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1
Zagorc-Koncan, J., and M. Dular. "Evaluation of Toxicity in Receiving Streams." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0736.
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A laboratory river model for the study of self-purification inhibition in a stream containing toxic substances is presented. It enables an engineering - technological prediction of the impact of toxic substances or wastewaters on dissolved oxygen (DO) profile in an organically polluted river downstream from the point of entry of toxic effluent thus providing rapidly and inexpensively significant design information to an environmental scientist or engineer. The method was applied to the toxicity evaluation of wastewaters from electroplating industry. The effects of copper, cyanide (representing two significant constituents of this type of wastewaters) and wastewater from electroplating industry on the biodegradation of organic municipal pollution in receiving stream were evaluated experimentally.
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Rathour, Ranju K., Vaishali Sharma, Nidhi Rana, Ravi K. Bhatia, and Arvind K. Bhatt. "Bioremediation of Simulated Textile Effluent by an Efficient Bio-catalyst Purified from a Novel Pseudomonas fluorescence LiP-RL5." Current Chemical Biology 14, no. 2 (November 19, 2020): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212796814666200406100247.
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Background: Microbial degradation of highly stable textile dyes, using lignin peroxidase, is an eco-friendly, less expensive and much advantageous in comparison to the chemical method. Objective: Biodegradation potential of lignin peroxidase (LiP), from Pseudomonas fluorescens LiP-RL5, was enhanced after optimization and purification so as to use it as a potential bioresource for the treatment of textile effluent. Methods: LiP producing bacterial isolate was primarily screened by methylene blue assay followed by LiP assay. The standard protocol was used for purification of lignin peroxidase and purified LiP was finally used for degradation of textile dyes. Results: 57 bacterial isolates were screened for lignin peroxidase activity. Isolate LiP-RL5 showed maximum activity (19.8 ±0.33 %) in terms of methylene blue reduction in comparison to others. Biochemical and molecular characterization of LiP-RL5 showed 99 % similarity with P. fluorescens. Lignin peroxidase activity was increased by 50 % after optimization of cultural conditions. Maximum enhancement in the activity was achieved when peptone was used as a nitrogen source. LiP from P. fluorescens LiP-RL5 was further purified up to 2 folds. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a single protein band of approximately 40 kDa. Enzyme also showed high catalytic efficiency with Km= 6.94 mM and Vmax= 78.74 μmol/ml/min. Purified enzyme was able to decolorize the simulated textile effluent up to 45.05 ±0.28 % after 40 minutes. Conclusion: : High catalytic efficiency of purified LiP from P. fluorescens LiP-RL5 suggests its utility as a potential candidate for biodegradation of toxic dyes in the industrial effluent, which could be successfully utilized for wastewater treatment at commercial level.
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Herzog, Bastian, Hilde Lemmer, Brigitte Helmreich, Harald Horn, and Elisabeth Müller. "Monitoring benzotriazoles: a 1 year study on concentrations and removal efficiencies in three different wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 4 (November 25, 2013): 710–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.766.
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Benzotriazole (BTri), 4- and 5-tolyltriazole (4-TTri, 5-TTri) were monitored over 1 year in three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with a membrane bioreactor (MBR-MH) and two conventional activated sludge systems (CAS-E, CAS-M). The influent/effluent concentrations and treatment stages removal efficiencies were monitored. 5-TTri was removed best (mean removal 80%) in the WWTP mainly by biodegradation followed by BTri (mean removal 45%) and 4-TTri (mean removal 15%) that showed a significant lower elimination. High removal fluctuations for all three benzotriazoles occurred over the four seasons with lowest removal during winter. All three WWTPs constituted a point source for BTs in the aquatic environment as concentration measurements in the receiving rivers upstream and downstream of the WWTP proved. While MBR-MH and CAS-M significantly increased the downstream concentrations, CAS-E only slightly increased the downstream concentrations as the receiving river was already contaminated with benzotriazoles from hydropower. 5-TTri was detected in lowest concentrations due to its good removal compared to BTri and 4-TTri that contribute to high effluent concentrations with the potential to accumulate due to insufficient self-purification.
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Bryndina, Larisa, and Anna Korchagina. "INFLUENCE OF WASTEWATER POLLUTION ON BIOCENOSIS OF ACTIVE Sludge." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.3/2.
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Wastewater from agro-industrial complexes is rich in organic components. Biological method is considered to be the most universal for their purification. It provides a high rate of biodegradation of pollution. But due to the high concentration of incoming pollutants, activated sludge microbiome can reduce its cleaning ability. High aeration rate is required for the effective decomposition of such compounds, since aerobic microorganisms predominate in the activated sludge. Under real conditions, the time for the oxidation of these substances by microbial communities is often insufficient. This imbalance between incoming organic matter and oxidized activated sludge microbiota leads to the growth of filamentous bacteria, which is one of the reasons of activated sludge swelling. The influence of high concentrations of pollutants in wastewater on a consortium of microorganisms of activated sludge was investigated to eliminate this negative factor. Physical and chemical composition of the wastewater was carried out according to standard methods. The composition of the activated sludge bacteriocenosis and pig intestine microbiome were determined by standard methods of inoculation in liquid and solid nutrient media. A correlation between the decrease in the concentration of pollutants and regeneration of activated sludge biocenosis has been established. A 59.8% decrease in the overall level of COD contamination of source effluents led to an increase in the number of flocculating microorganisms by 41.7%. Deep destruction of amine nitrogen (99%) and phosphorus (71.4%) was observed due to the activation of heterotrophic microorganisms.
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Xu, Feng, Jin Chuan Gu, and Jin Bao. "Research for Biodegradation and Bioaugmentation of Drilling Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 684 (April 2013): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.684.226.
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The paper studied the degradation rate of single strain, the microorganisms agent compatibility and the bioaugmentation effects of the activated sludge system. The results showed that 10 strains screened from drilling site were able to degrade drilling wastewater. Confirm the optimal ratio of strains’ compatibility through orthogonal experiment. In augmented experiments, it showed that in the control SBR system with the COD of the effluent was in three different average levels (with two load shock), the COD degradation rates were 21.4%, 22.8% and 6.9%. In the augmented system treated with the same effluent, the degradation rates of augmented system were 64.8%, 62.78% and 66.9% respectively. It showed that the activated sludge was augmented by the mixed cultures which made the system to be more stable and improve impact resistance.
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Gotvajn, A. Žgajnar, and J. Zagorc-Končan. "Hazard identification of pharmaceutical wastewaters using biodegradability studies." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 10 (May 1, 2003): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0574.
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A reliable wastewater characterization is an integral part of treatment and management strategies for industrial effluents. This is especially true for the pharmaceutical industry, which exhibits significant differences in its line of activity, generating effluents of very specific and complex natures. Any hazard or risk assessment of wastewater and/or determination of its treatability must include an evaluation of its degradability. Usually various non-standardized laboratory or pilot-scale long-term tests are run by measuring summary parameters for several days to determine the biodegradation potential of the effluent. A complex approach, based on stabilization studies, was proposed to determine the hazardous impact of wastewaters in terms of biodegradable and persistent toxicity. The objective of our work was to carry out complex hazard evaluation of pharmaceutical wastewaters. Whole effluent toxicity was determined using two different toxicity tests. First, we measured the inhibition of oxygen consumption by activated sludge. The test indicated toxicity of the wastewater and thus we performed an additional acute toxicity test with luminescent bacteria Vibrio fisheri. The next step was the determination of whole effluent ready biodegradability. It was determined with simultaneous measurement of oxygen consumption (ISO 9804) and carbon dioxide production (ISO 9439) in a closed respirometer, accompanied by DOC/IC measurements. The pharmaceutical wastewater degraded readily (83%, lag phase was 2 days, biodegradation rate was 0.339 day−1) on the basis of O2 measurements. The biodegradation, calculated from the CO2 measurements, was comparable. We also applied mass balances of DOC/IC at the beginning and at the end of biodegradation experiments to confirm the extent and rate of biodegradation. The determination of hazardous impact and treatability of the effluent was concluded with aerobic stabilization studies. Biodegradation of the wastewater during the study was followed by relevant biochemical analysis and DOC/IC mass balance.
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Tong, Kun, Guodong Ji, Fan Nie, Mingdong Zhang, Wen Ren, and Shuixiang Xie. "Enhanced removal of organic pollutants from super heavy oil wastewater using specially modified lignite activated coke." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, no. 6 (2020): 1606–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ew00033g.
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Lignite activated coke (LAC) has been modified in situ by adsorbing the biodegradation effluent of super heavy oil wastewater (SHOW) to extract organic pollutants from raw SHOW before biodegradation is investigated.
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Percherancier, Hélène, Bernadette Volat, and Bernard Montuelle. "Testing the biodegradability of wastewater treatment plant outfalls: role of bacterial inocula." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 6 (March 1, 1996): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0100.
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A simple procedure of batch experiments is described allowing the determination of the Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Carbon (BDOC) content of different effluent outfalls from wastewater treatment plants. The bioassay is based on the DOC reduction of treated wastewater samples inoculated with natural consortia of bacteria taken from river sediments or aquarium filters. This test allows routine determination of BDOC within a short period of time (less than 8 days). BDOC represents a still significant proportion of the treated effluent DOC: from 50% to about 70%, depending on the effluent. The origin of bacterial inocula have no influence on these proportions, but are the main parameter for the rate of biodegradation. Testing the biodegradability at 10°C and 20°C appears to be significant as it influences biodegradation processes and must be done for a complete ecological evaluation of the biodegradability of wastewater treatment plant effluents.
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Zagorc-Koncan, J., and M. Dular. "Evaluation of biodegradation kinetics of organic wastewater in a laboratory river model." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 10 (November 1, 1994): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0532.
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A laboratory river model for the study of biodegradation kinetics of organic pollution in surface waters is presented. It enables an engineering - technological prediction of the impact of wastewater biodegradation on DO and TOC profile in a river downstream from the point of entry of wastewater effluent thus providing rapidly and inexpensively significant design information to an environmental scientist or engineer. The method was applied to the determination of degradation of pharmaceutical wastewaters. Biodegradation during adaptation and a comparative study on organic constituents, biodegradation rates in polluted and unpolluted river waters were simulated.
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Dhall, Purnima, Rita Kumar, and Anil Kumar. "Biodegradation of Sewage Wastewater Using Autochthonous Bacteria." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/861903.
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The performance of isolated designed consortia comprisingBacillus pumilus, Brevibacterium sp, and Pseudomonas aeruginosafor the treatment of sewage wastewater in terms of reduction in COD (chemical oxygen demand), BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids), and TSS (total suspended solids) was studied. Different parameters were optimized (inoculum size, agitation, and temperature) to achieve effective results in less period of time. The results obtained indicated that consortium in the ratio of 1 : 2 (effluent : biomass) at 200 rpm, 35°C is capable of effectively reducing the pollutional load of the sewage wastewaters, in terms of COD, BOD, TSS, and MLSS within the desired discharge limits, that is, 32 mg/L, 8 mg/L, 162 mg/L, and 190 mg/L. The use of such specific consortia can overcome the inefficiencies of the conventional biological treatment facilities currently operational in sewage treatment plants.
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AZEH, Yakubu, Yohanna Bello Paiko, and Gimba Alfred. "One-Point Cellulose Adsorbents for Water Purification." Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging 6, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/jbemi.64.7640.
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The protection of our environment from pollution by various industrial wastewater discharges is of great importance that each Industry treats its effluent to meet acceptable limit/design means to reclaim water from industrial effluents for re-use. The study aimed at reclaiming water from wastewater by assessing the performance of two cellulose adsorbents using the fixed-bed column method to treat pharmaceutical/metal wastewater. The study was carried out by determining the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of wastewater quality before and after treatment using fixed-bed column. Effluent samples were collected and analyzed according to standard methods.
The range of percentage reduction in pollution load with respect to treatment time: 30, 120, 360 and 1440 min was 45-52%, 55-64%, 31-43, 25- 45%, 41- 44%, 55-73%, 48- 51%, 48-54%, 56-71% 13-31%, 45-52%, 47-67% from the metal effluent using nanocellulose adsorbent while 14-24%, 18-23%, 4-10%, 28-46%, 16-20%, 24-42%, 14-32%, 42-57%, 32-52%, 36-47%, 37-56%, 8-53% from the pharmaceutical effluent using oxidized cellulose adsorbent for colour, turbidity, conductivity, total hardness, Nitrite, Phosphate, Ammonia, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, total solids, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids respectively. Up to 99.9 % was achieved by the adsorbents in the removal of biological contaminants. The study concluded that the celluloses adsorbents showed promising potentials as one-point adsorbent that can be used for water reclamation from wastewater by its ability to remediate both physico-chemical and bacteriological contaminants.
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Al-Wasify, Raed S., Mohamed N. Ali, and Shimaa R. Hamed. "Biodegradation of dairy wastewater using bacterial and fungal local isolates." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 11 (September 2, 2017): 3094–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.481.
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Abstract Dairy wastewater contains high levels of organics and other pollutants. The present study was carried out to investigate the biodegradation process of dairy effluents using some locally isolated bacteria and fungi. Four different dairy effluent samples were collected from Obour and 6th October industrial cities, Egypt. Five bacterial species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus hirae) and three fungal strains (Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp. and Aspergillus sp.) were isolated from dairy wastewater samples, identified and used for biodegradation process. Bacterial and fungal consortia were prepared separately in the laboratory. Two-stages (aeration and filtration) laboratory scale model was designed. Rice straw and activated carbon layers were used as filtration media. Results indicated the great ability of both studied bacteria and fungi for removal of organics (biological oxygen demand removal percent were 78.7% and 74.7% for bacteria and fungi, respectively) and the improvement of the physicochemical quality (total suspended solids removal percent were 99.3% and 99.0% for bacteria and fungi, respectively) of the dairy effluent. The addition of rice straw and activated carbon increased removal efficiencies. Biodegradation of dairy wastewater depending on local microorganisms is an effective, cheap and eco-friendly technology.
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Yıldız, G., G. Insel, E. U. Cokgor, and D. Orhon. "Respirometric assessment of biodegradation for acrylic fibre-based carpet finishing wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 10 (May 1, 2007): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.312.
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The paper evaluates biodegradation characteristics of wastewaters generated from acrylic fibre-based carpet processing and manufacturing. It involves detailed characterisation, respirometric modelling and kinetic description of dyeing and softening wastewater streams and the composite effluent. The wastewaters exhibit different COD content and fractionation. The resulting composite effluent has a total COD of 775 mgL−1, predominantly soluble and with a biodegradable fraction of 86%. In respirometric studies, the OUR profiles can only be calibrated with a dual hydrolysis model with rates significantly slower compared to domestic sewage and other textile plant effluents. Kinetic information derived from the experiments is applied for the conceptual evaluation of the treatability of the composite wastewater using two different continuous-flow activated sludge configurations.
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Kumar, Anuj, Rashmi Priyadarshinee, Subhajit Singha, Bratin Sengupta, Abhishek Roy, Dalia Dasgupta, and Tamal Mandal. "Biodegradation of alkali lignin by Bacillus flexus RMWW II: analyzing performance for abatement of rice mill wastewater." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 9 (November 1, 2019): 1623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.005.
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Abstract A potential bacterium Bacillus flexus RMWW II has been isolated from rice mill effluent, and examined for its decolorizing potential for lignin-mimicking dyes. The biodegradation of alkali lignin by the rod-shaped, Gram-positive, oxidase and catalase-positive Bacillus flexus RMWW II bacteria is due to its uptake of lignin as the sole carbon source. The lignin degradation was 100% at a lignin concentration of 50 mg L−1 but the degradation reduced to 20% at 400 mg L−1. The bacterial-mediated biodegradation of alkali lignin was suitably explained by the Edward kinetics model with a maximal specific biodegradation rate (qmax) of 0.056 h−1 and true specific biodegradation rate (q*) of 0.042 h−1. The non-toxic nature of the metabolites of alkali lignin after bacterial degradation was illustrated by phytotoxicity studies. This bacterium was utilized to treat complex rice mill wastewater, as lignin is one of the major components of the effluent. A considerable reduction of 84% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was observed in a batch reactor in 70 h of operation. The bacterial treatment results for the actual rice mill effluent indicate that Bacillus flexus RMWW II could be a promising agent for microbial remediation of lignin-laden raw rice mill wastewater.
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Lin, Yen-Hui. "Modeling the performance of biodegradation of textile wastewater using polyurethane foam sponge cube as a supporting medium." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 2801–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.071.
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A pilot-scale fixed-biofilm reactor (FBR) was established to treat textile wastewater to evaluate the feasibility of replacing conventional treatment processes that involve activated sludge and coagulation units. A kinetic model was developed to describe the biodegradation of textile wastewater by FBR. Batch kinetic tests were performed to evaluate the biokinetic parameters that are used in the model. FBR column test was fed with a mean COD of 692 mg/L of textile wastewater from flow equalization unit. The influent flow rate was maintained at 48.4 L/h for FBR column test. Experimental data and model-predicted data for substrate effluent concentration (as COD), concentration of suspended biomass in effluent and the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced in the effluent agree closely with each other. Microscopic observations demonstrated that the biofilm exhibited a uniform distribution on the surface of polyurethane foam sponge. Under a steady-state condition, the effluent COD from FBR was about 14.7 mg COD/L (0.0213 Sb0), meeting the discharge standard (COD < 100 mg/L) that has been set by the government of Taiwan for textile wastewater effluent. The amount of biofilm and suspended biomass reached a maximal value in the steady state when the substrate flux reached a constant value and remained maximal. Approximately 33% of the substrate concentration (as COD) was converted to CO2 during biodegradation in the FBR test. The experimental and modeling schemes proposed in this study could be employed to design a full-scale FBR to treat textile wastewater.
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Neis, U., F. El-Gohary, and P. Pinnow. "Reuse of Municipal Wastewater in Arid Countries." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1987): 681–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0247.
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Biological wastewater pretreatment with a rotating biological contactor was found to be an appropriate technology to be used in developing countries for the reuse of wastewater for irrigation. Criteria for the wastewater pretreatment prior to agricultural reuse were elaborated based on removal of put-rescible organic matter and on balancing the nutrient composition of the effluent. Experimental investigations performed in Cairo, Egypt, show that an organic surface loading of the RBC of 15 mg BOD5/l leads to optimum effluent quality in respect to irrigation reuse with high organic constituents and partial nitrogen removal. The biodegradation of municipal sewage and ammonia conversion in Cairo proceeds at higher rates compared to temperate conditions.
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Bilal, Muhammad, Munawar Iqbal, Hongbo Hu, and Xuehong Zhang. "Mutagenicity, cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity evaluation of biodegraded textile effluent by fungal ligninolytic enzymes." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 10 (February 11, 2016): 2332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.082.
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Colored effluents from the textile industry have led to severe environmental pollution, and this has emerged as a global issue. The feasibility of ligninolytic enzymes for the detoxification and degradation of textile wastewater was investigated. Ganoderma lucidum crude ligninolytic enzymes extract (MnP 717.7, LiP 576.3, and Laccase 323.2 IU/mL) was produced using solid-state culture using wheat bran as substrate. The biodegradation treatment efficiency was evaluated on the basis of degradation and detoxification of textile effluents. Standard bioassays were employed for mutagenicity, cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity evaluation before and after biodegradation. The degradation of Masood Textile, Kalash Textile, Khyber Textile and Sitara Textile effluents was achieved up to 87.29%, 80.17%, 77.31% and 69.04%, respectively. The biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids and total organic carbon were improved considerably as a result of biodegradation of textile effluents, which were beyond the permissible limits established by the National Environmental Quality Standards before treatment. The cytotoxicity (Allium cepa, hemolytic, Daphnia magna and brine shrimp), mutagenicity (Ames TA98 and TA100) and phytotoxicity (Triticum aestivum) tests revealed that biodegradation significantly (P < 0.05) detoxifies the toxic agents in wastewater. Results revealed that biodegradation could possibly be used for remediation of textile effluents. However, detoxification monitoring is crucial and should always be used to evaluate the bio-efficiency of a treatment technique.
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Winnen, H., M. T. Suidan, P. V. Scarpino, B. Wrenn, N. Cicek, V. Urbain, and J. Manem. "Effectiveness of the membrane bioreactor in the biodegradation of high molecular-weight compounds." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 9 (November 1, 1996): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0211.
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The activated sludge process has been used extensively to treat municipal wastewater. The membrane bioreactor (MBR) process is a modification of the conventional activated sludge process where the clarifier is replaced with a membrane system for separation between the mixed liquor and the effluent. This paper presents the biological and physical performance data of a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor system, fed with a synthetic wastewater. At steady state, particularly high effluent quality was obtained and maintained for an extended period of time. Heterotrophic plate counting showed that the membrane retains heterotrophic microorganisms. Bacteriophage MS-2 was used to determine the retention of viruses. The membrane proved to retain the MS-2 virus.
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Ma, Hongzhi, Nyandwaro A. Bonnie, Miao Yu, Shun Che, and Qunhui Wang. "Biological treatment of ammonium perchlorate-contaminated wastewater: a review." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 6, no. 1 (July 8, 2015): 82–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.016.
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Absolute reduction of perchlorate has proven complex owing to the diverse characteristics of the perchlorate ion. Technologies such as chemical reduction, ozone/peroxide, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis have had limited success, high costs and are not environmentally friendly. A great deal of research and reviews on ion exchange and biodegradation have been carried out, but conditions for optimal biodegradation are not yet well understood. The acceptability of biological treatment of perchlorate has been limited due to challenges such as electron donor availability, which impacts on the environmental sustainability of perchlorate biodegradation, the biomass inventory, secondary contamination of treated water due to contact with micro-organisms between the treatment unit and the final effluent, and the presence of other energetic compounds such as Royal Demolition Explosives and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) in army PAX 21 production water and other competing electron acceptors such as nitrate and sulfate. Therefore, the current research concern is about optimization of the biodegradation of perchlorate for large-scale applicability. In addition to summarizing the strengths and weaknesses of developed and emerging perchlorate treatment technologies, this review focuses on research developments in biological treatment of ammonium perchlorate, perchlorate reducing bacteria, factors affecting biodegradation of NH4 ClO4− and previous research recommendations on efficient, effective, and stable biological treatment of perchlorate-contaminated wastewater.
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de Mes, T. Z. D., K. Kujawa-Roeleveld, G. Zeeman, and G. Lettinga. "Anaerobic biodegradation of estrogens—hard to digest." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 8 (April 1, 2008): 1177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.102.
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Although many publications are available on the fate of estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) during aerobic wastewater treatment, little is published on their fate under strictly anaerobic conditions. Present research investigated the digestibility of E1 and EE2, using digested pig manure, granular UASB sludge, UASB-septic tank sludge and activated sludge as inocula. Besides, actual concentrations were measured in a UASB septic tank treating black water. Under anaerobic conditions E1 is reduced to E2 but the extent of this reduction depends on type of inoculum. No significant loss of the sum of E1 and E2 and of EE2 was observed. Adsorption was responsible for a 32–35% loss of E1 and E2 from the liquid phase in the UASB septic tank and the effluent still contained considerable concentrations of respectively 4.02 μg/l and 18.79 μg/l for E1 and E2 with a large fraction present in conjugated form. No EE2 was detected in the UASB effluent
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Maeng, S. K., S. K. Sharma, A. Magic-Knezev, and G. Amy. "Fate of effluent organic matter (EfOM) and natural organic matter (NOM) through riverbank filtration." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 12 (June 1, 2008): 1999–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.613.
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Understanding the fate of effluent organic matter (EfOM) and natural organic matter (NOM) through riverbank filtration is essential to assess the impact of wastewater effluent on the post treatment requirements of riverbank filtrates. Furthermore, their fate during drinking water treatment can significantly determine the process design. The objective of this study was to characterise bulk organic matter which consists of EfOM and NOM during riverbank filtration using a suite of innovative analytical tools. Wastewater effluent-derived surface water and surface water were used as source waters in experiments with soil columns. Results showed the preferential removal of non-humic substances (i.e. biopolymers) from wastewater effluent-derived surface water. The bulk organic matter characteristics of wastewater effluent-derived surface water and surface water were similar after 5 m soil passage in laboratory column experiment. Humic-like organic matter in surface water and wastewater effluent-derived surface water persisted through the soil passage. More than 50% of total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal with significant reduction of dissolved oxygen (DO) was observed in the top 50 cm of the soil columns for both surface water and wastewater effluent-derived surface water. This was due to biodegradation by soil biomass which was determined by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations and heterotrophic plate counts. High concentrations of ATP in the first few centimeters of infiltration surface reflect the highest microbial activity which correlates with the extent of DOC reduction. Good correlation of DOC removal with DO and biomass development was observed in the soil columns.
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Drewes, Joerg E., and Martin Jekel. "Simulation of groundwater recharge with advanced treated wastewater." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0699.
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Although the quality of the effluents of domestic wastewater treatment plants in Germany is better than in the past, there are still problems using it for groundwater recharge. The problems are caused by substances, which are not or only poorly degradable in the wastewater treatment facility. They can be described by the parameters dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and adsorbable organic halogens (AOX). In a laboratory plant for the simulation of groundwater recharge with advanced treated domestic effluent, various soils were used to differentiate between sorption and biodegradation. Using aquifer material, DOC-reduction by biodegradation was 23 % under aerobic conditions, and 35 % under anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions AOX was degraded by 16 % and under anaerobic conditions by 22 %, based on a special cometabolism. Further examinations showed that 60 - 80 % of the remaining DOC was not adsorbable by activated carbon used in drinking water facilities. The AOX in the effluent could be reduced by an activated carbon treatment (PAC) down to 23 μg/L, compared with 48 μg/L in the standard biological treatment. The subgroups AOCl, AOBr and AOI show a different behaviour, with the worst elimination of AOI under aerobic conditions. Nevertheless, after optimization of the modern treatment technologies, this reuse concept for wastewater could be realized in the Berlin region in a near future.
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Huang, R., J. Zhang, L. Ma, A. Jiang, X. J. Kong, X. K. Li, and L. Bao. "Efficiencies of residual organic pollutants removal from secondary effluent by switching of coagulation–air flotation–filtration processes." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.850.
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It is an essential task to remove the residual organic pollutants (ROP) from secondary effluent of a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in wastewater reclamation and reuse processes. Four different compared flow schemes would be achieved for further purification of the secondary effluent by switching of different valves. In order to mainly remove non-biodegradable residual organic pollutants under various operating conditions, the optimum technology and economic process was obtained in the advanced purification flow scheme at a flow of 3200 m3/d in Harbin Wenchang WWTP. Conclusions under a lot of experiments show that: choosing the coagulation-settler plus biofilm filter for advanced purification process is reasonable; during the stable operation phase, this process showed good performance in removing the COD, BOD5, TP, NH3-N and SS; the removal rates are 50%, 39%, 67%, 50%, 80% respectively. The effluent is able to excel the requirements for wastewater reuse standards. The unit cost of the water is 0.542 yuan/m3, which is far below the fee paid for supply water, long-distance transfer water or seawater desalination through economic analysis.
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Wu, Pan, Liying Xie, Wentao Mo, Bing Wang, Hui Ge, Xiaodong Sun, Ying Tian, et al. "The biodegradation of carbaryl in soil with Rhodopseudomonas capsulata in wastewater treatment effluent." Journal of Environmental Management 249 (November 2019): 109226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.127.
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Carvallo, M. J., I. Vargas, A. Vega, G. Pizarr, and P. Pastén. "Evaluation of rapid methods for in-situ characterization of organic contaminant load and biodegradation rates in winery wastewater." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 2 (July 1, 2007): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.481.
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Rapid methods for the in-situ evaluation of the organic load have recently been developed and successfully implemented in municipal wastewater treatment systems. Their direct application to winery wastewater treatment is questionable due to substantial differences between municipal and winery wastewater. We critically evaluate the use of UV-VIS spectrometry, buffer capacity testing (BCT), and respirometry as rapid methods to determine organic load and biodegradation rates of winery wastewater. We tested three types of samples: actual and treated winery wastewater, synthetic winery wastewater, and samples from a biological batch reactor. Not surprisingly, respirometry gave a good estimation of biodegradation rates for substrate of different complexities, whereas UV-VIS and BCT did not provide a quantitative measure of the easily degradable sugars and ethanol, typically the main components of the COD in the influent. However, our results strongly suggest that UV-VIS and BCT can be used to identify and estimate the concentration of complex substrates in the influent and soluble microbial products (SMP) in biological reactors and their effluent. Furthermore, the integration of UV-VIS spectrometry, BCT, and mathematical modeling was able to differentiate between the two components of SMPs: substrate utilization associated products (UAP) and biomass associated products (BAP). Since the effluent COD in biologically treated wastewaters is composed primarily by SMPs, the quantitative information given by these techniques may be used for plant control and optimization.
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Storck, Florian R., Christian Skark, Frank Remmler, and Heinz-Jürgen Brauch. "Environmental fate and behavior of acesulfame in laboratory experiments." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 12 (September 28, 2016): 2832–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.452.
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Acesulfame is a widely used artificial sweetener. It can be discharged into surface water by domestic wastewater due to its incomplete retention during wastewater treatment. Concentrations may reach up to 10 μg/L for smaller rivers. State-of-the-art analysis allows the determination of acesulfame traces (0.01 μg/L) and thus a potential tracking of the presence of wastewater in riverbank filtrate. To evaluate the behavior of acesulfame in the aquatic environment, biodegradation and sorption of acesulfame were tested. Batch experiments yielded low sorption for several soils (estimated solid–water distribution coefficient of acesulfame <0.1 L/kg). Biodegradation in a fixed-bed reactor was not observed at environmental concentrations of 9 μg/L in aqueous compost and soil extract (observation period 56 days). Only in diluted effluent of a wastewater treatment plant did biodegradation start, after 17 days of operation, and acesulfame completely fade, within 28 days. Flow-through column experiments indicated conservative behavior of acesulfame (recovery >83%) and long-term observations at different concentration levels yielded no biodegradation. Overall, laboratory experiments demonstrated a conservative behavior of acesulfame under conditions typical for riverbank filtration. However, there are hints for certain settings which favor an adaptation of the microbial community and facilitate a rapid biodegradation of acesulfame.
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Cekerevac, Milan, Ljiljana Nikolic-Bujanovic, Marko Mirkovic, and Negica Popovic. "Application of electrochemically synthesized ferrate(VI) in the purification of wastewater from coal separation plant." Chemical Industry 64, no. 5 (2010): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind100325047c.
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The oxidative and coagulation efficiency of Na2FeO4 solution, electrochemically generated by trans-passive anodic oxidation of electrical steel in 10M NaOH solution, is confirmed in the process of purification of heavily contaminated wastewater from coal separation plant. The decontamination efficiency is evaluated comparing the values of selected contamination parameters obtained by chemical and biochemical analysis of plant effluent water and water obtained after decontamination with ferrate(VI) solution in relatively simple laboratory procedure. The sample of 450 ml of wastewater is treated in laboratory conditions with 100cm3 solution of 1 mg dm-3 Na2FeO4 in 10M NaOH. The chemical analysis of effluent water after treatment have shown almost 3 times lower permanganate index, about 3 times lower iron content, 1.45 times lower As3+ content, 7.35 times lower ammonia content. Turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) is reduced for more than 5.77and 13.4 times, respectively. The suspended and colloid matter is eliminated from effluent water after treatment with ferrate(VI) solution. Also, biochemical exploration has confirmed high efficiency of ferrate(VI) in organics and microbial elimination showing 7.1 times lower 5-days bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and total elimination of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from effluent water. According to standards on quality of industrial wastewater effluents, it may be concluded that ferrate(VI) treatment of wastewater almost completely eliminates excess of dangerous chemicals and pathogen bacteria, with the exemption of arsenic. Thus, ferrate(VI) shows capable performance in treatment of coal separation plant wastewater.
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Lin, Yen-Hui, and Tzu-Yang Hsien. "Kinetics of biodegradation of phenolic wastewater in a biofilm reactor." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 9 (May 1, 2009): 1703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.203.
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This work presents a mathematical model to describe the biodegradation of phenolic wastewater in a fixed-biofilm process. The model incorporates diffusive mass transport and Haldane kinetics mechanisms. The model was solved using a combination of the orthogonal collocation method and Gear's method. A laboratory-scale column reactor was employed to verify the model. Batch kinetic tests were conducted independently to determine biokinetic parameters for the model simulation with the initial biofilm thickness assumed. The model simulated the phenol effluent concentration results well. Removal efficiency for phenol was approximately 94–96.5% for different hydraulic retention times at a steady-state condition. Model simulations results are in agreement with experimental results. The approaches of model and experiments presented in this paper could be used to design a pilot-scale or full-scale fixed-biofilm reactor system for the biodegradation of phenolic wastewater from petrochemical and oil refining plants.
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Lu, Y., Y. Wang, S. F. Shen, L. H. Yan, S. J. Zhai, B. J. Chen, J. F. Zhang, and S. F. Zhou. "Biodegradation of organic compounds from coking wastewater with UASB reactor." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 1784–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.543.
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The UASB reactor was applied for biodegradation of organic compounds in coking wastewater. The influent pH ranged between 6.8 and 7.2, and stirring speed and temperature were controlled at 2 r/min and 30 ± 1°C, respectively. The reactor was successfully started up in 133 days. When the influent COD was 2,600 mg/L (VLR was 2.6 kg/m3 d), the removal rate of COD was about 54% and the effluent VFA was below 400 mg/L. GC/MS analysis indicated that the coking wastewater mainly contained aniline, phenol, o-phenol, p-cresol, benzoic acid, indole, quinoline etc. Twenty four kinds of organic compounds were detected in the influent, and 20 kinds of organic compounds were completely removed in the UASB reactor. The biodegradation of organic compounds followed Grau second-order kinetics. It was proved to be an effective and feasible method for coking wastewater anaerobic treatment.
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Tuin, B. J. W., and A. A. C. M. Bos. "Ozone treatment and biodegradation of industrial wastewater containing thioethers." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 4 (February 1, 2004): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0284.
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Wastewater from an Akzo Nobel production site contains refractory sulfur components (cyclic thioethers). These components end up in the effluent of the existing biological wastewater treatment plant. The possibilities of (partial) oxidation and increasing biodegradability by ozone treatment for these types of compounds have been investigated. Ozonation experiments were carried out at laboratory scale, varying pH, temperature and catalysts. Biodegradability was evaluated from BOD measurements and BOD/COD ratios. Ozonation experiments at pH = 10 without catalyst addition or heating were found to give the best results with the simplest means: COD was removed for 80-90% and biodegradability increased from BOD/COD = 0.2-0.3 to > 0.7. These results could not be improved any further by adding catalysts like iron and manganese (hydr)oxides or activated carbon, by heating or by further increasing pH. Aftertreatment at pH = 10 required about 3 kg ozone per m3 for about 80-90% removal of the total COD. This results in high annual operating costs and is therefore less suitable in practice. Biodegradability already increased to 60% at COD removal of 50% and ozone consumption of 1.4 kg/m3 wastewater. On the basis of these findings, it was calculated that ozonation has potential as pretreatment for a side stream containing the major fraction of the cyclic thioethers mixture.
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Ruiz, C., M. Torrijos, P. Sousbie, J. Lebrato Martinez, and R. Moletta. "The anaerobic SBR process: basic principles for design and automation." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (February 1, 2001): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0138.
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This study has determined the purification performance and the basic principles for the design of an anaerobic SBR (ASBR) to be used to treat wastewater generated in the food industries. Two ASBR's were set up and one fed with a slaughterhouse effluent at low concentration, the other with concentrated dairy wastewater. The maximum loading rate applied should not exceed 4.5 g of COD/L/day for the dilute effluent and 6 g of COD/L/day for the concentrated effluent. At higher loading rates, the reactors become difficult to operate, mainly because of sludge removal problems, and purification efficiency declines. A detailed study of the kinetics (TOC, VFA, rate of biogas production) throughout one treatment cycle led to the development of a simple control strategy based on the monitoring of the biogas production rate which was then applied to the reactor treating the dairy wastewater. After automation, the reactor worked free of problems at an average pollution load of 5.4 g of COD/L/day.
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Rodríguez-Calvo, Alfonso, Gloria Andrea Silva-Castro, Darío Rafael Olicón-Hernández, Jesús González-López, and Concepción Calvo. "Biodegradation and Absorption Technology for Hydrocarbon-Polluted Water Treatment." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030841.
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Wastewaters polluted with hydrocarbons are an environmental problem that has a significant impact on the natural ecosystem and on human health. Thus, the aim of this research was to develop a bioreactor sorbent technology for treating these polluted waters. A lab-scale plant composed of three 1-L bioreactors with different sorbent materials inside (meltblown polypropylene and granulated cork) was built. Wastewater to be treated was recirculated through each bioreactor for 7 days. Results showed that hydrocarbon retention rates in the three bioreactors ranged between 92.6% and 94.5% of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and that after one simple recirculation cycle, no hydrocarbon fractions were detected by gas chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) in the effluent wastewater. In addition, after the wastewater treatment, the sorbent materials were extracted from the bioreactors and deposited in vessels to study the biodegradation of the retained hydrocarbons by the wastewater indigenous microbiota adhered to sorbents during the wastewater treatment. A TPH removal of 41.2% was detected after one month of Pad Sentec™ carrier treatment. Further, the shifts detected in the percentages of some hydrocarbon fractions suggested that biodegradation is at least partially involved in the hydrocarbon removal process. These results proved the efficiency of this technology for the treatment of these hydrocarbon-polluted-waters.
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Gotvajn, Andreja Žgajnar, and Jana Zagorc-Koncan. "Whole effluent and single substances approach: a tool for hazardous wastewater management." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 8 (April 1, 1998): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0328.
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Evaluation of toxicity and biodegradability or persistencey of different chemical substances and wastewaters is essential for their hazardous impact and risk assessment. Many various types of toxicity and biodegradation assessment tests are nowadays available for evaluation of the effects of pure substances and with proper combination of the tests, the prediction of the effect on the aquatic recipient is possible. On the other hand, there is a lack of agreed test procedures for estimating biodegradability of complex wastewaters. A methodology for wastewater characterisation employing single substance and whole effluent approach using stabilisation study is presented. The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between toxicity and biodegradability of phenol-formaldehyde industrial wastewater and its main constituents to evaluate presented methodology for hazardous wastewater management.
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Rattanapan, Worapot. "Odor Control in the Standard Thai Rubber 20 (STR 20) Industry by Using a Wet Scrubber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 804 (October 2015): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.804.275.
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This article aims to investigate the potential of using effluent wastewater (called raw wastewater) from wastewater treatment plant as a recirculation liquid in a wet scrubber to remove volatile fatty acid (VFA). This research was conducted in 2 steps. Firstly, surveys and interviews were carried out at STR 20 factory in order to obtain information about STR 20 production and odor control process. Secondly, a study of the potential of using the raw wastewater in a wet scrubber to absorb the VFAs was conducted. The exhausted gas with high VFAs causes malodor in Standard Thai Rubber 20 (STR20) industry. The wet scrubber with counter-current mode runs for 7 operational days. Pall ring is used as packing media without bacterial attachment. The study demonstrates that in these 7 operational days, the raw wastewater has the potential to absorb the VFA. This is indicated by higher VFA concentration 4,372.5 mg/l as acetic acid of a recirculation liquid compared to raw wastewater 75.38 mg/l as acetic acid fed. It increases efficiency of absorbing volatile fatty acid approximately by 24%. VFA concentration in effluent wastewater was found 1,734 mg/L as acetic acid compared to influent wastewater was found 1,395 mg/l as acetic acid fed. In addition, bacterial growth on packing media was observed with volatile solid (VS) and total bacteria count present due to biodegradation of VFA. This information will be useful for further research in the future about biodegradation of VFA by bacterial attachment in packing media.
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Urban, I., D. Weichgrebe, and K. H. Rosenwinkel. "Anaerobic treatment of municipal wastewater using the UASB-technology." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 10 (November 1, 2007): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.732.
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The anaerobic treatment of municipal wastewater enables new applications for the reuse of wastewater. The effluent could be used for irrigation as the included nutrients are not affected by the treatment. Much more interesting now are renewable energies and the retrenchment of CO2 emission. With the anaerobic treatment of municipal wastewater, not only can the CO2 emission be reduced but “clean” energy supply can be gained by biogas. Most important for the sustainability of this process is the gathering of methane from the liquid effluent of the reactor, because the negative climate-relevant effect from the degassing methane is much higher than the positive effect from saving CO2 emission. In this study, UASB reactors were used with a flocculent sludge blanket for the biodegradation of the carbon fraction in the wastewater with different temperatures and concentrations. It could be shown that the positive effect is much higher for municipal wastewater with high concentrations in hot climates.
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Zhu, Wenting, Xiangzi Leng, Huiming Li, Ruibin Zhang, Rui Ye, and Xin Qian. "Application of the QUAL2K model to design an ecological purification scheme for treated effluent of a wastewater treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 12 (August 26, 2015): 2194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.439.
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Treated effluent from wastewater treatment plants has become an important source of excess nutrients causing eutrophication in water. In this study, an ecological purification method was used to further treat eutrophic water. A three-season ecological purification scheme which comprised an emergent plant (Eme.), a submerged plant (Sub.) and a novel biological rope (Bio.), was designed for the treated effluent canal of a wastewater treatment plant. The removal parameters determined from the experiment were input into a QUAL2K model to simulate downstream water quality of the treated effluent canal. Respective removal rates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus of the Eme., Sub. and Bio. were 32.48–37.33% and 31.63–39.86% in summer, 14.12–33.61% and 17.74–23.80% in autumn, and 14.13–18.03% and 10.05–12.75% in winter, with 1-day reaction time. Optimal combinations for summer, autumn/spring, and winter are Eme. + Bio., Eme. + Bio. + Sub., and Sub. + Bio., respectively. Simulated load reduction rates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus for the treated effluent canal were 42.64–78.40% and 30.98–78.29%, respectively, year round with 2.5-day reaction time. This study provides an efficient evaluation and design method for ecological purification engineering.
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Zdarta, Jakub, Katarzyna Jankowska, Karolina Bachosz, Oliwia Degórska, Karolina Kaźmierczak, Luong N. Nguyen, Long D. Nghiem, and Teofil Jesionowski. "Enhanced Wastewater Treatment by Immobilized Enzymes." Current Pollution Reports 7, no. 2 (April 20, 2021): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40726-021-00183-7.
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Abstract Purpose of Review In the presented review, we have summarized recent achievements on the use of immobilized oxidoreductases for biodegradation of hazardous organic pollutants including mainly dyes, pharmaceuticals, phenols, and bisphenols. In order to facilitate process optimization and achievement of high removal rates, effect of various process conditions on biodegradation has been highlighted and discussed. Recent Findings Current reports clearly show that immobilized oxidoreductases are capable of efficient conversion of organic pollutants, usually reaching over 90% of removal rate. Further, immobilized enzymes showed great recyclability potential, allowing their reuse in numerous of catalytic cycles. Summary Collected data clearly indicates immobilized oxidoreductases as an efficient biocatalytic tools for removal of hazardous phenolic compounds, making them a promising option for future water purification. Data shows, however, that both immobilization and biodegradation conditions affect conversion efficiency; therefore, process optimization is required to achieve high removal rates. Nevertheless, we have demonstrated future trends and highlighted several issues that have to be solved in the near-future research, to facilitate large-scale application of the immobilized oxidoreductases in wastewater treatment.
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Obuotor, T. M., A. J. Okewale, and A. M. Taiwo. "Biodegradation of Vegetable Oil Factory Effluent Using Extracellular Lipase Obtained from Alcaligenes Spp." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 46, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2020.223.
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This study determined the degradation of vegetable oil factory effluent by extracellular lipase obtained from Alcaligenes spp. The extracellular lipase produced by isolated Alcaligenes spp was obtained and concentrated using Glycerol before Gel Filtration Chromatography. The partially purified enzyme obtained from the Gel Filtration Chromatography purification showed optimum activity at a temperature of 55° C and pH 7. The enzyme was then concentrated using glycerol prior to treatment. The raw effluent samples (from the vegetable oil factory) were treated with the partially purified enzyme for 20 days. The degradation activity of the enzymes on contaminant concentrations was monitored at every 5 days. A control experiment was also set up for possible natural degradation of contaminants. Effluents were analyzed for metals (Fe, Mn and Zn), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Lipid Content using the standard method. Data were analysed for graphical presentation using the Microsoft Excel package. Results showed reduction in Fe, Mn, Zn, COD and Lipid Contents between day 5 and 20 as 46.28%, 68.71%, 62.53%, 71.45% and 72.57% respectively. The application of extracellular enzyme in the treatment of the effluent enhanced the degradation of the effluent at a higher percentage than the natural attenuation process of the effluent. This showed the promising bioremediation potential of Alcaligenes spp.
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Hirotani, H., Y. Agui, M. Kobayashi, and E. Takahashi. "Removal of Coliphages from Wastewater Effluent by Phototrophic Bacteria." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0067.
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A wastewater purifying process using a phototrophic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonascapsulata, is presently operating in several countries. Removal of coliphage during the process was assessed by a field-test and a model study. It was found that 97.4% of coliphage was removed during the purification of wastewater from a pigpen. The model study was performed to ensure that the removal was due to biomass of the phototrophic bacterium, which produces an antiviral substance. Phage inactivation by chloroform-methanol extract from the bacterium with the presence of kaolinite as a contaminating particulate is also shown to describe the efficiency of the antiviral substance from the phototrophic bacterium to wastewater.
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Zhen-bin, Wu, Xia Yi-cheng, Zhang Yong-yuan, Deng Jia-qi, Chen Xi-tao, Zhan Fa-cui, and Wang De-ming. "Studies on the Purification and Reclaimation of Wastewater from a Medium-Sized City by an Integrated Biological Pond System." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 7 (October 1, 1993): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0164.
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The feasibility of an inexpensive wastewater treatment system is evaluated in this study. An integrated biological pond system was operated for more than 3 years to purify the wastewater from a medium-sized city, Central China. The experiment was conducted in 3 phases with different treatment combinations for testing their purification efficiencies. The pond system was divided into 3 functional regions: influent purification, effluent upgrading and multi-utilization. These regions were further divided into several zones and subzones. Various kinds of aquatic organisms, including macrophytes, algae, microorganisms and zooplankton, were effectively cooperating in the wastewater treatment in this system. The system attained high reductions of BOD5, COD, TSS, TN, TP and other pollutants. The purification efficiencies of this system were higher than those of most traditional oxidation ponds or ordinary macrophyte ponds. The mutagenic effect and numbers of bacteria and viruses declined significantly during the process of purification. After the wastewater flowed through the upgrading zone, the concentrations of pollutants and algae evidently decreased. Plant harvesting did not yield dramatic effects on reductions of the main pollutants, though it did significantly affect the biomass productivity of the macrophytes. The effluent from this system could be utilized in irrigation and aquaculture. Some aquatic products were harvested from this system and some biomass was utilized for food, fertilizer, fodder and some other uses. The wastewater was reclaimed for various purposes.
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Sandhiya, R., K. Sumaiya Begum, and D. Charumathi. "DECOLOURIZATION OF TRIPHENYLMETHANE DYES AND DYE INDUSTRY EFFLUENT BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM DYE CONTAMINATED SITE." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2016): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i9.13438.
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<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objectives of the present study were a) to isolate and screen bacteria for dye removal from synthetic solution b) to optimize various variables such as pH, static/shaking and initial dye concentration on degradation of triphenyl methane dyes namely basic violet 3 and basic green 4 by isolated <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> c) to analyse enzymes involved in the biodegradation of triphenylmethane dyes d) to treat real leather dyeing wastewater with newly isolated strain of <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>e) to characterize untreated and treated leather dyeing wastewater f) to study the effects of real and treated effluent on plants and <em>Rhizobium</em>.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Isolation of bacteria from sludge was carried out by spread plate method and the bacteria was identified by morphological and biochemical characterization. The isolated bacterium was screened for dye decolorization potential of triphenylmethane dyes basic violet 3 and basic green 4 The effects of parameters were studied by varying pH (from 3 to 9), temperature (from 15-45 °C), and initial dye concentration (from 10-500 mg/l). The enzyme involved in biodegradation was studied in intracellular extract. Real leather dyeing wastewater was treated with the bacteria and characterized. The treated wastewater was tested on plants and <em>Rhizobium </em>for toxicity. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dye decolorization potential of bacteria <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> isolated from wastewater for leather dyes basic violet 3 and basic green 4 were evaluated. Dye decolorization using bacteria was found to be dependent on physicochemical parameters (shaking, pH and initial dye concentration). Enzymes NADH-DCIP reductase and MG reductase were found to play dominant role during biodegradation of synthetic dyes. Application oriented studies using growing bacteria in pure cultures were carried out with leather dyeing wastewater collected from DKS prime tanners. Analysis of raw leather dyeing wastewater showed high pollution load in terms of color, Total solids, Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids and Biological oxygen demand whereas the leather dyeing wastewater treated with pure culture of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> showed considerable decrease in Total solids, Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids and Biological oxygen demand values which were within the permissible limits. Phytotoxicity and microbial toxicity studies confirmed the non-toxic nature of treated leather dyeing wastewater. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study proved that <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> can serve as a potential remediation agent for the treatment of leather dyeing wastewater.</p>
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Ilyas, H., I. Masih, and E. D. van Hullebusch. "The anaerobic biodegradation of emerging organic contaminants by horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 11 (May 7, 2021): 2809–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.178.
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Abstract The horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HFCW) is widely studied for the treatment of wastewater containing emerging organic contaminants (EOCs): pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and steroidal hormones. This study evaluates the performance of HFCW for the removal of these types of EOCs based on the data collected from peer-reviewed journal publications. In HFCW, anaerobic biodegradation is an important removal mechanism of EOCs besides their removal by the filter media (through sedimentation, adsorption, and precipitation) and plant uptake. The average removal efficiency of 18 selected EOCs ranged from 39% to 98%. The moderate to higher removal efficiency of 12 out of 18 selected EOCs in HFCW indicates the suitability of this type of constructed wetland (CW) for the treatment of wastewater containing these EOCs. The reasonably good removal (>50% in most of the cases) of these EOCs in HFCW might be due to the occurrence of anaerobic biodegradation as one of their major removal mechanisms in CWs. Although the effluent concentration of EOCs was substantially decreased after the treatment, the environmental risk posed by them was not fully reduced in most of the cases. For instance, estimated risk quotient of 11 out of 18 examined EOCs was extremely high for the effluent of HFCW.
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Kim, Minyoung, Hyejin Lee, Minkyeong Kim, Donghyeon Kang, Dongeok Kim, YoungJin Kim, and Sangbong Lee. "Wastewater retreatment and reuse system for agricultural irrigation in rural villages." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 12 (November 4, 2014): 1961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.430.
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Climate changes and continuous population growth increase water demands that will not be met by traditional water resources, like surface and ground water. To handle increased water demand, treated municipal wastewater is offered to farmers for agricultural irrigation. This study aimed to enhance the effluent quality from worn-out sewage treatment facilities in rural villages, retreat effluent to meet water quality criteria for irrigation, and assess any health-related and environmental impacts from using retreated wastewater irrigation on crops and in soil. We developed the compact wastewater retreatment and reuse system (WRRS), equipped with filters, ultraviolet light, and bubble elements. A pilot greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate lettuce growth patterns and quantify the heavy metal concentration and pathogenic microorganisms on lettuce and in soil after irrigating with tap water, treated wastewater, and WRRS retreated wastewater. The purification performance of each WRRS component was also assessed. The study findings revealed that existing worn-out sewage treatment facilities in rural villages could meet the water quality criteria for treated effluent and also reuse retreated wastewater for crop growth and other miscellaneous agricultural purposes.
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El-Sayed, Wael S., Ashraf F. El-Baz, and A. M. Othman. "Biodegradation of melamine formaldehyde by Micrococcus sp. strain MF-1 isolated from aminoplastic wastewater effluent." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 57, no. 2 (March 2006): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2005.11.006.
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Tamer, E., M. A. Amin, E. T. Ossama, M. Bo, and G. Benoit. "Biological treatment of industrial wastes in a photobioreactor." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 11 (May 1, 2006): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.344.
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An algal-bacterial consortium was tested for the treatment from a coke factory. A Chlorella vulgaris strain and a phenol-degrading Alcaligenes sp. were first isolated from the wastewater treatment plant to serve as inocula in the subsequent biodegradation tests. Batch tests were then conducted with samples from the real wastewater or using a synthetic wastewater containing 325 mg phenol/l and 500 mg NH4+/l as target pollutants. Direct biological treatment of the real wastewater was not possible due to the toxicity of organic compounds. Activated carbon adsorption and UV(A-B)-irradiation were efficient in detoxifying the effluent for subsequent biological treatment as inoculation of pretreated samples with the algal-bacterial consortium was followed by complete phenol removal and NH4+ removal of 45%. Complete phenol removal and 33% NH4+ removal were achieved during the fed-batch treatment of artificial wastewater at 6 d hydraulic retention time (HRT). Under continuous feeding at 3.6 d HRT, phenol and NH4+ removal dropped to 58 and 18%, respectively. However, complete phenol removal and 29% NH4+ removal were achieved when 8 g NaHCO3/l was added to the artificial wastewater to enhance algal growth. This study confirms the potential of solar-based industrial wastewater treatment based on solar-based UV pretreatment followed by algal-bacterial biodegradation.
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Kopeć, Łukasz, Jakub Drewnowski, and F. J. Fernandez-Morales. "Effect of organic nitrogen concentration on the efficiency of trickling filters." E3S Web of Conferences 30 (2018): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183002007.
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The study was conducted in Poland at six selected wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) based on the trickling filters Bioclere® technology. The aim of the study was to find the relationship between the influent organic nitrogen concentration and the purification efficiency expressed as effluent COD concentration. In the tests performed, the COD to BOD5 relationship was close to 2 and the ratio of BOD5 to TN was lower than 4. The research indicated that this specific chemical composition of raw wastewater causes appearance of filamentous bacteria on the surface of trickling filter filling and strongly affect the effluent quality.
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Stecchini, Mara Lucia, and Cristina Domenis. "Incidence of Aeromonas species in influent and effluent of urban wastewater purification plants." Letters in Applied Microbiology 19, no. 4 (October 1994): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.1994.tb00952.x.
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Wan, Zhengfen, Yaru Zhang, Shaoyong Lu, Xueqing Zhang, Xianjing Liu, and Yong Yang. "Effect of packing substrates on the purification of municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 13 (February 18, 2020): 15259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08068-w.
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Perez, Brittani N., John R. Buchanan, Jennifer M. DeBruyn, Kelly Cobaugh, and William E. Hart. "Removal of Ibuprofen, Naproxen, and Triclosan from Domestic Wastewater Using Recirculating Packed-Bed Media Filters." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 5 (2017): 1593–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12176.
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Abstract. Trace organic compounds from pharmaceutical and personal care products are often not fully removed during wastewater treatment, resulting in discharge of these emerging pollutants to surface and groundwater. Fate and transformation of trace organics has primarily been investigated in larger activated sludge wastewater treatment facilities; almost no research has been done on passively aerated fixed-bed bio-filters that are used in decentralized facilities that serve smaller communities. Four laboratory-scale, packed-bed, recirculating-media filter systems were constructed to evaluate the removal of ibuprofen, naproxen, and triclosan. The media (or packed bed) provided support for the development of the fixed film and the needed porosity for air and water movement. Effluent from a local residential septic tank effluent gravity (STEG) system was used as the wastewater supply. This supply had greater than 100 ppb concentrations of ibuprofen, naproxen, and triclosan. Three of the media filters were spiked (nominal 0.1 ppm) with ibuprofen, naproxen, or triclosan to better represent the wastewater from a rural healthcare facility; the fourth media filter received wastewater as produced by the STEG system and served as a non-spiked control. Overall, the mean removal of ibuprofen, naproxen, and triclosan from the wastewater solution was 94%, 84%, and 83%, respectively. At the end of the study, samples of the fixed film were analyzed to discern whether removal was by sorption or biodegradation. It was determined that sorption of the three trace organic compounds into the biofilm accounted for only 0.12% of the ibuprofen, 0.20% of the naproxen, and 1.41% of the triclosan. These results indicate that biodegradation is the primary removal mechanism for these compounds. Keywords: Ibuprofen, Microbial degradation, Naproxen, PPCPs, Recirculating media filters, Triclosan.
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Sarkar, Subhasis, Phani Bhusan Ghosh, Koushik Mukherjee, Alok Kumar Sil, and Tapan Saha. "Sewage treatment in a single pond system at East Kolkata Wetland, India." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 9 (November 1, 2009): 2309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.673.
Full textAbstract:
East Kolkata Wetland (EKW), a Ramsar site, greatly contributes towards purification of city sewage employing single pond system. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Therefore to gain an insight, in this study efforts have been made to understand the rate of biodegradation and the time dependent changes of different physicochemical factors and their interactions that are involved in the process. For this purpose, different parameters such as BOD, COD, faecal coliforms etc. have been measured at different time intervals during the purification process. The results reveal that biodegradation rate at EKW pond is very high and wastewater gets stabilized within 10 days of retention. The higher rate of biodegradation in pond system at EKW (k = 0.7 day−1) than in laboratory based in vitro experiment (k = 0.12 day−1) reveals the important contribution from other environmental components that are unique for this system. The results also demonstrate the significant influence (P ≤ 0.01) of temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen on the purification of waste water. Thus the current study provides an insight about the optimal pathway of gradual improvement of wastewater quality in the single pond system at EKW and may serve to explore the inherent mechanism to a great extent.