Academic literature on the topic 'Bioactive compounds – Testing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bioactive compounds – Testing"
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Suryaningtyas, Indyaswan Tegar. "SENYAWA BIOAKTIF MIKROALGA DAN PROSPEKNYA DI MASA DEPAN." OSEANA 44, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oseana.2019.vol.44no.1.28.
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BIOACTIVE COMPOUND FROM MICROALGAE AND ITS FUTURE PROSPECT. Microalgae biomass is potential to be used in various fields, one of which is as a producer of bioactive compounds. Bioactive compounds from microalgae can be used extensively in the pharmaceutical industry, cosmetic’s raw materials, food flavouring substances, and functional food ingredients. In terms of health, the bioactive compounds have the potential as antioxidants, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and prevent the effects of malaria, but the potential for microalgae’s bioactive compound has not been explored well if compared to the production of terrestrial plants. Some examples of the bioactive compounds that have been used are carotenoid groups such as lutein, β-carotene, astaxanthin and fucoxanthin; fatty acid groups such as EPA and DHA; and also some toxin compounds such as domoic acid. To obtain the optimum yield of bioactive compounds, it requires the right method in biomass production, compound extraction, compounds isolation and compounds identification. While testing the activities, it is necessary to do some assays such as antioxidan, antibiotic, antiviral and anticancer assay. The development of the technology can improve the potential use of microalgae to synthesis its bioactive compounds.
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Vettorazzi, Ariane, Adela López de Cerain, Julen Sanz-Serrano, Ana G. Gil, and Amaya Azqueta. "European Regulatory Framework and Safety Assessment of Food-Related Bioactive Compounds." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030613.
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A great variety of functional foods, nutraceuticals, or foods with bioactive compounds are provided nowadays to consumers. Aware of the importance of the safety aspects, the food industry has to comply with different legal requirements around the world. In this review, the European regulatory framework for food-related bioactive compounds is summarized. The term ‘bioactive compound’ is not defined in the European regulations, however, since they can be part of food supplements, fortified foods, or novel food, they are included within the legal requirements of those corresponding types of foods or supplements. Lists of authorized compounds/foods appear in the correspondent regulations, however, when a new compound/food is going to be launched into the market, its safety assessment is essential. Although the responsibility for the safety of these compounds/foods lies with the food business operator placing the product on the market, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) carries out scientific evaluations to assess the risks for human health. To facilitate this procedure, different guidelines exist at the European level to explain the tier toxicity testing approach to be considered. This approach divides the evaluation into four areas: (a) toxicokinetics; (b) genotoxicity; (c) subchronic and chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity; and (d) reproductive and developmental toxicity.
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Sandomenico, Annamaria, Andrea Caporale, Nunzianna Doti, Simon Cross, Gabriele Cruciani, Angela Chambery, Sandro De Falco, and Menotti Ruvo. "Synthetic Peptide Libraries: From Random Mixtures to In Vivo Testing." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 997–1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180716110833.
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Combinatorially generated molecular repertoires have been largely used to identify novel bioactive compounds. Ever more sophisticated technological solutions have been proposed to simplify and speed up such process, expanding the chemical diversity space and increasing the prospect to select new molecular entities with specific and potent activities against targets of therapeutic relevance. In this context, random mixtures of oligomeric peptides were originally used and since 25 years they represent a continuous source of bioactive molecules with potencies ranging from the sub-nM to microM concentration. Synthetic peptide libraries are still employed as starting “synthetic broths” of structurally and chemically diversified molecular fragments from which lead compounds can be extracted and further modified. Thousands of studies have been reported describing the application of combinatorial mixtures of synthetic peptides with different complexity and engrafted on diverse structural scaffolds for the identification of new compounds which have been further developed and also tested in in vivo models of relevant diseases. We briefly review some of the most used methodologies for library preparation and screening and the most recent case studies appeared in the literature where compounds have reached at least in vivo testing in animal or similar models. Recent technological advancements in biotechnology, engineering and computer science have suggested new options to facilitate the discovery of new bioactive peptides. In this instance, we anticipate here a new approach for the design of simple but focused tripeptide libraries against druggable cavities of therapeutic targets and its complementation with existing approaches.
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Tung, Nguyen Huu, Le Quoc Hung, Ha Van Oanh, Duong Thi Ly Huong, Phuong Thien Thuong, Dinh Doan Long, and Nguyen Thanh Hai. "Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from the Roots of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza)." Natural Product Communications 13, no. 10 (October 2018): 1934578X1801301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801301018.
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Danshen ( Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) is one of the most used medicinal plants in the Oriental medicine and has been well studied for application in modern medicine. In our continuing study on chemical constituents of danshen cultivated in Vietnam, using chromatography separation resulted in the isolation of six phenolic compounds including a benzophenone, iriflophenone 2- O- α-L-rhamnopyranoside (1), and five phenolic acids including rosmarinic acid (2), rosmarinic acid methyl ester (3), rosmarinic acid ethyl ester (4), salvianolic acid A methyl ester (5) and salvianolic acid A ethyl ester (6) from the butanol portion of the danshen crude extract. Beside the typically main phenolic acid components, to our knowledge, iriflophenone 2- O- α-L-rhamnopyranoside (1) was first isolated from salvia sp. On biological testing, compound 1 showed strong antiproliferative activity on HL-60 leukemia cells with the IC50 of 8.9 μM; compounds 1 and 3–6 inhibited markedly nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells.
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Octarya, Zona, Fitri Refelita, and Novia Rahim. "Antimicrobial Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Jatropha curcas." Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science and Technology (IJCST) 2, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/ijcst.v2i1.12366.
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Jatropha curcas L is widely planted in people's homes. Jatropha has many bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids. In this research, phytochemical tests and antimicrobial activities of sap and water extraction of Jatropha curcas L leaves on Candida albicans, Aspergillus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were carried out. The results of the phytochemical test of sap and water extraction of leaves showed positive results in the test of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and tannins. While steroid testing showed negative results. The antimicrobial capabilities of sap and water extraction of leaves to Aspergillus were 10.5 mm and 11 mm and to Pseudomonas Aeruginosa were 15 mm and 11 mm. Whereas the antimicrobial ability of sap and water extraction of leaf to Candida albicans was negative. In this case, it means that Pseudomonas aeruginosa is including microbes that are sensitive to antimicrobial origin of plants.
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Qiu, Shi, Shabana I. Khan, Mei Wang, Jianping Zhao, Siyu Ren, Ikhlas A. Khan, Amy Steffek, William P. Pfund, and Xing-Cong Li. "Chemometrics-Assisted Identification of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from the Green Alga Klebsormidium flaccidum var. zivo." Molecules 25, no. 5 (February 26, 2020): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051048.
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The green alga Klebsormidium flaccidum var. zivo is a rich source of proteins, polyphenols, and bioactive small-molecule compounds. An approach involving chromatographic fractionation, anti-inflammatory activity testing, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling, chemometric analysis, and subsequent MS-oriented isolation was employed to rapidly identify its small-molecule anti-inflammatory compounds including hydroxylated fatty acids, chlorophyll-derived pheophorbides, carotenoids, and glycoglycerolipids. Pheophorbide a, which decreased intracellular nitric oxide production by inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase, was the most potent compound identified with an IC50 value of 0.24 µM in lipopolysaccharides-induced macrophages. It also inhibited nuclear factor kappaB activation with an IC50 value of 32.1 µM in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced chondrocytes. Compared to conventional bioassay-guided fractionation, this approach is more efficient for rapid identification of multiple chemical classes of bioactive compounds from a complex natural product mixture.
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D’Urso, Gilda, Jurriaan J. Mes, Paola Montoro, Robert D. Hall, and Ric C. H. de Vos. "Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Mulberries." Metabolites 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10010007.
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Mulberries are consumed either freshly or as processed fruits and are traditionally used to tackle several diseases, especially type II diabetes. Here, we investigated the metabolite compositions of ripe fruits of both white (Morus alba) and black (Morus nigra) mulberries, using reversed-phase HPLC coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and related these to their in vitro antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Based on accurate masses, fragmentation data, UV/Vis light absorbance spectra and retention times, 35 metabolites, mainly comprising phenolic compounds and amino sugar acids, were identified. While the antioxidant activity was highest in M. nigra, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were similar between species. Both bioactivities were mostly resistant to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. To identify the bioactive compounds, we combined LC-MS with 96-well-format fractionation followed by testing the individual fractions for α-glucosidase inhibition, while compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity were identified using HPLC with an online antioxidant detection system. We thus determined iminosugars and phenolic compounds in both M. alba and M. nigra, and anthocyanins in M. nigra as being the key α-glucosidase inhibitors, while anthocyanins in M. nigra and both phenylpropanoids and flavonols in M. alba were identified as key antioxidants in their ripe berries.
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Boustie, Joël, and Martin Grube. "Lichens—a promising source of bioactive secondary metabolites." Plant Genetic Resources 3, no. 2 (August 2005): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr200572.
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Lichen-forming fungi are unique organisms, producing biologically active metabolites with a great variety of effects, including antibiotic, antimycobacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities. However, only very limited numbers of lichen substances have been screened for their biological activities and their therapeutic potential in medicine. This is certainly due to the difficulties encountered in identification of the species, collection of bulk quantities, and the isolation of pure substances for structure determination and testing activity. Recently, possibilities for bypassing some of these former difficulties have arisen by the introduction of new techniques. This includes axenic cultivation for production of the genuine compounds or new ones, extraction of focused compounds, or synthesis of natural products or their derivatives for testing. Utilizing these new opportunities, the discovery of novel active metabolites, which could serve as lead compounds, is significantly facilitated. At the same time, the evolution of secondary metabolite patterns is studied using phylogenetic approaches. Yet, the genetic background of the complex chemical patterns is poorly understood. The scattered occurrence of some compounds suggests that their production evolved either in parallel or that ancient biosynthetic pathways are abandoned in many lineages. At least, studies on polyketide synthase genes from different lichen groups suggest a high level of gene paralogy. In this context, clades of orthologous polyketide synthase genes, which are often shared with distantly related non-lichenized fungi, can roughly be identified by their sequence similarity and their similar patterns of substitution rates. The functional assignment of paralogs is nevertheless difficult and reasonable only in a few cases. A global approach of the lichen metabolomic features appears to be essential in developing new and viable biotechnological processes which could afford suitable amounts of unique lichen compounds.
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Hummell, Nicholas A., and Natalia V. Kirienko. "Repurposing bioactive compounds for treating multidrug-resistant pathogens." Journal of Medical Microbiology 69, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 881–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001172.
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Introduction. Antimicrobial development is being outpaced by the rising rate of antimicrobial resistance in the developing and industrialized world. Drug repurposing, where novel antibacterial functions can be found for known molecular entities, reduces drug development costs, reduces regulatory hurdles, and increases rate of success. Aim. We sought to characterize the antimicrobial properties of five known bioactives (DMAQ-B1, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, CD437 and PSB-069) that were discovered in a high-throughput phenotypic screen for hits that extend Caenorhabditis elegans survival during exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. Methodology. c.f.u. assays, biofilm staining and fluorescence microscopy were used to assay the compounds' effect on various virulence determinants. Checkerboard assays were used to assess synergy between compounds and conventional antimicrobials. C. elegans-based assays were used to test whether the compounds could also rescue against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphyloccus aureus. Finally, toxicity was assessed in C. elegans and mammalian cells. Results. Four of the compounds rescued C. elegans from a second bacterial pathogen and two of them (DMAQ-B1, a naturally occurring insulin mimetic, and CD437, an agonist of the retinoic acid receptor) rescued against all three. The platinum complexes displayed increased antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa . Of the molecules tested, only CD437 showed slight synergy with ampicillin. The two most effective compounds, DMAQ-B1 and CD437, showed toxicity to mammalian cells. Conclusion. Although these compounds' potential for repurposing is limited by their toxicity, our results contribute to this growing field and provide a simple road map for using C. elegans for preliminary testing of known bioactive compounds with predicted antimicrobial activity.
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VIRGANITA, JENNY, DINAR SARI CAHYANINGRUM WAHYUNI, and ESTU RETNANINGTYAS NUGRAHENI. "Antibacterial activity of bioactive compounds from radish (Raphanus sativus) leaves against Escherichia coli and its chemical compounds." Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry 7, no. 2 (August 17, 2009): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biofar/f070205.
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Virganita J, Wahyuni DSC, Nugraheni ER. 2009. Antibacterial activity of bioactive compounds from radish (Raphanus sativus) leaves against Escherichia coli and its chemical compounds. Biofarmasi 7: 94-98. Indonesia has many kinds of plants, some of them are medicinal plants that were used to cure various diseases. One of medicinal plants is radish (Raphanus sativus L.), known as vegetable. That is the reason conducting the research to find out the bioactive compounds from plants, which can be used as raw materials of drug. Other reasons are expensive drug prices in the market, the death case due to microbial infection, and the increasing of bacterial resistance because of ineffectiveness usage of antibiotic. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial effect of bioactive compounds from radish leaves against Escherichia coli. Bioactive compounds were found by extraction dan partition using centrifugation. Dry powder from radish leaves was extracted with chloroform and methanol. After the antibacterial testing, methanol extract resulted in an antibacterial effect was separated in a partition by ethyl acetate into soluble and insoluble parts. The soluble part of ethyl acetate resulted in an antibacterial effect on the concentration of 30-50% was shown by a clear zone (average 10 mm). It was separated again into soluble and insoluble fractions with dichloromethane. Dichloromethane soluble fraction formed a clear zone about 8.30 mm on 10% concentration and 8.42 mm on 20% concentration. Furthermore, the chemical constituent profile of the most active fraction was monitored using KLT method and detected with spray chemicals. The results indicated that radish leaves had bioactive compounds from phenolic group. It was proved by ammonia detection which giving a yellow color, and dark blue with FeCl3 detection.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bioactive compounds – Testing"
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Mnonopi, Nandipha Olivia. "In vitro testing to investigate the anticoagulant/antithrombotic and antidiabetic biological activity of Leonotis Leonurus." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/693.
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The rising costs of prescription drugs in the maintenance of personal health and wellbeing have increased the interest in medicinal plants. The World Health Organization estimates that 65 percent-80 percent of the world’s population use traditional medicine as their primary form of health care. In this project the focus has been on the use of Leonotis leonurus extracts as a traditional medicine. The major chemical constituent of this plant is marrubiin, which is a diterpenoid labdane lactone formed from a precursor called premarrubiin. Aqueous and acetone extract (AL and OL extract, respectively) of this plant has been found to have an antithrombotic effect, with IC50 values of 3mg/ml and 6mg/ml, respectively. The extracts also have an effect on fibrinolysis, where the lysis time was decreased by more than 50 percent by the organic extract and standard marrubiin. In whole blood ADP-induced platelet aggregation, the organic extract inhibited aggregation by 68 percent at a final concentration of 138μg/ml (equivalent to 7.2μg/ml marrubiin). Marrubiin has also been screened for antithrombotic/anticoagulant activity; no antithrombotic activity has been observed but it increased the rate of fibrinolysis, by decreasing lysis time by 64 percent and also decreasing fibrin formation. From these findings it can be concluded that marrubiin has a fibrinolytic effect and antiplatelet aggregation effect. In the diabetic studies, in hyperglycemic condition, the OL (10μg/ml) extract and standard marrubiin significantly increased insulin secretion by 200 percent (2-fold) and 400 percent (4-fold), respectively, with respect to the control. The OL extract and standard marrubiin stimulated the release of insulin, the stimulatory index was significantly increased by 450 percent (4.5-fold) and 500 percent (5-fold), respectively, with respect to the control. In the apoptotic studies, in the normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions, the OL extract decreased the occurrence of apoptosis, in a dose-dependent manner, with the lower concentrations inducing apoptosis significantly higher than the relevant controls. Standard marrubiin did not have an effect on apoptosis in hyperglycemic condition, but it decreased the occurrence of apoptosis by 200 percent (2-fold) under normoglycemic conditions. The OL extract increased proliferation by 148 percent (1.48- fold) and 155 percent (1.55-fold) in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions, respectively. The same effect was observed for standard marrubiin, where, proliferation was increased by 180 percent (1.8-fold) and 200 percent (2.0-fold) in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions, respectively. RT-PCR displayed that standard marrubiin inhibited the expression of insulin by 50 percent under normoglycemic conditions.
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Dukhea, Shiksha. "The isolation, structure elucidation and biological testing of compounds from Plectranthus hadiensis." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5790.
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Three diterpenes of the abietane class, 7b-acetoxy-6b-hydroxyroyleanone (I), 6b,7b-
dihydroxyroyleanone (II) and ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene-3b,11a-diol (III) and three
triterpenes, 2a,3a,19 -trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (IV), stigmasterol (V) and lupeol (VI)
were isolated from the stem and leaf material of Plectranthus hadiensis. The structures of the
compounds were elucidated using 2D NMR spectroscopy and Mass spectrometry. All six
compounds have been isolated previously, but this is the first occurrence of compounds III-VI
in Plectranthus hadiensis. This is also the first report of the isolation of a pimarene from
Plectranthus, which provides a biochemical link to other genera in the family Lamiaceae where
this class of compounds exist.
Compounds I to IV were tested for their antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as their anticancer activity against breast (MCF-7), renal (TK-
10) and melanoma (UACC-62) cell lines. Compounds I and II exhibited good antibacterial
activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and although the entpimara-
8(14),15-diene-3 ,11 -diol (III), was inactive against E. faecalis, it was very active
against P. aeruginosa. Compound IV, the triterpenoid, was structurally different to I-III and
did not show any anti-bacterial activity. Compounds I-III were weakly active toward the
cancerous renal (TK-10), melanoma (UACC-62) and breast (MCF-7) cell lines, while IV was
inactive in all of the cell lines.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2010.
Books on the topic "Bioactive compounds – Testing"
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Luisella, Verotta, ed. Virtual activity, real pharmacology: Different approaches to the search for bioactive natural compounds. Trivandrum, India: Research Signpost, 1997.
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Fingerman, Milton. Biomaterials from Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms. Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.
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(Editor), Milton Fingerman, and Rachakonda Nagabhushanam (Editor), eds. Biomaterials from Aquatic And Terrestrial Organisms. Science Publishers, 2006.
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Fingerman, Milton. Biomaterials from Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms. Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.
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J, Matsoukas, and Mavromoustakos T, eds. Drug discovery and design: Medical aspects. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2002.
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(Editor), J. Matsoukas, and T. Mavromoustakos (Editor), eds. Drug Discovery and Design: Medical Aspects (Biomedical and Health Research, 55). Ios Pr Inc, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Bioactive compounds – Testing"
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Attard, Everaldo, and Pierpaolo Pacioni. "The Phytochemical and In Vitro Pharmacological Testing of Maltese Medicinal Plants." In Bioactive Compounds in Phytomedicine. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/30270.
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Brindha Devi, Parthiban, and Ridhanya Jeyaseelan. "Natural Medicinal Compounds from Marine Fungi towards Drug Discovery: A Review." In Drug Design - Novel Advances in the Omics Field and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94137.
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Marine fungi are species of fungi which live in estuaries environment and marine environment. These species are found in common habitat. Marine fungi are rich in antimicrobial compounds such as anthrones, cephalosporins, peptides, steroids. These compounds which are derived mainly focused in the area of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, anti-microbial, anti-fouling activity. Bioactive terpene compounds are produced by marine fungi and marine derived fungi can produce sclerotides, trichoderins. Marine fungi have become the richest sources of biologically active metabolites and structurally novel in the marine environment. In a recent study the marine derived fungi dichotomomyces cejpii exhibits activity towards cannabinoid which is used to treat alzheimer dementia. Aspergillus unguis showed significant acetyl cholinesterase besides its anti-oxidant activity. These acts as a promising intent for discovery of pharmaceutically important metabolites like alkaloids, peptides. Computational (in silico) strategies have been developed and broadly applied to pharmacology advancement and testing. This review summarizes the bioactive compounds derived from marine fungi in accordance with the sources and their biological activities.
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Bernardo, Maria Di, and Marta Di Carlo. "The Sea Urchin Embryo: A Model for Studying Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Human Diseases and for Testing Bioactive Compounds." In Sea Urchin - From Environment to Aquaculture and Biomedicine. InTech, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70301.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Bioactive compounds – Testing"
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Splinter, Steven, and Marilena Radoiu. "CONTINUOUS INDUSTRIAL-SCALE MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF HIGH-VALUE INGREDIENTS FROM NATURAL BIOMASS." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9758.
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An innovative technology for the continuous extraction of bioactive compounds from a wide range of biological materials has been developed, scaled up and successfully demonstrated at commercially-relevant scales. The technology, known as MAPTM, or “Microwave-Assisted Process”, robustly transfers from laboratory to continuous, industrial scale operation. In wide-ranging trials, MAPTM has comprehensively demonstrated its ability to outperform many KPIs of conventional extraction processes, while offering biomass throughput, product consistency and low operational costs not attainable by other emerging technologies. Radient’s proprietary continuous-flow MAPTM extractor, Figure 1, was designed for continuous processing of up to 200 kg/h of biomass material. Verification of the mechanical integrity of the system was confirmed by flow testing of biomass / solvent slurries. Testing and verification of the efficiency of microwave energy transfer to the extractor cavity was completed at various microwave power settings using flowing water at 870 kg/h. The microwave energy transfer to the system was verified to be >95 % in each case. As an example of performance, continuous flow MAPTM extraction of the antioxidant SDG from flax biomass was performed using 70 % ethanol / water as the solvent at two different conditions: - 75 kg/h flax / 5 L/kg solvent / 15 kW microwave power / extractor residence time 24 min; - 110 kg/h flax / 5 L/kg solvent / 20 kW microwave power / extractor residence time 16 min. The industrial-scale conditions for these runs were determined by extrapolating from optimized conditions previously obtained from batch lab-scale MAPTM experiments. The continuous flow approach eliminates the requirement for having geometric similarity between scales, i.e the equipment shape and dimensions do not have to scale proportionately.