Journal articles: 'Biodeterioration of paper'

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Szczepanowska, Hanna. "BIODETERIORATION OF ART OBJECTS ON PAPER." Paper Conservator 10, no. 1 (January 1986): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03094227.1986.9638529.

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Franco Castillo, Isabel, Esther García Guillén, Jesús M. de la Fuente, Filomena Silva, and Scott G. Mitchell. "Preventing fungal growth on heritage paper with antifungal and cellulase inhibiting magnesium oxide nanoparticles." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 7, no. 41 (2019): 6412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tb00992b.

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Gutarowska, Beata. "Moulds in biodeterioration of technical materials." Folia Biologica et Oecologica 10 (November 30, 2014): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fobio-2014-0012.

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Moulds are microorganisms which play the key role in biodeterioration of technical materials which results from their physiological features and metabolism. Technical materials constitute the source of carbon and energy (wood, paper, textiles, fuels, leather) or the surface for fungal growth (bricks, stone, metal, glass). Moulds characterized by a high biodeterioration activity – enzymatic and acidic, belong mainly to the following genera: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, Paecilomyces and Chaetomium. Members of some taxa (besides the aforementioned also e.g. Stachybotrys, Alternaria, Epidermophyton, Microsporum, Scopulariopsis, Trichophyton) growing on technical substances and producing allergens and mycotoxins cause health hazards. Therefore, basing on the knowledge about conditions for mould development and biodeterioration mechanisms, we should appropriately preserve materials against mould growth. Looking for new disinfection methods safe for technical substances in order to inhibit mould growth is also important. Protective applications of biocides should be limited only to materials most sensitive to biodeterioration (paper, textiles, fuels, paints). On the one hand we should take into consideration environmental protection, on the other production of durable, biodegradable materials ensuring the product life cycle.

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Zotti, M., A. Ferroni, and P. Calvini. "Microfungal biodeterioration of historic paper: Preliminary FTIR and microbiological analyses." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 62, no. 2 (September 2008): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2008.01.005.

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De Leo, Filomena, Alessia Marchetta, and Clara Urzì. "Black Fungi on Stone-Built Heritage: Current Knowledge and Future Outlook." Applied Sciences 12, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 3969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12083969.

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Black fungi are considered as one of the main group of microorganisms responsible for the biodeterioration of stone cultural heritage artifacts. In this paper, we provide a critical analysis and review of more than 30 years of studies on black fungi isolated from stone-built heritage from 1990 to date. More than 109 papers concerning the fungal biodeterioration activity of stone were analysed. The main findings were a check list of the black fungal taxa involved in the biodeterioration of stone-built heritage, with a particular reference to meristematic black fungi, the main biodeterioration pattern attributed to them, and the methods of study including the new molecular advances. A particular focus was to discuss the current approaches to control black fungi from stone-built heritage and future perspectives. Black fungi are notoriously hard to remove or mitigate, so new methods of study and of control are needed, but it is also important to combine classical methods with new approaches to improve current knowledge to implement future conservation strategies.

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Austigard, Mari Sand, and Johan Mattsson. "Monitoring climate change related biodeterioration of protected historic buildings." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 38, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-11-2018-0094.

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Purpose Expected rates of biodeterioration in heritage buildings under historic conditions are well known. Deteriorating organisms will benefit from a warmer and wetter climate, giving faster and less predictable rates of deterioration. The Directorate for Cultural Heritage in Norway has requested development of a programme for long-term monitoring of climate change impacts to historic buildings. The development process and resulting monitoring system are previously described. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach An initial conditions survey is performed, and reference points are chosen in each building. Two microclimatic biodeterioration monitoring panels (MBM panels) are mounted in every building. The MBM panels monitor temperature, relative humidity and wood moisture content, and have standard wooden blocks for investigation of mould growth. The panels will show both the influence of outdoor climate on microclimate inside the building, and the connection between microclimate and activity of degrading organisms. Findings High competence and multi-disciplinary approach from the personnel involved are essential to balance flexibility and rigidity and decide the damages that are probably influenced by climate change. Extensive knowledge and experience in surveys of biodeterioration damages in heritage buildings is necessary to distinguish “normal” biodeterioration from biodeterioration caused by climate changes. The MBM panels are essential for possible establishment of causality between damages and climate change. Originality/value The authors believe that the methods described give the best possible grounds for future evaluation of damages and microclimatic conditions in buildings compared to changes in regional climatic conditions. Establishment of causality between climate change and development in biological deterioration is still a challenging task.

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Popikhina, Elena A., Ekaterina S. Trepova, and Svetlana S. Khazova. "Protection of building materials from biodeterioration." Vestnik MGSU, no. 2 (February 2022): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2022.2.178-187.

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Introduction. The foci of biological damage can lead to destruction of building materials. The paper presents the results of an examination of samples of brickwork and cladding of an industrial building with traces of biological damage. Materials and methods. The contamination of materials was identified using the Koch method. The effectiveness of biocides was evaluated using the disk diffusion method, namely, its modification applied to identify the fungicidal activity by adding antiseptics to samples of damaged building materials, identifying the number of viable microorganisms in the material, processing damaged building structures and monitoring the microorganisms on their surfaces. Results. The number of viable microorganisms in the studied samples of building materials exceeded the acceptable value, which evidences the process of biodegradation. The resistance of isolated strains of fungi to biocides, that have various derivatives of isothiazolone as the main active ingredient, was determined. Conclusions. Sanatex, Macrosept, Rocima GT, Rocima 243, Neomid 440 Eco can be recommended for the disinfection treatment of biologically damaged building materials.

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Fabbri, A. A., A. Ricelli, S. Brasini, and C. Fanelli. "Effect of different antifungals on the control of paper biodeterioration caused by fungi." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 39, no. 1 (January 1997): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0964-8305(97)00001-2.

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Pinzari, Flavia, Giovanna Pasquariello, and Antonella De Mico. "Biodeterioration of Paper: A SEM Study of Fungal Spoilage Reproduced Under Controlled Conditions." Macromolecular Symposia 238, no. 1 (April 2006): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200650609.

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Ding, Yufan, Catia Sofia Clemente Salvador, Ana Teresa Caldeira, Emma Angelini, and Nick Schiavon. "Biodegradation and Microbial Contamination of Limestone Surfaces: An Experimental Study from Batalha Monastery, Portugal." Corrosion and Materials Degradation 2, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cmd2010002.

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An experimental study was conducted to assess the nature and extent of the biodeterioration of the limestone in the Batalha Monastery in Portugal. Stone fragments covered with microbial biofilms and lichenous crusts were investigated using Optical Microscopy (OM), Low Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (LV-SEM + EDS), and X-ray micro-Diffractometry (μ-XRD). Microbial samples were collected from the stone surface, cultured, and analyzed with NGS metagenomic DNA test to classify the bacterial communities associated with the formation of the biofilms. Particulate air pollutants collected on Pall GN-6 paper filters using a cascade impactor were characterized by SEM-EDS + NGS. The results showed that lichens play a major role in biodeterioration by promoting both physical and chemical attack on the limestone substrate via hyphae mechanical penetration along calcite inter-crystalline spaces, the dissolution/leaching of calcite minerals, and the precipitation of secondary minerals such as Ca-oxalates within the stone porosity framework. DNA analyses identified the bacterial communities within the biofilms and their relative abundances. Air quality monitoring results suggest that the microbial population colonizing the monastery limestone could at least partially be derived from the dry and wet deposition of airborne biological particles on the stone surfaces and that S, N, and P-rich air pollutants may have provided nutrients and energy for the bacteria communities, thus indirectly facilitating biofilm formation, the growth of a lichenous crusts, and limestone biodeterioration effects.

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Neves, Eva Raquel, Stephan Schäfer, Alan Phillips, João Canejo, and Maria Filomena Macedo. "Antifungal effect of different methyl and propyl paraben mixtures on the treatment of paper biodeterioration." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 63, no. 3 (April 2009): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2008.07.011.

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Gómez, M. A. Martínez, M. C. González Chávez, J. C. Mendoza Hernández, and R. Carrillo González. "Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Control of Biodeterioration." MRS Proceedings 1618 (2014): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.473.

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ABSTRACTChemical and biological deterioration of surfaces of historic constructions is one of the main causes of destruction of cultural heritage buildings. Effective techniques are searched in order to control the biofilm development of cultural heritage without damaging the environment. Nanotechnology is an emerging option with several applications, including those for improving stability and corrosion resistance in surfaces. Production of nanomaterials from organic nature or green synthesis offers ecological advantages such as low environmental impact. This paper proposes the use of silver nanoparticles of biological synthesis as an alternative for control of microorganisms that cause biodeterioration. The present study highlights the effect of these nanoparticles in the inhibition of bacterial growth. These particles were produced by biological synthesis with Tecoma stans L. extracts. Their characterization included analysis UV / Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size distribution.

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Branysova, Tereza, Martina Kracmarova, Michal Durovic, Katerina Demnerova, and Hana Stiborova. "Factors Influencing the Fungal Diversity on Audio–Visual Materials." Microorganisms 9, no. 12 (December 2, 2021): 2497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122497.

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The biodeterioration of audio–visual materials is a huge problem, as it can cause incalculable losses. To preserve these cultural heritage objects for future generations, it is necessary to determine the main agents of biodeterioration. This study focuses on identifying fungi, both from the air and smears from photographs and cinematographic films that differ in the type of carrier and binder, using high-throughput sequencing approaches. The alpha diversity measures of communities present on all types of carriers were compared, and a significant difference between cellulose acetate and baryta paper was observed. Next, the locality, type of carrier, and audio–visual material seem to affect the structure of fungal communities. Additionally, a link between the occurrence of the most abundant classes and species on audio–visual materials and air contamination in the archives was proven. In both cases, the most abundant classes were Agariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes, and approximately half of the 50 most abundant species detected on the audio–visual materials and in the air were identical.

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Kwaśniewska, Dobrawa, Ying-Lien Chen, and Daria Wieczorek. "Biological Activity of Quaternary Ammonium Salts and Their Derivatives." Pathogens 9, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060459.

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Besides their positive role, microorganisms are related to a number of undesirable effects, including many diseases, biodeterioration and food spoilage, so when their presence is undesired, they must be controlled. Numerous biocides limiting the development of microorganisms have been proposed, however, in this paper the biocidal and inhibitory activity of quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) and their zwitterionic derivatives is addressed. This paper presents the current state of knowledge about the biocidal activity of QAS and their derivatives. Moreover, the known mechanisms of antimicrobial activity and the problem of emerging resistance to QAS are discussed. The latest trends in the study of surfactants and their potential use are also presented.

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Fouda, Amr, Gomaa Abdel-Maksoud, Mohamed Ali Abdel-Rahman, Salem S. Salem, Saad El-Din Hassan, and Mohamad Abdel-Haleem El-Sadany. "Eco-friendly approach utilizing green synthesized nanoparticles for paper conservation against microbes involved in biodeterioration of archaeological manuscript." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 142 (August 2019): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.05.012.

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Aboulela, Amr, Matthieu Peyre Lavigne, Amaury Buvignier, Marlène Fourré, Maud Schiettekatte, Tony Pons, Cédric Patapy, et al. "Laboratory Test to Evaluate the Resistance of Cementitious Materials to Biodeterioration in Sewer Network Conditions." Materials 14, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030686.

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The biodeterioration of cementitious materials in sewer networks has become a major economic, ecological, and public health issue. Establishing a suitable standardized test is essential if sustainable construction materials are to be developed and qualified for sewerage environments. Since purely chemical tests are proven to not be representative of the actual deterioration phenomena in real sewer conditions, a biological test–named the Biogenic Acid Concrete (BAC) test–was developed at the University of Toulouse to reproduce the biological reactions involved in the process of concrete biodeterioration in sewers. The test consists in trickling a solution containing a safe reduced sulfur source onto the surface of cementitious substrates previously covered with a high diversity microbial consortium. In these conditions, a sulfur-oxidizing metabolism naturally develops in the biofilm and leads to the production of biogenic sulfuric acid on the surface of the material. The representativeness of the test in terms of deterioration mechanisms has been validated in previous studies. A wide range of cementitious materials have been exposed to the biodeterioration test during half a decade. On the basis of this large database and the expertise gained, the purpose of this paper is (i) to propose a simple and robust performance criterion for the test (standardized leached calcium as a function of sulfate produced by the biofilm), and (ii) to demonstrate the repeatability, reproducibility, and discriminability of the test method. In only a 3-month period, the test was able to highlight the differences in the performances of common cement-based materials (CEM I, CEM III, and CEM V) and special calcium aluminate cement (CAC) binders with different nature of aggregates (natural silica and synthetic calcium aluminate). The proposed performance indicator (relative standardized leached calcium) allowed the materials to be classified according to their resistance to biogenic acid attack in sewer conditions. The repeatability of the test was confirmed using three different specimens of the same material within the same experiment and the reproducibility of the results was demonstrated by standardizing the results using a reference material from 5 different test campaigns. Furthermore, developing post-testing processing and calculation methods constituted a first step toward a standardized test protocol.

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Ahmed, Toqeer, Muhammad Usman, and Miklas Scholz. "Biodeterioration of buildings and public health implications caused by indoor air pollution." Indoor and Built Environment 27, no. 6 (February 1, 2017): 752–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x17690912.

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Biodeterioration challenges range from poor indoor air quality and exterior marble defacing to more dangerous building degradation. People often change the look of degraded walls by painting over them, removing carpets as well as replacing damaged wood and papers to improve their aesthetic value. Due to a lack of public awareness and health care infrastructure, the degradation rate is increasing in many countries. There is a need for a review of the international literature supporting practical recommendations. In this critical review paper, the role of microbes in deteriorating buildings, their health impacts in terms of mycotoxins and diverse strategies to handle them are discussed. Moreover, the forthcoming challenges associated with biodegradation and their health impacts have been addressed. Key recommendations have been made: (a) increase of awareness due to community involvement in enhancing moisture control, (b) improvement of cleaning processes and the use of air conditioning systems, (c) regular inspection and maintenance regimes for buildings and (d) cleaning of heating and air conditioning units and associated replacements of filters. The review provides a broad overview of the subject area and should be of interests to generalists working in a wide range of disciplines relevant to indoor air quality.

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Rojas, Jorge Alejandro, Carlos Cruz, José Fernando Mikán, Luz Stella Villalba, María Caridad Cepero de García, and Silvia Restrepo. "Isoenzyme characterization of proteases and amylases and partial purification of proteases from filamentous fungi causing biodeterioration of industrial paper." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 63, no. 2 (March 2009): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2008.07.009.

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Borrego, Sofía, Paola Lavin, Ivette Perdomo, Sandra Gómez de Saravia, and Patricia Guiamet. "Determination of Indoor Air Quality in Archives and Biodeterioration of the Documentary Heritage." ISRN Microbiology 2012 (October 30, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/680598.

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Documentary heritage is permanently subject to suffering from physical, chemical, and/or biological alterations. Biological deterioration by microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) causes undesirable changes on material properties. Microorganisms affect different organic, natural or synthetic substrates (cellulose, polycarbonates), metals, and compounds of optical and magnetic devices (CD, VHS). Paper made by vegetal fibers, functional additives (glue, optical polishers, consolidating agents), and inks with organic bindings are used as sources of nutrients. The environmental microorganisms that form the microbial charge of indoor air at repositories (archives, libraries) storing cultural heritage can deteriorate the different supports of heritage importance and affect human health as allergies and skin affections. The aims of this research were to study microbial contamination of the environment and its influence on biodeterioration by the biofilm formation and to analyze the relationship between environment microbiota and biofilm formation in materials stored at three archives in Argentina and in two repositories of the National Archive of the Republic of Cuba.

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Green, P. W. C. "Fungal isolates involved in biodeterioration of book-paper and their effects on substrate selection by Liposcelis bostrychophila (Badonnel) (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae)." Journal of Stored Products Research 44, no. 3 (January 2008): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2008.01.003.

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Ariafar, Ali Asghar, Maryam Afsharpour, and Kouros Samanian. "Use of TiO 2 /chitosan nanoparticles for enhancing the preservative effects of carboxymethyl cellulose in paper-art-works against biodeterioration." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 131 (July 2018): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.04.025.

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Szczepanowska, Hanna M., and Yulia S. Goreva. "SEM and ToF-SIMS Ion Imaging Applied to Characterization of Fungal Biodeterioration of Paper in the Context of Cultural Heritage Collections." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, S3 (August 2014): 2036–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761401191x.

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Kiani Khouzani, Mahdi, Abbas Bahrami, Afrouzossadat Hosseini-Abari, Meysam Khandouzi, and Peyman Taheri. "Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of a Pipeline in a Petrochemical Plant." Metals 9, no. 4 (April 19, 2019): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040459.

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This paper investigates a severe microbiologically influenced failure in the elbows of a buried amine pipeline in a petrochemical plant. Pipelines can experience different corrosion mechanisms, including microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). MIC, a form of biodeterioration initiated by microorganisms, can have a devastating impact on the reliability and lifetime of buried installations. This paper provides a systematic investigation of a severe MIC-related failure in a buried amine pipeline and includes a detailed microstructural analysis, corrosion products/biofilm analyses, and monitoring of the presence of causative microorganisms. Conclusions were drawn based on experimental data, obtained from visual observations, optical/electron microscopy, and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)/X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses. Additionally, monitoring the presence of causative microorganisms, especially sulfate-reducing bacteria which play the main role in corrosion, was performed. The results confirmed that the failure, in this case, is attributable to sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), which is a long-known key group of microorganisms when it comes to microbial corrosion.

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Bertron, Alexandra, Matthieu Peyre Lavigne, Cédric Patapy, and Benjamin Erable. "Biodeterioration of concrete in agricultural, agro-food and biogas plants: state of the art and challenges." RILEM Technical Letters 2 (December 30, 2017): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2017.42.

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This article reviews the state of knowledge on the mechanisms of deterioration of concrete by agricultural and agro-industrial effluents, notably breeding effluents and biowaste valorised in anaerobic digestion plants. The main physicochemical characteristics of agricultural effluents are first listed in terms of components that are aggressive for cementitious materials. Then, the main mechanisms of deterioration of the cementitious materials exposed to the effluents are presented, as highlighted by laboratory studies (synthetic effluents and / or models, specific experimental devices) or with real effluents. The paper also points out the scientific and technical advances needed to improve the durability of concrete in these environments.

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GUTAROWSKA, BEATA. "Metabolic Activity of Moulds as a Factor of Building Materials Biodegradation." Polish Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 2 (2010): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2010-018.

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This paper presents the effect of building materials on the growth and metabolic activity of moulds. In cultures of Aspergillus and Penicillium moulds grown on a model medium with the addition of building materials, the biomass of mycelium, its cellular components--glucan, chitin, ergosterol and the spectrum of enzymes and organic acids produced in the medium were investigated. It was found that on the medium with wallpaper moulds produced more biomass and extracellular enzymes, mainly glycolytic ones. On medium with mortar the growth of mycelium was impeded, production of biomass was 60% smaller, the quantity of chitin, glucan and ergosterol decreased 13-41%, and the activity of most enzymes was reduced; however the moulds intensively produced organic acids: malic, succinic and oxalic acid. The largest acid production activity was found in medium with addition of mortar; moulds produced the greatest variety of acids and in greater quantities than in the control medium. Metabolic activity of the moulds depends on the type of building material, and may lead to biodeterioration of these materials.

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Lech, Tomasz. "Evaluation of a Parchment Document, the 13th Century Incorporation Charter for the City of Krakow, Poland, for Microbial Hazards." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 9 (February 19, 2016): 2620–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03851-15.

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ABSTRACTThe literature of environmental microbiology broadly discusses issues associated with microbial hazards in archives, but these publications are mainly devoted to paper documents. There are few articles on historical parchment documents, which used to be very important for the development of literature and the art of writing. These studies present a broad spectrum of methods for the assessment of biodeterioration hazards of the parchment document in question. They are based on both conventional microbiological methods and advanced techniques of molecular biology. Here, a qualitative analysis was conducted, based on genetic identification of bacteria and fungi present on the document as well as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiling and examining the destructive potential of isolated microbes. Moreover, the study involved a quantitative and qualitative microbiological assessment of the indoor air in the room where the parchment was kept. The microbes with the highest destructive potential that were isolated from the investigated item wereBacillus cereusandAcinetobacter lwoffiibacteria andPenicillium chrysogenum,Chaetomium globosum, andTrichoderma longibrachiatumfungi. The presence of theB. cereusstrain was particularly interesting since, under appropriate conditions, it leads to complete parchment degradation within several days.

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Bolivar-Galiano, Fernando, Oana Adriana Cuzman, Clara Abad-Ruiz, and Pedro Sánchez-Castillo. "Facing Phototrophic Microorganisms That Colonize Artistic Fountains and Other Wet Stone Surfaces: Identification Keys." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 8787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188787.

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All fountains are inhabited by phototrophic microorganisms, especially if they are functional and located outdoors. This fact, along with the regular presence of water and the intrinsic bioreceptivity of stone material, easily favors the biological development. Many of these organisms are responsible for the biodeterioration phenomena and recognizing them could help to define the best strategies for the conservation and maintenance of monumental fountains. The presence of biological growth involves different activities for the conservation of artistic fountains. This paper is a review of the phototrophic biodiversity reported in 46 fountains and gives a whole vision on coping with biodeteriogens of fountains, being an elementary guide for professionals in the field of stone conservation. It is focused on recognizing the main phototrophs by using simplified dichotomous keys for cyanobacteria, green algae and diatoms. Some basic issues related to the handling of the samples and with the control of these types of microalgae are also briefly described, in order to assist interested professionals when dealing with the biodiversity of monumental fountains.

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Ascaso, C., J. Wierzchos, J. Delgado Rodrigues, L. Aires-Barros, F. Μ. A. Henriques, and Α. E. Charola. "Endolithic Microorganisms in the Biodeterioration of the Tower of Beiern / Die Rolle endolithischer Mikroorganismen bei der biologischen Zerstörung am Turm von Beiern." Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 4, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 627–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rbm-1998-5321.

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Abstract The Tower of Beiern was colonized by various organisms, ranging from endolithic bacteria to higher plants. The paper focuses on the deterioration that the endolithic microorganisms: bacteria and cyanobacteria, algae and funghi, cause on the compact Lioz limestone. The presence of these microorganisms in the subparallel Assuring characteristic of this stone is illustrated as well as their association with the clay minerals present. Their biogeochemical action results in an increase in surface roughness, subsurface porosity and eventual flaking of the stone surface.

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Janzen, Steve, and Darrel D. Nicholas. "Relation of transverse compression properties and the degree of brown rot biodeterioration of Pinus glabra in the soil block test." Holzforschung 70, no. 11 (November 1, 2016): 1067–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0004.

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Abstract Improved methods are needed for detecting and quantifying the effect of decay fungi on wood products. The focus of the present paper is a soil block decay test with exposure to the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum, where the changes in elasticity and strength were compared in both the radial and tangential directions as a function of the decay degree. The stress-strain analysis was employed by a transverse compression (transC) testing technique in which a load was applied over the specimen’s tangential or radial surface. It was found that early effects of decay were detected in either direction of loading, but the overall reduction in elasticity and compression strength after 7 days of exposure to the fungus was approximately two times greater in the radial direction. This difference is interpreted that decay occurs mainly in the earlywood (EW). Significant strength loss at 5% compression was detected after 2 days of exposure to the fungus. However, 3 days of exposure was required before significant strength loss was evident as a result of the reduction in modulus of elasticity (MOE) or mass loss (ML). In comparison to ML, the compression strength loss was found to be a more sensitive measure of wood decay.

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Gojný, Jan, Ondřej Mikala, Miloslav Milichovský, and Zuzana Špundová. "Effect of Essential Oils on the Mechanical Properties of Lignocellulosic Materials." Key Engineering Materials 688 (April 2016): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.688.77.

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Biodeterioration of lignocellulosic materials is a worldwide problem and it causes a great damage especially to unique manuscripts and books stored in libraries. These materials are permanently subject to suffering from physical, chemical, and/or biological changes. Biological deterioration by microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) causes undesirable changes on material properties. Paper made by vegetal fibers, functional additives (glue, optical polishers, consolidating nts), and inks with organic bindings are used as sources of nutrients. Using of EOs (essential oils) for protection against microorganisms appears to be an option, because antimicrobial effects of the main compounds of EOs were proven. This work analyzes the antimicrobial stability of 2 essential oils (citral and linalyl acetate), as well as their stability of mechanical properties, in selected lignocellulosic materials (soft wood and hard wood kraft pulp, softwood sulphite pulp). Some parts of samples were subjected only to the condition of the EOs, other samples were firstly treated by accelerated ageing. Last samples were exposed to the accelerated ageing and afterwards treated by EOs. From the mechanical properties measuring of samples it is possible to state that in some SAJ samples the influence of EOs vapour is positive. This was monitored even when the samples were treated by accelerated ageing.

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Casado-Sanz, Silva-Castro, Ponce-Herrero, Martín-Ramos, Martín-Gil, and Acuña-Rello. "White-Rot Fungi Control on Populus spp. Wood by Pressure Treatments with Silver Nanoparticles, Chitosan Oligomers and Propolis." Forests 10, no. 10 (October 7, 2019): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100885.

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There is growing interest in the development of non-toxic, natural wood preservation agents to replace conventional chemicals. In this paper, the antifungal activities of silver nanoparticles, chitosan oligomers, and propolis ethanolic extract were evaluated against white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd, with a view to protecting Populus spp. wood. In order to create a more realistic in-service type environment, the biocidal products were assessed according to EN:113 European standard, instead of using routine in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. Wood blocks were impregnated with the aforementioned antifungal agents by the vacuum-pressure method in an autoclave, and their biodeterioration was monitored over 16 weeks. The results showed that treatments based on silver nanoparticles, at concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 ppm, presented high antifungal activity, protecting the wood from fungal attack over time, with weight losses in the range of 8.49% to 8.94% after 16 weeks, versus 24.79% weight loss in the control (untreated) samples. This was confirmed by SEM and optical microscopy images, which showed a noticeably higher cell wall degradation in control samples than in samples treated with silver nanoparticles. On the other hand, the efficacy of the treatments based on chitosan oligomers and propolis gradually decreased over time, which would be a limiting factor for their application as wood preservatives. The nanometal-based approach is thus posed as the preferred choice for the industrial treatment of poplar wood aimed at wood-based engineering products (plywood, laminated veneer lumber, cross-laminated timber, etc.).

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Travailleur, Lucy, Marielle Gueguen-Minerbe, Issam Nour, Sandrine Marceau, Emmanuel Keita, and Thierry Chaussadent. "Biocolonisation of polymer-modified mortars." Matériaux & Techniques 108, no. 3 (2020): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2020026.

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Polymer-modified mortars are cementitious materials that integrate polymers from 5 to 20 wt.%. Those materials are widely used for protecting and/or repairing concrete surfaces among which building facades, civil engineering structures, or sewage networks. In this context, polymer-modified mortars are applied into thin layers of about 1–3 cm. However, previous studies performed regarding such materials were carried out on massive pieces and did not consider the interactions between polymer-modified mortars and microorganisms. Nevertheless, such interactions can lead to undesired aesthetical or structural modifications of those materials. As a result, the main objective of this paper is to evaluate the resistance to biocolonisation of polymer-modified mortars applied into thin layers in environmental conditions that are representative of the on-site applications. Two formulations of polymer-modified mortars and a polymer-free mortar are characterised in the hardened state. Then, the resistance of those mortars to biocolonisation is tested by means of two laboratory accelerated tests. The first experiment is performed in order to recreate biofouling at the surface of the specimens, while the second one exposes the materials to biodeterioration. The results and analyses show that in the presence of polymer, both porosity and capillary absorption of mortars are reduced, but this does not allow preventing or slowing down biocolonisation. In addition, this study suggests that the nature of the polymer has an influence on bioreceptivity of polymer-modified mortars. Finally, our results suggest that in the presence of polymer, the global material may have an improved inner cohesion.

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Blanchette, Robert A., D. R. Houghton, R. N. Smith, and H. O. W. Eggins. "Biodeterioration 7: Selected Papers Presented at the Seventh International Biodeterioration Symposium, Cambridge, UK, 6-11 Sept. 1987." Mycologia 82, no. 1 (January 1990): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3759979.

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Reyes, J., I. Silva, T. Pérez, F. Corvo, W. Martínez, E. M. Alonso-Guzmán, and P. Quintana. "El deterioro del Baluarte de San Pedro, un estudio de caso." Revista ALCONPAT 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/ra.v2i3.35.

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RESUMENEl centro histórico de la ciudad de San Francisco de Campeche, México, cuenta con edificios civiles y militares de la época colonial, los cuales se encuentran sometidos a la acción de agentes ambientales como humedad, radiación solar, temperatura, erosión eólica, acción biológica y productos de origen antropogénico que inducen su deterioro. El objetivo del presente estudio fue diagnosticar el daño y posible origen de costras negras en el Baluarte de San Pedro, edificio representativo del sistema defensivo de la ciudad. Las patologías de deterioro y el análisis mediante difracción de Rayos X realizado en muestras representativas del edificio indican la presencia de yeso en los muros sur y suroeste del Baluarte. Lo anterior es indicio de la acción de emisiones de vehículos automotores que circulan diariamente sobre las avenidas circundantes. Por otra parte, existe abundante colonización microbiana cuya actividad se relaciona con la presencia de oxalatos de calcio, compuestos característicos de procesos de biodeterioro.Palabras Clave: Deterioro; edificios históricos; San Francisco de Campeche; Baluarte de San Pedro; biodeterioro.ABSTRACTThe downtown of San Francisco de Campeche, México, has several civilian and militarian ancient buildings dating from the Hispanic colonization. These buildings are exposed to environmental agents such as high relative humidity and temperature, sun radiation, wind erosion, biologic action and anthropogenic products, which produce their deterioration. The objective of this paper is to present and discuss the diagnosis of deterioration of the San Pedro bastion as well as the possible origin of black crusts observed over the walls. Visual inspection and X Ray Diffraction analysis detected gypsum at south and southwest walls, which is indicative of the action of combustion products of vehicles circulation over neighboring avenues. Moreover, it was observed abundant microbial colonization, which activity is related to the presence of calcium oxalates that are evidence of a bio-deterioration process.Keywords: Deterioration; historic buildings; San Francisco de Campeche; Bastion of San Pedro; biodeterioration.

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Barreiro, P., A. Andreotti, M. P. Colombini, P. González, and J. S. Pozo-Antonio. "Influence of the Laser Wavelength on Harmful Effects on Granite Due to Biofilm Removal." Coatings 10, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030196.

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The colonization of stone-built monuments by different organisms (algae, fungi, lichens, bacteria, and cyanobacteria) can lead to biodeterioration of the stone, negatively affecting the artistic value of the heritage. To address this issue, laser cleaning has been widely investigated in recent years, due to the advantages it offers over traditional mechanical and chemical methods: it is gradual, selective, contactless, and environmentally friendly. That said, the laser parameters should be optimized in order to avoid any by-effects on the surface as a result of overcleaning. However, as the adjustment of each parameter to clean polymineralic stones is a difficult task, it would be useful to know the effect of overcleaning on the different forming minerals depending on the wavelength used. In this paper, three different wavelengths (355 nm, 532 nm, and 1064 nm) of a Q-Switch neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:Y3Al5O12) laser, commonly known as QS Nd:YAG laser were applied to extract a naturally developed sub-aerial biofilm from Vilachán granite, commonly used in monuments in the Northwest (NW)Iberian Peninsula. In addition to the removal rate of the biofilm, the by-effects induced for fluences higher than the damage threshold of the stone were evaluated using stereomicroscopy, color spectrophotometry, and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The results showed that different removal rates were obtained depending on the wavelength used and 532 nm obtained the highest removal level. In terms of by-effects, biotite melting was registered on all surfaces regardless of the wavelength. In addition, 532 nm seemed to be the most aggressive laser system, inducing the greatest change in appearance as a result of extracting the kaolinite crackled coating and the segregations rich in Fe, which are a result of natural weathering. These changes were translated into colorimetric changes visible to the human eye. The surfaces treated with 355 nm and 1064 nm showed lower surface changes.

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Babaev, Elbay R. "ESTIMATION OF INTERRELATION BETWEEN STRUCTURE OF SOME NITROGEN-CONTAINING ALKYLARYL-SUBSTITUTED PHENOLS AND THEIR REACTIVITY AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 60, no. 5 (June 23, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.2017605.5569.

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The paper describes the results of the research of some N-containing 2,6-di-a-methylbenzylphenols as antioxidants, antimicrobial and antiwear additives to the lubricating oils. In the model reactions of oxidation of hydrocarbons it has been earlier shown the efficiency of some nitrogen-containing derivatives of α-methylbenzyl-substituted phenols. As it can be seen from the results of research of mechanism of inhibiting action of three 4-N-substituted aminomethyl-2,6-di-α-methylbenzylphenols they have approximate antiradical efficiency, К7=6-6.5.104 l/mol×s (60 °С), exceeding К7 of ionol (2.2·104 l/mol×s). The stoichiometric inhibition coefficients are f=2-2.6. 2,6-di-α-methylbenzyl-4-diethylaminomethylphenol has the highest reactivity and high catalytic factor. The same conclusion can be drawn from the results of quantum chemical calculations. To confirm the found regularities, they were tested in lubricating oils as antioxidants. Antimicrobial properties of the investigated compounds were studied in the composition of vaseline oil. The synthesized aminomethyl derivatives of 2,6-di-α-methylbenzylphenol at a concentration of 0.5-1% ensure the stability of the vaseline oil to biodeterioration, show antimicrobial, more antifungal activity. These compounds show better efficiency than the biocide used in practice - sodium pentachlorophenolate. The lubricating properties of the test compounds were evaluated by the wear spot diameter (Dw) on Four-Ball Wear Test Machine in accordance with RF State Standard 9490-75. Investigations of antiwear properties have shown that these compounds, along with antioxidant properties, have also lubricating properties. They are better than the known additive for the similar purpose - tricresyl phosphate in anti-wear efficiency. The analysis of interrelations of kinetic indicators (rate constant, stoichiometric coefficients), obtained in the model reactions of inhibition of hydrocarbons oxidation with quantum chemical parameters of inhibitors molecular structure (enthalpy, electron population, dipole moment) antioxidant and anti microbial properties of compounds in vaseline oil has been conducted..For citation:Babaev E.R. Estimation of interrelation between structure of some nitrogen-containing alkylaryl-substituted phenols and their reactivity and functional properties. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 5. P. 51-56

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Rossmoore, H. W. "Abstracts of the papers presented at the fall 1994 meeting of the biodeterioration society." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 34, no. 1 (1994): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0964-8305(94)90021-3.

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Arabidian, Lizandra Veleda, Cristina Vargas Cademartori, and Anelise Beneduzi. "ESTUDO BIBLIOMÉTRICO DA PRODUÇÃO CIENTÍFICA SOBRE A TEMÁTICA "PRESERVAÇÃO DOCUMENTAL DOS ACERVOS EM BIBLIOTECAS"." BIBLOS 34, no. 1 (September 15, 2020): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/biblos.v34i1.10950.

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A evolução da produção científica sobre o tema “preservação documental em bibliotecas” no período de 1991 a 2018, foi avaliada através de um estudo bibliométrico. A preservação dos acervos é um tema relevante, particularmente no que se refere ao suporte em papel e seus respectivos agentes de deterioração nas bibliotecas, uma vez que muitos dos acervos são tratados como patrimônio cultural e testemunhos de memória. Como método, adotou-se a análise de conteúdo e, como campo empírico, a produção científica da área. Os resultados foram obtidos através de uma busca sistemática realizada no Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, seguindo-se o protocolo Prisma. Os descritores utilizados na busca foram library, fungi, microorganism, documentary preservation, microbial environmental monitoring, biodeterioration, collection, bacterium, bem como seus correspondentes em língua portuguesa. Foram obtidos 64 resultados relevantes, filtrados pelo título, resumo e palavras-chave, 62 dos quais compreenderam artigos publicados em 39 periódicos nacionais e internacionais, 1 capítulo de livro e 1 livro. Os termos mais frequentes foram preservação, fungos, biblioteca e biodeterioração. A revista que concentrou o maior número de artigos foi a “International Biodeterioration Biodegradation”. No recorte temporal analisado, houve um aumento da produção a partir do ano de 2008, com ápice em 2016. Os periódicos internacionais aglutinaram 72% das publicações, em sua maioria, na categoria Qualis B. A busca totalizou, ainda, oito dissertações de mestrado acadêmico e seis trabalhos de mestrado profissionalizante, desenvolvidos em oito instituições de ensino superior, com destaque para a UFSM (cinco dos 14 trabalhos). As áreas de Ciências Sociais e Humanidades, e Ciência da Informação foram as que concentraram o maior número de trabalhos em nível de mestrado, 35,7% e 28,6%, respectivamente. O ano de 2016 também apresentou um número relevante de ocorrências de dissertações sobre o tema. Evidenciou-se um aumento da produção científica sobre a temática de preservação de acervos nos últimos anos e isso, provavelmente, tem contribuído para informar e conscientizar sobre a importância da preservação documental.

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Sequeira, Sílvia O., Eurico J. Cabrita, and Maria F. Macedo. "Fungal Biodeterioration of Paper: How are Paper and Book Conservators Dealing with it? An International Survey." Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material 35, no. 2 (January 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rest-2014-0005.

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AbstractPaper biodeterioration by fungi has always been a concern in archives, libraries and museums. Several guidelines have been published regarding the prevention of fungal development in paper collections and recovery of affected objects, but what is actually being implemented from the literature by worldwide paper and book conservators? How common is this type of biodeterioration? What needs to be further studied? In order to access this information we conducted an online international questionnaire with participants from 20 different countries. The results show that fungal biodeterioration is highly common in paper collections. All of the respondents already had to deal with paper deteriorated by fungi, and although the vast majority uses active measures to prevent fungal development, most of them have already experienced active fungal infestations. The mainly used preventive measures are the ones concerned with the control of the environmental conditions in storage and display rooms. Drying the affected paper objects and applying 70% ethanol are the most preferred options to stop active fungal growth. The study of non-toxic and safer antifungals is considered here as the most relevant research topic in the area of paper biodeterioration by fungi, meaning that the options currently available are not totally satisfactory.

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Casanova, Maria da Conceição Lopes, and Ana Catarina Pinheiro. "Portuguese Archives and Libraries: a Century of Preservation and Conservation Practices for the Control of Biodeterioration." Conservar Património, August 17, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14568/2020004.

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Biodeterioration has been a central subject for libraries and archives. Throughout the ages, different preventive and curative conservation measures were adopted to manage biodeterioration in Portuguese institutions, but the problem persists. A historic review of different methodologies used to prevent biodeterioration in the Portuguese context is presented and compared to international trends. It focuses on theories and practices of paper conservation on par with their evolution and a comparison between the art collectors' world and Libraries and Archives is also made. Biodeterioration management has always been a major concern, namely amid librarians and archivists, among the first ones to endorse the implementation of preservation policies. Although preservation awareness has a relatively long history, it is vital to encourage a better understanding of it at the decision-making level. In fact, the implementation of preventive conservation strategies continues to be unsatisfactory, despite the current sustainability issues and the dangers of handling contaminated documentation.

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Casanova, Maria da Conceição Lopes, and Ana Catarina Pinheiro. "Portuguese Archives and Libraries: a Century of Preservation and Conservation Practices for the Control of Biodeterioration." Conservar Património, August 17, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14568/cp2020004.

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Biodeterioration has been a central subject for libraries and archives. Throughout the ages, different preventive and curative conservation measures were adopted to manage biodeterioration in Portuguese institutions, but the problem persists. A historic review of different methodologies used to prevent biodeterioration in the Portuguese context is presented and compared to international trends. It focuses on theories and practices of paper conservation on par with their evolution and a comparison between the art collectors' world and Libraries and Archives is also made. Biodeterioration management has always been a major concern, namely amid librarians and archivists, among the first ones to endorse the implementation of preservation policies. Although preservation awareness has a relatively long history, it is vital to encourage a better understanding of it at the decision-making level. In fact, the implementation of preventive conservation strategies continues to be unsatisfactory, despite the current sustainability issues and the dangers of handling contaminated documentation.

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L.A., Isiofia, Iloeje A.F., and Ajaelu H.C. "Framwork for fieldwork and documentation in primary Research." Research Journal of Environment, March 7, 2021, 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36265/arejoen.2021.010102.

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This paper presents an iterative framework for carrying out fieldworks on biodeterioration studies in the built environment with specific reference to the fieldwork on Microbial Colonisation of Building Finishes and Facings in Enugu. The paper discusses the step-by-step preparations prior to and during fieldwork and their importance in fruitful data collection, respondent’s responses and accompanied field interview. It highlights the pros and cons of fieldwork showing reasons why fieldwork is vital in biodeterioration research in the built environment. In doing so, the various stages of the fieldwork are discussed with their implications. At the end of the fieldwork, useful lessons learnt include the essence of digital compass in geolocation, the effect of good first impression during interview, and sourcing of data from government and organizations amongst others.

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Skipper, Philip J. A., Lynda K. Skipper, and Ronald A. Dixon. "A metagenomic analysis of the bacterial microbiome of limestone, and the role of associated biofilms in the biodeterioration of heritage stone surfaces." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (March 22, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08851-4.

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AbstractThere is growing concern surrounding the aesthetic and physical effects of microbial biofilms on heritage buildings and monuments. Carboniferous stones, such as limestone and marble, are soluble in weak acid solutions and therefore particularly vulnerable to biocorrosion. This paper aims to determine the differences and commonalities between the microbiome of physically damaged and undamaged Lincolnshire limestone, an area of research which has not been previously studied. A lack of information about the core microbiome has resulted in conflicting claims in the literature regarding the biodeteriorative potential of many microorganisms. To address this, we used metagenomics alongside traditional microbiological techniques to produce an in-depth analysis of differences between the bacterial microbiomes found on deteriorated and undamaged external limestone surfaces. We demonstrate there is a core microbiome on Lincolnshire limestone present on both damaged and undamaged surfaces. In addition to the core microbiome, significant differences were found between species isolated from undamaged compared to damaged surfaces. Isolated species were characterised for biofilm formation and biodeteriorative processes, resulting in the association of species with biodeterioration that had not been previously described. Additionally, we have identified a previously undescribed method of biofilm-associated biomechanical damage. This research adds significant new understanding to the field, aiding decision making in conservation of stone surfaces.

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Otlewska, Anna, Justyna Adamiak, and Beata Gutarowska. "Application of molecular techniques for the assessment of microorganism diversity on cultural heritage objects." Acta Biochimica Polonica 61, no. 2 (June 13, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2014_1889.

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As a result of their unpredictable ability to adapt to varying environmental conditions, microorganisms inhabit different types of biological niches on Earth. Owing to the key role of microorganisms in many biogeochemical processes, trends in modern microbiology emphasize the need to know and understand the structure and function of complex microbial communities. This is particularly important if the strategy relates to microbial communities that cause biodeterioration of materials that constitute our cultural heritage. Until recently, the detection and identification of microorganisms inhabiting objects of cultural value was based only on cultivation-dependent methods. In spite of many advantages, these methods provide limited information because they identify only viable organisms capable of growth under standard laboratory conditions. However, in order to carry out proper conservation and renovation, it is necessary to know the complete composition of microbial communities and their activity. This paper presents and characterizes modern techniques such as genetic fingerprinting and clone library construction for the assessment of microbial diversity based on molecular biology. Molecular methods represent a favourable alternative to culture-dependent methods and make it possible to assess the biodiversity of microorganisms inhabiting technical materials and cultural heritage objects.

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Dang, Yen T. H., Aoife Power, Daniel Cozzolino, Khuong Ba Dinh, Binh Son Ha, Adam Kolobaric, Jitraporn Vongsvivut, Vi Khanh Truong, and James Chapman. "Analytical Characterisation of Material Corrosion by Biofilms." Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion 8, no. 2 (March 6, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40735-022-00648-2.

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AbstractAlmost every abiotic surface of a material is readily colonised by bacteria, algae, and fungi, contributing to the degradation processes of materials. Both biocorrosion and microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) refer to the interaction of microbial cells and their metabolic products, such as exopolymeric substances (EPS), with an abiotic surface. Therefore, biofouling and biodeterioration of manufactured goods have economic and environmental ramifications for the user to tackle or remove the issue. While MIC is typically applied to metallic materials, newly developed and evolving materials frequently succumb to the effects of corrosion, resulting in a range of chemical reactions and transport mechanisms occurring in the material. Recent research on biocorrosion and biofouling of conventional and novel materials is discussed in this paper, showcasing the current knowledge regarding microbial and material interactions that contribute to biocorrosion and biofouling, including biofilms, anaerobic and aerobic environments, microbial assault, and the various roles microorganisms’ play. Additionally, we show the latest analytical techniques used to characterise and identify MIC on materials using a borescope, thermal imaging, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical and epifluorescence microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, and chemometrics.

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Bogomolova, E. V. "Torula herbarum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 156 (July 1, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401559.

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Abstract A description is provided for Torula herbarum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf and stem spots in plants; foot-rot of coriander; stem blight in Zizyphus mauritiana (small brown specks on bark near cut ends of branches, these spots enlarging into dark brown lesions and coalescing within 10-15 days, further stages being characterized by black broad strips of lesions, which progress towards the basal part of the tree); destruction of paper; biodeterioration of marble; decomposition of soil organic matter. HOSTS: Very common on or in dead herbaceous stems, wood (including artefacts such as baskets, cloth and furniture), soil, air, calcareous and siliceous rock, and artefacts such as concrete, linoleum, paper, sacking material and tiles. The fungus has also been observed in association with many other fungi. There are two records of this fungus being isolated from nasal swabs of Equus equus. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. AFRICA: Ethiopia, Ghana [as Gold Coast], Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa (Transvaal), Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia [as Northern Rhodesia]. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Ontario, Saskatchewan), USA (California, Colorado, Kansas, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, South Carolina, Texas, West Virginia). CENTRAL AMERICA: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Panama. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil (Pernambuco), Chile, Venezuela. ASIA: Bangladesh, China (Shaanxi, Zhejiang), Cyprus, India (Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh), Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia (Russian Far East), Sabah, Sarawak, Sri Lanka, Taiwan. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (Queensland, Victoria), New Caledonia, New Zealand. EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: By dissemination of air-borne conidia.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Biodeterioration of paper'

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