the least stable as follows: HAV, RV, TV, MNV-1. In addition, we found that oyster tissues provided protection to the viruses during heat treatment. To decipher the mechanism underlying viral inactivation by heat, purified TV was treated at 80°C for increasing time intervals. It was found that the integrity of the viral capsid was disrupted, whereas viral genomic RNA remained intact. Interestingly, heat treatment leading to complete loss of TV infectivity was not sufficient to completely disrupt the receptor binding activity of TV, as determined by the porcine gastric mucin–magnetic bead binding assay. Similarly, HuNoV virus-like particles (VLPs) and a HuNoV GII.4 strain retained some receptor binding ability following heat treatment. Although foodborne viruses have variable heat stability, 80°C for >6 min was sufficient to completely inactivate enteric viruses in oysters, with the exception of HAV.
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Wang, Qian, Timothy R. McDermott, and Seth T. Walk. "A Single Microbiome Gene Alters Murine Susceptibility to Acute Arsenic Exposure." Toxicological Sciences 181, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfab017.
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Abstract Environmental toxicant exposure contributes to morbidity and mortality of many human diseases. With respect to arsenic, microbially driven chemical transformations dictate its toxicity and mobility in virtually every environment yet studied, so a general hypothesis is that the human gut microbiome determines disease outcome following exposure. However, the complex nature of the gut microbiome and the myriad of potential interactions with human cells/tissues make it challenging to quantify the influence of specific arsenic-active functions—a requisite step in developing effective disease prevention and/or clinical intervention strategies. To control both mammalian and microbial function during toxicant exposure, we genetically defined the gut microbiome of mice using only Escherichia coli strain, AW3110 (▵arsRBC), or the same strain carrying a single genome copy of the Fucus vesiculosus metallothionein gene (AW3110::fmt); a cysteine-rich peptide that complexes with arsenite, facilitating bioaccumulation and reducing its toxic effects. AW3110::fmt bioaccumulated significantly more arsenic and gnotobiotic mice colonized by this strain excreted significantly more arsenic in stool and accumulated significantly less arsenic in organs. Moreover, AW3110::fmt gnotobiotic mice were protected from acute toxicity exposure (20 ppm AsIII) relative to controls. This study demonstrates—in a highly controlled fashion—that a single microbiome function (arsenic bioaccumulation) encoded by a single gene in a single human gut microbiome bacterium significantly alters mammalian host arsenic exposure. The experimental model described herein allows for a highly controlled and directed assessment of microbiome functions, and is useful to quantify the influence of specific microbiome-arsenic interactions that help mitigate human disease.
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Ali, Hazrat, Ezzat Khan, and Ikram Ilahi. "Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Hazardous Heavy Metals: Environmental Persistence, Toxicity, and Bioaccumulation." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (March 5, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6730305.
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Heavy metals are well-known environmental pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence in the environment, and bioaccumulative nature. Their natural sources include weathering of metal-bearing rocks and volcanic eruptions, while anthropogenic sources include mining and various industrial and agricultural activities. Mining and industrial processing for extraction of mineral resources and their subsequent applications for industrial, agricultural, and economic development has led to an increase in the mobilization of these elements in the environment and disturbance of their biogeochemical cycles. Contamination of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems with toxic heavy metals is an environmental problem of public health concern. Being persistent pollutants, heavy metals accumulate in the environment and consequently contaminate the food chains. Accumulation of potentially toxic heavy metals in biota causes a potential health threat to their consumers including humans. This article comprehensively reviews the different aspects of heavy metals as hazardous materials with special focus on their environmental persistence, toxicity for living organisms, and bioaccumulative potential. The bioaccumulation of these elements and its implications for human health are discussed with a special coverage on fish, rice, and tobacco. The article will serve as a valuable educational resource for both undergraduate and graduate students and for researchers in environmental sciences. Environmentally relevant most hazardous heavy metals and metalloids include Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, and As. The trophic transfer of these elements in aquatic and terrestrial food chains/webs has important implications for wildlife and human health. It is very important to assess and monitor the concentrations of potentially toxic heavy metals and metalloids in different environmental segments and in the resident biota. A comprehensive study of the environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals and metalloids shows that steps should be taken to minimize the impact of these elements on human health and the environment.
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Salvaggio, Antonio, Roberta Pecoraro, Chiara Copat, Margherita Ferrante, Alfina Grasso, Elena Maria Scalisi, Sara Ignoto, et al. "Bioaccumulation of Metals/Metalloids and Histological and Immunohistochemical Changes in the Tissue of the European Hake, Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces: Gadiformes: Merlucciidae), for Environmental Pollution Assessment." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090712.
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Pollution and other types of environmental stress do not spare marine environments, especially those affected by high industrial pressure. Fish, especially coastal species, are used for monitoring the marine environment because they are particularly efficient as bioindicators thanks to their ability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify along the trophic chain. The aim of this research is to evaluate the bioaccumulation and the indirect bioindication ability of the European Hake, Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758), one of the most important commercial fish species of the Mediterranean Sea. Morphological and histological alterations of the main target organs, such as liver and gills, have been investigated and the results showed a steatosis in the hepatic tissue. The accumulation of heavy metals has been analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and for several metals it was showed a different concentration in the two sexes. Moreover, the expression of metallothioneins 1 and Heat Shock Protein 70 has been assessed by immunohistochemistry and did not show high level of expression. We underline the importance of contamination evaluation in commercial fish species and the utilization of the ichthyofauna as bioindicator of environmental quality.
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Vásquez, Cristina, James Calva, Ramiro Morocho, David A. Donoso, and Ángel Benítez. "Bryophyte Communities along a Tropical Urban River Respond to Heavy Metal and Arsenic Pollution." Water 11, no. 4 (April 18, 2019): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040813.
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Aquatic and rheophilous bryophytes can indicate water pollution as they bioaccumulate toxic water elements. We evaluated (1) bioaccumulation of eight heavy metals and arsenic by Marchantia polymorpha L., and (2) changes in bryophyte community structure, as responses to urban pollution in southern Ecuador. To this end, we registered presence/absence and coverage of submerged bryophytes in 120 quadrats across three zones of the Zamora river inside Loja city, and a control zone in a nearby forest. We found that the concentrations of five (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, and Zn) of the eight chemical elements and arsenic were highest in urban M. polymorpha. Moreover, bryophyte species richness decreased in urban zones. Bryophyte community structure also differed between control and city zones, but no differences were found among city zones. The control zone was composed by a more distinct set of bryophyte species, e.g., an indicator species analysis showed that 16 species had high and significant indicator values for control zone, but only 11 species were indicators of at least one of the three urban zones. We concluded that bryophytes, in general, and M. polymorpha, in particular, can be suitable biomonitors of water quality in tropical urban rivers.
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Dimitrijevic, Marija, Violeta Mitic, Dragan Djordjevic, Gordana Popovic, Nenad Krstic, Jelena Nikolic, and Vesna Stankov-Jovanovic. "Macroelements versus toxic elements in selected wild edible mushrooms of the Russulacea family from Serbia." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, no. 00 (2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc210410038d.
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Three edible mushrooms of the Russulacea family (Lactarius deli-ciosus, Lactarius sanguifluus and Lactarius semisanguifluus), most frequently consumed in Serbia, were analyzed using the ICP-OES technique to evaluate the content of K, P, Ca, Mg, Na, Al, As, Cd and Pb, both in cap and stipe. Corresponding soils were analyzed, too. Based on the obtained values for the elemental composition of the mushrooms and the soil, bioaccumulation and translocation factors were calculated. All the examined mushrooms species were recognized as bioexclusors of analyzed toxic elements, but bioaccumul-ators of K, P and Ca. The studied mushrooms are good sources of macroele-ments. One portion of 300 g of fresh mushrooms had a significant contribution of K and P, exceeding 15 % of the recommended daily intake for the elements. On the contrary, mushrooms had a low potential to bioaccumulate toxic ele-ments, and presented results indicated the regular consumption of wild edible mushrooms is safe for human health. Correlation analysis was applied to deter-mine phosphorus?s influence on the elements? content in the mushrooms and corresponding soils, demonstrating the most remarkable mushrooms' tendency to accumulate phosphorus.
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Nappier, Sharon P., Thaddeus K. Graczyk, and Kellogg J. Schwab. "Bioaccumulation, Retention, and Depuration of Enteric Viruses by Crassostrea virginica and Crassostrea ariakensis Oysters." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 22 (September 26, 2008): 6825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01000-08.
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ABSTRACT Crassostrea ariakensis oysters are under review for introduction into the Chesapeake Bay. However, the human health implications of the introduction have not been fully addressed. This study evaluated rates of bioaccumulation, retention, and depuration of viruses by Crassostrea virginica and C. ariakensis when the two oyster species were maintained in separate tanks containing synthetic seawater of various salinities (8, 12, or 20 ppt). Oyster bioaccumulation tanks were seeded with 103 PFU/ml of hepatitis A virus (HAV), poliovirus, male-specific bacteriophage (MS2), and murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) and 103 PCR units/ml of human norovirus (NoV). After 24 h, depuration commenced as oysters (n = 255) were placed in pathogen-free seawater under continuous filtration. Oysters (n = 6) were sampled weekly for 1 month from each tank. Viral RNA was recovered using a modified proteinase K, guanidine, and glassmilk method and analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. The odds of C. ariakensis oysters harboring NoV, MNV-1, or HAV were statistically greater than the odds of C. virginica oysters harboring the same viruses (MNV-1 odds ratio [OR], 4.5; P = 0.01; NoV OR, 8.4; P < 0.001; HAV OR, 11.4; P < 0.001). Unlike C. virginica, C. ariakensis bioaccumulated and retained NoV, MNV-1, and HAV for 1 month at all salinities. Additionally, the odds of an oyster testing positive for NoV was 25.5 times greater (P < 0.001) when the oyster also tested positive for MNV-1. This research helps assess the threat of C. ariakensis as a vehicle for viral pathogens due to the consumption of raw oysters and validates the role for MNV-1 as a surrogate for NoV.