Academic literature on the topic 'Biocenoses'

The hyerarchy of living systems comprises three categories of systems with distinct structures and functions: the individual, the multiindividual and the multicoenotic ones. Individual systems are: the prokaryotic unicellular organism, the eukaryotic unicelllar system and the pluricellular one. Multiindividual systems are the species and the biocenosis. Species, being differentiated regarding their ecological adapations, can exist only associated in biocenoses (through their populations), never independently; this is why the biocenosis is the only natural multiindividual, ecological system, consisting of other multiindividual systems – species. Multicenotic systems are: the biolandscape, the bioregion, the biozone (biome) and the biosphere. These systems comprise ensembles of different types of biocenoses and look like living covers of various sizes.

The results of field experiments on the development of local biocenoses based on bottom bio-stations situated in areas with high anthropogenic influence in the Northern and Middle Caspian region are presented. Structural and functional parameters of local communities were studied in comparison with characteristics of background biocenoses. Biodiversity and informational content of local communities as objects of monitoring and bio indication was assessed. The application of the bottom biocenosis directed development on artificial substrates for monitoring and improvement of the marine environment are discussed.

Spatial distribution, species structure and ecological indicators of macrozoobenthos of flowing water bodies by altitude belts of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic were studied. Macrobenthos fauna of the rivers of the region is formed in psammoreophilic, phytoreophilic and peloreophilic biocenoses with a great advantage of lithoreophilic biocenosis. The lithoreophilic biocenosis of rivers of the mountain and high-mountain belts is characterized by extensive area and abundance of species diversity. The core of the lithoreophilic biocenosis is composed of populations of rheophilic organisms such as moths, mayflies, vernal pools and simulids; its usual inhabitants are also rheophilic larvae of chironomids of the genus Polypedilum, Endochironomus, Eukiefferiella, Cricotopus and Orthocladius. The family composition of the fauna was found to be relatively stable along the rivers. Differences in the species composition of macrobenthos fauna, change of dominant species in biocenoses are related to biological features of the main species, anthropic and anthropogenic impacts, as well as different time of research. The species composition of macrozoobenthos of the rivers of the autonomous republic decreases from the source to the mouth.

The results of research conducted in the period 2002–2004 and 2019–2022 on the study of the ecology of gamasid mites living on biocenoses of cotton, wheat and melons in the northern regions of Turkmenistan are presented. In particular, 10 species of gamasid mites were identified in the listed biocenoses, including 3 new species for the fauna of the country. According to the selectivity of ecological niches, the discovered mites are classified as eurybionts and geophyllobionts. The importance of predatory gamasid mites in biocenoses is shown in regulating the number of herbivorous mites. Some insects and nematodes, the role of gamasid mites as the main component in the biocenosis, which ensures the functioning of the predator-prey relationship, is proved. Laboratory observations revealed the specificity of the choice of prey by predatory mites in the species B. tarsalis, Ph. plumifer and N. bicaudus. The specifics of the choice of prey by the tick Ph. plumifer in the laboratory in the optimum temperature range of +20 – +25°C and a humidity degree of 40-65%. They actively bred on tea rose leaves when C. pulcher was used as a mite victim. The results of observations under a stereomicroscope on the study of the ethological characteristics of the predatory mite N. bicaudus during its attack on its prey in the leaves of an apple tree are also presented. Researches have revealed the specificity of the choice of the herbivorous mite Siteroptes tameri by the predatory mite N. bicaudus as a prey. The active role of the latter in the spread of spores of the fungus N. gossypii has also been proven. Field observations revealed that predatory mites G. aculeifer, B. tarsalis and N. bicaudus feed on herbivorous mites in biocenoses. For predators, specific types of prey have been established, related to spider mites, acaroid and eriophyid mites. The role of gamasid mites in establishing the ecological balance of herbivorous mites in biocenoses has been proved.

In this research, the species composition and structure of macrophytobenthos, macrozoobenthos, and bottom sediments of the Taman Bay, one of the areas of the Sea of Azov where the seagrass Zostera marina L. forms underwater meadows. The material was collected in 2008–2009 before of the Sea of Azov salinization. Three main zones with different types of bottom sediments (sands, sands with shells and silts) were identified, within which four main macrobenthic biocenoses were located (unvegetated coastal biocenosis, mosaic macrophyte communities outside the surf zone, Z. marina underwater meadows and the central regions’ biocenosis with the dominance of mobile forms of macrozoobenthos and a low abundance of macrophytes). The main environmental factor associated with this distribution of macrophytobenthos was the content of silt (with a granule size of less than 0.001 mm). The spatial structure of the macrozoobenthos correlated with the projective cover of Z. marina. Possible reasons for the revealed regularities in the distribution of communities are discussed.

Sequencing batch reactors (SBR) are often used for research on nutrient removal systems. A model anaerobic-oxic SBR was compared with a compartmentalized continuous-flow system. The levels of COD, phosphorus, and nitrogen removal in both systems were comparable but the biocenoses differed significantly. The SVI values of activated sludge from the continuous reactor ranged between 100 and 200 ml/g although no significant occurrence of filamentous microorganisms was observed. The sequencing batch reactor produced activated sludge with the SVIs below 100 ml/g and with high settling velocities. Filamentous microorganisms were frequently observed in the biocenosis of the SBR. The differences in settling properties and filamentous growth in both reactors are discussed and explained.

The research paper presents a comparative analysis of helminth fauna of American mink on the urbanized territories and natural biocenosis of the Kirov Region (floodplains of the Vyatka, Kama, Cheptsa and Moloma Rivers) in the north-east of the European part of Russia. The method of complete helminthological dissections was used to study 109 carcasses of American minks, including 70 minks of natural biocenoses and 39 urbanized landscapes of Kirov and other settlements of the Kirov Region. The extensiveness of the invasion and the intensity of the invasion were determined. The Student's criterion (t) was used to calculate the validity of differences at the significance level of 0.05. 18 species of helminths were revealed, of which five new species for the region including: Metorchis bilis, Crenosoma taiga, Mustelivingylus skrjabini. The basis of helminth fauna is biohelminths (87.5%). Rate of infection with helminths during the acclimatization period increased from 9.8 to 92.7%. Helminthofauna is represented by 7 species in urban areas. The dominant species are 5 helminths: Isthmiophora melis, Alaria alata, larvae, Aonchotheca putorii, Aonchotheca mucronata, Skrjabingylus nasicola. Females of natural biocenoses, as well as urbacenoses, are not infested with pulmonary helminths C. taiga and Trichinella spp. larvae. The extensiveness of infestation and the intensity of infestation in the American mink differ slightly from one habitat to another. The intensity of infestation of A. mucronata is higher in female mink living on the urbanized territories as compared to natural biocenosis. This difference has statistical significance (t=4.67, p ≤ 0.05). In settlements the intensity of infestation in males of I. melis and A. putorii exceeds significantly that of females (t=2.1-2.24 with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05). Epizootological and epidemiological hazards are represented by A. alata (larvae), Metorchis bilis and Trichinella spp.

The dynamics of polychaete abundance in different climatic phases and their role in biocenoses were analyzed in polychaetes of the Kola Inlet (1995 and 2017). Since 1995, the abundance in the southern and central parts of the bay has not changed, but it increased in the northern part by 2 orders of magnitude. The role of Pholoe in biocenoses increased most strongly in the northern part of the inlet.

The work deals with the way notions regarding the organization of the living world emerged, and the way they fit in an unitary insight via the systems theory. The connections between species and biocenoses as community-based (multi-individual) systems are briefly discussed, as well as the major part played by biocenoses in the life of individual living systems and in the creation of a more propitious environment for the existence and the perpetuation of life on Earth.

Ce travail constitue la synthese des recherches de l'auteur sur une periode de dix ans, de 1986 a 1996. Il porte sur le determinisme des biocenoses alluviales, temoin des echanges nappe-riviere dans l'hydrosysteme rhenan et s'appuie sur une selection de publications presentees dans cette these. La methodologie utilisee se fonde sur une combinaison d'approches: analytique, phytosociologique, cartographique et biologique. Differents secteurs representatifs de l'ancien lit majeur du rhin ainsi que les champs d'inondation de l'ill et la moder ont ete etudies. Nous avons montre que l'etat de connexion entre le rhin et ses annexes aquatiques se traduit par une nette segregation entre les groupements phanerogamiques, bryophytiques et odonatologiques. La composition et la structure des biocenoses sont directement liees aux differences de statuts trophiques et au degre de connectivite entre le chenal principal et ses milieux riverains, lui meme dependant des amenagements du fleuve. L'incidence du fonctionnement hydrologique sur le compartiment terrestre se traduit par des conditions mesoclimatiques particulieres qui ont ete revelees par l'analyse des groupements bryophytiques. L'etude parallele de la qualite de l'eau et des hydrophytes du cours inferieur de l'ill et de la moder revele que les groupements d'hydrophytes sont de bons descripteurs du fonctionnement fluvial et permettent notamment de localiser les sites d'eutrophisation et d'oligotrophisation. Le suivi limnologique de rivieres phreatiques et de chenaux de crue de l'ill, en situation hydrologique normale et en periode de crues inondante, a montre le role efficace d'epuration des eaux de debordement par les ecosystemes riverains, revele par les biocenoses aquatiques. Des exemples concrets de gestion et de restauration de bras lateraux sont presentes avec une analyse des modifications induites sur les ecosystemes par les operations de rehabilitation des habitats. Ces recherches ont conduit a l'elaboration de concepts et a la mise en uvre des modalites de gestion des reserves naturelles rhenanes. Les resultats obtenus soulignent l'interet de preserver les champs d'epandage des crues comme regulateurs hydrologiques et biologiques

L’objectiu general d’aquesta tesi és aprofundir en el coneixement de les regles de construcció de comunitats vegetals de les maresmes costaneres mediterrànies, prenent com a cas d’estudi les maresmes del delta del Llobregat. Concretament, al llarg de quatre capítols intentem determinar quins són els gradients ambientals que condicionen la distribució de les espècies i les comunitats vegetals, i com aquests afecten la distribució dels trets funcionals de les plantes i les relacions interespecífiques. Per fer-ho hem instal·lat 45 punts de mostreig sobre les tres comunitats de maresma dominants al delta del Llobregat (canyissars, jonqueres i salicornars). Aquests punts de mostreig s’han repartit en quatre localitats diferents, que pretenen recollir tot el ventall de situacions on viuen aquestes comunitats. A cada punt de mostreig hem realitzat un inventari fitosociològic, hem mostrejat periòdicament paràmetres de l’aigua freàtica (conductivitat i alçada) i del sòl (concentració de sals). Per cada planta trobada en el conjunt dels inventaris hem obtingut un seguit de trets funcionals (àrea foliar específica, producció de llavors, etc...). A més, en 20 d’aquests punts de mostreig hem realitzat un experiment de competència interespecífica entre Juncus acutus i Phragmites australis. Les comunitats de maresma estudiades són pauciflores i altament monoespècifiques. Es tracta de comunitats dominades per cinc espècies; J. acutus, J. maritimus, Spartina versicolor, P. australis i Arthrocnemum fruticosum. La presència d’aquestes espècies bé determinada principalment per la capacitat de tolerar de forma eficaç els estressos biològics imposats per tres gradients ambientals; alçada de l’aigua freàtica, conductivitat de l’aigua freàtica i balanç iònic del sòl. Aquestes gradients determinen també la presència i abundància de certs trets funcionals de les plantes de maresma, concretament l’àrea foliar especifica i el pes de les llavors. Si més d’una espècie pot tolera unes condicions abiòtiques concretes, aquestes espècies coexisteixen temporalment i trobem interaccions interespecífiques. En la majoria d’aquests casos, s’imposen les relacions de tipus competitiu i aquella espècie que és capaç de créixer més i més ràpid acaba excloent combativament a les altres. En algunes situacions concretes, les espècies trobem fenòmens de facilitació o exclusió mútua i les espècies poden coexistir juntes llargs períodes de temps . Per bé que no ho hem estudiat directament, els resultats obtinguts en aquesta tesi ens fan pensar que en la majoria de casos la coexistència d’espècies és poc estable al llarg del temps. Factors com l’atzar, l’efecte fundador o la herbívora determinen, que una de les espècies acabi excloent a la resta.
The objective of this thesis is to improve the knowledge of plant community assembly rules in Mediterranean coastal marshes, taking as a case study of the Llobregat delta marshes. Specifically, over four chapters, we try to determine the environmental gradients that determine the distribution of species and plant communities, and how these affect the distribution of plant functional traits and the interspecific relationships. To do this we have installed 45 sampling points on the three dominant salt marsh communities in the Llobregat delta (reeds, rushes and shrubby chenopods formations). These sampling points were distributed in four different locations, which aim to collect the full range of situations in which these communities live. At each sampling point, we done a phytosociological relevé, we periodically measured groundwater parameters (conductivity and height) and soil (salt concentration). For each plant found in all the inventories we have obtained a series of functional traits (specific leaf area, seed production, etc...). In addition, 20 of these points we have performed a sampling of interspecific competition between Phragmites australis and Juncus acutus. Marsh communities studied show species paucity and are highly monospecific. These communities dominated by five species; J. acutus, J. maritimus, Spartina versicolor and P. australis Arthrocnemum fruticosum. The presence of these species either mainly determined by the ability to effectively tolerate the stresses imposed three biological environmental gradients; height of the water table, groundwater conductivity and soil ionic balance. These gradients determine the presence and abundance of certain plant functional traits of marsh plants, more exactly specific leaf area and seed weight. If more than one species can tolerate a set of abiotic conditions, these species coexist and they experience interspecific interactions. In most of these cases, these relationships are competitive, and the species that is able to grow faster excludes competitively the others. In some situations, the interspecific interactions are facilitative or lead to a mutual exclusion, therefore species can coexist together for long periods of time. Although we have not directly studied, the results obtained in this thesis suggest that in most cases the coexistence of species is not stable over time. Factors such as founder effect, herbivorous or stochasticity determine which one species excludes the other end.
El objetivo general de esta tesis es profundizar en el conocimiento de las reglas de construcción de comunidades vegetales de las marismas costeras mediterráneas, tomando como caso de estudio las marismas del delta del Llobregat. Concretamente, a lo largo cuatro capítulos, intentamos determinar cuáles son los gradientes ambientales que condicionan la distribución de las especies y las comunidades vegetales, y cómo estos afectan a la distribución de los rasgos funcionales de las plantas y las relaciones interespecíficas. Para ello hemos instalado 45 puntos de muestreo sobre las tres comunidades de marisma dominantes en el delta del Llobregat (carrizales, juncales y salicorniares). Estos puntos de muestreo se han repartido en cuatro localidades diferentes, que pretenden recoger todo el abanico de situaciones donde viven estas comunidades. En cada punto de muestreo hemos realizado un inventario fitosociológico, hemos muestreado periódicamente parámetros del agua freática (conductividad y profundidad) y del suelo (concentración de sales). Por cada planta encontrada en el conjunto de los inventarios hemos obtenido una serie de rasgos funcionales (área foliar específica, producción de semillas, etc...). Además, en 20 de estos puntos de muestreo hemos realizado un experimento de competencia interespecífica entre Juncus acutus y Phragmites australis. Las comunidades de marisma estudiadas son paucifloras y altamente monoespecíficas. Se trata de comunidades dominadas por cinco especies; J. acutus, J. maritimus, Spartina versicolor, P. australis y Arthrocnemum fruticosum. La presencia de estas especies bien determinada principalmente por la capacidad de tolerar de forma eficaz los estreses biológicos impuestos por tres gradientes ambientales; produndidad del agua freática, conductividad del agua freática y balance iónico del suelo. Estas gradientes determinan también la presencia y abundancia de ciertos rasgos funcionales de las plantas de marisma, concretamente el área foliar específica y el peso de las semillas. Si más de una especie puede tolera unas condiciones abióticas concretas, estas especies coexisten temporalmente y encontramos interacciones interespecíficas. En la mayoría de estos casos, se imponen las relaciones de tipo competitivo y aquella especie que es capaz de crecer más y más rápido termina excluyendo combativament a las otras. En algunas situaciones concretas, las especies encontramos fenómenos de facilitación o exclusión mutua y las especies pueden coexistir juntas largos períodos de tiempo. Aunque no lo hemos estudiado directamente, los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis nos hacen pensar que en la mayoría de casos la coexistencia de especies es poco estable a lo largo del tiempo. Factores como el azar, el efecto fundador o la herbívora determinan, que una de las especies termine excluyendo al resto.

Life history theory and population ecology have been especially neglectful of marine species, with most ecological principles developed from studies based on terrestrial species. This is especially true for macroalgae species, for which population dynamics and life history studies are still scarce. Given their fundamental role as habitat-forming species and primary producers in temperate seas worldwide, understanding the dynamics of macroalgae populations is fundamental, not only for their own conservation but also for their associated biodiversity and marine coastal ecosystems functioning. Therefore, the present dissertation aims to unravel some of the processes and mechanisms that shape the population dynamics of the deep-water, long-lived and habitat-forming macroalga, Cystoseira zosteroides. With this information, we aim to bolster our ability to predict the future of this species in a globally impacted world, as well as to develop management tools to improve their conservation status. Overall, we aim to improve our current comprehension about the population dynamics and life history of macroalgae. The results obtained from our monitored populations show that C. zosteroides have slow population dynamics. By using comparative analyses, we observed contrasting life history strategies among macroalgae species. While other intertidal fucoid and kelp populations highly depend on reproductive processes and the growth of organisms, natural and undisturbed C. zosteroides populations are maintained by the high survival and long lifespan of adult individuals. We also demonstrated that the dispersal ability of brown macroalgae is very limited compared to other taxa, with kelps showing higher dispersal potential than fucoids. Our findings showed that disturbances highly influence C. zosteroides population dynamics. After an extreme storm and the impact of a ghost fishing net, their populations displayed a high increase in recruitment rates, suggesting a negative density-dependence effect of adults on early stages. We observed that in recruitment plates located inside well-developed adult canopies post-settlement survival is lower than outside the adult canopy. This evidence that adult C. zosteroides individuals establish a ceiling for the development of recruits. Thus, density-dependence plays a key role regulating C. zosteroides population dynamics, triggering their recovery after major disturbances. In contrast to natural populations, after major mortality events, their recovery and dynamics highly depend on the reproductive process. This is particularly worrying given the limited effective dispersal of this species. Finally, despite the high ability of C. zosteroides to compensate morality pulses through density-dependence, their recovery can take decades, rendering their populations more vulnerable. Although isolated mortality events can be compensated, our demographic simulations showed that the combined effect of physical disturbances, compromise the viability of C. zosteroides populations. Furthermore, we demonstrated that warming has a high impact on early life stages of this species. Decreased early survival and settlement rates due to rising temperatures delay the recovery ability of C. zosteroides and increase the vulnerability of their populations. Overall, our findings do not only contribute to better comprehend macroalgae population dynamics, but also provide new insights for their effective management. With this dissertation we evidence the key role of population ecology and life history into understanding the dynamics of species, stressing how these disciplines may help us to better comprehend the future of coastal marine ecosystems.
La teoria sobre les històries de vida i l’ecologia de poblacions desenvolupen principis ecològics basats principalment en estudis realitzats en espècies terrestres, sovint sense tenir en compte les espècies marines. A través d’aquesta tesi preteníem descriure alguns dels processos i mecanismes que configuren la dinàmica poblacional de Cystoseira zosteroides, una macroalga longeva i formadora d’hàbitat, que habita en aigües profundes del Mediterrani Nord- Occidental. En un context més ampli, també es pretén augmentar la nostra comprensió actual sobre la dinàmica poblacional i la història de vida de les macroalgues. Els resultats obtinguts mostren que C. zosteroides presenta una dinàmica poblacional molt lenta. Mentre que altres poblacions de Fucals i de Kelps d’hàbitats de poca profunditat depenen principalment de processos reproductius i del creixement dels organismes, les poblacions naturals i no pertorbades de C. zosteroides es mantenen gràcies a l’elevada supervivència i la llarga esperança de vida dels individus adults. També demostrem que la capacitat de dispersió de les macroalgues brunes és molt limitada en comparació amb altres taxons, tot i que els Kelps presenten un major potencial de dispersió que les Fucals. Els nostres resultats també demostren que la denso-dependència juga un paper clau regulant la dinàmica poblacional de C. zosteroides, ja que pot impulsar la seva recuperació després de grans pertorbacions. A diferència de les poblacions no alterades, després de grans esdeveniments de mortalitat, la recuperació i dinàmica de les poblacions de C. zosteroides depèn molt dels processos reproductius. Això és especialment preocupant donada la limitada dispersió efectiva d’aquesta espècie. No obstant, tot i que els esdeveniments de mortalitat aïllats es poden compensar amb polsos de reclutament, les nostres simulacions demogràfiques demostren que l’efecte combinat dels pertorbacions físiques, com les tempestes i les xarxes de pesca abandonades, comprometen la viabilitat de les poblacions de C. zosteroides. A més, hem demostrat que l’escalfament té un gran impacte en les primeres etapes de vida d’aquesta espècie, fet que retarda la capacitat de recuperació de C. zosteroides i augmenta la seva vulnerabilitat a altres pertorbacions. En general, els nostres resultats no només contribueixen a comprendre millor la dinàmica poblacional de les macroalgues, sinó que també proporcionen noves idees per a la seva gestió eficaç. Amb aquesta tesi, es demostra el paper clau de l’ecologia de poblacions i la història de la vida en la comprensió de la dinàmica de les espècies i destaca com aquestes disciplines poden ajudar-nos a entendre millor el futur dels ecosistemes marins costaners.

Research objective: to characterize urogenital tract biocenosis peculiar for women with pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) through comprehensive assessment of the balance of normal, opportunistic and absolutely pathogenic microflora using “Femoflor screen” reagent kit. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36583

Une revision des donnees bibliographiques sur les insectes arachnophages et un inventaire des especes d'araignees en landes armoricaines et dans quelques sites de vendee de 1981 a 1985 ont permis l'etude des relations insectes/araignees (parasitisme, predation sur les oeufs notamment)

Les principaux resultats obtenus sur la biologie des parasitoides des pucerons des cereales dans le bassin de rennes et plus particulierement du plus important d'entre eux, aphidius uzbekistanicus sont les suivants: aphidius uzbekistanicus se maintient de facon continue au cours de l'annee, sur l'une ou l'autre des trois especes de pucerons par differents mecanismes dont l'importance peut varier et une certaine proportion de la population necessite une duree de developpement plus longue, en hiver comme en ete. En conditions controlees et sous une faible densite parasitaire, les arrets de developpement n'affectent que 4% de la population d'a. Uzbekistanicus. Par contre, des arrets de developpement peuvent affecter une fraction importante de parasitoides dans les cages d'elevage, a 20#oc/16 h. La densite des parasitoides adultes qui provoque un superparasitisme parait jouer un role important dans le determinisme de ce phenomene dans leur descendance. L'impact de deux pyrethrinoides et d'un organophosphore a ete evalue au champ et au laboratoire. Les parasitoides en fin de developpement paraissent proteges a l'interieur de la momie. Il n'en est pas de meme pour les jeunes stades et le stade adulte. L'effet des insecticides sur ce dernier stade peut etre immediat ou differe. Dans ce dernier cas, on observe une diminution de leur fecondite et une sex ratio desequilibree en faveur des males a la generation suivante lorsqu'elle existe. Les divers mecanismes de survie developpee par a. Uzbekistanicus sont complexes: le parasitoide est adapte au cycle de ses hotes locaux et manifeste une grande variabilite dans sa reponse individuelle sous nos climats, ce qui constitue une des clefs de sa survie. L'espece se maintient continuellement dans les memes biotopes que ses hotes, ce qui favorise la regulation de leurs populations. La sauvegarde des biocenoses cerealieres passe par une meilleure gestion

La fauna apidica risulta essere estremamente sensibile ai processi di frammentazione ambientale e pertanto la sua composizione e densita' sono diretta espressione della struttura e dello stato di conservazione degli ecosistemi. La finalita' principale della presente ricerca e' stata quella di indagare la diversita' degli Imenotteri Apoidei (con esclusione di Apis mellifera L.) in aree frammentate del territorio etneo, per ottenere una conoscenza sia della composizione specifica, sia per valutare in dettaglio le variazioni stagionali dei popolamenti e le specificita' legate a diverse tipologie di ambienti. I siti indagati ricadono nel settore orientale della fascia pedemontana dell'Etna e presentano un grado differenziato di antropizzazione, ma tutti possono essere considerati territori a frammentazione ambientale medio-elevata. In dettaglio i siti sono: due parchi urbani all'interno della citta' di Catania (Parco Gioeni e Parco degli Ulivi), un'area a naturalita' elevata della fascia metropolitana etnea (Riserva Naturale Integrale e SIC Complesso Immacolatelle-Micio Conti, San Gregorio di Catania) ed un agroecosistema (agrumeto) a conduzione biologica (Acicatena). Inoltre, e' stato preso in considerazione un sito di controllo alla periferia nord di Catania (in localita' Leucatia), il cui popolamento apidico e' ben noto. I rilievi sono stati condotti per tre anni consecutivi (2008-2010) con un protocollo di raccolta e censimento analogo a quello impiegato nell'ambito del Progetto Finalizzato A.M.A. (Ape, Miele, Ambiente) ed hanno previsto raccolte a cadenza mensile parallelamente in tutte le stazioni, mediante il metodo dei transetti lineari. Complessivamente sono stati raccolti 1139 esemplari appartenenti a 105 specie comprese nelle seguenti famiglie: Andrenidae, Halictidae, Anthophoridae, Megachilidae e Apidae. Sono state effettuate diverse analisi zoocenotiche comparative mediante il calcolo dei principali indici di diversita' e vari metodi di analisi multivariata. Inoltre, attraverso strumenti cartografici e' stata prodotta una mappatura del livello di biopermeabilita' del territorio pedemontano nel quale ricadono i siti d'indagine, individuando le aree sottoposte a maggiore disturbo antropico e quelle invece caratterizzate da un livello piu' elevato di naturalita' e quindi definire sistemi territoriali che possano fungere da corridoi ecologici per assicurare un'adeguata connettivita' ecologica e conseguentemente livelli significativi di diversita' apidica. Il grado di frammentazione ambientale e' stato valutato mediante il modello biogeografico delle isole attraverso la regressione lineare specie-area, considerando i siti d'indagine alla stregua di vere e proprie "isole" in senso ecologico-funzionale. I dati ottenuti hanno permesso di individuare opportune strategie gestionali al fine di mantenere adeguati livelli di diversita' biologica, in special modo apidica, per le aree a notevole frammentazione ambientale.
The bee fauna is extremely sensitive to environmental fragmentation processes, so that its composition and density are direct expression of the ecosystem structure and state of conservation. The main purpose of the present research has been the investigation of the biodiversity of the Hymenoptera Apoidea (Apis mellifera L. excluded) in fragmented areas within the territory of the Etna, in order to obtain a better knowledge of the specific composition, and to evaluate in detail the seasonal variations of the populations and the specificity linked to different types of environments. The investigated sites lie in the oriental pedemontane sector of Etna volcano and have a differentiated degree of anthropization, but all of them can be considered as territories with mean-high environmental fragmentation. The sites are: two urban parks in the town of Catania (Parco Gioeni and Parco degli Ulivi), a high degree of naturality of pedemontane Etna (Riserva Naturale Integrale and SIC Complesso Immacolatelle-Micio Conti, San Gregorio di Catania), and an organic agroecosystem (citrus orchard) (Acicatena). Besides, a control site in the northern periphery of Catania (Leucatia locality), the bee community of which is well known, has been taken into consideration. The surveys were carried out for three years (2008-2010) with protocol of collection and census, similar to that used within the Progetto Finalizzato A.M.A. (Ape, Miele, Ambiente), and consisted of monthly collections in every site, by using the linear transect method. In total, 1139 specimens were collected, belonging to 105 species comprised in the following families: Andrenidae, Halictidae, Anthophoridae, Megachilidae and Apidae. Various comparative zoocenotic analyses have been carried out, by the calculation of the main diversity indexes and different methods of multivariate analysis. Besides, through cartographic instruments, a mapping of the level of bio-permeability of the pedemontane territory, within which the investigated sites lie, has been produced, putting in evidence the areas more subjected to anthropic disturbance and those, instead, characterized by a higher level of naturality, in order to define territorial systems which may function as ecologic corridors thus guarantying adequate ecological connection necessary to maintain of a good level of bee biodiversity. The degree of environmental fragmentation has been evaluated by the biogeographic model of islands, particularly using the linear regression specie-area, considering the examined sites as islands at least under the ecological-functional point of view. The data obtained allowed the author to individualize suitable managing strategies in order to maintain adequate levels of biodiversity, especially the bee one, for those areas with high environmental fragmentation.

Місто є не лише середовищем проживання популяції людини, воно створює умови для існування різноманітних видів тварин, які є невід’ємною частиною середовища існування жителів міста. Одні організми приносять людині користь, інші – завдають шкоди, але всі вони необхідні для підтримання рівноваги у міських біоценозах.

I sistemi agricoli sono attualmente caratterizzati da una elevata produttivita' grazie ad una serie di fattori esterni che se da un lato ne innalzano il rendimento e/o la qualita', dall'altro determinano una semplificazione degli agroecosistemi, una sensibile riduzione dell'eterogeneita'  ambientale ed un'erosione della biodiversita'. Diversi autori sostengono, oggi, che ad una minore complessita' di un agroecosistema corrisponda la riduzione della sua stabilita' e propongono una serie di pratiche agro-ecologiche basate sulla diversificazione delle colture e sull'incremento delle aree marginali naturali limitrofe ai sistemi agrari; quest'ultima pratica comporterebbe un incremento della biodiversita' all'interno degli agroecosistemi, con particolare riferimento alle popolazioni di predatori generalisti, predatori specifici, insetti pronubi, etc. ed una riduzione degli interventi antropici con una conseguente minore utilizzazione degli agrofarmaci. La maggior parte delle ricerche sviluppate in questo ambito si e' occupata di valutare le relazioni tra una pratica agronomica ed uno specifico gruppo di animali, evidenziando risultati spesso contrastanti, che variavano al variare della specie, della pratica presa in esame, o della regione geografica oggetto di studio. Raramente l'attenzione si e' rivolta ad una scala piu' ampia della diversita', prendendo in considerazione la struttura a mosaico del paesaggio e la sua influenza sulla composizione e sulla dinamica delle biocenosi degli agroecosistemi e sulla loro capacita' omeostatica. Recenti studi mostrano come l'aumento o il mantenimento di un elevato livello di biodiversita' in campo agricolo dipenda non tanto dalla riduzione delle pratiche di agricoltura convenzionale, ma piuttosto da altri fattori, tra cui, il piu' significativo sembra essere la struttura a chiazze del paesaggio. L'area in cui si e' svolta la presente ricerca e' quella di contrada Palmintelli, ricadente in zona B del versante meridionale del Parco dell'Etna. Il comprensorio nel quale e' compresa tale area mostra una situazione caratterizzata da boschi piu' o meno estesi, inframmezzati da colate laviche di differenti periodi, che talora circoscrivono delle "dagale" (vere e proprie isole di vegetazione naturale) e da frutteti e vigneti. Tutto cio' determina un mosaico di ambienti naturali, seminaturali, ed agricoli, piu' o meno frammentati ed isolati, all'interno di una matrice ambientale caratterizzata, comunque, da un elevato livello di naturalita'. La ricerca ha riguardato lo studio delle comunita' di Coleotteri del suolo di un frutteto a conduzione biologica (Bio) ed di uno, limitrofo, a conduzione tradizionale (Con), definendone la struttura, la diversita' e/o la similarita' sia dal punto di vista qualitativo, che quantitativo. Nello stesso periodo, un analogo studio e' stato condotto in altre due stazioni prossime ai due summenzionati frutteti: una dagala (Dag) ed un fondo (Mis) in cui alla presenza di alberi da frutta si associa quella di lembi di vegetazione naturale, rappresentata da querce e castagni. All'interno di ciascuna stazione sono state collocate delle pit-fall traps riempite con una soluzione di acqua ed aceto e sale da cucina in saturazione; le raccolte hanno riguardato un periodo complessivo di 6 mesi a partire dalla seconda meta' di aprile fino alla prima meta' di ottobre del 2008. In totale sono stati raccolti 17.296 esemplari che sono stati smistati e determinati a livello di taxa superiori; per quanto l'ordine dei Coleotteri, si e' proceduto alla determinazione a livello di Famiglie e di specie, o di morfospecie, con particolare riguardo a quelle appartenenti alle Famiglie dei Carabidi, Stafilinidi e Tenebrionidi. Le catture sono state standardizzate (CS) in base all'unita' di sforzo. In totale sono state censite 35 Famiglie e 193 specie o morfospecie. L'andamento delle frequenze di cattura, espresse come valori di CS, di Coleotteri, sia a livello di Famiglie che di specie, e' stato studiato durante l'intero periodo di campionamento e nelle singole stazioni ed anche relativamente alle singole trappole di ogni stazione. Sono stati elaborati i seguenti indici di biodiversita': Indice di Margalef per valutare la ricchezza in taxa tra le stazioni, indici di Simpson (D) e di Shannon-Weaver (Hà à à ¢ ) per valutare la biodiversita' delle stazioni; L'equiripartizione e' stata valutata con l'utilazzione degli indici di Pielou (E) e di dominanza Sono stati inoltre elaborati gli indici di similarita' rensen (QS) e di Jaccard (Cj), la loro significativita' stata testata con il t-student e con SIMPROF. Per il confronto tra le comunita' si e' fatto ricorso all'analisi multivariata delle comunita'  utilizzando due metodi: il Non Metric Multidimensional Scaling basato sull'indice di similarita' di Bray-Curtis, testato con ANOSIM e SIMPROF, e l'analisi delle corrispondenze. Tutti gli indici, l'analisi multivariata delle comunita' sono stati elaborati in relazione sia alle Famiglie, che alle specie e morfospecie di Coleotteri, con particolare riguardo a Carabidi, Stafilinidi e Tenebrionidi. Lo studio ha evidenziato che: 1. La biodiversita' della fauna del suolo, riscontrata all'interno delle stazioni indagate, risulta mediamente elevata, sia a livello delle Famiglie che del complesso delle specie e morfospecie di Coleotteri. I valori di biodiversita' osservati sono sensibilmente maggiori rispetto a quelli attesi in relazione alla ridotta estensione delle patches esaminate ed al loro grado di frammentazione ed isolamento. In generale, si osserva una coerenza fra gli indici di Margalef, Simpson e Shannon e l'indice di equiripartizione di Pielou. 2. La biodiversia' della pedofauna si manifesta con aspetti differenti a seconda delle stazioni e dei gruppi indagati. In alcuni casi essa sembra dipendere dalla struttura intrinseca delle stazioni, mentre in altri, dai gruppi animali presi in considerazione. I dati evidenziano come la valutazione dei livelli di biodiversita' di un sito debba tenere conto della componente indagata, che generalmente rappresenta una frazione, piu' o meno ampia della diversita' animale complessiva, e risente delle caratteristiche bio-ecologiche delle specie prese in considerazione e della loro plasticita'. Non e'quindi possibile trarre considerazioni generali esaminando uno o pochi gruppi animali, sebbene alcune aree possano presentare caratteristiche strutturali intrinseche che danno una forte ed omogenea connotazione alla struttura ed alle caratteristiche della pedofauna. 3. La biodiversita' si distribuisce in ambiti temporali differenti. I mesi di agosto e settembre mostrano i valori minimi di CS ed il minor numero di Famiglie e specie di Coleotteri campionate. Tuttavia, le specie piu' abbondantemente censite mostrano dei picchi del valore di CS differenti, nei vari periodi del campionamento. L'asincronia delle catture rappresenta un ulteriore aspetto della biodiversita' ed individua nella stagione estiva, caratterizzata da fattori limitanti di primaria importanza in ambito mediterraneo quali la temperatura e l'umidita', il periodo critico per la fauna del suolo degli ambienti naturali e seminaturali. Al di fuori di questo periodo, la frazione di pedofauna esaminata in questo studio mostra un'articolazione ed una complessita' strutturale che le consente di occupare la maggior parte degli ambiti con specie diverse che si susseguono nel tempo, e sembrerebbe confermare i risultati di recenti studi, che individuano nella struttura a mosaico del paesaggio un'importante componente per la conservazione della biodiversita'. 4. Gli indici di similarita' e soprattutto il Non Metric Muldimensional Scaling, basato sull'indice di Bray-Curtis, e l'analisi delle corrispondenze, evidenziano, con valori sempre statisticamente significativi, una omogeneita' fra le trappole delle singole stazioni sotto il profilo delle biocenosi della fauna del suolo a qualsiasi livello esse siano indagate. A tale omogeneita' fa riscontro una scarsa somiglianza fra le stazioni, messa in evidenza sia dagli indici qualitativi di Sà à à à ¸rensen e di Jaccard che dal Non Metric Muldimensional Scaling, basato sull'indice di Bray-Curtis, e dall' analisi delle corrispondenze. Le dissimilarita' riscontrate fra le stazioni risultano, a parte qualche eccezione, statisticamente significative. Anche l'analisi del rango/abbondanza mette in evidenza una struttura differente delle singole stazioni per quanto riguarda le specie di Coleotteri, nonche' di Carabidi, Stafilinidi e Tenebrionidi. La relativa omogeneita' delle stazioni e le differenze fra le stesse, visto che esse sono limitrofe e non presentano sostanziali differenze di esposizione, acclivita' ed altitudine, possono essere imputate alle diverse modalita' di conduzione dei vari fondi indagati, che determinano differenti caratteristiche pedologiche. Lo studio evidenzia come tutte le stazioni prese in esame differiscano sensibilmente fra loro per la struttura delle cenosi indagate, sia dal punto di vista qualitativo, che quantitativo, e come ognuna di esse presenti caratteristiche che le consentono di ospitare frazioni differenti della fauna del suolo, contribuendo in tal modo a mantenere e conservare porzioni significative e peculiari di biodiversita'. La presenza di lembi di vegetazione naturale all'interno degli agroecosistemi accresce la eterogeneita' ambientale e determina una maggiore ricchezza e dinamicita' delle comunita'. 5. Il contributo di questa biodiversita'  alla stabilita' degli agroecosistemi resta da definire. Se da un lato lo studio ha evidenziato la specificita' delle zoocenosi del suolo all'interno delle singole stazioni indagate ed il loro contributo per la conservazione della biodiversita' del territorio, dall'altro restano da definire gli effetti di questa biodiversita' sulla stabilita' degli agroecosistemi. 6. Nell'ottica di una corretta gestione del territorio, soprattutto se si tratta di un'area protetta, le patches vanno tutelate per conservare livelli significativi di biodiversita'. Lo studio evidenzia, infatti, il ruolo strategico delle tessere del mosaico ambientale per la conservazione di adeguati livelli di biodiversita' della fauna del suolo all'interno dell'area in esame. Nell'impostazione di una corretta politica di tutela della biodiversita' e di gestione di un'area protetta, basate su criteri scientifici, e non solamente estetici, il mantenimento di elevati livelli di eterogeneita' del paesaggio rappresenta quindi un principio importante ed una strategia da perseguire.
Currently, italian agro-ecosistyems is featured by high level of production obtained by some external input that, in relation to increasing productivity, cause a noticeable reduction of heterogeneity in agronomics and natural ecosystems Today various authors claim that, at a reduction of biodiversity correspond a low level of ecosystem stability; for this reason they purpose agronomics management systems based on crops diversification and increase of natural marginal areas neighboring the agro-ecosystems;this practice improve biodiversity, specially for generalist and specific predators, pollinating insects etc, with a decrease of human interventions like use of pesticides. Most part of researches in this field aimed to establish the relationship between a certain type of agronomical practice and a specific group of insects with results that it differs in relation to: insect species, selected agronomical practice and location. Seldom the target aimed to a wider scale of biodiversity in reference to landscape mosaic, its effect on agroecosystem biocenotics composition, dynamic and homeostatic. Recent studies show that to high level of biodiversity in agroecosystems correspond more to neighboring landscape mosaic than a reduction of conventional agronomical practices. The area this research has been carried out in is called "Palmintelli", which can be found in B zone of the southern side of the Etna Park. The territory that we are analysing shows a situation characterised by wide woods, interposed by lava streams going back to different periods and which sometimes surround some "dagala" (real isle of natural vegetation) and by some orchards and vineyards. All this determines a mosaic of natural enviroments, half-natural and agrarian, fragmented and isolated, inserted in a context characterised however by a high level of natural landscape. This research has involved the study of communities of coleoptera (beetles) found in the soil of an orchard in biological cultivation (Bio)and another one adjacent planted in a traditional way(Con), underlining the structure, the differences and similarities from a qualitative and quantitative point of view.In the same period a similar study was held in two other survey posts next to the two above named orchards: a "dagala" (Dag) and an allotment (Mis) where the presence of fruittrees is associated with pieces of wild vegetation represented by oaktrees and chestnut trees. Inside each surved post some pit-fall traps have been installed filled with a solution of water, vinegar and table salt in saturation; the gatherings of the pit-fall traps took a six month period beginning from the second half of April till the firsthalf of October 2008. Altogether 17.296 samples have collected which were sorted out and determined in a taxa superior level; as to coleopterons, they were divided into different Families, species and morphospecies with a particular attention to the ones belonging to Carabidae, Stafilinidae, Tenebrionidae Families.The entrapments were standardized according to the effort. Altogether 35 Families and 193 species or morphospecies were recorded.The rate of frequencies and entrapments expressed as value of CS, of Coleopterons both as Families and species, was analysed during the entire period of sampling and in the different survey post and even in the single traps of every survey post. The following data of biodiversity have been processed: à à à ¢ à à à ¢ Inex of Margalef to evaluate the richness in taxa among the survey posts, indexes of Simpson (D) and of Shannon-Weaver (H) to evaluate the biodiversity of the survey post. à à à ¢ à à à ¢ The equal distribution was evaluated with the use of Pielouà à à ¢ s indexes (E) and of dominance. à à à ¢ à à à ¢ Other similar indexes have been elaborated especially of Sà à à à ¸rensen (QS) and of Jaccard (Cj), and their importance has been tested with the T-student and with SIMPROF. As to the comparison between the communities researchers applied a multi-layered analysis of the communities using two methods: the Non Metric Multidimensional Scaling based on the index of similarity of Bray Curtis , tested with ANOSIM and SIMPROF, and the analysis of the corrispondences. All the indexes, and the multi layered analysis of the communities were elaborated in relation with both the Families and the species and morphospecies of coleoptera with a particular regard to Carabidae, Stafilinidae,Tenebrionidae. The study has underline that: 1) Biodiversity of soil fauna results quite high for all selected Taxa (referred at both the families and species or morpho-species group). The à à à à ±-biodiversity values for each Station results significantly higher than expected in relation to patch extension, level of fragmentation and isolation. In general, coherence is observed between index of Margalef, Simpson and Shannon and the evenness index of Pielou. 2) The soil fauna biodiversity shows diversity in relation to different Stations and Taxa analyzed. In some cases, biodiversity appears directly correlated to intrinsic feature of each Station while, in other cases, it is correlated to the analyzed groups. Data show that biodiversity level assessment referred to a site has to take into account the animal component investigated that represents a whole community diversity, being influenced by biological and ecological characters of component itself. So it is not possible to take conclusion only form considering one or a few animal groups, although some areas have intrinsic features that make a strong and homogeneous connotation to the structure and characteristic of the soil fauna. 3) The biodiversity shows different features in relation to different period of analysis. August and September are, for all Taxa, the critical months because of their humidity and temperature rates. However the most abundant species recorded show their number peak in different periods. In other months analyzed Taxa show structure and distribution that allow them to cover all habitats with species that succeed to each other during the different months; that sustains recent studies which consider landscape mosaic a really important source of biodiversity. 4) The similarity indexes and the Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling based on the index of similarity of Bray-Curtis and Correspondence Analysis show, with statistical significant values, an homogeneity among traps of each Station regarding the biocenosis of soil fauna at all level probed. So it is observed a low similarity between the stations, highlighted from the quality indexes of Sà à à à ¸rensen, Jaccard and especially from the Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling, based on the index of similarity of Bray-Curtis and from the Correspondence Analysis. Dissimilarities between species are statistically significant. Rank/abundance analysis highlights a different structure for each station for Coleoptera species, as well for Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Tenebrionidae. The homogeneity of the Stations and their differences, considering their proximity and similarity about exposition, steepness and altitude, may be ascribed at diverse management modality of agro-ecosystems investigated, modality determining differences in the soil features of each Station. This research shows that each Station has a well defined and different fraction of soil fauna, so each selected environment retains a relevant and important biodiversity portion. The presence of strips of natural vegetation within the agro-ecosystems increases the environmental heterogeneity determining more richness and dynamicity in soil fauna communities. 5) This study has underscored the specific zoocenosis in each Station and their role for the preservation of biodiversity. However it remains to define the role of biodiversity as ecology-stabilizer of agro-ecosystems. 6) In relation to a careful territory management, with particular attention to protected areas, all natural patches must be preserved for their high biodiversity value. The present study shows the strategic role of the landscape mosaic in the preservation of biodiversity of the studied environments. Final, for a correct strategy of biodiversity preservation especially within a natural reserve, based on aesthetic and scientific criteria, it is very important maintaining an high level of landscape heterogeneity.

A healthy reproductive system is inconceivable without normal vaginal microbiota, and full-fledged treatment cannot be carried out without detailed understanding of the arrangement and functions of the human microbiome. Today superbugs are a reality, and the role of such concepts as “microbiome” and “biofilms” is already undeniable in medical practice. Every doctor understands that it is necessary to choose antibacterial drugs based on practicability, global experience and evidence-based medicine. All this clearly demonstrates that there is a need to create an authoritative source of knowledge — a handbook for practitioners. Each chapter contains up-to-date information on the impact of female microbiota on the course and outcomes of pregnancy, on the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnostics of vaginal microbiocenosis disorders, and detailed treatment regimens. The work is intended for obstetrician-gynecologists and heads of women’s health clinics, perinatal centers, departments of general hospitals, fellows and heads of departments of obstetrics and gynecology, students of all forms of continuous medical education, graduate students and clinical residents, as well as students of medical schools.

The application of microbial preparations Gordebac, AgroMyc and Baktopin in spring rape culture stimulates the development of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-mobilizing microbiocenoses in crop rhizosphere.

Pests, distributed on the Republic of Moldova territory, annually, depending on climatic conditions, can cause significant damage to agricultural crops, amounting to about 25-30% of the expected yield. The purpose of our research was to evaluate the effectiveness of nesting devices, located in various biotopes, for wintering and attracting entomophages. The most significant potential biological plant protection agents, belong to the orders Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera (parasites and predators). The percentage of lacewing species was determined - the species Chrysopa carnea (86,4%) was dominant. The main factors, influencing the number of entomophages, attracted to wintering with the help of nesting devices, were established types of filler materials and location height.

The conditions for the existence of aquatic organisms in the seas of the Arctic Ocean are generalized and analyzed. The governing biocenoses of the Arctic seas of the Eurasian sector have been determined. The data on the distribution of zoobenthos in the Arctic seas of the Arctic Ocean have been updated. The data obtained can be used for further detailed assessment of bioresources forage reserves in the polar regions of the World Ocean.

Іn order to grow high yields of corn, it is necessary to optimize the processes of protection against harmful organisms with the rational use of pesticide load on biocenoses. It is necessary to take into account the reaction of corn when grown in the conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine to the action of biological preparations, plant growth regulators, anti-stress agents, as a supplement to modern agrochemicals for harvesting the maximum harvest.

The American mink is an introduced species for the Kirov Region. The analysis of helminth infection of the American mink was carried out in urban conditions and natural biocenoses of the Kirov Region (floodplains of the Vyatka, Kama, Cheptsa and Moloma Rivers) in the north-east of the European part of Russia. The method of complete helminthological dissection was used to study 109 carcasses of the American mink from natural biocenoses and urbanized landscapes of the city of Kirov and other settlements of the Kirov Region (residential areas). In the studied animals, species, sex, age, weight and fatness of the animal were determined. Age was determined by the method of V. G. Klevezal. Eighteen species of parasitic worms belonging to 3 classes were identified, namely, trematodes (4 species), nematodes (13 species), and cestodes (1 species). Five new species were found for the Kirov Region including Metorchis bilis (Braun, 1890), Crenosoma taiga (Skrjabin et Petrov, 1928), and Mustelivingylus skrjabini (Romanov et Kontrimavichus, 1962). Of these, 8 species were found in urban areas. Most often, infection occurred with 4 helminth species, Aonchotheca putorii, Aonchotheca mucronata, Crenosoma taiga, and Skrjabingylus nasicola. Epizootological and epidemiological danger is posed by Trichinella nativa. In minks, the bladder (A. mucronata) and frontal sinuses (Sk. nasicola) are often affected.

В данной статье обобщены и проанализированы условия существования гидробионтов в морях Северного Ледовитого океана. Определены руководящие биоценозы арктических морей евразийского сектора. Актуализированы данные по распространению зообентоса в арктических морях Северного Ледовитого океана. This article summarizes and analyzes the conditions for the existence of hydrobionts in the seas of the Arctic Ocean. The leading biocenoses of the Arctic seas of the Eurasian sector have been determined. Updated data on the distribution of zoobenthos in the Arctic seas of the Arctic Ocean.

Molecular phylogeny of entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium, Beauveria (199 Isolates) from different biocenoses of two climatic zones of the Novosibirsk Region (Western Siberia) was conducted using translation elongation factor gene (EF1a) sequence. Three species of Metarhizium and two species of Beauveria were identified: M. robertsii (54 isolates) M. brunneum (35 isolates) and M. pemphigum (2 isolates) B. bassiana (19 isolates) and B. pseudobassiana (9 isolates). Analisys of spatial distribution showed that M. robertsii preferred more xerophile habitats compared to M. brunneum. Moreover, genetic groups with different habitat association were revealed within M. robertsii. There are no differences in habitat association were registered for Beauveria species.

Plants play a major role in the adaptation of biocenosis members to adverse living conditions. Ecological unity in biocenose is represented primarily by food chains. Food chains are represented by flows of organic substances that play not only alimental, energy, but also information functions. Plants adaptto unfavorable habitat conditions atthe beginning, which is manifested in a change in biochemistry at the cellular level - the production of organic substances, the accumulation of certain trace elements - «adaptation substances». Following the food chains, these «adaptation substances» pass to animals and members of the human ethnos, bringing with them information about the adaptation mechanisms.