Dissertations / Theses: 'Biodegradation of oil in soils'

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Toccalino, Patricia. "Optimization of hydrocarbon biodegradation in a sandy soil /." Full text open access at:, 1992. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,192.

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Haigh, Susan D. "Biodegradation of synthetic 2-stroke lubricants in soil." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.346431.

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TAPAJOS, PRISCILA BANDEIRA DE A. "STUDY OF THE MOBILITY AND BIODEGRADATION OF A MINERAL OIL IN SOILS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=12394@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
A mobilidade dos hidrocarbonetos de petróleo e os processos de remediação aos quais estão sendo submetidos são de fundamental importância para o gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas. A biorremediação é uma tecnologia multidisciplinar, que envolve ciências como a microbiologia, a engenharia, a geologia e a química, baseada na habilidade dos microrganismos de utilizar o contaminante como fonte exclusiva de energia para o funcionamento de seu metabolismo. O estudo de solos residuais tropicais é de valiosa contribuição para a comunidade científica brasileira por serem encontrados poucos trabalhos na literatura a respeito do comportamento de contaminantes orgânicos nestes solos. O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado foi estudar a mobilidade de um óleo mineral em um solo arenoso inerte e em um solo residual indeformado. Neste último, em se tratando de um solo microbiologicamente ativo, foram também analisadas a biodegradação do contaminante e a influência da temperatura na atividade degradadora e na descida do óleo. Os ensaios com o solo arenoso inerte, representado por esferas de vidro industrializadas, contaram com uma etapa inicial de testes no intuito de desenvolver as metodologias de adensamento, de saturação e de drenagem. A contaminação somente se deu após a delineação do perfil dos ensaios. Com a finalidade de avaliar a mobilidade do contaminante na coluna de solo, após 24 horas foram realizadas as análises por extração e determinação gravimétrica de hidrocarbonetos totais de petróleo (TPH) e a ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) das amostras de solo de cada segmento. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o contaminante migrou facilmente através da coluna de solo arenoso. Os ensaios com o solo residual consistiram na contaminação de colunas de solo indeformado pelo mesmo óleo utilizado nos ensaios com o solo inerte, sob duas condições distintas: Sob a ação de refletores e em condições normais de temperatura. Foram realizadas análises químicas (TPH e RMN) e de atividade degradadora microbiana a cada 5cm, a fim de avaliar a influência dos microorganismos do solo no processo de degradação do contaminante ao longo dos 157 dias de monitoramento. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o óleo é susceptível aos processos de biodegradação pela microbiota nativa, mostrando uma relação direta entre a atividade degradadora dos microrganismos do solo e a queda na concentração de hidrocarbonetos de petróleo.
Petroleum hydrocarbons´ mobility and remediation processes to which they are submitted are of great importance to the management of contaminated areas. The investigation of tropical residual soils is of valuable contribution to the scientific community, not only in Brazil but also across the world, once there is little research work concerning the behavior of organic contaminants in these soils. The main goal of the present thesis was to study the mobility of a mineral oil in sandy and tropical residual silty soils. Since the latter constitutes a microbiologically active soil, both the biodegradation processes of the contaminant and the influence of temperature on its mobility through the porous media and on the degrading activity of the microbial population inhabiting the soil have been evaluated. The experiments regarding the sandy idle soil, represented by perfect industrialized spheres, counted on a initial stage of tests, in order to develop the methodologies most adequate to a situation where the capillary fringe does not represent a considerable portion of the column´s height. The contamination itself only took place after the outline of the whole experiment. With the purpose of analyzing the contaminant´s mobility after 24 hours, every sample of soil from each different section of the column has been chemically and microbiologically analyzed. The results have shown that the mineral oil migrated easily through the porous media. The experiments making use of the tropical residual soil consisted on the contamination of soil columns through their top by the same mineral oil applied to the first experiment. However the experiment took place under two distinct conditions: Under an increase of temperature (represented by the influence of reflectors) and under natural conditions of temperature. The bioremediation of soils contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons is a multidisciplinary technology which involves sciences such as microbiology, engineering, geology and chemistry, and is based on the ability of microorganisms to utilize contaminants as an exclusive source of energy for the functioning of their metabolisms. Therefore, on the experiments in which the residual soil was the object of investigation, soil samples from the columns´ overture day have been subject to chemical (TPH and MNR) e microbiological (FDA) analysis in order to evaluate the influence of soil microorganisms on the biodegradation processes of the mineral oil throughout the 157 days of experiments. The results have shown that the tropical residual soil studied in the present work is susceptible to the biodegradation processes and is characterized by a direct relationship between the degradative activity and the loss of petroleum hydrocarbons.

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Runyon, Thomas Alvin 1963. "Microcosm experiments to enhance the bioremediation of a No.2 fuel oil-contaminated soil." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277064.

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Soil microcosm experiments were conducted to identify soil amendments which enhance the biodegradation of a No. 2 (diesel) fuel in soil. Microcosm amendments in Phase 1 included yeast extract, acetate, methane, and activated sludge. Combinations of these amendments resulted in 16 different treatments. Phase 2 soil microcosms contained combinations of methane and methanotroph additions resulting in four different treatments. Gas chromatography was used to determine the time and treatment-dependent concentration of C12-C18 n-alkanes during Phase 1 and, C14-C19 n-alkanes during Phase 2. Results from Phase 1 indicated that the most extensive biodegradation occurred in methane and activated sludge-supplemented microcosms. Acetate and/or yeast extract inhibited biodegradation by soil and/or activated sludge microorganisms. Addition of methane relieved inhibition by these amendments. Methane and/or methanotroph additions to Phase 2 microcosms did not enhance biodegradation relative to unamended microcosms. In general, n-alkanes longer than n-C12 were equally degraded in soil microcosms.

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Ratnayake, Jayantha I. L. B. "Use of ozone to accelerate biodegradation of petroleum oil contaminated soil." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408167.

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Walsh, Jami Beth. "A feasibility study of bioremediation in a highly organic contaminated soil." Link to electronic version, 1999. http://www.wpi.docs/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-052599-115437/unrestricted/thesis.pdf.

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Al-Khafaju, Adil A. "The fate of fuel oil added to soil and its effect on soil properties." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244880.

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Vogdt, Joachim. "Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-172348/.

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Smith, Michael John. "Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil." Thesis, University of Kent, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242929.

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Kvicala, Jamie L. "The effect of temperature on the rate and extent of crude oil biodegradation in a soil slurry." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ65157.pdf.

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Nevárez-Moorillón, Guadalupe Virginia. "Biodegradation of Certain Petroleum Product Contaminants in Soil and Water By Selected Bacteria." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332474/.

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Soil contamination by gasoline underground storage tanks is a critical environmental problem. The results herein show that in situ bioremediation using indigenous soil microorganisms is the method of choice. Five sites were selected for bioremediation based on the levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene and the amount of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil. Bacteria capable of degrading these contaminants were selected from the contaminated sites and grown in 1,200 I mass cultures. These were added to the soil together with nutrients, water and air via PVC pipes.

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Pizzul, Leticia. "Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by actinomycetes /." Uppsala : Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/200650.pdf.

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Tauler, Ferrer Margalida. "Bacterial populations and functions driving the decontamination of PAC polluted soils = Poblacions i funcions bacterianes implicades en la descontaminació de sòls contaminats amb CAPs." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/334163.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment due to accidental spills during use, transport and storage of petroleum and coal derivatives. Their high chemical stability and hydrophobicity confers them recalcitrance. Because of their great persistence in the environment, toxicity and carcinogenicity, these compounds are on the list of priority pollutants. The most sustainable way to remove these compounds from soil without damaging its ecological structure and function is bioremediation. This technology uses the metabolic capabilities of microorganisms to decontaminate (degrade) polluted sites. Microorganisms act on the environment interconnected by metabolic networks, in which the byproducts generated by certain populations are utilized for others as a carbon source. Until recently, the PAH biodegradation studies were conducted by exposing individual compounds to pure strains. However, to improve the technology of bioremediation is necessary to unravel how these metabolic networks function in situ. The main objective of this Thesis was to contribute to the elucidation of microbial processes occurring in situ during PAH biodegradation in soils. Thus, two main approaches were used. First, the high molecular weight (HMW) PAH-degrading community of a creosote polluted soil was selected and characterized by new enrichment method using a biphasic system consisting of mineral medium and sand coated with a creosote NAPL previously biodegraded. Once the community became stable, its degrading potential was determined. In 12 weeks, consortium UBHP was able to significantly remove the compounds from 2 to 6 rings (90% fluoranthene, pyrene 90%, 66% benz(a)anthracene and chrysene 59%) and their alkylated derivatives. Key populations of this consortium were identified, based on their responses to specific substrates, phylogenetic, functional and metabolomic profiles, and recovery in pure culture. The phylotypes who played a key role in the degradation of HMW PAHs corresponded to Sphingobium, Sphingomonas, Achromobacter, Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium. Furthermore, the microbial processes driving the PAH removal in situ during the laboratory bioestimulation of a real creosote polluted soil were investigated. The degradation kinetics of PAHs, oxy-PAHs and N-PACs, together with the formation and/or accumulation of possible acidic products were correlated with key phylotypes and community shifts. A real-time insight into the community dynamics was obtained from the combined analysis of changes in global (genes) and active (transcripts) microbial communities, both at the phylogenetic (16S rRNA) and functional (genes RHD) level. The addition of nutrients resulted in a significant and substantial biodegradation of PAHs with 2, 3, 4 and 5 aromatic rings (93%) and the N-PACs (85%) at 150 days of incubation. During the highest degradation rates there was a transient peak of accumulation of both oxy-PAH and acid metabolites, which were later removed by the microbial populations present in the soil. The nutrient addition also resulted in a higher expression levels in both functional and structural genes, and the genera involved in the disappearance of such compounds were identified as Pseudomonas, Pseudoxanthomons, Achromobacter, Sphingobium, Olivibacter and Mycobacterium.
Los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAPs) predominan en numerosos emplazamientos contaminados en Europa. Debido a su alta persistencia en el medio y elevada toxicidad y carcinogenicidad, están en las listas de contaminantes prioritarios. La única manera de eliminar estos compuestos del suelo sin dañar la estructura y las funciones ecológicas es la bioremediación, que utiliza las capacidades metabólicas de los microorganismos para la degradación o detoxificación de los contaminantes. Los microorganismos actúan en el suelo mediante redes metabólicas en las que los subproductos de degradación de unas poblaciones sirven de fuente de carbono para otras. Hasta hace pocos años los estudios de biodegradación de HAPs se basaban en cultivos puros y sustratos individuales. Para optimizar las técnicas de bioremediación es necesario saber cómo funcionan esas redes metabólicas in situ. El objetivo principal de esta Tesis es contribuir a la elucidación de los procesos microbianos que tienen lugar in situ durante la biodegradación de los HAPs en suelos. Se seleccionó la comunidad degradadora de HAPs de elevado peso molecular (EPM) de un suelo contaminado mediante un nuevo método de enriquecimiento utilizando un sistema con medio mineral y arena contaminada con creosota previamente degradada. Una vez la comunidad se mantuvo estable, se determinó su potencial degradador. El consorcio UBHP fue capaz de eliminar significativamente los compuestos de 2-6 anillos (90% fluoranteno, 90% pireno, 66% benz(a)antraceno y 59% criseno). Las poblaciones clave de este consorcio fueron identificadas, en base a sus respuestas a sustratos específicos, perfiles filogenéticos, funcionales y de metabolómica, y su recuperación en cultivo puro. Los filotipos clave en la degradación de los HAPs EPM pertenecían a Sphingobium, Sphingomonas, Achromobacter, Pseudomonas y Mycobacterium. Se investigaron los procesos microbianos para la eliminación de HAP in situ durante la bioestimulación del suelo. Las cinéticas de degradación de los HAPs, oxi-HAPs y N-CAPs, junto con la formación y/o acumulación de posibles productos de oxidación, se correlacionaron con filotipos clave y cambios en la comunidad. A partir del análisis de los cambios en las poblaciones globales (genes) y activas (transcritos), tanto desde el punto de vista filogenético (16S ARNr) como funcional (RHD), se obtuvo una visión real de la dinámica de la comunidad. La adición de nutrientes promovió la biodegradación significativa de los HAPs de 2-5 anillos (93%) y de N-CAPs (85%). Se produjo la acumulación transitoria de oxi-HAPs y de metabolitos ácidos, que posteriormente fueron degradados. La adición de nutrientes también resultó en un aumento en la expresión de genes estructurales y funcionales. Los géneros principales fueron Pseudomonas, Pseudoxanthomons, Achromobacter, Sphingobium, Olivibacter y Mycobacterium.

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Dooley, S. "Biodegradation of machine cutting oil." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598601.

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The aim of this dissertation was to improve the biodegradation performance of a machine cutting oil employed in the processing of uranium at AWE. The machine cutting oil is chemically complex containing mineral oil, surfactants to improve emulsification and a phenolic biocide. Biodegradation was performed by a mixed culture of bacteria isolated from used cutting oil. Continuous, semi-batch and fed-batch systems were examined and stirred tanks and well-mixed biosupport reactors (immobilised cell systems) were compared. A continuous flow system was shown to provide a high rate of productivity with respect to COD removal. The extent of biodegradation would be important for a radioactive application and this ranged from 61-77% for hydraulic residence times of 10-53 hours, however it was noted that the extent of biodegradation was greater in the batch start-up period. The application of a Tween 80 emulsified feed to increase the bioavailability of the oil phase inhibited rather than improved the biodegradation performance. The use of a biosupport reactor improved biodegradation at shorter residence times. Development of these observations led to the operation of semi-batch (SBR) and fed-batch reactor systems (FBR). Following acclimatisation of the culture, the semi-batch systems consistently yielded higher extents of biodegradation in the range of 86-94% removal of COD for a bioprocess cycle of 5 days. The addition of n-hexadecane, as a readily metabolised co-substrate, to two semi-batch experiments did not noticeably increase biodegradation. A fed-batch configuration did not improve on the performance of the semi-batch configuration. GC-MS analysis of the extracted organics produced an unresolved complex mixture (UCM). Oxidation using chromium trioxide (CrO₃) of the UCM suggested that the remaining components were undegraded molecules from the base oil rather than excreted biodegradation intermediates. Phenotypic and genotypic assessment of the bacterial community showed that the overall diversity of the mixed culture was low. The bacterial population shifted throughout the batch period and diversity was further reduced as the cutting oil was degraded. Maximum diversity was observed at the start of the batch period and at steady state for the continuous system.

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Forsling, Scott A. "Sorption and biodegradation of phenanthrene in soils." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11102009-020357/.

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Weise, Andréa M. "The significance of clay-oil flocculation processes to oil biodegradation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0021/MQ28738.pdf.

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McCormick, Amy J. "The effects of pH on the biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-Xylene in soils." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10222009-124953/.

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Zhuang, Mobing. "Effects of Chemical Dispersion on Biodegradation of Petroleum." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1470757578.

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Doumer, Marta Eliane. "Impacto dos subprodutos da industrialização do xisto sobre atributos biológicos do solo." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5537.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The impact of using oil shale byproducts in soil on biological activity is an aspect still little known. The aim of this work was to evaluate the oil shale byproducts impact on soil biological attributes. In 2010, experiments were conducted on soil Hapludalf under laboratory conditions and field. In the laboratory, the treatments consisted of seven different rates (0, 300, 450, 600, 750, 1500 and 3000 kg ha-1) of oil shale ash (OSA), calcareous of shale (CS) and fragments of shale (FS). In the field, in two crops of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in notillage system, the treatments were composed of the OAS, with four rates (0, 750, 1,500 and 3,000 kg ha-1) in combination with mineral fertilizer (NPK) and one treatment with only a single rate of OSA (1,500 kg ha-1). Other control treatment was beans cultivated without OSA and without NPK. The evaluations were: CO2 evolution, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), soil enzyme activity (acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase, β-glucosidase, urease, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, dehydrogenase) and ecotoxicological test. In the laboratory study, the data show a low degradability of organic fraction of solid byproducts of the oil shale industrialization. The application of the OAS reduces CO2 emissions without reducing the CBM. The OSA does not cause negative impacts on soil enzymatic activity even when reapplied to the soil at increasing rates. The results obtained with the enzymes activity under field conditions after two applications of OAS, combined with the results of MBC, the metabolic quotient (qCO2) and ecotoxicological test indicate that the solid byproducts of the oil shale industrialization (OSA, CS and FS) does not cause the biological degradation of soil.
O impacto do uso de subprodutos do xisto no solo sobre a atividade biológica é um aspecto ainda pouco conhecido. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de avaliar o impacto da aplicação dos subprodutos do xisto sobre atributos biológicos do solo. No ano de 2010 foram conduzidos experimentos em solo Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico sob condições de laboratório e de campo. No laboratório, os tratamentos consistiram da aplicação ao solo de sete diferentes doses (0, 300, 450, 600, 750, 1500 e 3.000 kg ha-1) de xisto retortado (XR), calcário de xisto (CX) e finos de xisto (FX). No campo, em dois cultivos de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) em sistema plantio direto, os tratamentos avaliados foram compostos pelo XR, sendo quatro doses crescentes (0, 750, 1.500 e 3.000 kg ha-1) em combinação à adubação mineral (NPK) e uma dose isolada com somente XR (1.500 kg ha-1). Além desses, foi avaliado o tratamento sem XR e sem NPK. As avaliações realizadas foram: evolução de CO2, carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), atividade enzimática do solo (fosfatase ácida, arilsulfatase, β-glicosidase, urease, hidrólise do diacetato de fluoresceína, desidrogenase) e teste de ecotoxicidade. No estudo laboratorial, foi observada uma baixa degrabilidade da fração orgânica dos subprodutos sólidos da industrialização do xisto. A aplicação do XR ao solo reduz a emissão de CO2 sem reduzir o CBM. O XR mesmo quando reaplicado em doses crescentes ao solo não causa impactos negativos sobre a atividade enzimática do solo. Os resultados obtidos com as enzimas em condições de campo, após duas aplicações de XR, aliados aos resultados de CBM, do quociente metabólico (qCO2) e do teste ecotoxicológico indicam que os subprodutos sólidos da industrialização do xisto (XR, CX e FX) não provocam a degradação biológica do solo.

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Kähkönen, Mika A. "Biodegradation activities in coniferous forest soils and freshwater sediments." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2003. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/maa/skemi/vk/kahkonen/.

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Van, Hamme Jonathan Douglas. "Crude oil biodegradation by a mixed bacterial culture." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0019/NQ53521.pdf.

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Coupe, Stephen John. "Oil biodegradation and microbial ecology within permeable pavements." Thesis, Coventry University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404727.

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McInnis, Jeffrey A. "Biodegradation and Dewatering of an Industrial Waste Oil." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41440.

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Waste oil generated from industrial operations at a diesel locomotive maintenance facility was investigated to establish its treatability and potential volume reduction. The waste oil and water mixture separated into four distinct layers; free oil, emulsified oil, weathered oil, and wastewater. The research was conducted in a series of three batch experiments and focused on the emulsified and weathered oils. The waste oil was aerobically treated in nutrient amended, 55 gallon (208 L) drums for 38 to 42 days in 10 and 20 % mixtures with sufficient air for mixing and oxygen. Biodegradation, and the role of a synthetic surfactant in promoting biodegradation, was measured using chemical oxygen demand (COD), fluorescein diacetate (FDA), and gas chromatography (GC) analyses with extractable material. Dewatering of biodegraded oil was measured using capillary suction test (CST), time to filter (TTF), and percent cake solids. Batch 1 examined the role of bioaugmentation by comparing a 10% waste oil mixture that was augmented with a mixture of hydrocarbon degraders to a 10 % mixture of waste oil with no bioaugmentation. Final COD reductions were 59 (Â± 9) and 38 (Â±3) % for the bioaugmented and non-bioaugmented reactors, respectively. Chromatographs showed significant reduction in the abundance of peaks by the end of the experiment for both reactors. Overall results suggested that there was no significant difference in biodegradation capabilities between the amended and native microorganisms. Batch 2 was conducted to determine if a synthetic surfactant (Tween-80) could enhance biodegradation of a 10 % waste oil mixture. The surfactant-amended reactor showed COD reduction 3 days before the non-surfactant-amended reactor. Chromatographs showed similar results for both reactors with the non-surfactant-amended reactor showing slightly better degradation by the end of the experiment. The total COD reduction by the end of the experiment was the same in both (R1: 85 Â± 20%, R2: 84 Â± 16 %), suggesting that exogenous surfactant addition did not have a long-term impact in the biodegradation of the waste oil. Batch 3 examined the effect of different oil phases and concentrations on biodegradation and the dewatering characteristics of post-biodegraded waste oil. The 20 % weathered and emulsified waste oil mixture showed a clear delay in COD reduction (no notable reduction until day 24) compared to the 10 % weathered waste oil mixture. The final COD reductions were the same (R1: 48 Â± 13%, R2: 49, Â± 23 %). Chromatographs showed similar results for both reactors and indicated that degradation of the waste oil occurred in both reactors. The data suggest that the 20 % waste oil mixture can be degraded to the same extent as the 10 % mixture in 38 days. Dewatering characteristics, as measured by CST, were poor for the 20 % post-biodegraded combined waste oil mixture without conditioning. Conditioning with alum or ferric chloride substantially improved dewatering of the waste oil for the 20 % mixture but was of limited benefit for the 10 % mixture. Percent cake solids for conditioned 10 % post-biodegraded waste oil mixture was 44 (Â± 0.3) to 50 (Â± 1.7) % and 34 (Â± 0.3) to 50 (Â± 1.8) % for the 20 % mixture. The cake solids for the unconditioned 10 % mixture was 50 to 65 % and 54 to 68 % for the 20 % mixture. The higher percent cake solids for the unconditioned 20 % mixture was countered by the very high TTF (up to 30 min. to filter 50 mL) and the inability to dewater the sludge during the last five sampling events. Conditioning appeared to have a limited effect on the dewatering properties of the 10 % mixture.
Master of Science

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Sukplang, Patamaporn. "The Removal of Linseed Oil Vapors by Biodegradation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278809/.

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Linseed oil is very important in industry but its use is limited due to noxious vapors produced by oxidation on exposure to air. Since some of the products are toxic, release of linseed oil vapors to the environment is normally prohibited. In order to remove the odorous compounds, a biofilter system based on bacterial metabolism was designed and the major premises of bioremediation were studied. A total of five bacterial strains capable of using linseed oil vapors as their sources of carbon and energy were isolated from soil. The individual organisms were also mixed to form a bacterial consortium. The mixed population was able to degrade linseed oil vapors with more than 99 per cent efficiency. According to this research, a successful biodegradation system was designed and, theoretically, this system could be applied to the removal of linseed oil vapors in any industrial plant air stream.

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Agbeotu, Emibra E. "Plant enhanced biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=59440.

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Hydrocarbons in soil may assert acute or chronic impacts to plants, animals and microbial processes if contacted. These have raised political and scientific concerns. Consequential research efforts corroborated that constitutive microorganisms contact the compounds for their metabolic activities. This may result in mineralisation, transformation and/or detoxification (biodegradation) of the compounds. Hydrocarbon biodegradation is relatively cost-effective and ecological, but often marred with limited availability to plant or animal cells (bioavailability) for metabolism. Several authors reported that growth of some plants or administration of requisite rootexudates into soil with hydrocarbons often increases hydrocarbon bioavailability for enhanced biodegradation. However, development of knowledge about this respite from plants is often founded on impacts of plants on single dose or selected mixture of hydrocarbons in soils or culture solutions. These do not; and cannot represent the heterogeneous complex mixture of numerous organic and inorganic compounds in soils where plants grow naturally. In this study, synthetic root-exudates, seedlings of lupin and ryegrass were applied separately into respective soils that were contaminated with aged and/or fresh petroleum hydrocarbons. Individual impacts of the treatments on bulk hydrocarbon concentrations, rate of microbial respiration and total numbers of culturable bacterial colonies in the soils were investigated. Results suggested that application of lupin, ryegrass or synthetic root-exudates into the soils significantly (p ≤ 0.05) induced reduction or upsurge of hydrocarbon biodegradation end-points relative to the type and concentration of hydrocarbons in soil. Thus, it is inferred that growth of plants or administration of root-exudates into hydrocarbon contaminated soils could result in enhanced biodegradation of hydrocarbons in soil.

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Orlu, Rosemary Nmavulem. "Geochemical controls during the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soils." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19846/.

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The microbial transformation of Fe (III) to Fe (II) can be coupled to the oxidation and reduction of organic contaminants in sub-oxic to anoxic environments. A multidisciplinary approach was adopted in this study to investigate the biogeochemical influences on the degradation of toluene (a representative of the class of aromatic hydrocarbons collectively known as BTEX) using experimental analogues of subsurface soil environments under predominantly iron-reducing conditions. The removal of toluene over the period of incubation indicated the soil-water mixture supported the degradation of toluene under predominantly iron-reducing conditions. Chemical sequential extractions showed the removal of toluene in the active mesocosms induced an increase in carbonate-bound iron fractions from 196.1 ± 11.4 mg/kg to 5,252.1 ± 291.8 mg/kg and a decrease in the reducible iron fraction from 2,504.4 ± 1,445.9 mg/kg to 375.6 ± 20.8 mg/kg. Analysis of the soil-water mixture showed slight shifts in the pH of the control and active mesocosms at the start of the experiments however these shifts occurred to a lesser degree over the remainder of the incubation period. Further experiments analysed the degree of influence of differing soil matrices and extraneous sources of iron (hematite, goethite, magnetite, ferrihydrite and lepidocrocite) on toluene removal. With the exception of the lepidocrocite-amended mesocosms, all of the iron-amended mesocosms were shown to have supported toluene removal. The presence of hematite, goethite and magnetite did not produce a significant change in the pH or total iron concentrations of the soil-water mixture. However the presence of ferrihydrite in the ferrihydrite-amended mesocosms induced a decrease in pH to slightly acid values ranging between pH 6.5 at the start of the experiments and 5.2 at the end of the experiments. The lepidocrocite-amended mesocosms induced a change to slightly alkaline values ranging between pH 8.4 and 8.8 during the period of incubation. All of the soil-amended mesocosms supported the removal of toluene in the soil-water mixture. The mesocosms containing soils with a greater percentage clay fraction removed higher amounts of toluene, possibly an indication that the bulk of this removal was sorption-induced and not microbially-mediated. An experimental approach based on the standard stable carbon isotope analytical method made it possible to determine the source of carbon in the incubated mesocosm material. The application of the mixed effects model approach to analyse the repeatedly measured experimental data demonstrated the possibility of producing predictive models for toluene removal in soil.

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Kogbara, Reginald Baribor. "Process envelopes for and biodegradation within stabilised/solidified contaminated soils." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609546.

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Ostrofsky, Ellen B. "Atrazine biodegradation in agricultural soils : a phenotypic and genotypic analysis /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487953567770278.

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Bond, Paul C. "Mineral oil biodegradation within permeable pavements : long-term observations." Thesis, Coventry University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311530.

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Ugochukwu, Uzochukwu Cornelius. "Biodegradation of crude oil hydrocarbons supported on clay minerals." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1329.

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Clay minerals are the most abundant minerals near the earth’s surface and play very important roles in biogeochemical processes. They have been found very useful in various industrial applications. The surface properties of clay minerals such as high specific surface area (SSA) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) make them able to act as catalysts, supports and sorbents of toxic and radioactive chemicals. However, their role during the biodegradation of crude oil hydrocarbons is not well understood. The main aim of this research project was to investigate the capabilities of the various forms and types of clay minerals in supporting the microbial degradation of crude oil hydrocarbons so as to gain better understanding of their potential role in the bioremediation of oil polluted sites. The role of clays in hydrocarbon removal was investigated in aqueous clay/oil microcosm experiments with a hydrocarbon degrading microorganism community. The clays used for this study were bentonite, palygorskite, saponite and kaolinite. Clays were treated to produce acid activated clays and organoclays; homoionic interlayer bentonites were also used in this study. The study identified volatilization and adsorption as processes that will take place alongside biodegradation and therefore needed to be accounted for in the assessment of the effects of the clays. The study indicated that acid activated clays, organoclays, untreated kaolinite, K-bentonite, Zn-bentonite and Cr-bentonite were inhibitory to biodegradation of the hydrocarbons, via different mechanisms, whereas Ca-bentonite and Fe-bentonite were stimulatory to biodegradation with about 80% removal of the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) due to biodegradation. The ‘local bridging effect’ and polarization of the interlayer water were identified as two opposing influences arising from the interlayer cations of clay minerals that probably determine the extent of biodegradation of the hydrocarbons. Adsorption of hydrocarbons was significant during biodegradation especially with unmodified palygorskite, Zn-bentonite and K-bentonite as each of them caused more than 40% removal of TPH by adsorption in the experimental microcosm containing 5:1 ratio (w/w) of clay to oil. The process of adsorption of aromatic compounds in the crude oil was believed to take place via cation-π interactions. The correlation between extent of biodegradation and surface area is more robust than that between extent of biodegradation and CEC. The same trend applies with adsorption indicating that both biodegradation and adsorption are more surface area dependent than CEC.

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XU, YINGYING. "BIODEGRADATION OF HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF CRUDE OIL IN MICROCOSMS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1014064418.

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Ibrahim, Ashraf Samir Abdel-Aziz. "Biodegradation of crude oil and individual hydrocarbons by microorganisms." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1991. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27943.

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Samples collected from Kuwait were screened for microorganisms capable of oil degradation. A wide range of bacteria and fungi were able to degrade oil. The bacterial and fungal isolates differed in their ability to degrade crude oil. Rhodococcus isolates were more active than fungi in n-alkane biodegradation. Fungi also utilised one or more of the aromatic hydrocarbons studied while bacteria failed to do so.

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Walters, Mary Jane. "Bioavailability of chlorinated biphenyls and their selected metabolites in soils." Thesis, University of Kent, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242926.

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Obuekwe, Ifeyinwa S. "Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils co-contaminated with metals." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.656325.

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Mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PARs) and heavy metals are of major concern in contaminated soil. The aim of this project was to investigate the impact of heavy metals and PAHs on microbial activity, concentrating on the mineralisation of PAHs and partitioning of phenanthrene in the presence of metals. Naphthalene and phenanthrene were used as model PAHs and Zn, Cu, Al and Fe were used as model heavy metals. 14C_ Naphthlene and 14C-phenanthrene mineralisation were followed in soil with varying concentrations of Zn, Cu, Al and Fe; a sequential aqueous\solvent extraction scheme was also used to assess the partitioning of phenanthrene in the presence of these metals. Zn and Cu (50 and 100 mg/kg) stimulated (p < 0.05) 14C-naphthalene mineralisation, but had no impact on 14C-phenanthrene mineralisation. Zn (500 and 1000 mg/kg) had no impact on 14C-phenanthrene mineralisation (p > 0.05), but Cu (500 and 1000 mg/kg) significantly reduced (p < 0.05) phenanthrene catabolism, particularly in aged Cu. Zn and Cu mixtures (500 and 1000 mg/kg) inhibited 14C-phenanthrene catabolism. 14C-Glucose mineralisation (maximum rates) and incorporation into the microbial biomass were significantly reduced at higher Zn and Cu concentrations (500 and 1000 mg/kg). Al and Fe (50 and 100 mg/kg) stimulated (p < 0.05) both 14C-naphthalene and phenanthrene mineralisation, however, Al (500 mg/kg) significantly reduced (p < 0.05) mineralisation of both PAHs. Fe (500 mg/kg) stimulated both 14C-naphthalene and phenanthrene mineralisation. Cu and Al (500 mg/kg) significantly increased (p < 0.05) 14C-phenanthrene extractable CaCh and HPCD fractions, this could be because of their great affinity for the organic and mineral soil components. The impact of metals on the biodegradation of PAHs depends on the type and concentrations of the metals, as well as the incubation time. Studies on metal-P AH impact in soil facilitates the assessment of risk, hazard and bioremediation potential at sites contaminated with both contaminants.

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Zhao, Yuechen. "Biodegradation Patterns and Toxicity of the Constituents of Canola Oil." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1240518968.

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Croce, Bronwen. "The biodegradation of a synthetic lubricant by eukaryotic microalgae." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386720.

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Okere, Uchechukwu Victor. "Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in "pristine " soils from different environmental systems." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.656326.

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Global soils have the capacity to act as a sink for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and subsequently as a secondary source making soil/PAH interactions important to environmental PAH levels. A number of physical, chemical and biological processes determine P AH fate in soil but microbial degradation is the most important. Biodegradation depends on bioavailability, soil organic matter, water and nutrient content, temperature and previous exposure to PAHs. Globally, environments differ and soils from different geographic regions differ in their properties and PAH concentrations. While the importance of diffuse P AH contamination of soils is widely acknowledged in literature, most studies on P AH biodegradation in soils have been conducted on soils contaminated from a P AH point source. The aims of this project were to investigate the indigenous biodegradation of PAHs in pristine soils from different geographic locations as well as what environmental factors are most significant in the development of PAH biodegradation potential in pristine soils. Pristine soils used include soils from Antarctica, Norway, UK and Tibet. Levels of PAHs in all the soils were low and properties like soil organic matter, nutrients and water content were different. P AH degrading bacteria were present in all the soils studied irrespective of low PAH concentrations. Temperature was found to affect both the rates and extents of P AH degradation in the Antarctic soils. Results also suggest that the effect of temperature on adaptation of indigenous microbes to PAH degradation might be more important than that of lack of exposure. Further works suggested include the identification of individual P AH -degrading bacteria in these background soils and investigating the effect of increasing soil P AH-contact time in low organic matter background Antarctic soils.

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Williamson, Derek Guthrie. "Relating release and biodegradation kinetics in soils containing aged mixtures of hydrocarbons /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Lanza, G. R., and Phillip R. Scheuerman. "Effect of Soil Amendments on In Situ Biodegradation in Creosote Contaminated Soils." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1996. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2910.

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England, Matthew Lawson. "Oil Generation, Migration and Biodegradation in the Wessex Basin (Dorset, UK)." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.512194.

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Dominguez, Elena. "Phytoremediation of soils contaminated by used motor oil." Virtual Press, 2002. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1246470.

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Urum, Kingsley. "Biosurfactant enhanced treatment of petroleum oil contaminated soils." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/232.

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This thesis reports the experimental measurements on the ability of biological origin surfactants (i.e. biosurfactants - aescin, lecithin, rhamnolipid, saponin and tannin) on removing crude oil and a heavy fuel oil blend from various soils, through soil washing process. The greatest advantage of soil washing is that it is a physical means of separating oil from soil using water or surfactants without chemically modifying either the soil or the oil. The oil removal performance of the biosurfactants was evaluated against that of a well studied synthetic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS) using water as a base case. For this purpose, different washing settings (i.e. test tubes, stirred flasks, packed column, and air bubble assisted stirred tank) were used to treat contaminated soils with high oil toxicity. The effects of operational parameters such as washing temperature (5 to 500C), washing time (1 to 20 minutes), concentration of surfactant solutions (0.004 to 0.5%-mass), volume of surfactant solution (5 to 20 cm3), flow rate (2 to 16 cm3/minutes), pore volume (10 to 70) and contamination history was investigated. The interaction of the surfactant solutions with the oil and soils was also investigated, which was used to explain the dominant mechanisms behind soil washing. The contaminated soils were prepared in the laboratory by mixing the oil and soils. Two different contamination cases were considered: weathered contamination in which freshly contaminated soils were subjected to heat treatment in a fan assisted oven (simulating weathering effect in the natural hot environments), and non-weathered contamination in which contaminated soils were not subjected to any heat treatment. The different washing techniques employed in this study yielded a novel and informative description on the selection of biosurfactants in the remediation of crude oil contaminated soils. This is believed to have major academic and industrial values for the treatment of (1) soil contaminated with oil, (2) sand produced with oil, (3) drill cuttings, (4) enhanced oil recovery, and (5) waste drilling mud and sludge from oil storage tank. In addition, the characterization of the biosurfactants in oil-water, soilwater and oil-soil systems give a general knowledge of their behaviour, which is important in the application for effective removal of oil from soil. Soil washing was found to have a considerable potential in removing oil from the different contaminated soils and results were comparable with those reported in literature. Oil removal by rhamnolipid was more effective than the other biosurfactants and water was effective at higher parameter levels. Further, biosurfactants can preferentially remove certain aromatic groups, which may be desirable for more rapid soil remediation. The rhamnolipid can be equally as efficient at removing oil from soil as SDS at a repeatability range of ± 6%. However, rhamnolipid have advantages over SDS beacuase the use of rhamnolipid will eliminate the need for removing surfactants from effluents as their release will not damage the environment due to their safe natures. Other surfactants (bio and/or synthetic) can be blended with rhamnolipid to achieve greater performance characteristics. In general, the stirred tank and air bubble assisted stirred tank reactors settings were more effective in removing oil from the weathered and the non-weathered contaminated soil samples. The most influential parameter on the oil removal was washing solution temperature with more than 80% of crude oil removal at 500C.

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Bottone, Anna. "Analyzing microplastics in soils : Evaluating canola oil extractions." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-165179.

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Small fragments of artificial polymers (microplastics, MPs) has been reported for multiple environmental matrices from our planet. The omnipresent existence of these microplastics even in remote polar areas have raised concern about their potential environmental impacts and created a need for effective and standardized analytical methods targeting their detection in environmental samples. So far, no methods have been developed for detecting microplastics in organic-rich soils. In this master thesis, I evaluate two analytical methods (both based on canola oil extractions) targeting microplastics in two contrasting soil matrices; one mineral rich (sandy mineral soil from a Podzol) and the other by organic matter (sample from a Histosol). I hypothesize that the detection of microplastic has a bias that depends on specific plastic particle properties (size, polymer type and morphology) as well as on the organic content of soil samples. My results show that the recovery of added plastics is strongly dependent on particle size and diminishes with decreasing microplastics length. This result was repeated by both extraction approaches. Polymer shape and soil characteristics (organic matter content) affect MPs recovery if oil extractions are conducted without pre-treatment (oxidation) step. Here, fibers proved most difficult to detect and low recoveries suggested that the method was not applicable to organic rich samples. The addition of a pretreatment step including oxidation with sodium hypochlorite improved recoveries for organic rich samples and removed the effect of soil type and polymer shape. Hence, the use of a pretreatment is essential to extract MPs from organic-rich soils, but it also decreases the overall recovery for all type of studied polymers and mostly fibers. My study suggests that there is a substantial bias when detecting MPs in soils that is causing a general underestimation, especially for small, fibrous particles in organic rich soils.

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Nwankwo, Chindo Anulika. "Using compost to reduce oil contamination in soils." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8398/.

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The use of mineral fertilizers as amendment for bioremediation of crude oil contaminated soils has been investigated in many situations; however, the average farmer in Niger Delta, Nigeria is unable to access mineral fertilizer for routine farming purposes due to cost. The waste stream in the Niger Delta has a high percentage of biodegradable materials that are suitable for composting. Given the abundance of biodegradable materials in the region, it should be possible to use the product as a bioremediation material. This project investigated the possibility of using waste-derived compost to treat soils contaminated with crude oil. The level of oil at 5,000 mg oil/kg soil (0.5% w/w) is the limit used in Nigerian legislation. For this study, contamination values much above this level were used ranging from 5, 7.5 and 10% (w/w) as this was found to better reflect the actual situation in the Niger Delta. The total petroleum hydrocarbons were determined using spectrophotometre. The ability of compost to improve the fertility of the soil was determined using seedling germination, chosen because of its relatively rapid response. The results from this study showed that germination of seeds without the addition of compost was adversely affected by the oil pollution. There was total inhibition to growth at initial 10% oil level suggesting that 10% oil concentration is above the trigger level for plant growth. The addition of compost diluted the contamination levels producing approximately 50% increase in overall germination observed within 5 weeks. Plants grew in soil with the least diluted content of 7.5% oil level. Soils treated with compost recorded higher biomass yields compared to those not treated with compost. This suggests that compost improved the quality of contaminated soils and sustained the yield of tomatoes seeds. The factors used for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment on soil quality included soil pH, electrical conductivity and seedling test as demonstrated by germination and growth of tomato seeds. The results were used to develop equations and charts for determining the most suitable treatment regime to be used in the field. Coming from this treatment regime, a relatively simple protocol was developed for use by local farmers to enable them to make the most effective use of compost on their own contaminated soils.

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Osman, Suhana Hanum. "The degradation of refractory mineral oil residues using bioreactors." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/26875.

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This thesis is concerned with the biodegradation of oily sludges typically found at refinery sites as waste residues from the refining of mineral oil. Currently these type of wastes represent significant environmental risk. Current technology that addresses containment during treatment to regulate the release of volatile organic carbons and reduction of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the sludge, is incineration. Incineration is a costly option and this research has shown that the same treatment standards as incineration is achievable through bioreactor treatment with the correct process and reactor design.

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Dodge, Kathryn. "Biodegradation of salicylic acid by natural and recombinant bacteria." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272736.

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Vähäoja, P. (Pekka). "Oil analysis in machine diagnostics." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2006. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514280768.

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Abstract This study concentrates on developing and tuning various oil analysis methods to meet the requirements of modern industry and environmental analytics. Oil analysis methods form a vital part of techniques used to monitor the condition of machines and may help to improve the overall equipment effectiveness value of a factory in a significant manner. Worm gears are used in various production machines, and their breakdowns may cause significant production losses. Wearing of these gears is relatively difficult to monitor with vibration analysis. Analysis of two indicator metals, copper and iron, may reveal wearing phenomena of worm gears effectively, and savings can be significant. Effective wear metal analysis requires good tools. ICP-OES with kerosene dilution is widely used in wear metal analysis, but purchasing and using of ICP-OES is expensive. A cheaper FAAS technique with similar pre-treatment of oil samples was tested and it proved to be useful especially in analyzing small amounts of samples. The accuracy of FAAS was sufficient for quantitative work in machine diagnostics and waste oil characterization. Solid debris analyses are useful in oil contamination control as well as in detection of wearing mechanisms. Membrane filtration, optical microscopy, SEM and automatic particle counting were applied in analysis of rolling and gear oils. Particle counting is an effective way to detect oil contamination, but in the studied cases even larger particles than those detected in normal ISO classes would be informative. However, membrane filtration and optical microscopy may reveal the wearing machine element exactly. Additives provide oils with desired properties thus they should be monitored intensively. A FTIR method for quantitative analysis of fatty alcohols and fatty acid esters in machinery oils was developed during this work. It has already been used successfully in quantitative and qualitative analysis of machinery oil samples. Various kinds of oils may be spilled into the soil during use and in accident situations, and they can migrate to groundwater layers. Biodegradation of oils can remove them from the soil or water completely or at least diminish the amount of harmful substances. An automatic, respirometric BOD OxiTop method was used to evaluate the biodegradability of various oils in water and soil media. The biodegradation of certain bio and mineral hydraulic oils was evaluated in groundwater, where bio oils usually biodegraded more effectively than mineral oils. The use of oils in machines weakened especially the biodegradability of bio oils. Biodegradability of bio oils was also studied in standard conditions of OECD 301 F and bio oils usually biodegraded moderately good in these conditions. The biodegradation of forestry chain oils and wood preservative oils was evaluated in forest soils. Linseed oil biodegraded moderately, but certain experimental wood preservatives biodegraded more effectively. Widely used creosote oil biodegraded in a lesser degree. Rapeseed oil-based chain oils biodegraded more effectively than corresponding tall oil.

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Brennand, Victoria Jane. "The fate and behaviour of surfactants and organic contaminants in sludge amended soils." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313160.

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Holcroft, J. D. "Microbial degradation : A method for reducing the amount of oil in leachate from railway ballast." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382395.

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Farmer, William S. "A microcosm study of the biodegradability of adsorbed toluene by acclimated bacteria in soils." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44634.

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Groundwater contamination by man-made chemicals is increasingly being reported in the United States. The potential for detrimental health effects is substantial and has been addressed by the environmental engineering profession. Typically, contaminated groundwater is pumped to the surface and treated in a variety of methods including air stripping, carbon adsorption, and biodegradation. In situ biodegradation is increasingly being considered as an alternative to pump-and-treat technology.

The primary goal of this research was to determine the fate of an organic chemical adsorbed to a subsurface soil when exposed to acclimated bacteria. Toluene was chosen as a representative compound because it is a major constituent of groundwater contaminated by gasoline. In addition, toluene is known to be both biodegradable and adsorbable. Sybron Biochemical, Inc. supplied the aerobic bacteria Psgudomonas gutjga known to readily transform toluene.

Soil microcosms were established in test-tubes and conditions simulated those of a saturated, aerobic aquifer. Gas chromatography was used to quantify changes in toluene concentration due to adsorption and biodegradation. The addition of an aqueous toluene solution to sterile microcosms resulted in the rapid and extensive adsorption of toluene to the soil. Subsequent analysis revealed the slow adsorption of an additional small fraction of toluene.

Biodegradation studies entailed the addition of acclimated bacteria to sterile soil microcosms in which substantial toluene adsorption had occurred. Addition of small doses of hydrogen peroxide effectively maintained aerobic conditions for biodegradation. As a result, E, putjda was able to transform all measurable toluene in the microcosms.

Additional desorption studies revealed that a "resistant" component of toluene remained adsorbed to the soil during biodegradation. This component was neither acted upon by bacteria nor readily extractable by methylene chloride. However, slow desorption of toluene was shown to occur at a rate comparable to slow adsorption. To achieve complete removal, groundwater treatment methods must address the rate-controlled desorption of the resistant toluene component.

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