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Journal articles on the topic 'Biochemical corrosion'
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1
Yang, Yan, Qi Yuan Gu, and Xue Tao Yuan. "Corrosion Inhibition of Brass by Biochemical Process in Circulating Cooling Water System." Materials Science Forum 1032 (May 2021): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1032.220.
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Controlling the corrosion rate of metal materials is one of the key issues in circulating cooling water treatment. In recent years, the treatment of circulating cooling water by microorganisms has become a research hotspot. Compared with the traditional chemical treatment, microbial treatment is an environmentally friendly technology. In this paper, the effects of ammonia nitrogen concentration, microbial dosage and aeration intensity on copper corrosion rate were studied. In order to analyze the experimental data more comprehensively, a full factor experimental design was used to investigate the effects of ammonia nitrogen concentration, microbial dosage and aeration intensity on copper corrosion. The corrosion rate of copper was less than the national standard (< 0.005 mm / a), in which ammonia nitrogen concentration and aeration intensity were significant factors (P < 0.05), and the interaction between ammonia nitrogen concentration and aeration intensity was also significant (P < 0.05), After optimization, the regression rate of the model increased from 85.02% to 92.41%.
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Nesterova, Ekaterina Vyacheslavovna, Aleksandr Grigorievich Verevkin, and Nataliya Vladimirovna Prokhorova. "The influence of carbon steel chemical composition on the biochemical activity of sessile sulfate-reducing bacteria." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 4 (2021): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021104113.
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The technogenic failure caused by biological corrosion of pipelines and other oilfield equipment is an urgent problem for all oil-producing countries of the world. It has been established that many types of corrosion are initiated by the development of sulfate-reducing bacteria on the inner pipe surfaces. This paper presents the results of model laboratory experiments aimed at assessing the effect of the chemical composition of pipeline steel on the number and biochemical activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria development on its surface. Three chromium-containing corrosion-resistant steels were selected for the experiment, steel samples alloyed with 1% manganese were used as control samples. The bacteria for model experiments, mostly belonging to the genus Desulfovibrio, were taken from the inner surface of the damaged pipe after exploitation at an oil field in the Samara Region. In model experiments a reliable influence of the chemical composition of pipe steel on the quantitative characteristics and biochemical activity of bacteria developing on its surface was established. The biochemical activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria, determined by the stimulation of hydrogen sulfide formation and a change in dehydrogenase activity, significantly depended on the chromium content. An increase in the chromium concentration in the tested steel samples by up to 5% reduced the number of sulfate-reducing bacteria and their biochemical activity. The experiments allow us only to make a conclusion about the influence of the chemical composition of pipe steels on the number and biochemical activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria, but do not reveal its resistance to bacterial corrosion.
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Andreyuk, E. I., I. A. Kozlova, N. S. Antonovskaya, and A. I. Pilyashenko Novohatny. "Ecological and Biochemical Aspects of Corrosion of Underground Constructions." Key Engineering Materials 20-28 (January 1991): 705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.20-28.705.
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Stevanovic, Maja, Sanja Stevanovic, Marija Mihailovic, et al. "Antioxidant Capacity of Dark Red Corn � Biochemical Properties Coupled with Electrochemical Evaluation." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 6 (2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.6.8167.
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Biochemistry coupled with electrochemical approach is employed in a fast, relatively simple, yet highly precise detection of a plant extract antioxidant properties. Antioxidant capacity of dark red corn grains was investigated electrochemically using cyclic voltammetry (CV) on glassy carbon electrode (GC). The linear polarization resistance (LPR) measurements were performed for examining the corrosion inhibitive behavior of polyphenolics on mild steel. The consistent positive correlation (r=0.99) was established between total phenolic and flavonoid contents obtained by CV measurements and spectrophotometric antioxidant assay (DPPH test). Both analyses confirm the high antioxidant activity of tested pigments. Determination of the corrosion inhibition efficiency revealed that the red corn pigments have anti-corrosion effect on mild steels.
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Marsili, Enrico, Staffan Kjelleberg, and Scott A. Rice. "Mixed community biofilms and microbially influenced corrosion." Microbiology Australia 39, no. 3 (2018): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18046.
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Metals are used in most marine infrastructures for energy extraction and production. Metal corrosion is a serious concern, due to the environmental, safety, and replacement costs associated with it. Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) contributes to the overall corrosion process, through several chemical, electrochemical and biochemical mechanisms, particularly in the presence of microbial biofilms. In this short article, we discuss briefly recent advances in MIC research, comparing corrosion in single species and mixed species biofilms, and outline possible strategies for biofilm and corrosion control.
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Skoczko, Iwona, and Ewa Szatyłowicz. "Experiments on Water Stabilization." Proceedings 16, no. 1 (2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019016003.
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The aim of the study was assessment of groundwater stabilization. Corrosive water effects on metals include complex electrochemical and biochemical processes. None of the water components remain indifferent to the metal and can accelerate or delay its corrosion. On the basis of the conducted tests of water samples, the aggressiveness and corrosivity indicators were calculated. Conducted research included analyses of raw and treated water. Raw water was taken as groundwater. Then it was treated in individual and complex processes such as aeration, filtration and ion exchange. Water aggressiveness and corrosion level were introduced by the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), the Ryznar Stability Index (RI), the Larsoni–Skold Index (LI) and the Singley Index (SI). Obtained results proved that used water treatment processes must be improved through additional aeration and filtration with a dolomite bed. A simple system typical for industrial water is not enough to reach stable water because of remaining aggressiveness and corrosion.
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Vigdorovich, V. I., L. E. Tsygankova, and L. G. Knyazeva. "Universality of volatile corrosion inhibitors applied requirements of agricultural production." Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka, no. 2 (April 9, 2019): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2500-26272019264-68.
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Aqualitative and quantitative system of criteria for evaluating the universality of volatile metal corrosion inhibitors (VCIs) applied to agricultural production conditions was developed. The system of qualitative criteria for universalism includes: 1- an assessment of the effectiveness of corrosion inhibition of metals under the conditions of the action of corrosion-specific stimulants present in the vapor- gas phase separately or together; 2 - suppression of various types of local corrosion caused by them in the composition of a corrosive medium; 3 - suppression in specific conditions of general and local corrosion of contacting metallic structural materials of various nature; 4 - observance of acceptable specific characteristics of VCI: ecological, class-related hazards, influence on chemical oxygen consumption (COC) and biochemical oxygen demand for the biodegradation of substances by microorganisms (BOD5). The system of quantitative criteria for universalism of the VCIs includes quantitative parameters for all the proposed qualitative items. A simplified assessment, taking into account only a part of the criteria for characterizing partially universal inhibitors, is proposed to be applied to the conditions of agricultural production. The experimental data for the volatile inhibitor IFKhAN-114 are given as an example of the effectiveness of the proposed criteria. It was shown that IFKhAN-114 is a partially universal inhi-bitor.
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Lavrenko, Vladimir, N. V. Boshitskaya, and V. A. Shvets. "Stability and Corrosion Resistance of Titanium Nitride in Biochemical Media." Key Engineering Materials 206-213 (December 2001): 1571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.206-213.1571.
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Wang, Haibo, Chun Hu, Lang Yin, Sujia Zhang, and Lizhong Liu. "Characterization of chemical composition and bacterial community of corrosion scales in different drinking water distribution systems." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 3, no. 1 (2017): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ew00264a.
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Ram, Chhotu, Chaya Sharma, and Ajay Kumar Singh. "Corrosion Performance of Mild Steel in Paper Mill Effluent." Advanced Materials Research 585 (November 2012): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.522.
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Present paper reports investigations carried on corrosion behaviour of mild steel in effluents collected from paper mill treatment plant. For this purpose, effluent was collected from after primary and secondary treatment stages. Mild steel samples were exposed to these effluents for duration of six months. The corroded samples were analysed for weight loss and extent of localised corrosion. Electrochemical polarization tests like open circuit potential (OCP), tafel plot and anodic polarization were also performed to estimate corrosion rate, polarization resistance and localized corrosion parameters in the studied system. The extent of corrosion attack has been correlated with effluent parameters namely pH, electrical conductivity (Ec), total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, chloride content, colour and sulphate.
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Motamedi, S., R. Marandi, and S. F. Mazhar. "Studying and Identifying the Biocorrosion of Water Supply Pipes in Copper Mine." Advanced Materials Research 71-73 (May 2009): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.71-73.133.
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Corrosion is the destructive effect of environment on metals and alloys. Corrosion is a spontaneous phenomenon which causes metal conversion from zero oxidation degree to a species with high oxidation degree. As a result of this chemical interaction due to the corrosion phenomenon, irretrievable damages are made to the equipment and installations of various industries. Biocorrosion has occurred in the water supply pipes at Sarcheshmeh copper mine(Located in South of Iran), and in order to assess the amount of biocorrosion and remove these biological interactions we decided to chemically evaluate the water sample in the water supply pipelines at this mine. In this look, the water sample exist in the water supply pipelines at Sarcheshmeh copper mine was studied, sulfur corrosive bacteria were separated and identified and their biochemical activity was researched and studied and it was found that the target species are in fact Sulfolobus bacteria which have different enzymatic activities. Due to these enzymatic activities, a considerable amount of sulfur is accumulated on the cell surface. Based on various incubation environments, as a result of sulfur accumulation, Sulfolubos bacteria were identified.
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Kudina, A. V., and I. O. Sokorov. "Corrosion – Biotechnical System for Destruction of Technical Objects Reducing their Quality and Reliability." Science & Technique 19, no. 6 (2020): 512–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2020-19-6-512-520.
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It is a well-known fact, that corrosion of materials, as a phenomenon in the nature, is multifaceted, where its origin and development in many respects depend on environment micro-flora. In the modern world, corrosion is considered mainly as the spontaneous destruction of solids caused by chemical and electrochemical processes, developing on a body surface during its interaction with external environment. The essence of corrosion destruction of objects should be studied in aspect of the interrelated natural phenomena and processes that constantly occur when an object comes into contact with man-made environments and the environment containing many microorganisms of various genera and species. The accumulation and metabolism of microorganisms in surface defects of solids, when favorable physical, chemical and biological conditions are created in the contact zones, create areas of biocenosis in which metabolites, biogenic elements and chemically active radicals are formed, interacting with the contact surface of the body and the technogenic environment. Such interaction gives rise to the occurrence of both biochemical reactions in microbial cells and bioenergetic mechanisms of energy conversion on the contact surfaces, both in the microorganisms themselves and in the surrounding space. This initiator chemical, electrochemical and bio-corrosion processes of materials destruction. Consequently, the phenomenon of corrosion is presented as a system of interrelated microbiological and physicochemical processes of destruction of materials, arising from their interaction with the micro-flora of contact technogenic media and the environment. Based on the generalization and analysis of the results of the performed research work and taking into account the well known achievements and discoveries in the field of science and technology, the authors of the paper propose a new systematic approach and concept to the phenomenon of corrosive destruction of a solid with the account of the biological factor that initiates corrosion damage and destruction of materials.
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Pilyashenko-Novokhatnyi, А. І. "Theoretical Substantiation of the Biochemical Mechanisms of Activation of the Microbial Corrosion." Materials Science 52, no. 5 (2017): 650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11003-017-0004-z.
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Sung, Eun-Hae, Ji-Sun Han, Chang-Min Ahn, Hyung Joon Seo, and Chang-Gyun Kim. "Biological metal corrosion in saline systems by sulfur-reducing and iron-oxidizing bacteria." Water Quality Research Journal 46, no. 4 (2011): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2011.009.
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This study investigated whether any possible bio-corrosion of pumps could occur when operating underground pumping stations in coastal regions. Groundwater in the stations was found to contain Leptothrix sp. (iron-oxidizing bacteria, IOB) and Desulfovibrio sp. (sulfur-reducing bacteria, SRB). Four different metal specimens were exposed to saline water media, where Leptothrix sp. or Desulfovibrio sp. were inoculated solely or together. The result showed that IOB not only provoke the corrosion of galvanized and stainless steels but also accelerate (by 5–10 times) the formation of zinc/iron precipitates. The SRB specifically mediated the corrosion of zinc steel to a greater extent than the IOB. In a single medium, STS 304, galvanized steel, iron and zinc steel resisted corrosion in that order. However, in the mixed culture, the metals were corroded by a factor of 2–7 more than in the single medium. On disinfection, a higher NaOCl concentration surprisingly caused increased chemical corrosion, and UV light scattering due to corrosion precipitates enhanced microbial corrosion. Consequently, the metals showed more biochemical corrosion than the control, especially in a mixed culture. In particular, the level of STS 304 corrosion was significantly higher in the presence of microbes than the control.
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C. Kingsley, Chukwuemeka, Remy Uche, and Nwufo O.C. "Effect of Corrosion on Mild Steel in Food Processing Industry: A Review." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 9, no. 1 (2022): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.91.17.
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Corrosion is a watch word when it comes to the deterioration of material exposed tochemical, electrochemical or biochemical substances in the environment, this results to electron loss in metal as they come in contact with oxygen and water. Mild steel is one of the major materials exposed to this corrosion in humid air, acidic and other environment, it finds its application in construction work in the industry because of its low cost, it is chosen as a material of choice even in food processing industry, The aim of the work is to review literature on the effect of corrosion of mild steel in food processing industry, the tomato fruit which is also a vegetable was used as a case study to carried out the review, the review highlighted the detection, prevention, method, inspection and control method to tackle corrosion problem. The review also explained the different forms of corrosion and how they affect metals.
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Krysiak, Łukasz, Paweł Falaciński, and Łukasz Szarek. "Identification of Biogenic Sulphate Corrosion of Concrete in Sewage Treatment Plant Settling Tank Walls." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 30, no. 3 (2020): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2020-0043.
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Abstract One of the basic threats in terms of concrete used for tanks or ducts applied in wastewater management is the phenomenon of biogenic sulphate corrosion (BSC). BSC is a particular case of corrosion caused by the action of sulphuric acid (IV), which is formed as a result of a number of biochemical processes, which can take place, e.g. in an environment encountered within the aforementioned structures. Ions present in sulphuric acid react with cement hydration products, which leads to replacing the primary cement matrix components with compounds easily-soluble or highly-swelling during crystallization. The outcome of advanced corrosion is usually an observed formation of a white, amorphous, sponge-like mass, which is easily separated from the underlying concrete. The article discusses a case study of a BSC process in a newly constructed primary settling tank in a municipal wastewater treatment plant.
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Gu, Yu, Li-Ming Yang, Jie Chen, Ling-Ling Wang, and Bin Chen. "Hydrogel-swelling driven delivery device for corrosion resistance of metal in water." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 12 (2015): 2270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.451.
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Corrosion on steel and copper pipes in industry can trigger pollution and weakness due to undesired chemical and biochemical reactions. Too much or too little inhibitor can decrease its efficiency, even causing waste and pollution. In this contribution, an innovative delivery device driven by hydrogel swelling, mainly consisting of a semi-permeable membrane, a hydrogel-swelling force drive and a release orifice, was developed to control the release of inhibitor in a water system at a constant rate, leading the amount of inhibitor to maintain a proper concentration. The effects of hydrogel mass and orifice dimension on release property were studied for controlling release rate. Moreover, a weight loss experiment on carbon steels was carried out to show the incredible anti-corrosion function of the system.
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Chen, Rui, Shengdong Zhu, Cunwu Chen, Bo Cheng, Jie Chen, and Yuanxin Wu. "Reviving the Acid Hydrolysis Process of Lignocellulosic Material in Biorefinery." BioResources 9, no. 2 (2014): 1824–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.9.2.1824-1827.
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The acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material (LM) is one of the most widely studied and important subprocess in the LM biorefinery. After acid hydrolysis, LM can be converted to various biofuels, biochemicals, and biomaterials through chemical or biochemical methods. However, conventional LM acid hydrolysis is not regarded as a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly process because it has drawbacks such as difficulties in acid recovery, equipment corrosion, and chemical wastes from the neutralization of acid and the removal of LM degradation products. Use of ionic liquids and solid acids during LM hydrolysis has provided potential technical tools to overcome these problems and has given new life to the LM acid hydrolysis process in the biorefinery. This editorial will discuss the role of the LM acid hydrolysis process in the LM biorefinery, provide an analysis of the conventional LM acid hydrolysis process, and briefly discuss new developments in the LM acid process.
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Nianikova, Galina, Andrey Bryukhanov, Dmitry Vlasov, et al. "Study of corrosion-active microorganisms of the coastal zone of the Baltic and Barents seas." E3S Web of Conferences 215 (2020): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021504001.
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The composition of microbial communities in coastal zones in the area of Kislogubskaya tidal power plant (the Barents Sea) and near Saint Petersburg Flood Prevention Facility Complex in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) was studied. The enrichment and pure cultures of microorganisms of various groups (sulfate-reducing, sulfur-oxidizing, nitrifying, ammonifying and iron-oxidizing bacteria) have been isolated, their cultural and physiological-biochemical properties, as well as their ability to induce corrosion of different materials used in the construction of hydraulic structures, have been studied.
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Zhu, Xiu Hui, Yue Shen, Ting Ting Peng, Lian Yu He, Geng Han Yang, and Chun Fang Zheng. "The Coking Wastewater Treatment and Reuse of Depth." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 1310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1310.
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Use water quality stability theory, through the experiment find coking wastewater as cooling water added water treatment and control technology. The static and dynamic combination of methods, will coking wastewater biochemical treatment to countries after “the comprehensive sewage discharge standards “(GB8978-1996 level 1) as an experimental water, water by the MBR membrane bioreactor, deep treatment after deep treatment of water corrosion and scale water quality stable, and the effluent treatment can satisfy enterprise circulating cooling water added water quality requirements.
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Shkromada, Oksana, Viktoriia Ivchenko, Vadym Chivanov, et al. "Defining patterns in the influence exerted by the interelated biochemical corrosion on concrete building structures under the conditions of a chemical enterprise." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, no. 6 (110) (2021): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.226587.
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The effect of microbial and chemical corrosion on concrete structures operated in the conditions of chemical enterprises has been established that makes it possible to reliably predict the timing of their decommissioning in order to prevent industrial disasters. Even though the construction complies with all building codes, concrete structures eventually undergo chemical and biological corrosion. The innovation proposed in this study implies investigating the depth and degree of damage to concrete at the microscopic level by the method of raster electron microscopy. In addition, the TPD-MS method has been suggested for determining the quantitative and qualitative state of the carbonate components of concrete and sulfur compounds. This study has found that in concrete samples from the titanium dioxide production plant, the amount of carbon dioxide release is twice less than in control samples at t=600 °C while the level of sulfur dioxide, on the contrary, increases. This is due to the ability of thionic bacteria to accumulate sulfate acid that destroys the cementing component in concrete. The reported results confirm the impact of products of the activity of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans microorganisms on corrosion processes in concrete. In addition, when using the TPD-MS method, it was established in the storage room of the finished product that heating the control sample of concrete leads to a release of the significant amount of СО2 at t=580–600 °C. However, the experimental samples of concrete are almost lacking carbon compounds because the acid metabolites of microfungi interfere with its formation. Microscopic and REM studies revealed the localization of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Aspergillus fumigatus in concrete. This study has established patterns related to the mechanism that forms chemical compounds in concrete and the metabolism of microorganisms
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Yamaguchi, Kenji, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Yasuo Kondo, Satoshi Sakamoto, Subaru Tsukano, and Mitsugu Yamaguchi. "Recyclability and Performance Stability of Corrosion Inhibition Improved Amine-Free Water-Soluble Cutting Coolant." Advanced Materials Research 1136 (January 2016): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.104.
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The concern for environmental problems has been increasing rapidly in recent years. Water-soluble coolants are widely used in machining processes. To reduce management costs and the environmental load of water-soluble coolants, the authors studied a recycling system for water-soluble coolants. With this recycling system, water is extracted from a waste coolant by chemical or biochemical treatment; the recovered water is re-utilized as a diluent for a new coolant. Coolant recyclability depends on the coolant type. Most water-soluble coolants contain alkanolamines for corrosion inhibition and maintenance of putrefaction prevention. However, alkanolamines are difficult to eliminate from water-soluble coolants by chemical and physical waste treatment processes. Some amine-free, water-soluble coolants have been developed and are commercially available. The reduction of environmental load in the treatment of waste coolants is anticipated for amine-free coolants. We applied the recycling process to a commercially available amine-free, water-soluble coolant. The amine-free coolant showed good recyclability and lubricating performance. However, the corrosion inhibition performance of the coolant was inadequate for use in general machining. Recently, our cooperative company developed a prototype amine-free, water-soluble coolant with improved corrosion inhibition. In this study, we experimentally examined the recyclability and performance stability of this newly developed coolant. The experimental results showed that the new amine-free coolant has good corrosion inhibition equivalent to conventional amine-containing coolants. In addition, the recyclability, stability, and cooling and lubricating performance of the coolant are equal to conventional amine-free coolants. The amine-free, water-soluble coolant with improved corrosion inhibition has the advantage that it can be used in the recycling system for water-soluble coolants.
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Thyssen, Christian, David Holuscha, Jens Kuhn, Friederike Walter, Wolfram Fürbeth, and Wolfgang Sand. "Biofilm Formation and Stainless Steel Corrosion Analysis of Leptothrix discophora ." Advanced Materials Research 1130 (November 2015): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.79.
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Bioleaching and biocorrosion are based on similar biochemical processes. Microbe-surface interaction, biofilm formation and concomitant extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production gained increasing interest in the past decades. Nowadays it is generally accepted that biofilm formation and an accompanying formation of manganese oxides by manganese oxidizing bacteria such as Leptothrix spp. account for one type of pitting corrosion of stainless steel (SS). However, little is known about biofilm formation, EPS composition of manganese oxidizing microorganisms and their influence on microbiologically influenced corrosion. Consequently, we studied biofilm formation of Leptothrixdiscophora, the biooxidation of manganese in biofilms on floating filters as well as biofilm formation on stainless steel and the involved corrosion processes. Cells were visualized by epifluorescence (EFM) or confocal laser scanning –microscopy (CLSM). Additionally, the influence of biofilm formation and biooxidation of manganese by L. discophora on the open circuit potential (OCP) and pitting potential (Epit) of stainless steel was measured using a 3 electrode setup. L. discophora grew well in biofilms on floating filters and on SS coupons and incorporated in both conditions Mn2+ in the form of MnO2 from the bulk phase into the biofilm. OCP measurements of actively manganese-oxidizing biofilms on stainless steel showed a significant ennoblement of ≥200 mV.
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Hossler, F. E. "Blood Supply and Function of the Tegmentum Vasculosum (Stria Vascularis) of the Duckling Cochlea." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (1999): 1194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600019292.
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On the basis of ultrastructural, biochemical, cytochemical, and electro-physiological evidence, the stria vascularis, a highly vascular epithelium of the mammalian cochlea, has been implicated as one site of endolymph synthesis. It would seem natural to suspect that its highly developed counterpart in the avian cochlea, the tegmentum vasculosum (TV), might have a similar function. This study utilizes routine light and electron microscopy, biochemistry, cytochemistry, and vascular corrosion casting to describe the structure and blood supply to the (TV) in the duckling and provide evidence for its involvement in endolymph synthesis.Four to 16 week-old ducklings (Anas platyrhyncos)were anesthetized and anticoagulated and perfused via the common carotid arteries with buffered, 2% glutaraldehyde for routine light microscopy or transmission or scanning electron microscopy, or with Mercox resin for vascular corrosion casting. Casts were macerated in 5% KOH and warm water to remove tissue, cleaned in formic acid and water, dried by lyophilization, mounted on stubs and viewed at 10-20 kv by SEM.
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Pavelyev, Roman S., Yulia F. Zaripova, Vladimir V. Yarkovoi, et al. "Performance of Waterborne Polyurethanes in Inhibition of Gas Hydrate Formation and Corrosion: Influence of Hydrophobic Fragments." Molecules 25, no. 23 (2020): 5664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235664.
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The design of new dual-function inhibitors simultaneously preventing hydrate formation and corrosion is a relevant issue for the oil and gas industry. The structure-property relationship for a promising class of hybrid inhibitors based on waterborne polyurethanes (WPU) was studied in this work. Variation of diethanolamines differing in the size and branching of N-substituents (methyl, n-butyl, and tert-butyl), as well as the amount of these groups, allowed the structure of polymer molecules to be preset during their synthesis. To assess the hydrate and corrosion inhibition efficiency of developed reagents pressurized rocking cells, electrochemistry and weight-loss techniques were used. A distinct effect of these variables altering the hydrophobicity of obtained compounds on their target properties was revealed. Polymers with increased content of diethanolamine fragments with n- or tert-butyl as N-substituent (WPU-6 and WPU-7, respectively) worked as dual-function inhibitors, showing nearly the same efficiency as commercial ones at low concentration (0.25 wt%), with the branched one (tert-butyl; WPU-7) turning out to be more effective as a corrosion inhibitor. Commercial kinetic hydrate inhibitor Luvicap 55 W and corrosion inhibitor Armohib CI-28 were taken as reference samples. Preliminary study reveals that WPU-6 and WPU-7 polyurethanes as well as Luvicap 55 W are all poorly biodegradable compounds; BODt/CODcr (ratio of Biochemical oxygen demand and Chemical oxygen demand) value is 0.234 and 0.294 for WPU-6 and WPU-7, respectively, compared to 0.251 for commercial kinetic hydrate inhibitor Luvicap 55 W. Since the obtained polyurethanes have a bifunctional effect and operate at low enough concentrations, their employment is expected to reduce both operating costs and environmental impact.
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Nesterova, Ekaterina Vyacheslavovna, Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Borisenkova, and Nataliya Vladimirovna Prokhorova. "The investigation of oil microbocenosis influence on the corrosion process of pipe steel." Samara Journal of Science 9, no. 4 (2020): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202094119.
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The paper presents the results of model laboratory experiments carried out to assess the influence of oil microbocenosis bacteria on the corrosion process on the internal surfaces of oil pipelines made of steel 17G1S. It is known that the bacteria of this group most often include hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria (HOB), sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), sulfur-oxidizing, or thionic (TB) and iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB). In model experiments with 17G1S steel samples alloyed with 1% manganese we used corrosion-hazardous bacteria of the genera Desulfotomaculum, Paracoccus, Pseudomonas and Sphaerotilus, isolated from a damaged section of an oil pipeline at a field in the northern part of the Samara Region. In the initial phase of the experiment, the titer of the analyzed bacteria was quite high (SRB 10⁴10⁵, TB 1010⁴ cells/cm), but by the end of the experiment, only sulfate-reducing bacteria with quantitative characteristics of 110 cells/cm were isolated from the culture liquid, may be due to the high adhesion capacity of mass cultures of the bacteria. On the surface of the steel samples the method of electron microscopy revealed unevenly distributed loose deposits, but the cells of the bacteria themselves were not visible in them. The morphological features of the revealed corrosion deposits indicated their bacterial origin, which was also confirmed by biochemical analysis of corrosion products suspension, in particular, by revealing a high mass concentration of sulfides, protein, and the dehydrogenase. Aerobic and anaerobic microbiological interactions occurring in the oil microbocenosis on the internal surfaces of pipelines have been experimentally confirmed and are in good agreement with the data of other researchers. It has been established that the main role in the corrosion destruction steel samples belongs to SRB, whose participation can be carried out according to two main mechanisms: hydrogen cracking and anodic dissolution of iron. Pits and through holes are formed on the steel surface, and the local corrosion rate can approaches 7,3 mm/year. The experiments proved the active role of oil microbocenoses, the basis of the microbiont of which consists of four bacteria, in the rapid destruction of oil pipelines in the Samara Region.
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Kong, Huafu, James L. Wilkinson, James Y. Coe, et al. "Corrosive behaviour of Amplatzer® devices in experimental and biological environments." Cardiology in the Young 12, no. 3 (2002): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951102000562.
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Purpose: Nitinol, a nickel-titanium alloy, is a valuable material in the construction of interventional endoluminal devices because of its biocompatibility, super elasticity, high resiliency and shape memory. The possibility of nickel toxicity has been raised with devices constructed of Nitinol. Our investigation examines the long-term corrosive behavior of this alloy in experimental and biological environments. Methods: We performed three levels of study. Microscopic examination was made of 64 devices of various sizes, randomly selected from 240 Amplatzer® Septal Occluders that had been exposed to saline solution at 37°C for fourteen months. All samples were studied by electron microscopy ranging from 50 to 5000 times magnification. We also studied microscopically 3 Amplatzer® devices explanted 18–36 months after implantation in dogs, and 2 Amplatzer Septal Occluders removed from patients 18 months (cardiac transplant) and 19 months (died of causes unrelated to device placement) after implantation, which were examined grossly and by electron microscopy up to 5000 times magnification. We then measured the levels of nickel in the blood using inductive plasma mass spectroscopy in 19 patients with implanted Amplatzer® devices, making measurements before and 6 months after implantation. Results: Electron microscopy showed an intact titanium oxide layer with no evidence of corrosion in vitro and in vivo. One explanted device in direct contact with the platinum leads of a pacemaker for eighteen months showed minor pitting of the titanium oxide layer believed to be galvanic in nature. No wire fractures were found in vitro after cycle testing with 400 million cycles, nor in devices taken from the animals and humans. Biochemical studies showed no significant elevation of levels of nickel levels after implantation. Conclusion: Nitinol wire of Amplatzer® septal occlusion devices is resistant to corrosion when exposed to physiologic saline solution, and in experimental animals as well as humans. A device in contact with a platinum pacemaker electrode developed minimal pitting of the titanium oxide layer, believed to be galvanic in nature and of no structural or clinical significance. There is no increase of concentrations of nickel in the blood of patients who have received Amplatzer® nitinol devices. These favorable testing results reveal that nickel-titanium is an inert, corrosion resistant alloy.
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Wang, Ya'e, Jie Li, Siyuan Zhai, Zhiyong Wei, and Juanjuan Feng. "Enhanced phosphorus removal by microbial-collaborating sponge iron." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 8 (2015): 1257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.323.
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The collaborative and mutually reinforcing phosphorus removal in domestic wastewater in a sponge iron and microorganisms system was studied through a laboratory and a pilot scale experiment. The results showed that the total phosphorus concentration of the effluent of less than 0.5 mg/L could be achieved. The results also support that the biochemical reaction accelerated the iron electrochemical corrosion. As a driving force, iron bacteria strengthened the chemical oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III). The chemical precipitation of Fe(III) is the main form of phosphorus removal. In addition, there exists adsorption phosphorus removal by phosphate-accumulating organisms. The mechanism of the enhanced phosphorus removal by microbial-collaborating sponge iron was thus proposed.
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Ashley, R., J. L. Bertrand-Krajewski, and T. Hvitved-Jacobsen. "Sewer solids—20 years of investigation." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 3 (2005): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0063.
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Knowledge about sewer solids has advanced rapidly in the last few decades due to academic research triggered by an emerging renewed interest from sewer operators. It is now known that sewer solids are implicated in: loss of conveyance; potential for acute and chronic pollution of watercourses and effects inside sewers such as generation of malodorous gases and fabric corrosion. Despite this advance in knowledge, there is much that still needs to be understood, particularly the details of some of the mechanisms of flow-solids interactions, such as deposition, consolidation, erosion, biochemical interactions and processes. The history of knowledge development is outlined and areas where there is a need for further elucidation are highlighted.
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Semple, K. M., and D. W. S. Westlake. "Characterization of iron-reducing Alteromonas putrefaciens strains from oil field fluids." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33, no. 5 (1987): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m87-064.
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Gram-negative, aerobic bacteria capable of facultative growth using ferric ions or thiosulfate or sulfite as electron acceptors were readily isolated from oil field fluids. Morphological and biochemical data are presented which support the classification of these isolates as being strains of Alteromonas putrefaciens (mol% G + C in the range 42–56%). The isolates expressed a range of halotolerance and temperature tolerance as some would grow in the presence of 7.5% NaCl and some grew well at 4 °C. These physiological characteristics, together with the ability to produce ferrous ions and sulfide and their ubiquitous presence in oil field fluids, indicate that these bacteria could contribute to the corrosion of metal in the oil field environment.
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Vavrinsky, Erik, Niloofar Ebrahimzadeh Esfahani, Michal Hausner, et al. "The Current State of Optical Sensors in Medical Wearables." Biosensors 12, no. 4 (2022): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12040217.
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Optical sensors play an increasingly important role in the development of medical diagnostic devices. They can be very widely used to measure the physiology of the human body. Optical methods include PPG, radiation, biochemical, and optical fiber sensors. Optical sensors offer excellent metrological properties, immunity to electromagnetic interference, electrical safety, simple miniaturization, the ability to capture volumes of nanometers, and non-invasive examination. In addition, they are cheap and resistant to water and corrosion. The use of optical sensors can bring better methods of continuous diagnostics in the comfort of the home and the development of telemedicine in the 21st century. This article offers a large overview of optical wearable methods and their modern use with an insight into the future years of technology in this field.
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Prokoshkin, Sergey, Yury Pustov, Yulia Zhukova, et al. "Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment on Structure and Functional Fatigue Characteristics of Biodegradable Fe-30Mn-5Si (wt %) Shape Memory Alloy." Materials 14, no. 12 (2021): 3327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123327.
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The Fe-Mn-Si shape memory alloys are considered promising materials for the biodegradable bone implant application since their functional properties can be optimized to combine bioresorbability with biomechanical and biochemical compatibility with bone tissue. The present study focuses on the fatigue and corrosion fatigue behavior of the thermomechanically treated Fe-30Mn-5Si (wt %) alloy compared to the conventionally quenched alloy because this important functionality aspect has not been previously studied. Hot-rolled and water-cooled, cold-rolled and annealed, and conventionally quenched alloy samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, tensile fatigue testing in air atmosphere, and bending corrosion fatigue testing in Hanks’ solution. It is shown that hot rolling at 800 °C results in the longest fatigue life of the alloy both in air and in Hanks’ solution. This advantage results from the formation of a dynamically recrystallized γ-phase grain structure with a well-developed dislocation substructure. Another important finding is the experimental verification of Young’s modulus anomalous temperature dependence for the studied alloy system, its minimum at a human body temperature, and corresponding improvement of the biomechanical compatibility. The idea was realized by lowering Ms temperature down to the body temperature after hot rolling at 800 °C.
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Sato, C., F. A. Rodrigues, D. M. Garcia, et al. "Tooth Bleaching Increases Dentinal Protease Activity." Journal of Dental Research 92, no. 2 (2012): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034512470831.
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Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidative agent commonly used for dental bleaching procedures. The structural and biochemical responses of enamel, dentin, and pulp tissues to the in vivo bleaching of human (n = 20) premolars were investigated in this study. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to observe enamel nanostructure. The chemical composition of enamel and dentin was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The enzymatic activities of dental cathepsin B and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were monitored with fluorogenic substrates. The amount of collagen in dentin was measured by emission of collagen autofluorescence with confocal fluorescence microscopy. The presence of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the pulp was evaluated with a fluorogenic 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) probe. Vital bleaching of teeth significantly altered all tested parameters: AFM images revealed a corrosion of surface enamel nanostructure; FTIR analysis showed a loss of carbonate and proteins from enamel and dentin, along with an increase in the proteolytic activity of cathepsin-B and MMPs; and there was a reduction in the autofluorescence of collagen and an increase in both cathepsin-B activity and ROS in pulp tissues. Together, these results indicate that 35% hydrogen peroxide used in clinical bleaching protocols dramatically alters the structural and biochemical properties of dental hard and soft pulp tissue.
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Bryant, Richard D., and Edward J. Laishley. "The role of hydrogenase in anaerobic biocorrosion." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 36, no. 4 (1990): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m90-045.
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It is becoming clear that the activity of the hydrogenase enzyme may be involved in the anaerobic biocorrosion of metal, particularly mild steel. Since all hydrogenases appear to be active in the reversible activation of the hydrogen molecule, hydrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum was used as a test enzyme for investigating the role of cell-free hydrogenase in anaerobic biocorrosion of mild steel. Evidence is presented which demonstrates the activity of the hydrogenase enzyme in catalyzing removal of cathodically produced hydrogen from mild steel in the presence of the appropriate electron acceptors. The results from the experiments imply that dead cells may also provide, by virtue of their biochemical makeup, all the necessary ingredients to catalyze corrosion of mild steel. Key words: hydrogenase, biocorrosion, Clostridium pasteurianum, iron phosphate complex, cathodic depolarization.
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Zhang, Huixin, Luping Zhao, Dongxue Sun, et al. "A study on fluorescence properties of carboxymethyl-quaternary ammonium oligochitosan and its performances as a tracing agent." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 10 (2016): 2427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.422.
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Carboxymethyl-quaternary ammonium oligochitosan (CM-QAOC) exhibited high inhibition to scaling and microbial formation and also remarkable fluorescence. In this paper its fluorescent properties and application as a fluorescent tracing chemical for industrial water treatment were studied in detail. The fluorescence intensities of CM-QAOC were in good linear agreement with its content in the concentration range of 5 to 500 mg/L and in the range of pH 7 to 9, which shows CM-QAOC can trace itself directly. The results showed the fluorescence would not be influenced by common phosphorus-containing organic and inorganic water treatment chemicals and N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-benzenemethanaminium chloride. This means CM-QAOC is compatible with those chemicals. The metal ions Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+ and Cu2+ from raw water or corrosion products could cause obvious enhancement in fluorescence intensities and sometimes blue-shifts in the fluorescence maxima, which demonstrated CM-QAOC could also be used as tracer to monitor damages like corrosion and scaling in water systems, by varying changes of fluorescence intensities and maximum emission wavelength. The fluorescence of CM-QAOC may be influenced by NaClO, and be quenched by sunshine slightly. Its ratio of biochemical oxygen demand to chemical oxygen demand was 0.53, which indicates CM-QAOC is a biodegradable chemical. Therefore, CM-QAOC can be applied as a tracer and environmental-friendly chemical for industrial cooling water treatment.
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Dec, W., M. Jaworska-Kik, W. Simka, and J. Michalska. "Corrosion behaviour of 2205 duplex stainless steel in pure cultures of sulphate reducing bacteria: SEM studies, electrochemical characterisation and biochemical analyses." Materials and Corrosion 69, no. 1 (2017): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.201709649.
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Borisenko, O. L., О. S. Malysh, M. I. Bliznyukova, and Ye N. Popov. "INVESTIGATION OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN WATER FOR COKE EXTINCTION." Journal of Coal Chemistry 6 (2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31081/1681-309x-2021-0-6-17-22.
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The article is devoted to the results of work for the study of the composition and quantitative content of suspended solids (SS) in the wastewater of coke plants before and after biochemical purification plants (BPP), as well as in other waters involved in the process of coke extinction. The characteristic indicators have been investigated of waters before and after BPP of five coke-chemical enterprises of Ukraine, as well as the chemical composition of suspended solids in water after BPP, etc. It is shown that SS in water after BPP is represented mainly by activated sludge, which is partially oxidized to CO2 when water is supplied to hot coke. The rest activated sludge is returned with water condensate to the settling tank of the extinction tower and, thus, is not emitted into the atmosphere in the form of SS. In addition to sludge, the particles of coke, coal and products of the equipment corrosion are present in the purified water after the BPP and in the water of the extinction tower settling tank. The possibility of the presence of concrete particles is also not excluded. To establish the nature of solid particles, their elemental composition and ash composition has been determined. In particular, it was found that the ash composition of suspended solids from water after BPP quantitatively differs from the both of ash composition of coal concentrates and the composition of concrete. For example, the mass fraction of silicon dioxide in the suspended solids of water after BTH is much lower than in concrete and in ash of coal concentrates. The detected predominance of iron (III) oxide in the composition of SS ash after BPP is explained by the presence in the selected samples of products of the equipment corrosion. Based on our research, it is proposed to make changes in the normative document "Technological standards of permissible emissions of pollutants from coke ovens", namely in chapter IV "Operating conditions of coke ovens" par. 8: to exclude such a normative value as the content of suspended solids in water after BPP, which is submitted for coke extinction. Keywords: water for coke extinction, water after biochemical purification, suspended solids (SS), content, chemical composition, elemental composition, ash composition. Corresponding author A.L. Borisenko, e-mail: zd@ukhin.org.ua
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Yamaguchi, Kenji, Kazuo Ogawa, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Yasuo Kondo, Satoshi Sakamoto, and Mitsugu Yamaguchi. "Property and Recyclability Change of Corrosion-Inhibition-Improved Amine-Free Water-Soluble Cutting Fluid with Repeated Recycling." Key Engineering Materials 749 (August 2017): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.749.65.
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Cutting fluid is commonly used during metal cutting process for cooling and lubrication. Fluid types are generally classified into mineral or fatty oils and water miscible oils. In Japan, the former is called water-insoluble coolants, and the latter is called water-soluble coolants. Water-insoluble coolants are specified as dangerous material by the Japanese law due to its flammability. Therefore, the water-insoluble coolants are not appropriate for unmanned operation of machine tools. Therefore, the usage rate of water-soluble coolants is increasing. Water soluble coolants are diluted with a water by several ten times. The waste management of the water-soluble coolant become important for environment-conscious green manufacturing. We have been developing a recycling system for water-soluble coolants. In the recycle system, water is extracted from the waste coolant and the water is then reutilized as a diluent of a new coolant. We have developed various types of chemical or bio-chemical water recovery methods for recycling systems. We found a commercially available amine-free water-soluble coolant is suitable for the recycling system. The processing time, processing cost, and the biochemical and chemical oxygen demand of the extracted water are improved by the amine-free water soluble coolant compared with a conventional amine-containing coolant. However, its corrosion inhibition performance was poor in general machining applications. Our cooperative company developed a prototype of a corrosion-inhibition-improved amine-free water-soluble cutting coolant. The prototype coolant showed a good stability and cooling and lubricating performances, and its recyclability was as good as that of conventional amine-free coolants. In this study, we focused on repeated recycling of the prototype coolant. We repeatedly applied the water recycling process to the recycled coolant. The recyclability of the prototype coolant was not affected by repeated recycling; however, process residues increased with the number of recycles, and a deterioration was noticed in the corrosion-inhibition performance of the coolant diluted with recycled water.
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Komova, Alena, Eleonora Borisova, and Vitaliy Nikitenko. "METHOD OF VALUATION PROBABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT CORROSION PROCESSES OF METAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE ORAL CAVITY." Actual problems in dentistry 17, no. 2 (2021): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-20-17-2-136-142.
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One of the types of intolerance to metal structures in the oral cavity is galvanosis — a disease, its main etiopathogenetic factor is the corrosion of metals in the oral cavity. There are many factors that affect on the development of metal corrosion, including the technology of manufacturing the construction, the presence of impurities in the metal alloy, the pH of the oral fluid, etc. There are some methods of preventing oral cavity galvanosis, but they take a long time, require significant material costs, so, development of a modern method for the prevention oral cavity galvanosis is relevant. The aim of the study is to identify risk factors for the occurrence of galvanosis in the oral cavity and, based on the data obtained, to develop a method for assessing the risk of occurrence of galvanosis in the oral cavity. The study involved 67 patients (37 subjects of the main group — suffering from galvanosis of the oral cavity, and 30 patients of the control group — without signs of galvanosis of the oral cavity). Patients were examined using subjective (survey) and objective (basic — external examination and examination of the oral cavity and additional — galvanometry and biochemical blood test) methods. The risk factors for the occurrence of galvanosis of the oral cavity were identified. A point assessment of these factors was developed, which allows choosing a metal-free construction at the planning stage of the orthopedic treatment and avoiding the development of the oral cavity galvanosis. Revealed, that there is a correlation between the immunoglobulin E index in the serum blood and the probability of development galvanosis in the oral cavity. Thus, a method for assessing the risk of galvanosis in the oral cavity has been developed, which makes it possible to abandon the use of metal structures at the planning stage of orthopedic treatment.
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Hildebrandt, Marcus, Eui-young Shin, Suan Yang, Wael Ali, Sedakat Altinpinar, and Jochen S. Gutmann. "Investigation of Roughness Correlation in Polymer Brushes via X-ray Scattering." Polymers 12, no. 9 (2020): 2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092101.
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Thin polymer films and coatings are used to tailor the properties of surfaces in various applications such as protection against corrosion, biochemical functionalities or electronic resistors. Polymer brushes are a certain kind of thin polymer films, where polymer chains are covalently grafted to a substrate and straighten up to form a brush structure. Here we report on differences and similarities between polymer brushes and spin-coated polymer films from polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate with special emphasis on surface roughness and roughness correlation. The phenomenon of roughness correlation or conformality describes the replication of the roughness profile from the substrate surface to the polymer surface. It is of high interest for polymer physics of brush layers as well as applications, in which a homogeneous polymer layer thickness is required. We demonstrate that spin-coated films as well as polymer brushes show roughness correlation, but in contrast to spin-coated films, the correlation in brushes is stable to solvent vapor annealing. Roughness correlation is therefore an intrinsic property of polymer brushes.
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Qiao, Yina, Xuebin Lu, Zehao Zhi, and Shuting Zhang. "An Economical Method for Simultaneously Improving Pretreatment and Anaerobic Fermentation Effects on Corn Straw Using Ultra-Low Concentration FeCl2." Energies 13, no. 7 (2020): 1779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071779.
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Low pollution, slight corrosion, and low cost are the main challenges in the conversion of biomass to biogas. In this work, based on the whole process optimization of biomass conversion, an effective method using an ultra-low concentration of FeCl2 was proposed to simultaneously promote the biochemical reaction and improve the pretreatment effect. The concentration of FeCl2 in the pretreatment was determined according to the requirements of the minimum amount which led to the optimal performance of the anaerobic system and had economical importance. The effects of FeCl2 in the pretreatment and anaerobic fermentation were evaluated by comparing with that of distilled water in the production of hydrolysis products and organic acids. The optimal condition was obtained at 180 °C and 10 min with 1 × 10−5 mol/L FeCl2 pretreatment. At that condition, hemicellulose achieved a high conversion of 97.6%, and the released xylose reached nearly 95%. At least 77.5% of the organic matter in the solution can be utilized for subsequent fermentation. FeCl2 pretreatment also accelerated the anaerobic acidification fermentation process and promoted organic acid yields. The work provided a meaningful and economical choice for the conversion technology of biomass to biogas.
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Sloup, V., Ivana Jankovská, S. Nechybová, P. Peřinková, and I. Langrová. "Zinc in the Animal Organism: A Review." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 48, no. 1 (2017): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sab-2017-0003.
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Abstract Zinc, as an essential metal, is necessary for the correct function of an organism. It is involved in biochemical processes that affect the immune response of an organism, and it acts as a neuromodulator in the excitatory synapses of the brain. Zinc is also applied in response to stressful stimuli. Zinc is an essential factor of gene expression and is important, at the cellular level, in maintaining the integrity of the cell walls. It influences organism ageing. Zinc is relatively abundant in nature, and it exists in a mineral form and rarely as a pure element. Zinc is used widely in industry and agriculture. In industry, it is utilized mainly in the processing of other metals as protection against corrosion. In agriculture, it is used in fertilizers and chemicals to produce pesticides. In certain areas affected by human activities, its concentrations increase, and large quantities of this metal can get into the food supply. In this paper, we focus on zinc metabolism and homeostasis, with an emphasis placed on the biological function of zinc. This study also deals with zinc deficiency and its effect on health. We also touch on the excessive intake of zinc and its toxicity.
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Eliaz, Noam, Eliora Ron, Michael Gozin, Sara Younger, Dvora Biran, and Noam Tal. "Microbial Degradation of Epoxy." Materials 11, no. 11 (2018): 2123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112123.
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Epoxy resins have a wide range of applications, including in corrosion protection of metals, electronics, structural adhesives, and composites. The consumption of epoxy resins is predicted to keep growing in the coming years. Unfortunately, thermoset resins cannot be recycled, and are typically not biodegradable. Hence, they pose environmental pollution risk. Here, we report degradation of epoxy resin by two bacteria that are capable of using epoxy resin as a sole carbon source. These bacteria were isolated from soil samples collected from areas around an epoxy and polyurethanes manufacturing plant. Using an array of molecular, biochemical, analytical, and microscopic techniques, they were identified as Rhodococcus rhodochrous and Ochrobactrum anthropi. As epoxy was the only carbon source available for these bacteria, their measured growth rate reflected their ability to degrade epoxy resin. Bacterial growth took place only when the two bacteria were grown together, indicating a synergistic effect. The surface morphology of the epoxy droplets changed significantly due to the biodegradation process. The metabolic pathway of epoxy by these two microbes was investigated by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Bisphenol A, 3,3′-((propane-2,2-diylbis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(propane-1,2-diol) and some other constituents were identified as being consumed by the bacteria.
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Kaushik, Neha, Linh Nhat Nguyen, June Hyun Kim, Eun Ha Choi, and Nagendra Kumar Kaushik. "Strategies for Using Polydopamine to Induce Biomineralization of Hydroxyapatite on Implant Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18 (2020): 6544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186544.
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In the field of tissue engineering, there are several issues to consider when designing biomaterials for implants, including cellular interaction, good biocompatibility, and biochemical activity. Biomimetic mineralization has gained considerable attention as an emerging approach for the synthesis of biocompatible materials with complex shapes, categorized organization, controlled shape, and size in aqueous environments. Understanding biomineralization strategies could enhance opportunities for novel biomimetic mineralization approaches. In this regard, mussel-inspired biomaterials have recently attracted many researchers due to appealing features, such as strong adhesive properties on moist surfaces, improved cell adhesion, and immobilization of bioactive molecules via catechol chemistry. This molecular designed approach has been a key point in combining new functionalities into accessible biomaterials for biomedical applications. Polydopamine (PDA) has emerged as a promising material for biomaterial functionalization, considering its simple molecular structure, independence of target materials, cell interactions for adhesion, and robust reactivity for resulting functionalization. In this review, we highlight the strategies for using PDA to induce the biomineralization of hydroxyapatite (HA) on the surface of various implant materials with good mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. We also discuss the interactions between the PDA-HA coating, and several cell types that are intricate in many biomedical applications, involving bone defect repair, bone regeneration, cell attachment, and antibacterial activity.
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Stavridou, Evangelia, Richard J. Webster, and Paul R. H. Robson. "The Effects of Moderate and Severe Salinity on Composition and Physiology in the Biomass Crop Miscanthus × giganteus." Plants 9, no. 10 (2020): 1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9101266.
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Saline land represents a growing resource that could be utilised for growing biomass crops, such as Miscanthus × giganteus (Greef et Deu.), for eliminating competition with staple food crops. However, the response mechanisms to different salinity regimes, in relation to the impact on quality of the harvested biomass and the combustion properties are largely unknown. Herein, the focus was on the salt-induced compositional changes of ion flux and compartmentalization in the rhizome, stems, and leaves in relation to their impact on salinity tolerance and the combustion quality through investigating the photophysiological, morphophysiological, and biochemical responses of M. × giganteus to moderate and a severe salinity. Severe salinity induced an immediate and sustained adverse response with a reduction in biomass yield, photoinhibition, and metabolic limitations in photosynthesis. Moderate salinity resulted in a slower cumulative response with low biomass losses. Biomass composition, variations in ion compartmentalisation and induction of proline were dependent on the severity and duration of salinity. Ash behaviour indices, including the base percentage and base-to-acid ratio, indicated lower corrosion potential and lower risk of slagging under salinity. Understanding the impact of salinity on the potential for growth on saline land may identify new targets for breeding salinity-tolerant bioenergy crops.
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Lindley, Nicholas D. "Bioconversion and biodegradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (1995): 1034–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-354.
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Aliphatic hydrocarbons represent a substantial energy reserve but also constitute a useful feedstock for the biotechnological production of various alkane-derived commodity chemicals. In addition, the biodegradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons continues to pose problems for fuel stocks with associated corrosion and eventual motor filter blocking. A relatively high number of yeasts and filamentous fungi have been described that degrade n-alkanes, but relatively few have received thorough investigation. Early work exploiting hydrocarbons as a potential substrate for unicellular protein production, though never commercially successful, enabled high-performance fermentation strategies to be developed that overcame many of the inherent problems caused by the use of high energy content insoluble liquid substrates. The biochemical pathways and physiological characteristics have been sufficiently established, as have the subcellular localization of the alkane-specific pathways, though many of the regulatory phenomena remain obscure. Currently, interest lies in the exploitation of such species, or their enzymes, in bioconversion processes and the unicellular yeasts, whose amenability to rational genetic engineering strategies exceeds that of filamentous species, are currently attracting renewed research interest. In view of this, the existing knowledge and potential for alkane-based biotechnology will be reviewed. Key words: alkane metabolism, bioconversion, biotechnology, aliphatic hydrocarbons, yeasts, filamentous fungi.
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Marleni, N., S. Gray, A. Sharma, S. Burn, and N. Muttil. "Impact of water source management practices in residential areas on sewer networks – a review." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 4 (2012): 624–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.902.
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Prolonged drought which has occurred everywhere around the world has caused water shortages, leading many countries to consider more sustainable practices, which are called source management practices (SMPs) to ensure water availability for the future. SMPs include the practices of water use reduction, potable water substitution and wastewater volume reduction such as water demand management, rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling and sewer mining. Besides the well known advantages from SMPs, they also contribute to the alteration of wastewater characteristics which finally affect the process in downstream infrastructure such as sewerage networks. Several studies have shown that the implementation of SMPs decreases the wastewater flow, whilst increasing its strength. High-strength wastewater can cause sewer problems such as sewer blockage, odour and corrosion. Yet, not all SMPs and their impact on existing sewer networks have been investigated. Therefore, this study reviews some examples of four common SMPs, the wastewater characteristics and the physical and biochemical transformation processes in sewers and the problems that might caused by them, and finally the potential impacts of those SMPs on wastewater characteristics and sewer networks are discussed. This paper provides sewer system managers with an overview of potential impacts on the sewer network due to the implementation of some SMPs. Potential research opportunities for the impact of SMPs on existing sewers are also identified.
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Ramírez Camperos, E., L. Cardoso Vigueros, V. Escalante Estrada, A. Gómez Navarrete, A. Rivas Hernández, and E. Díaz Tapia. "Water reuse for the bottled water industry." Water Supply 5, no. 1 (2005): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0013.
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The bottled water industry uses a machine specifically designed for the washing of its containers (19-L capacity) and generates 6-L wastewater/container. This effluent can be used for watering of green areas and car washing. The objectives of the present work were to characterize the effluent and to propose a specific treatment to enable reuse of the effluent from the container washing machine. The analysis of water quality identified the following problems: high pH (10.0), high biochemical oxygen demand (50 mg/L), high concentration of free residual chlorine (3.15 mg/l), alkalinity (207 mg/l as CaCO3) and hardness (38.8 mg/l as CaCO3). These parameters must be reduced in order to comply with the Mexican standards for water reuse (NOM-003-ECOL-1997), and to protect the washing equipment against corrosion and incrustations. The water can be used for the watering of green areas after pH adjustment and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) removal. If special equipment is used for car washing, it is necessary to reduce the concentration of calcium and magnesium using a strong cationic resin. Following these recommendations the specific industry installed a treatment system with pH adjustment, dual filtration (sand-anthracite) and adsorption system with activated carbon. The effluent is now used for watering of green areas and for car washing with garden hoses.
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Chou, Da-Tren, Daeho Hong, Sinan Oksuz, et al. "Corrosion and bone healing of Mg-Y-Zn-Zr-Ca alloy implants: Comparative in vivo study in a non-immobilized rat femoral fracture model." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 33, no. 9 (2019): 1178–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328219825568.
Full textAbstract:
Biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys exhibit improved mechanical properties compared to degradable polymers while degrading in vivo circumventing the complications of permanent metals, obviating the need for surgical removal. This study investigated the safety and efficacy of Mg-Y-Zn-Zr-Ca (WZ42) alloy compared to non-degradable Ti6Al4V over a 14-week follow-up implanted as pins to fix a full osteotomy in rat femurs and as wires wrapped around the outside of the femurs as a cerclage. We used a fully load bearing model allowing implants to intentionally experience realistic loads without immobilization. To assess systemic toxicity, blood cell count and serum biochemical tests were performed. Livers and kidneys were harvested to observe any accumulation of alloying elements. Hard and soft tissues adjacent to the fracture site were also histologically examined. Degradation behavior and bone morphology were determined using micro-computed tomography scans. Corrosion occurred gradually, with degradation seen after two weeks of implantation with points of high stress observed near the fracture site ultimately resulting in WZ42 alloy pin fracture. At 14 weeks however, normal bone healing was observed in femurs fixed with the WZ42 alloy confirmed by the presence of osteoid, osteoblast activity, and new bone formation. Blood testing exhibited no significant changes arising from the WZ42 alloy compared to the two control groups. No recognizable differences in the morphology and more importantly, no accumulation of Mg, Zn, and Ca in the kidney and liver of rats were observed. These load bearing model results collectively taken, thus demonstrate the feasibility for use of the Mg-Y-Zn-Zr-Ca alloy for long bone fracture fixation applications.
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Murzinova, Ainur Serikkyzy, and Kulyash Nurbergenovna Mamirova. "The concept of “Natural cataclysm”: patterns and causal relationships." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Biology, medicine, geography Series” 102, no. 2 (2021): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021bmg2/102-107.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines natural disasters directly occurring in the geographical shell. In the content of the article the authors give their own interpretation of the concept of “natural disaster”. A classification of natural disasters is proposed and their interactions are established. The causal relationships of natural disasters determining their factors, indicators and their consequences are revealed. The assessment of dangerous natural processes is given, and the classification of cataclysms is made by the scale of manifestation, time, nature of origin, area of manifestation, as well as by the nature of the impact. The following typology of natural disasters is presented: cataclysms that have a destructive effect (hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes, earthquakes); cataclysms that have a paralyzing (stopping) effect on the movement of vehicles (snowfall, downpour with flooding, ice, thunderstorm and fog); cataclysms that have a depleting effect (reduce the yield, soil fertility, water supply, etc.); cataclysms capable of causing technological accidents/natural and technical disasters (lightning, ice, icing, biochemical corrosion, etc.). At the same time the article deals with the tasks of monitoring and forecasting natural disasters. Particular attention is paid to the synthesis of environmental monitoring systems that ensure the collection, storage and processing of the necessary information to solve these problems. A new concept of synthesis of aerospace monitoring systems based on algorithms and methods of ecoinformatics and consisting the joint use of information technologies and models of evolution of environmental subsystems is characterized. Concrete situations of occurrence of natural disasters are analyzed.