Journal articles: 'Biochip'

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Wan, Chaowei, Xiaodao Chen, and Dongbo Liu. "A Multi-Objective-Driven Placement Technique for Digital Microfluidic Biochips." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 05 (2019): 1950076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126619500762.

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Microfluidic biochips are extensively utilized in biochemistry procedures due to their low cost, high precision and efficiency when compared to traditional laboratory procedures. Recent, computer-aided design (CAD) techniques enable a high performance in digital microfluidic biochip design. A key part in digital microfluidic biochip CAD design is the biochip placement procedure which determines the physical location for biological reactions during the physical design. For the biochip physical design, multiple objects need to be considered, such as the size of the chip and the total operation time. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization is proposed based on Markov decision processes (MDPs). The proposed method is evaluated on a set of standard biochip benchmarks. Compared to existing works, experimental results show that the total operation time, the capacity for routing and the chip size can be optimized simultaneously.

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Weidong Du, Xueling Ma та E. Marion Schneider. "A Direct Immunoassay Assessment of Streptavidin- and N-Hydroxysuccinimide-Modified Biochips in Validation of Serological TNFα Responses in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis". Journal of Biomolecular Screening 13, № 6 (2008): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057108319642.

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The authors report 2 biochip platforms on gold manufactured by either nanoscale biotinylated self-assembled architectures to streptavidin surface or proteins containing free NH 2 groups to N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)—activated surfaces and investigated the potential application of tumor necrosis factor—α (TNFα) serodiagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Interactions of TNFα antigen and TNFα antibody on the biochips were optimized using an indirect immunofluorescence method. Variation coefficients were 1.87% to 4.56% on the streptavidin biochip and 5.03% to 8.64% on the NHS biochip. The correlation coefficients ( r) in TNFα and TNFα antibody assays in HLH patients between the 2 biochip formats were 0.9623 and 0.9386 and the concordance frequencies were 92.2% and 96.1%, respectively. To detect plasma TNFα-receptor complexes (TNFR1 and R2) in HLH, a biochip assay strategy was developed. Plasma levels of TNFα, TNFα antibody, and TNFα-receptor complexes (TNFR1 and R2) were detected in plasmas from 42 HLH cases using streptavidin biochips. Frequencies of the biomarkers in the plasmas were 40.5% (17/42) for TNFα, 30.9% (13/42) for TNFα antibody, 28.6% (12/42) for TNFα—receptor 1 complex, and 26.1% (11/42) for TNFα—receptor 2 complex, respectively. The streptavidin biochip format was more sensitive than the NHS surface and was demonstrated to be a valuable tool to identify individual biomarker molecules and molecular complexes in sera and cell lysates and to track therapeutic progress of patients. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2008:515-526)

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FitzGerald, Stephen P., John V. Lamont, Robert I. McConnell, and El O. Benchikh. "Development of a High-Throughput Automated Analyzer Using Biochip Array Technology." Clinical Chemistry 51, no. 7 (2005): 1165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.049429.

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Abstract Background: Use of protein array technology over conventional assay methods has advantages that include simultaneous detection of multiple analytes, reduction in sample and reagent volumes, and high output of test results. The susceptibility of ligands to denaturation, however, has impeded production of a stable, reproducible biochip platform, limiting most array assays to manual or, at most, semiautomated processing techniques. Such limitations may be overcome by novel biochip fabrication procedures. Methods: After selection of a suitable biochip substrate, biochip surfaces were chemically modified and assessed to enable optimization of biochip fabrication procedures for different test panels. The assay procedure was then automated on a dedicated instrument, and assay performance was determined for a panel of cytokine markers. Assay results were then compared with a commercial method for measurement of cytokine markers. Results: Secondary ion mass spectrometry and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated appropriate and reproducible modification of the biochip surface. Contact-angle studies also confirmed generation of hydrophobic surfaces that enabled containment of droplets for fabrication of discrete test regions. Automation of the biochip assays on a dedicated instrument produced excellent cytokine marker performance with intra- and interassay imprecision &lt;10% for most analytes. Comparison studies showed good agreement with other methods (r = 0.95–0.99) for cytokines. Conclusion: Performance data from this automated biochip array analyzer provide evidence that it is now possible to produce stable and reproducible biochips for output of more than 2000 test results per hour.

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Essaouiba, Amal, Rachid Jellali, Françoise Gilard, et al. "Investigation of the Exometabolomic Profiles of Rat Islets of Langerhans Cultured in Microfluidic Biochip." Metabolites 12, no. 12 (2022): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121270.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex disease with high prevalence of comorbidity and mortality. DM is predicted to reach more than 700 million people by 2045. In recent years, several advanced in vitro models and analytical tools were developed to investigate the pancreatic tissue response to pathological situations and identify therapeutic solutions. Of all the in vitro promising models, cell culture in microfluidic biochip allows the reproduction of in-vivo-like micro-environments. Here, we cultured rat islets of Langerhans using dynamic cultures in microfluidic biochips. The dynamic cultures were compared to static islets cultures in Petri. The islets’ exometabolomic signatures, with and without GLP1 and isradipine treatments, were characterized by GC-MS. Compared to Petri, biochip culture contributes to maintaining high secretions of insulin, C-peptide and glucagon. The exometabolomic profiling revealed 22 and 18 metabolites differentially expressed between Petri and biochip on Day 3 and 5. These metabolites illustrated the increase in lipid metabolism, the perturbation of the pentose phosphate pathway and the TCA cycle in biochip. After drug stimulations, the exometabolome of biochip culture appeared more perturbed than the Petri exometabolome. The GLP1 contributed to the increase in the levels of glycolysis, pentose phosphate and glutathione pathways intermediates, whereas isradipine led to reduced levels of lipids and carbohydrates.

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Roy, Pushpita, and Ansuman Banerjee. "A Framework for Validation of Synthesized MicroElectrode Dot Array Actuations for Digital Microfluidic Biochips." ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems 26, no. 6 (2021): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3460437.

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Digital Microfluidics is an emerging technology for automating laboratory procedures in biochemistry. With more and more complex biochemical protocols getting mapped to biochip devices and microfluidics receiving a wide adoption, it is becoming indispensable to develop automated tools and synthesis platforms that can enable a smooth transformation from complex cumbersome benchtop laboratory procedures to biochip execution. Given an informal/semi-formal assay description and a target microfluidic grid architecture on which the assay has to be implemented, a synthesis tool typically translates the high-level assay operations to low-level actuation sequences that can drive the assay realization on the grid. With more and more complex biochemical assay protocols being taken up for synthesis and biochips supporting a wider variety of operations (e.g., MicroElectrode Dot Arrays (MEDAs)), the task of assay synthesis is getting intricately complex. Errors in the synthesized assay descriptions may have undesirable consequences in assay operations, leading to unacceptable outcomes after execution on the biochips. In this work, we focus on the challenge of examining the correctness of synthesized protocol descriptions, before they are taken up for realization on a microfluidic biochip. In particular, we take up a protocol description synthesized for a MEDA biochip and adopt a formal analysis method to derive correctness proofs or a violation thereof, pointing to the exact operation in the erroneous translation. We present experimental results on a few bioassay protocols and show the utility of our framework for verifiable protocol synthesis.

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HEIDENREICH, BERND, CHRISTOPHER PÖHLMANN, MATHIAS SPRINZL, and MANFRED GAREIS. "Detection of Escherichia coli in Meat with an Electrochemical Biochip." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 11 (2010): 2025–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.11.2025.

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Detection of foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria by RNA-DNA hybridization is an alternative to traditional microbiological procedures. To achieve high sensitivity with RNA-DNA–based methods, efficient bacterial lysis and release of nucleic acids from bacteria are needed. Here we report the specific detection of the hygiene indicator microorganism Escherichia coli in meat by use of electrochemical biochips. We improved RNA isolation from bacteria in meat juice from pork and beef. Samples, either naturally or artificially contaminated by E. coli, were enriched by incubation in full or minimal medium. A combined treatment of the samples with lysozyme, proteinase K, and sonication resulted in efficient cell disruption and high total RNA yields. Together with optimization of enrichment time, this ensures high sensitivity of electrochemical measurements on biochips. A short enrichment period and the triple-lysis regimen in combination with electrochemical biochip measurement were tested with 25 meat samples. The lower limit of detection of the biochip was approximately 2,000 CFU of E. coli per ml. The entire analysis procedure (5 h of enrichment, triple lysis, and biochip detection) has a lower limit of detection of 1 CFU of E. coli per ml within a total time needed for analysis of 7 h.

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MAJUMDER, MUKTA, NILANJANA DAS, and SUJAN KUMAR SAHA. "A NOVEL TECHNIQUE FOR MULTIPLE FAULTS AND THEIR LOCATIONS DETECTION AND START ELECTRODE SELECTION IN MICROFLUIDIC DIGITAL BIOCHIP." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 06, no. 04 (2013): 1350032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545813500326.

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A device, that is used for biomedical operation or safety-critical applications like point-of-care health assessment, massive parallel DNA analysis, automated drug discovery, air-quality monitoring and food-safety testing, must have the attributes like reliability, dependability and correctness. As the biochips are used for these purposes; therefore, these devices must be fault free all the time. Naturally before using these chips, they must be well tested. We are proposing a novel technique that can detect multiple faults, locate the fault positions within the biochip, as well as calculate the traversal time if the biochip is fault free. The proposed technique also highlights a new idea how to select the appropriate base node or pseudo source (start electrode). The main idea of the proposed technique is to form multiple loops with the neighboring electrode arrays and then test each loop by traversing test droplet to check whether there is any fault. If a fault is detected then the proposed technique also locates it by backtracking the test droplet. In case, no fault is detected, the biochip is fault free then the proposed technique also calculates the time to traverse the chip. The result suggests that the proposed technique is efficient and shows significant improvement to calculate fault-free biochip traversal time over existing method.

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Zhang, Ling, Jun Jin Mei, Bo Wu Yan, and Qin Gao. "A Test Droplets Dispensing Solution for Digital Microfluidic Biochip Parallel Testing." Key Engineering Materials 609-610 (April 2014): 670–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.609-610.670.

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Digital microfluidic Biochips are widely used on safety-critical biomedical applications, and dependability is an essential attribute for them. To reduce dispensing time, a new test droplets dispensing solution for digital microfluidic biochip parallel testing is proposed in the paper, where multiple test droplets are allotted to the limited test dispensing sources to transmit them to the corresponding test target. The goal is minimizing the dispensing time, and then reduces the system testing time. Even thought the problem is shown to be NP-complete, it can be solved exactly for practical instances using integer linear programming (ILP). The experimental results demonstrate that optimal solutions to the test droplets dispensing problem in microfluidic biochip parallel testing are indeed feasible.

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Ibrahim, Siti Noorjannah, Lynn Murray, John J. Evans, and Maan M. Alkaisi. "Trapping Single Cells: Comparison between Sandwiched Insulation with Back Contact (SIBC) and Planar Biochip." Materials Science Forum 700 (September 2011): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.700.188.

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AC electrokinetics is one of many methods used to move particles in microfluidic channels. This paper presents single cell trapping efficacy using dielectrophoresis (DEP) force of two biochip designs; a planar biochip and the new sandwiched-insulation with back contact (SIBC) biochip. The new biochip, is structured on a glass slide, consists of microelectrode arrays patterned on top of Nickel-Chromium (NiCr) and Gold (Au) layers. Prior to the microelectrode patterning, a back contact layer of NiCr and Au was coated with SU-8 2005. Then, the SU-8 2005 or the insulation layer was patterned with arrays of microcavities. In contrast, the planar biochip consists of 2 layers; an SU-8 2005 insulation layer and NiCr and Au metal layers constructed on a Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) substrate. The electric field intensity results simulated using Comsol v3.5a software indicated that DEP force generated from the SIBC biochip are greater than the planar biochip design. Results from experiment with polystyrene microbeads and Ishikawa cancer cells also showed that the SIBC biochip has higher trapping efficiency than the planar biochip. These promising results indicate that the SIBC biochip is capable of trapping single cells and can be used to facilitate studies on intracellular activities using surface the replicating technique known as the Bioimprint technique.

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Antipchik, Mariia, Dmitry Polyakov, Ekaterina Sinitsyna, et al. "Towards the Development of a 3-D Biochip for the Detection of Hepatitis C Virus." Sensors 20, no. 9 (2020): 2719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092719.

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The early diagnostics of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections is currently one of the most highly demanded medical tasks. This study is devoted to the development of biochips (microarrays) that can be applied for the detection of HCV. The analytical platforms of suggested devices were based on macroporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate) monolithic material. The biochips were obtained by the covalent immobilization of specific probes spotted onto the surface of macroporous monolithic platforms. Using the developed biochips, different variants of bioassay were investigated. This study was carried out using hepatitis C virus-mimetic particles (VMPs) representing polymer nanoparticles with a size close to HCV and bearing surface virus antigen (E2 protein). At the first step, the main parameters of bioassay were optimized. Additionally, the dissociation constants were calculated for the pairs “ligand–receptor” and “antigen–antibody” formed at the surface of biochips. As a result of this study, the analysis of VMPs in model buffer solution and human blood plasma was carried out in a format of direct and “sandwich” approaches. It was found that bioassay efficacy appeared to be similar for both the model medium and real biological fluid. Finally, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), spot-to-spot and biochip-to-biochip reproducibility for the developed systems were evaluated.

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SEEWÖSTER, THOMAS, SANDRA WILMSMANN, ANDREAS WERNER, and JÜRGEN LEHMANN. "The Biochip." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 831, no. 1 (2006): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52199.x.

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Gu, Yuandong. "Biochip Technology." Journal of Controlled Release 96, no. 3 (2004): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.02.006.

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Lesnak, Michal, Dominik Jursa, Marek Miskay, Helena Riedlova, Karla Barcova, and Milan Adamek. "The determination of cystatin C in biological samples via the surface plasmon resonance method." BioTechniques 70, no. 5 (2021): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/btn-2020-0151.

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Surface plasmon resonance imaging biosensors have a number of advantages that make them superior to other analytical methods. These include the possibility of label-free detection, speed and high sensitivity to low protein concentrations. The aim of this study was to create and analyze biochips, with the help of which it is possible to test cystatin C in patient urine samples and compare the results with the one-time traditional ELISA method. The main advantage of the surface plasmon resonance imaging method is the possibility of repeated measurements over a long period of time in accordance with clinical practice. The surface of the biochip was spotted with anticystatin C and a negative control of mouse IgG at a ratio of 1:1. The aforementioned biochip was first verified using standard tests and then with patient samples, which clearly confirmed the required sensitivity even for very low concentrations of cystatin C.

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Barsky, Victor, Alexander Perov, Sergei Tokalov, et al. "Fluorescence Data Analysis on Gel-Based Biochips." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 7, no. 3 (2002): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108705710200700308.

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A series of biochip readers developed for gel-based biochips includes three imaging models and a novel nonimaging biochip scanner. The imaging readers, ranging from a research-grade versatile reader to a simple portable one, use wide-field objectives and 12-bit digital large-coupled device cameras for parallel addressing of multiple array elements. This feature is valuable for monitoring the kinetics of sample interaction with immobilized probes. Depending on the model and the label used, the sensitivity of these readers approaches 0.3 amol of a labeled sample per gel element. In the selective scanner, both the spot size of the excitation laser beam and the detector field of view match the size of the biochip array elements so that the whole row of the array can be read in a single scan. The portable version reads 50-mm long, 150-element, one-dimensional arrays in 5 s. With a dynamic range of 4000:1, a sensitivity of 1-5 amol of a labeled sample per gel element, and a data format facilitating online processing, the scanner is an attractive, inexpensive solution for biomedical diagnostics. Fluorophores for sample labeling were compared experimentally in terms of detection sensitivity, influence on duplex stability, and suitability for multilabel analysis and thermodynamic studies. Texas Red and tetracarboxyphenylporphyn proved to be the best choice for two-wavelength analysis using the imaging readers.

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Zlatanova, Jordanka, and Andrei Mirzabekov. "Gel-Immobilized Microarrays for the Study of Nucleic Acids and Proteins." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (1999): 1018–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600018419.

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Recently, a quantum leap has been achieved in the analysis of DNA and proteins through the advent of the biochip technology. This technology is a product of a broad interdisciplinary approach combining biochemical analysis, semiconductor manufacturing and computer software. Biochips can be defined as miniaturized ordered arrays of macro molecules or pieces thereof that are immobilized in a precise spatial manner on support media and can be used in highly automated, large-scale and high-throughput fashion to analyze biological material. The biochip can be used in a wide variety of areas related to basic research and can find versatile applications in almost all areas of human activities connected to biotechnology, medicine, agriculture, and environment monitoring and bioremediation.The power of the technology has already been demonstrated in areas like gene sequencing and proofreading, detection of single-nucleotide mutation and polymorphism, identification of genes, identification of viruses and microorganisms, gene expression analysis, analysis of sequencespecific ligands and proteins, and others.

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Li, Zening, Rongtao Zhang, Fangliang Xu, Jian Yang, Lin Zhou, and Hongju Mao. "A Cell State Monitoring System with Integrated In Situ Imaging and pH Detection." Sensors 23, no. 23 (2023): 9340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23239340.

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Cell models are one of the most widely used basic models in biological research, and a variety of in vitro cell culture techniques and models have been developed recently to simulate the physiological microenvironment in vivo. However, regardless of the technique or model, cell culture is the most fundamental but crucial component. As a result, we have developed a cell culture monitoring system to assess the functional status of cells within a biochip. This article focuses on a mini-microscope made from a readily available camera for in situ continuous observation of cell growth within a biochip and a pH sensor based on optoelectronic sensing for measuring pH. With the aid of this monitoring system, scientists can keep an eye on cell growth in real time and learn how the pH of the culture medium affects it. This study offers a new approach for tracking cells on biochips and serves as a valuable resource for enhancing cell culture conditions.

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Kitagawa, Daiki, Dieu Quang Nguyen, Trung Anh Dinh, and Shigeru Yamashita. "Graph-Covering-Based Architectural Synthesis for Programmable Digital Microfluidic Biochips." International Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Engineering 6, no. 2 (2017): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbce.2017070103.

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Digital microfluidic technology has been extensively applied in various biomedical fields. Different from application-specific biochips, a programmable design has several advantages such as dynamic reconfigurability and general applicability. Basically, a programmable biochip divides the chip into several virtual modules. However, in the previous design, a virtual module can execute only one operation at a time. In this paper, the authors propose a new multi-functional module for programmable digital microfluidic biochips, which can execute two operations simultaneously. Moreover, they also propose a binding and scheduling algorithm for programmable biochips, which is motivated from a graph-covering problem. Experiment demonstrates that their algorithm can reduce the completion time of the applications compared with the previous approaches.

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Coussot, G., T. Moreau, C. Faye, et al. "Biochip-based instruments development for space exploration: influence of the antibody immobilization process on the biochip resistance to freeze-drying, temperature shifts and cosmic radiations." International Journal of Astrobiology 16, no. 2 (2016): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550416000173.

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AbstractDue to the diversity of antibody (Ab)-based biochips chemistries available and the little knowledge about biochips resistance to space constraints, immobilization of Abs on the surface of the biochips dedicated to Solar System exploration is challenging. In the present paper, we have developed ten different biochip models including covalent or affinity immobilization with full-length Abs or Ab fragments. Ab immobilizations were carried out in oriented/non-oriented manner using commercial activated surfaces withN-hydroxysuccinic ester (NHS-surfaces) or homemade surfaces using three generations of dendrimers (dendrigraft of poly L-lysine (DGL) surfaces). The performances of the Ab -based surfaces were cross-compared on the following criteria: (i) analytical performances (expressed by both the surface density of immobilized Abs and the amount of antigens initially captured by the surface) and (ii) resistance of surfaces to preparation procedure (freeze-drying, storage) or spatial constraints (irradiation and temperature shifts) encountered during a space mission. The latter results have been expressed as percentage of surface binding capacity losses (or percentage of remaining active Abs). The highest amount of captured antigen was achieved with Ab surfaces having full-length Abs and DGL-surfaces that have much higher surface densities than commercial NHS-surface. After freeze-drying process, thermal shift and storage sample exposition, we found that more than 80% of surface binding sites remained active in this case. In addition, the resistance of Ab surfaces to irradiation with particles such as electron, carbon ions or protons depends not only on the chemistries (covalent/affinity linkages) and strategies (oriented/non-oriented) used to construct the biochip, but also on the type, energy and fluence of incident particles. Our results clearly indicate that full-length Ab immobilization on NHS-surfaces and DGL-surfaces should be preferred for potential use in instruments for planetary exploration.

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Bhat, Vinayak J., Sahitya V. Vegesna, Mahdi Kiani, et al. "Detecting Bacterial Cell Viability in Few µL Solutions from Impedance Measurements on Silicon-Based Biochips." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (2021): 3541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073541.

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Using two different types of impedance biochips (PS5 and BS5) with ring top electrodes, a distinct change of measured impedance has been detected after adding 1–5 µL (with dead or live Gram-positive Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-A12 cells to 20 µL DI water inside the ring top electrode. We relate observed change of measured impedance to change of membrane potential of L. sphaericus JG-A12 cells. In contrast to impedance measurements, optical density (OD) measurements cannot be used to distinguish between dead and live cells. Dead L. sphaericus JG-A12 cells have been obtained by adding 0.02 mg/mL of the antibiotics tetracycline and 0.1 mg/mL chloramphenicol to a batch with OD0.5 and by incubation for 24 h, 30 °C, 120 rpm in the dark. For impedance measurements, we have used batches with a cell density of 25.5 × 108 cells/mL (OD8.5) and 270.0 × 108 cells/mL (OD90.0). The impedance biochip PS5 can be used to detect the more resistive and less capacitive live L. sphaericus JG-A12 cells. Also, the impedance biochip BS5 can be used to detect the less resistive and more capacitive dead L. sphaericus JG-A12 cells. An outlook on the application of the impedance biochips for high-throughput drug screening, e.g., against multi-drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, is given.

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Sitkov, Nikita, Tatiana Zimina, Alexey Kolobov, et al. "Study of the Fabrication Technology of Hybrid Microfluidic Biochips for Label-Free Detection of Proteins." Micromachines 13, no. 1 (2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13010020.

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A study of the peculiarities and a comparative analysis of the technologies used for the fabrication of elements of novel hybrid microfluidic biochips for express biomedical analysis have been carried out. The biochips were designed with an incorporated microfluidic system, which enabled an accumulation of the target compounds in a biological fluid to be achieved, thus increasing the biochip system’s sensitivity and even implementing a label-free design of the detection unit. The multilevel process of manufacturing a microfluidic system of a given topology for label-free fluorometric detection of protein structures is presented. The technological process included the chemical modification of the working surface of glass substrates by silanization using (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS), formation of the microchannels, for which SU-8 technologies and a last generation dry film photoresist were studied and compared. The solid-state phosphor layers were deposited using three methods: drop application; airbrushing; and mechanical spraying onto the adhesive surface. The processes of sealing the system, installing input ports, and packaging using micro-assembly technologies are described. The technological process has been optimized and the biochip was implemented and tested. The presented system can be used to design novel high-performance diagnostic tools that implement the function of express detection of protein markers of diseases and create low-power multimodal, highly intelligent portable analytical decision-making systems in medicine.

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Strickland, Eliza. "Biochip vs. superbug." IEEE Spectrum 51, no. 4 (2014): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2014.6776289.

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Zabel, B. "Microarray-Biochip-Technologie." Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 149, no. 12 (2001): 1304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001120170016.

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Schilling, Niels, Udo Klotzbach, Frank Sonntag, and Steffen Howitz. "Small, Smaller, Biochip." Optik & Photonik 3, no. 4 (2008): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/opph.201190225.

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Bernacki, Susan H., Daniel H. Farkas, Wenmei Shi, et al. "Bioelectronic Sensor Technology for Detection of Cystic Fibrosis and Hereditary Hemochromatosis Mutations." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 127, no. 12 (2003): 1565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2003-127-1565-bstfdo.

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Abstract Context.—Bioelectronic sensors, which combine microchip and biological components, are an emerging technology in clinical diagnostic testing. An electronic detection platform using DNA biochip technology (eSensor) is under development for molecular diagnostic applications. Owing to the novelty of these devices, demonstrations of their successful use in practical diagnostic applications are limited. Objective.—To assess the performance of the eSensor bioelectronic method in the validation of 6 Epstein-Barr virus–transformed blood lymphocyte cell lines with clinically important mutations for use as sources of genetic material for positive controls in clinical molecular genetic testing. Two cell lines carry mutations in the CFTR gene (cystic fibrosis), and 4 carry mutations in the HFE gene (hereditary hemochromatosis). Design.—Samples from each cell line were sent for genotype determination to 6 different molecular genetic testing facilities, including the laboratory developing the DNA biochips. In addition to the bioelectronic method, at least 3 different molecular diagnostic methods were used in the analysis of each cell line. Detailed data were collected from the DNA biochip output, and the genetic results were compared with those obtained using the more established methods. Results.—We report the successful use of 2 applications of the bioelectronic platform, one for detection of CFTR mutations and the other for detection of HFE mutations. In all cases, the results obtained with the DNA biochip were in concordance with those reported for the other methods. Electronic signal output from the DNA biochips clearly differentiated between mutated and wild-type alleles. This is the first report of the use of the cystic fibrosis detection platform. Conclusions.—Bioelectronic sensors for the detection of disease-causing mutations performed well when used in a “real-life” situation, in this case, a validation study of positive control blood lymphocyte cell lines with mutations of public health importance. This study illustrates the practical potential of emerging bioelectronic DNA detection technologies for use in current molecular diagnostic applications.

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Craig, Paul, Ruben Ng, Boris Tefsen, Sam Linsen, Yu Liu, and Joshua Hendel. "Information Visualisation for Antibiotic Detection Biochip Design and Testing." Processes 10, no. 12 (2022): 2680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122680.

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Biochips are engineered substrates that have different spots that change colour according to biochemical reactions. These spots can be read together to detect different analytes (such as different types of antibiotic, pathogens, or biological agents). While some chips are designed so that each spot on its own can detect a particular analyte, chip designs that use a combination of spots to detect different analytes can be more efficient and detect a larger number of analytes with a smaller number of spots. These types of chip can, however, be more difficult to design, as an efficient and effective combination of biosensors needs to be selected for the chip. These need to be able to differentiate between a range of different analytes so the values can be combined in a way that demonstrates the confidence that a particular analyte is present or not. The study described in this paper examines the potential for information visualisation to support the process of designing and reading biochips by developing and evaluating applications that allow biologists to analyse the results of experiments aimed at detecting candidate bio-sensors (to be used as biochip spots) and examining how biosensors can combine to identify different analytes. Our results demonstrate the potential of information visualisation and machine learning techniques to improve the design of biochips.

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Du, Wei-Dong, Gang Chen, Hui-Min Cao, et al. "A Simple Oligonucleotide Biochip Capable of Rapidly Detecting Known Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Chinese Patients with Leber’S Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)." Disease Markers 30, no. 4 (2011): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/340723.

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Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally transmitted disease. Clinically, no efficient assay protocols have been available. In this study, we aimed to develop an oligonucleotide biochip specialized for detection of known base substitution mutations in mitochondrial DNA causing LHON and to investigate frequencies of LHON relevant variants in Anhui region of China. Thirty-two pairs of oligonucleotide probes matched with the mutations potentially linked to LHON were covalently immobilized. Cy5-lablled targets were amplified from blood DNA samples by a multiplex PCR method. Two kinds of primary mutations 11778 G > A and 14484 T > C from six confirmed LHON patients were interrogated to validate this biochip format. Further, fourteen Chinese LHON pedigrees and twenty-five unrelated healthy individuals were investigated by the LHON biochip, direct sequencing and pyrosequencing, respectively. The biochip was found to be able efficiently to discriminate homoplasmic and heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations in LHON. Biochip analysis revealed that twelve of eighteen LHON symptomatic cases from the 14 Chinese pedigree harbored the mutations either 11778G > A, 14484T > C or 3460G > A, respectively, accounting for 66.7%. The mutation 11778G > A in these patients was homoplasmic and prevalent (55.5%, 10 of 18 cases). The mutations 3460G > A and 3394T > C were found to co-exist in one LHON case. The mutation 13708G > A appeared in one LHON pedigree. Smaller amount of sampling and reaction volume, easier target preparation, fast and high-throughput were the main advantages of the biochip over direct DNA sequencing and pyrosequencing. Our findings suggested that primary mutations of 11778G > A, 14484T > C or 3460G > A are main variants of mtDNA gene leading to LHON in China. The biochip would easily be implemented in clinical diagnosis.

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Guo, Wenzhong, Sihuang Lian, Chen Dong, Zhenyi Chen, and Xing Huang. "A Survey on Security of Digital Microfluidic Biochips: Technology, Attack, and Defense." ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems 27, no. 4 (2022): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3494697.

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As an emerging lab-on-a-chip technology platform, digital microfluidic biochips (DMFBs) have been widely used for executing various laboratory procedures in biochemistry and biomedicine such as gene sequencing and near-patient diagnosis, with the advantages of low reagent consumption, high precision, and miniaturization and integration. With the ongoing rapid deployment of DMFBs, however, these devices are now facing serious and complicated security challenges that not only damage their functional integrity but also affect their system reliability. In this article, we present a systematic review of DMFB security, focusing on both the state-of-the-art attack and defense techniques. First, the overall security situation, the working principle, and the corresponding fabrication technology of DMFBs are introduced. Afterwards, existing attack approaches are divided into several categories and discussed in detail, including denial of service, intellectual property piracy, bioassay tampering, layout modification, actuation sequence tampering, concentration altering, parameter modification, reading forgery, and information leakage. To prevent biochips from being damaged by these attack behaviors, a number of defense measures have been proposed in recent years. Accordingly, we further classify these techniques into three categories according to their respective defense purposes, including confidentiality protection, integrity protection, and availability protection. These measures, to varying degrees, can provide effective protection for DMFBs. Finally, key trends and directions for future research that are related to the security of DMFBs are discussed from several aspects, e.g., manufacturing materials, biochip structure, and usage environment, thus providing new ideas for future biochip protection.

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Fernandez, Dennis, and Mary Chow. "Feature — Intellectual Property Strategy in Bioinformatics and Biochips." Asia-Pacific Biotech News 07, no. 02 (2003): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219030303000181.

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Intellectual property rights are essential in today's technology-driven age. A strong intellectual property protection strategy is crucial in the bioinformatics and biochips technology spaces as monetary and temporal resources are tremendous in finding a blockbuster drug or gene therapy, as well as in deploying advanced biosensor and other medical systems. Current problems and intellectual property practice in the genomic space are presented and analyzed. Various strategy and solutions are proposed to guide bioinformatic and biochip companies in forming an aggressive strategy to protect one's intellectual property and competitive positioning.

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Gao, Li, Qiuxiang Lv, Ni Xia, Yuanwei Lin, Feng Lin, and Bangxing Han. "Detection of Mercury Ion with High Sensitivity and Selectivity Using a DNA/Graphene Oxide Hybrid Immobilized on Glass Slides." Biosensors 11, no. 9 (2021): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11090300.

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Excessive mercury ions (Hg2+) cause great pollution to soil/water and pose a major threat to human health. The high sensitivity and high selectivity in the Hg2+ detection demonstrated herein are significant for the research areas of analytical chemistry, chemical biology, physical chemistry, drug discovery, and clinical diagnosis. In this study, a series of simple, low-cost, and highly sensitive biochips based on a graphene oxide (GO)/DNA hybrid was developed. Hg2+ is detected with high sensitivity and selectivity by GO/DNA hybrid biochips immobilized on glass slides. The performance of the biosensors can be improved by introducing more phosphorothioate sites and complementary bases. The best limit of detection of the biochips is 0.38 nM with selectivity of over 10:1. This sensor was also used for Hg2+ detection in Dendrobium. The results show this biochip is promising for Hg2+ detection.

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Schulz, Katharina, Christopher Pöhlmann, Richard Dietrich, Erwin Märtlbauer, and Thomas Elßner. "An Electrochemical Fiveplex Biochip Assay Based on Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies for Fast On-Site Detection of Bioterrorism Relevant Low Molecular Weight Toxins." Toxins 11, no. 12 (2019): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120696.

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Modern threats of bioterrorism force the need for multiple detection of biothreat agents to determine the presence or absence of such agents in suspicious samples. Here, we present a rapid electrochemical fiveplex biochip screening assay for detection of the bioterrorism relevant low molecular weight toxins saxitoxin, microcystin-LR, T-2 toxin, roridin A and aflatoxin B1 relying on anti-idiotypic antibodies as epitope-mimicking reagents. The proposed method avoids the use of potentially harmful toxin-protein conjugates usually mandatory for competitive immunoassays. The biochip is processed and analyzed on the automated and portable detection platform pBDi within 13.4 min. The fiveplex biochip assay revealed toxin group specificity to multiple congeners. Limits of detection were 1.2 ng/mL, 1.5 ng/mL, 0.4 ng/mL, 0.5 ng/mL and 0.6 ng/mL for saxitoxin, microcystin-LR, T-2 toxin, roridin A or aflatoxin B1, respectively. The robustness of the fiveplex biochip for real samples was demonstrated by detecting saxitoxin, microcystin-LR, HT-2 toxin, roridin A and aflatoxin B1 in contaminated human blood serum without elaborate sample preparation. Recovery rates were between 52–115% covering a wide concentration range. Thus, the developed robust fiveplex biochip assay can be used on-site to quickly detect one or multiple low molecular weight toxins in a single run.

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Chang, Yaw-Jen, Yeon Pun Chang, and Kai Yuan Cheng. "Operation Principle and Simulation of Loop-Type Microfluidic Biochips." Materials Science Forum 505-507 (January 2006): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.505-507.649.

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Biochip is an emerging technology and has evoked great research interests in recent years. In this paper, a novel air-driven loop-type microfluidic biochip was investigated. Differing from conventional micro channels, this chip has a micro loop-channel and 3 sets of driving conduits with valveless design in their intersections so that the microfluid can be driven smoothly in unidirectional circular movements. The driving efficiency reaches the highest if the entry angle of driving conduits is in the tangent direction of the loop-channel. However, the smaller the included angle, the impact area the larger, leading to comparatively serious reflow phenomenon. Furthermore, the microfluid can be controlled to stop almost instantaneously in the loop segment. Therefore, this loop-type biochip is suitable for biochemical reactions under repeated multiple temperature operations such as polymerase chain reaction. A full circular movement completes a cycle of PCR amplification. Besides, this biochip has its merits including simpler chip design, shorter channel length, and flexible controllability for biochemical reactions.

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ZHENG, FEIYAN, HAOCAI WANG, and LI ZHANG. "A DEPLETION DETECTION ARCHITECTURE BASED ON MAGNETORESISTIVE SENSORS FOR BIOAPPLICATION." Modern Physics Letters B 23, no. 11 (2009): 1425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984909019582.

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This paper presents a novel architecture for a bio-detection system to reuse magnetoresistive sensors and improve its repeatability. The architecture is composed of two fixed magnetoresistive sensors, a movable biochip, a microfluidic device and two current straps. On the action of a magnetic field gradient generated by current strap, functional magnetic particles pass along the channel. Some particles are bound by a special reaction to the biochip surface, and magnetoresistive sensors on the two ends measure the number of particles of original state and subsequencial state. The signal difference of two magnetoresistive sensors reflect the number of the depletion magnetic particles captured by the biochip.

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Scheller, Frieder W. "From biosensor to biochip." FEBS Journal 274, no. 21 (2007): 5451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06082.x.

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Brückl, Hubert, Monika Brzeska, Dirk Brinkmann, et al. "Magnetoresistive logic and biochip." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 282 (November 2004): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2004.04.050.

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Meinke-Carstanjen, Annette. "Biochip als Therapie-Wegweiser." kma - Klinik Management aktuell 9, no. 11 (2004): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1573063.

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Für Brustkrebs-Patientinnen vergeht oft wertvolle Zeit, wenn die Therapie nicht anschlägt. Dies will das Hamburger Biotech-Unternehmen Eppendorf ändern: Ihr Biochip analysiert die genetische Handschrift des Tumors und soll so eine maßgeschneiderte Brustkrebs-Therapie ermöglichen.

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Chen, Huili, Seetal Potluri, and Farinaz Koushanfar. "Security of Microfluidic Biochip." ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems 25, no. 3 (2020): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3382127.

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Wenyu, Zhang. "Application of biochip technology." Journal of Biotechnology 136 (October 2008): S591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1192.

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Azizipour, Neda, Rahi Avazpour, Mohamad Sawan, Abdellah Ajji, and Derek H. Rosenzweig. "Surface Optimization and Design Adaptation toward Spheroid Formation On-Chip." Sensors 22, no. 9 (2022): 3191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093191.

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Spheroids have become an essential tool in preclinical cancer research. The uniformity of spheroids is a critical parameter in drug test results. Spheroids form by self-assembly of cells. Hence, the control of homogeneity of spheroids in terms of size, shape, and density is challenging. We developed surface-optimized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) biochip platforms for uniform spheroid formation on-chip. These biochips were surface modified with 10% bovine serum albumin (BSA) to effectively suppress cell adhesion on the PDMS surface. These surface-optimized platforms facilitate cell self-aggregations to produce homogenous non-scaffold-based spheroids. We produced uniform spheroids on these biochips using six different established human cell lines and a co-culture model. Here, we observe that the concentration of the BSA is important in blocking cell adhesion to the PDMS surfaces. Biochips treated with 3% BSA demonstrated cell repellent properties similar to the bare PDMS surfaces. This work highlights the importance of surface modification on spheroid production on PDMS-based microfluidic devices.

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Gambino, Caterina Maria, Luisa Agnello, Bruna Lo Sasso, et al. "Comparative Analysis of BIOCHIP Mosaic-Based Indirect Immunofluorescence with Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosing Myasthenia Gravis." Diagnostics 11, no. 11 (2021): 2098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11112098.

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Background: The detection of anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and anti-muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibodies is useful in myasthenia gravis (MG) diagnosis and management. BIOCHIP mosaic-based indirect immunofluorescence is a novel analytical method, which employs the simultaneous detection of anti-AChR and anti-MuSK antibodies in a single miniature incubation field. In this study, we compare, for the first time, the BIOCHIP MG mosaic with conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the diagnosis of MG. Methods: A total of 71 patients with MG diagnosis were included in the study. Anti-AChR and anti-MuSK antibodies were measured separately by two different ELISA and simultaneously by BIOCHIP. The results were then compared. Results: The overall concordance between ELISA and BIOCHIP for anti-AChR reactivity was 74%. Cohen’s kappa was 0.51 (95% CI 0.32–0.71), which corresponds to 90% of the maximum possible kappa (0.57), given the observed marginal frequencies. The overall concordance for anti-MuSK reactivity was 84%. Cohen’s kappa was 0.11 (95% CI 0.00–0.36), which corresponds to 41% of the maximum possible kappa (0.27). Conclusion: The overall concordance among assays is not optimal.

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Kriegshäuser, Gernot, Veronika Auner, Eva Schuster, et al. "KRAS mutation analysis in genomic DNA isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ovarian tissue: evaluation of a strip-based reverse-hybridisation assay." Journal of Clinical Pathology 64, no. 3 (2011): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2010.081414.

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AimsTo evaluate a reverse-hybridisation assay (strip assay) designed for the sensitive detection of 10 mutations in codons 12 and 13 of the KRAS gene. The strip assay relies on mutant-enriched PCR followed by reverse-hybridisation of biotinylated amplification products to oligonucleotide probes immobilised as an array of parallel lines on nitrocellulose test strips.MethodsThe strip assay was used to analyse genomic DNA isolated from 120 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) ovarian tissue samples. The samples were analysed in parallel using a biochip-based protocol (biochip assay) covering the same mutation spectrum, and results were compared with respect to sensitivity, specificity and operational input.ResultsThe strip assay identified 19 (16%) of 120 FFPE samples to carry a KRAS mutation; results were in agreement with those obtained by biochip hybridisation. Both assays had an analytical sensitivity of 1% when performed on FFPE-extracted DNA with approximately the same operational input needed for post-PCR processing. In contrast to the biochip assay, strip assay hybridisation may be automated to a large extent.ConclusionsThe strip assay is an accurate and sensitive tool for the low to medium throughput detection of KRAS mutation in genomic DNA isolated from FFPE tissue.

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Bubilaitė, Agnė, Vesta Kučinskienė, Jurgita Makštienė, et al. "Sergančiųjų autoimuninėmis pūslinėmis ligomis klinikinės ir imunologinės charakteristikos. Pilotinis tyrimas." Lithuanian General Practitioner 27, no. 6 (2023): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37499/lbpg.1215.

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Autoimuninės pūslinės ligos (APL) – tai retų odos ligų grupė, kuriai būdingos pūslės ir erozijos odoje ir (arba) gleivinėse. Tikslas. Nustatyti sergančiųjų APL klinikines ir imunologines charakteristikas. Metodika. Atliktas perspektyvusis pilotinis tyrimas, į kurį įtraukti pacientai su pirmą kartą nustatyta ir negydyta APL, kai, atlikus odos arba gleivinės biopsiją, gautas teigiamas tiesioginės imunofluorescencijos (TIF) rezultatas. Rezultatai. Į tyrimą įtraukta 13 tiriamųjų (7 moterys, 6 vyrai), 10 iš 13 diagnozuotas pūslinis pemfigoidas (BP), 2 iš 13 – paraneoplastinė pūslinė (PP), 1 iš 13 – gleivinių pemfigoidas (GP). Iš gretutinių ligų 92,3 proc. diagnozuota arterinė hipertenzija (AH). Teigiami serumo antikūnų (AK) prieš APL antigenus rezultatai netiesioginės imunofluorescencijos BIOCHIP (NIF BIOCHIP) ir ELISA metodu nustatyti atitinkamai 53,8 proc. ir 61,5 proc. tiriamųjų. Pacientams su šešiais ir (arba) daugiau išbėrimų dažniau nustatyti teigiami NIF BIOCHIP (85,7 proc.) ir ELISA (87,5 proc.) rezultatai (p = 0,01) bei didesni AK prieš BP180 antigeną titrai (p = 0,028). Išvados. BP diagnozuotas vyresniems nei 61 metų amžiaus pacientams, kurie serga AH. Daugiau nei pusei tiriamųjų nustatyti teigiami serumo AK prieš APL antigenus rezultatai NIF BIOCHIP ir ELISA metodu. Teigiami šių tyrimų rezultatai ir didesni AK prieš BP180 antigeną titrai dažniau nustatomi, kai pasireiškia daugiau išbėrimų.

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Li, Yun, LuJie Zhao, Jingye Wang, et al. "A new application of multiplex PCR combined with membrane biochip assay for rapid detection of 9 common pathogens in sepsis." PeerJ 11 (May 12, 2023): e15325. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15325.

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Rapid and accurate identification of specific sepsis pathogens is critical for patient treatment and disease control. This study aimed to establish a new application for the rapid identification of common pathogens in patients with suspected sepsis and evaluate its role in clinical application. A multiplex PCR assay was designed to simultaneously amplify specific conserved regions of nine common pathogenic microorganisms in sepsis, including Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumonia, and Candida albicans. The PCR products were analyzed by a membrane biochip. The analytical sensitivity of the assay was determined at a range of 5–100 copies/reaction for each standard strain, and the detection range was 20–200 cfu/reaction in a series dilution of simulated clinical samples at different concentrations. Out of the 179 clinical samples, the positive rate for pathogens detected by the membrane biochip assay and blood culture method was 20.11% (36/179) and 18.44% (33/179), respectively. However, by comparing the positive rate of the nine common pathogens we detected, the membrane biochip assay tended to be more sensitive than the blood culture method (20.11% vs 15.64%). The clinical sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the membrane biochip assay were 92.9%, 93.2%, 72.2% and 98.6%, respectively. Generally, this multiplex PCR combined membrane biochip assay can be used to detect major sepsis pathogens, and is useful for early initiation of effective antimicrobial treatment, and is feasible for sepsis pathogens identification in routine clinical practice.

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Wang, Yuxin, Yun-Sheng Chan, Matthew Chae, Donglu Shi, Chen-Yi Lee, and Jiajie Diao. "Programmable Digital-Microfluidic Biochips for SARS-CoV-2 Detection." Bioengineering 10, no. 8 (2023): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10080923.

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Biochips, a novel technology in the field of biomolecular analysis, offer a promising alternative to conventional testing equipment. These chips integrate multiple functions within a single system, providing a compact and efficient solution for various testing needs. For biochips, a pattern-control micro-electrode-dot-array (MEDA) is a new, universally viable design that can replace microchannels and other micro-components. In a Micro Electrode Dot Array (MEDA), each electrode can be programmatically controlled or dynamically grouped, allowing a single chip to fulfill the diverse requirements of different tests. This capability not only enhances flexibility, but also contributes to cost reduction by eliminating the need for multiple specialized chips. In this paper, we present a visible biochip testing system for tracking the entire testing process in real time, and describe our application of the system to detect SARS-CoV-2.

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Prix, Lothar, Peter Uciechowski, Beatrix Böckmann, Michael Giesing, and Andreas J. Schuetz. "Diagnostic Biochip Array for Fast and Sensitive Detection of K-ras Mutations in Stool." Clinical Chemistry 48, no. 3 (2002): 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/48.3.428.

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Abstract Background: Tumor cells that shed into stool are attractive targets for molecular screening and early detection of colon or pancreatic malignancies. We developed a diagnostic test to screen for 10 of the most common mutations of codons 12 and 13 of the K-ras gene by hybridization to a new biochip array. Methods: DNA was isolated from 26 stool samples by column-based extraction from 9 cell lines. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-mediated PCR clamping was used for mutant-specific amplification. We used a biochip, consisting of a small plastic support with covalently immobilized 13mer oligonucleotides. The read out of the biochip was done by confocal time-resolved laser scanning. Hybridization, scanning, and data evaluation could be performed in &lt;2 h. Results: Approximately 80 ng of DNA was obtained from 200-mg stool samples. No inhibition of the PCR by remaining impurities from stool was observed. Mutation detection was possible in 1000-fold excess of wild-type sequence. Discrimination ratios between the mutations were &gt;19 as demonstrated by hybridization with tumor cell line DNA. Stool samples (n = 26) were analyzed in parallel with PNA-PCR, restriction assay for K-ras codon 12 mutations, sequencing, and hybridization to the biochip. Nine mutations were found by hybridization, all confirmed by sequencing. PNA-PCR alone leads to an overestimation of mutations because suppression of the wild type is not effective enough with high concentrations of wild-type DNA. The restriction assay found only four mutations. Conclusions: The K-ras biochip is well suited for fast mutation detection from stool in colorectal cancer screening.

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Cíchová, Marianna, Miloslava Prokšová, Lívia Tóthová, Hunor Sántha, and Viktor Mayer. "On-line cell lysis of bacteria and its spores using a microfluidic biochip." Open Life Sciences 7, no. 2 (2012): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-012-0005-8.

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AbstractOptimal detection of pathogens by molecular methods in water samples depends on the ability to extract DNA rapidly and efficiently. In this study, an innovative method was developed using a microfluidic biochip, produced by microelectrochemical system technology, and capable of performing online cell lysis and DNA extraction during a continuous flow process. On-chip cell lysis based on chemical/physical methods was performed by employing a sufficient blend of water with the lysing buffer. The efficiency of lysis with microfluidic biochip was compared with thermal lysis in Eppendorf tubes and with two commercial DNA extraction kits: Power Water DNA isolation kit and ForensicGEM Saliva isolation kit in parallel tests. Two lysing buffers containing 1% Triton X-100 or 5% Chelex were assessed for their lysis effectiveness on a microfluidic biochip. SYBR Green real-time PCR analysis revealed that cell lysis on a microfluidic biochip using 5% Chelex buffer provided better or comparable recovery of DNA than commercial isolation kits. The system yielded better results for Gram-positive bacteria than for Gram-negative bacteria and spores of Gram-positive bacteria, within the limits of detection at 103 CFU/ml. During the continuous flow process in the system, rapid cells lysis with PCR-amplifiable genomic DNA were achieved within 20 minutes.

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Beydoun, Nour, Yann Niberon, Laurent Arnaud, et al. "Stabilization of Copper-Based Biochips with Alumina for Biosensing Application." Biosensors 12, no. 12 (2022): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12121132.

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Surface plasmon resonance devices typically rely on the use of gold-coated surfaces, but the use of more abundant metals is desirable for the long-term development of plasmonic biochips. As a substitute for gold, thin copper films have been deposited on glass coverslips by thermal evaporation. As expected, these films immersed in a water solution initially exhibit an intense plasmonic resonance comparable to gold. However, without protection, an angle-resolved optical analysis shows a rapid degradation of the copper, characterized by a continuous angular shift of the plasmonic resonance curve. We show that copper films protected with a thin layer of aluminum oxide of a few nanometers can limit the oxidation rate for a sufficient time to perform some standard measurements. As the process is simple and compatible with the current biochip production technique, such an approach could pave the way for the production of alternative and more sustainable biochips.

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Fan, M. Q., P. X. Wang, J. Y. Feng, Y. Xiao, and C. B. Huang. "Biochip analysis of prostate cancer." Genetics and Molecular Research 13, no. 1 (2014): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2014.january.10.6.

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Yang, Y. S. "(Invited) The Next Generation Biochip." ECS Transactions 69, no. 13 (2015): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/06913.0003ecst.

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Blank, K., T. Mai, I. Gilbert, et al. "A force-based protein biochip." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, no. 20 (2003): 11356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1934928100.

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Kim, Moon Il, Tae Jung Park, Elena E. Paskaleva, Fangfang Sun, Jin W. Seo, and Krunal K. Mehta. "Nanotechnologies for Biosensor and Biochip." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/420734.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Biochip'

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