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1
Suleiman, Ismail A., Shitu Abubakar, Muhammad Usman Kaisan, et al. "PRODUCTION AND PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL OF BIODIESEL DERIVED FROM USED COOKING OIL ON COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 2 (2020): 658–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-240.
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The present study is concerned with the production of biodiesel produced from used cooking groundnut oils using alkali trans-esterification reaction. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were carried out on the biodiesel produced and the presence of methyl esters and their various functional groups were detected. The Physico-chemical properties of the biodiesels produced were also carried out and most of the properties conformed to ASTM standards. The biodiesel samples were tested in a 165F- Horizontal Single Cylinder Direct Injection Diesel Engine at Bayero University Kano (BUK), Kano State, Nigeria, investigating parameters such as: Brake power, Specific fuel consumption and Brake mean effective pressure. The exhaust gas was analysed in an NHA-506EN automotive gas analyzer, from Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology, Zaria, Kaduna State, where parameters such as hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon (IV) oxide (CO2) were all analyzed. The results showed that the oil from frying yam yielded 87.5% while that from frying fish yielded 94% and the biodiesels produced conformed to most of the Physico-chemical properties according to the ASTM standards. Also, the engine results demonstrated that there was improved brake power and mean effective pressure but the specific fuel consumptions were higher than that of the control sample. Lastly, the exhaust gas emissions results showed that there were significant reductions in carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon IV oxide (CO2) and hydrocarbon emissions showing us that biodiesel is more eco-friendly.
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Lin, Cherng-Yuan. "Effects of the Degree of Unsaturation of Fatty Acid Esters on Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics." Processes 10, no. 11 (2022): 2161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112161.
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Biodiesel is considered an environmentally friendly alternative to petro-derived diesel. The cetane number indicates the degree of difficulty in the compression-ignition of liquid fuel-powered engines. The allylic position equivalent (APE), which represents the unsaturated degree of fatty acid esters, was one of the key parameters for the cetane number of biodiesel. Due to the significant attributes of APE for biodiesel properties, the impact of APE on engine performance and emission characteristics was investigated in this study. The engine characteristics could be improved by adjusting the biodiesel fuel structure accordingly. A four-stroke and four-cylinder diesel engine accompanied by an engine dynamometer and a gas analyzer were used to derive the optimum blending ratio of the two biodiesels from soybean oil and waste cooking oil. Three fuel samples composed of various proportions of those two biodiesels and ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) were prepared. The amounts of saturated fatty acids and mono-unsaturated fatty acids of the biodiesel made from waste cooking oil were significantly higher than those of the soybean-oil biodiesel by 9.92 wt. % and 28.54 wt. %, respectively. This caused a higher APE of the soybean-oil biodiesel than that of the biodiesel from waste cooking oil. The APE II biodiesel appeared to have the highest APE value (80.68) among those fuel samples. When the engine speed was increased to 1600 rpm, in comparison with the ULSD sample, the APE II biodiesel sample was observed to have lower CO and O2 emissions and engine thermal efficiency by 15.66%, 0.6%, and 9.3%, while having higher CO2 and NOx emissions, exhaust gas temperature, and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by 2.56%, 13.8%, 8.9 °C, and 16.67%, respectively. Hence, the engine performance and emission characteristics could be enhanced by adequately adjusting the degree of unsaturation of fatty acid esters represented by the APE of biodiesel.
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Bello, Emmanuel I., and A. Mamman. "Shea Butter (Vitellaria paradoxa) Biodiesel." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 4, no. 3 (2014): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v4i3.4999.
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Shea butter  was pretreated with sulphuric  acid to convert the free fatty acids to esters and then transesterified to biodiesel using methanol and sodium hydroxide as catalyst. The oil, biodiesel, 10% and 20% blends with diesel were characterized according to ASTM and EN protocols for biodiesel. The fatty acid profile of the oil and biodiesel were analyzed using HP 6890 Gas Chromatography analyzer fitted with a flame ionization detector. From the results obtained, the properties of the biodiesel are by and large within the ASTM limits for biodiesel and the saturation to unsaturation ratio is 0.87 which gives a good balance of properties. The mineral contents are also within the ASTM limits for biodiesel. From the results obtained, it was concluded that the biodiesel can be used as alternative fuel for diesel engines. Â
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Ismail, S., A. S. Ahmed, Reddy Anr, and S. Hamdan. "Biodiesel Production from Castor Oil by Using Calcium Oxide Derived from Mud Clam Shell." Journal of Renewable Energy 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5274917.
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The catalytic potential of calcium oxide synthesized from mud clam shell as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production was studied. The mud clam shell calcium oxide was characterized using particle size analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and BET gas sorption analyzer. The catalyst performance of mud clam shell calcium oxide was studied in the transesterification of castor oil as biodiesel. Catalyst characterization and transesterification study results of synthesized catalyst proved the efficiency of the natural derived catalyst for biodiesel production. A highest biodiesel yield of 96.7% was obtained at optimal parameters such as 1 : 14 oil-to-methanol molar ratio, 3% w/w catalyst concentration, 60°C reaction temperature, and 2-hour reaction time. Catalyst reusability test shows that the synthesized calcium oxide from mud clam shell is reusable up to 5 times.
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Durumin-Iya, Sani Garba, and Usman Idris Ismail. "Exploring the efficacy of calcined eggshell as a heterogeneous catalyst in enhancing biodiesel production through transesterification of Jatropha oil." Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 10, no. 3b (2024): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v10i3b.21.
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The conventional use of homogeneous base catalysts in biodiesel production via transesterification has limitations, prompting researchers to explore heterogeneous catalysts. This study examines the effectiveness of calcined eggshell as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from Jatropha oil. The catalyst's chemical properties were analyzed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) ARL QUANT'X EDXRF Analyzer (S/N 9952120) of Umaru Musa Yaraduwa University Katsina cental laboratory, revealing a primarily CaO composition. Transesterification was performed using varying concentrations (0.1-0.6 wt%) of calcined eggshell, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of esters in the transesterified samples. The results show that 0.3 wt% calcined eggshell yielded the highest biodiesel production rate of 96.51%, demonstrating the significant role of calcined eggshell as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from Jatropha oil.
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Darmanto, Seno, Windu Sediono, Sarwoko Sarwoko, and Triyatno Triyatno. "ANALISA KARAKTERISTIK BIODIESEL NYAMPLUNG." Gema Teknologi 16, no. 4 (2012): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/gt.v16i4.4784.
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Seno Darmanto, Windu Sediono, Sarwoko, Triyatno, in this paper explain that making of callophylum inophylum biodiesel fuel is done alkaly transesterification methode. Alkaly transesterification methode use methanol and basa (NaOH) of catalist. Procedur and setting of research that is consisted in material selection, treatment and setting of composition of methanol and catalist, operational temperature, reaction time, speed and mixer technical will effect quality and conversion level of callophylum inophylum biodiesel. And based data analyzer show that conversion of callophylum inophylum biodiesel can reach 90%. Properties of callophylum inophylum biodiesel show viscosity and flash point of callophylum inophylum biodiesel is ligthly higher than diesel fuel. And caloric value of callophylum inophylum biodiesel is slightly lower than diesel fuel. Key words: callophylum inophylum, biodiesel, properties, transesterification.
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Persulesy, Pieter Y., Basri K, and Edy Suprapto. "Pengaruh Penggunaan Bahan Bakar Biodisel Berbasis Biji Buah Nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum) Terhadap Emisi Gas Buang Mesin Diesel." LONTAR Jurnal Teknik Mesin Undana 9, no. 01 (2022): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/ljtmu.v9i01.6295.
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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan bahan bakar biodiesel berbasis minyak biji buah nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum) terhadap emisi gas buang CO, CO2, NOx, O2, serta Opasitas mesin diesel. Dengan cara membagikan tiga sempel bahan bakar pertama solar murni diuji kadar emisi gas buang menggunakan alat uji emisi (Gas Analyzer), kemudian dilanjutkan dengan bahan bakar biodiesel murni dan, tahap terakhir dilakukan mix atau campuran bahan bakar solar 50% dan biodiesel nyamplung 50% pada putaran 1800 rpm. Lalu Pengamatan dilakuan pada tiap kelompok pengujian dengan mengukur emisi gas buang yang dihasilkan menggunakan alat gas detektor/ gas analyser. Penelitian menggunakan pola dasar Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) non faktorial yang diulang 3 kali, meliputi: X1 : Solar Murni (100%), X2 : Campuran Solar dan Biodiesel 50% (B50), X3 : Biodiesel 100% (B100), Y : Emisi Gas Buang (CO, CO2, NOx, O2 dan Opasitas). Dari hasil analisis sidik ragam didapatkan bahwa penggunaan bahan bakar biodiesel biji buah nyamplung terhadap emisi gas buang CO, CO2, NOx, O2, serta Opasitas berpengaruh nyata di taraf 1% dan 5% pada perlakuan dan tidak berpengaruh nyata pada kelompok uji. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan biodiesel dapat mereduksi tingkat pencemaran emisi gas buang.
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Ramesh Gawande. "Mathematical Modeling and Comparative Analysis of Noise and Vibration Characteristics of CI Engine Fueled with Biodiesel." Advances in Nonlinear Variational Inequalities 27, no. 4 (2024): 354–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/anvi.v27.1584.
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As an alternative to fossil fuels, renewable energy has the potential to replace diesel in CI engines, and therefore biodiesels such as nahar, jatropha, karanja, etc. are being used as a blend with diesel in CI engines. Since biodiesel is a sustainable fuel, numerous researchers have evaluated and contrasted its performance attributes with those of diesel. The end user’s comfort and level of fatigue following the usage of biodiesel blended with diesel, however, is an interesting area that requires further investigation. The current study aims to investigate the noise and vibration characteristics of unmodified and constant-speed CI engines powered by jatropha, nahar, or karanja biodiesel as a blend with diesel and also developed a mathematical model for noise and vibration responses. The vibration and sound pressure level were recorded using the FFT analyzer Brüel & Kjær Photon+ portable measuring system with RTPro software for different input parameters such as load, density, flash point, and calorific value at different levels for diesel D100 and biodiesel blends. Mathematical non-linear model was developed to predict the relationship between fuel properties and engine noise-vibration characteristics because the R square and adj. R square values of model is found to be close to each other. However, higher adj. R square value and p-value within 0.05 are the good criteria for selection of model.
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Amirnordin, Shahrin Hisham, Nurudeen Ihsanulhadi, Ahmad Jais Alimin, and Amir Khalid. "Effects of Palm Oil Biodiesel Blends on the Emissions of Oil Burner." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 956–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.956.
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Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels used in oil burner. In order to determine the quality of this biodiesel produced at UTHM Biodiesel Pilot Plant, it is tested in crucible furnace system. This study is focused on the effects of biodiesel on emissions from an oil burner. It uses 5 % (B5), 10 % (B10) and 15 % (B15) biodiesel blended with diesel. 100 % diesel is used as a comparison. Emissions from the combustion of diesel burner were measured using gas analyzer and smoke detector. Measured parameters were carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2) and opacity. Results show a significant improvement up to 87 % of harmful emissions showed by blended fuel compared to 100 % diesel. The overall results indicate the potential of palm oil biodiesel blend in reducing harmful emissions from the burner system.
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Prabu, A., and R. B. Anand. "Working Characteristics of a C.I. Engine Fuelled with Oxygenates as Additives in Jatropha Biodiesel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1842–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1842.
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An experimental investigation is conducted for studying the effect of the oxygenates blended with Jatropha biodiesel in a single cylinder Direct Injection diesel engine by using AVL 444 Di-gas analyzer for measuring level of pollutants at engine exhaust and AVL 437 smoke meter for measuring smoke opacity. Two oxygenated additives namely Ethylene Glycol (C2H6O2) and Propylene Glycol (C3H8O2) are added equally to neat biodiesel at geometric sequence (1, 2 and 4 %) forming the blends EGPG1 (Biodiesel + 0.5 % Ethylene Glycol + 0.5 % Propylene Glycol), EGPG2 (Biodiesel + 1 % Ethylene Glycol + 1 % Propylene Glycol) and EGPG4 (Biodiesel + 2 % Ethylene Glycol + 2 % Propylene Glycol). This paper highlights the effect of two oxygenates added as additive in biodiesel, that affecting the performance and emission characteristics of the engine. Marginal improvement in the performance of the engine and reduced level of pollutant such as Carbon monoxide (CO) and Smoke opacity for the test fuels are observed with slight increase in NO ( Nitrogen oxide ) and Unburned Hydro carbon (UHC) emission.
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Rao. Seela, Chiranjeeva. "CARBON NANOTUBES (MWCNTs) ADDED BIODIESEL BLENDS: AN ENGINE ANALYSIS." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 02 (2022): 1009–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1526882.
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Investigations were done on a diesel engine to assess its performance and emissions by utilizing a biodiesel blend containing multi-walled-carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The findings of the experiments were compared to those of the basic fuel, diesel. Mahua Methyl Ester [MME] was used to make biodiesel from palm oil. With the help of an ultrasonicator, the MCNTs mass fractions of 50, to 100 ppm were blended with biodiesel fuel. The experiments were conducted on a mechanically loaded single-cylinder diesel engine at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. A 5-gas analyzer was used to measure the emissions. The findings demonstrated a significant improvement in brake-specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency. The MWCNT biodiesel fuels resulted in a significant reduction in hazardous pollutants such as NOx and CO2.
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Surakasi, Raviteja, Mohd Yunus Khan, Arif Senol Sener, et al. "Analysis of Environmental Emission Neat Diesel-Biodiesel–Algae Oil-Nanometal Additives in Compression Ignition Engines." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (February 28, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3660233.
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The production of biodiesel as an alternative fuel and its use as a mixture and other additives are presented. In the present research work, additive blends with diesel biodiesel from algae oil are physically characterised and an analysis of pollutant emissions is carried out when used in an ignition engine by compression. The measurement of pollutant emissions is carried out through a combined emission analyzer adapted to a system of valves attached to the experimental facility. The properties of each mixture with the polluting emissions are compared with that of the reference diesel. It was found that each of the properties improves compared to that of diesel, reducing most emissions in the use of mixtures with biodiesel.
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Kaisan, Muhammad Usman, Ibrahim Umar Ibrahim, and Dhinesh Balasubramanian. "ENVIRONMENTAL AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BINARY AND TERNARY BLEND RATIOS OF BIODIESEL ON COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 5, no. 3 (2021): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0503-674.
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Despite the dependable attempts by researchers in the field of sustainable fuels, engines, and emissions, there is a research gap in the area of variations of biodiesel blend ratios with specific fuel consumption of a compression ignition engine as well as the brake thermal efficiency of engines. Therefore, this article has investigated how the blending ratio of biodiesel from jatropha, neem and cotton seeds oil mixed with petrol diesel affects the brake specific fuel consumption of a compression ignition engine and likewise the brake thermal efficiency of the binary and multi-blends of biodiesel with diesel. Three different biodiesel samples were blended with diesel; the biodiesel was achieved through an alkali transesterification reaction. The blending was done for each biodiesel with diesel alone, and that of mixed biodiesel blends with fossil diesel in a definite ratio. The blends were run on a stationary four-cylinder compression ignition engine with an exhaust analyzer to detect CO, NOx, and exhaust temperature ranges. It was recorded that, the combustion of the blends at an engine speed of 1500 rpm, between the Jatropha blend ratios 25 to 30 %, the brake specific fuel consumptions (bsfc) decrease further as against the initial trend shown at 1000 rpm. At 2000 rpm engine speed, the Neem, as well as the mixed biodiesel blends, show entirely different patterns. 25% Jatropha blend gives the best overall performance
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Dr. Kamal Kr, Brahma, and Mahanta Dr. Dimbendra Kumar. "Exhaust Gas Analysis of CI Engine using the Blends of Diesel and Biodiesel from the seed of Pongamia pinnata (L) Pierre." YMER Digital 21, no. 02 (2022): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.02/49.
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Exhaust system plays most effective role on the environment as it is that portion of an automobile through which exhaust gases get out from the combustion chamber to pollute the air by their harmful gases. The different blends of diesel and biodiesel from the Pongamia ponnata (L) Pierre are used to run the four stroke compression ignition engine. To make a study of the exhaust gas emission providing with blends of diesel and biodiesel at different ratio and exhaust gas analyzer was used to collect experimental data. All the experimental data and graphical representation concludes that the CO, CO2, HC, NO, NO2, NOX, SOX in the exhaust gas from CI engine with the use of blending of diesel and biodiesel.
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Amrullah, Shafwan, and Cyrilla Oktaviananda. "Karakterisasi Biodiesel dari Minyak Jelantah Menggunakan Katalis CaO/SiO2 dari Ekstrak Cangkang Telur dan Sekam Padi." Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL) 6, no. 2 (2024): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/jppl.v6i2.2418.
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Energi terbarukan saat ini memiliki perhatian besar terhadap ketahanan energi dunia. Hal ini dikarenakan cadangan minyak berbasis fosil mengalami penipisan. Salah satu alternatif energi terbarukan adalah biodiesel. Harga produksi biodiesel saat ini masih relatif mahal. Sehingga pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat biodiesel murah dari minyak jelantah. Katalis yang digunakan adalah CaO/SiO2 dari limbah cangkang telur dan sekam padi dengan perbandingan 50:50 w/w. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pembuatan katalis dengan kalsinasi tertentu dan karakterisasi katalis menggunakan Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). Selanjutnya, biodiesel dibuat melalui proses esterifikasi dan transesterifikasi. Katalis CaO/SiO2 yang dihasilkan memiliki luas permukaan total sebesar 31,958 m2/gram. Nilai ini telah memenuhi standar luas permukaan katalis heterogen. Yield biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari jumlah katalis 5; 10; dan 15 gram berturut-turut sebesar 80%, 81%, dan 86%. Densitas biodiesel semakin kecil dengan meningkatnya kadar katalis yang digunakan. Densitas biodiesel dengan jumlah katalis 5,10, dan 15 gram berturut-turut 890, 860, 870 kg/m3. Nilai ini telah memenuhi SNI 7162:2015. Viskositas kinematik yang dihasilkan sedikit menurun dengan meningkatnya jumlah katalis yang digunakan. Viskositas kinematik yang dihasilkan dari jumlah katalis 5; 10; dan 15 gram berturut-turut adalah 3,1; 3,1; dan 3,0 mm2/s. Kadar FFA biodiesel cenderung menurun dengan penambahan jumlah katalis yang digunakan. Hasil penelitian ini belum memenuhi standar kadar FFA biodiesel yaitu maksimum 0,5 mg-KOH/g. Kadar FFA yang dihasilkan berturut-turut adalah 0,64%, 0,65%, dan 0,64%. Peningkatan jumlah katalis yang digunakan menyebabkan peningkatan methyl ester stearate. Hasil methyl ester stearat yang dihasilkan berdasarkan jumlah katalis 5, 10, dan 15 gram berturut-turut adalah 80,3%; 91,4%; dan 95,8%.
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Azis, N., N. Amaliyah, A. E. E. Putra, D. Kusumawati, and M. Aldi. "Biodiesel Production Process Using Plasma Method on Engine Performance and Exhaust Gas Emissions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2739, no. 1 (2024): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2739/1/012016.
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Abstract Crude Palm Oil is one of the renewable energy sources that is widely used as an environmentally friendly energy source, one form of utilization is by processing crude palm oil into biodiesel. However, biodiesel has drawbacks in terms of performance which is less good than fossil fuels. This study aims to improve the performance of the engine produced by biodiesel and maximize the utilization of crude palm oil in biodiesel. In improving the performance of diesel engines, the treatment method used in producing biodiesel affects the physical properties of the biodiesel produced. This study uses a mixture of Dexlite fuel with plasma biodiesel in a ratio of 1:1, which produces B50 biodiesel. To measure the performance using a TV1 diesel engine and a gas analyzer OPA 100 with a compression ratio of 1:18, 1:14, and a load of 1 kg, 3 kg, 5 kg, 7 kg, and 9 kg. The results showed that the maximum effective power (BP) occurred at a load of 9 kg with a ratio of 1: 14, which was 2.38 kW, and the minimum specific fuel consumption (SFC) occurred at a compression ratio of 1: 18 and loading 9 which is 0.240 Kg/kWh, the maximum volumetric efficiency (ηvo) occurs at 9 kg loading with a compression ratio of 1: 14 with the addition of 0% methanol solvent which is 70.61%, and thermal efficiency (ηth) maximum loading occurred at 9 kg loading with a compression ratio of 1: 18 using 0% methanol solvent, which is 44,74%.
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Prakash, R., K. Adithyan, and V. Adithya. "Comparative Analysis of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine with Biodiesel Prepared from Waste Cooking Oil and Pongamia Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.787.
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In view of the fast depletion of fossil fuels, the search for alternative fuels has become inevitable, due to huge demand of diesel for transportation sector, captive power generation and agricultural sector, the biodiesel is being viewed as a substitute for diesel. The aim of the present work is to focus on the work done in the area of production of biodiesel from Pongamia oil and waste cooking oil and the characterization of properties of various bio diesel blends in single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. The main problem with biodiesel is its higher viscosity which leads to formation of gums that would affect its performance. The work includes the impact analysis of biodiesel prepared from Pongamia oil and waste cooking oil on engine performance and exhaust emission. The results obtained are compared with the performance parameters of diesel. The experiment is carried out in DI diesel engine equipped with 5 gas analyzer and smoke meter. From the test result, it is found that the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in particulate emission, CO emissions accompanying with the imperceptible power loss, the increase in fuel consumption and the increase in NOx emission on conventional diesel engine with no or fewer modification. From the results, it can be observed that biodiesel likely to replace diesel as a source of fuel in near future.
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Shen, Tianhao, Fengxia Zhang, Shiliang Yang, Hua Wang, and Jianhang Hu. "Investigation of Pyrolysis Kinetic Triplet, Thermodynamics, Product Characteristics and Reaction Mechanism of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel under the Influence of Copper Slag." Energies 16, no. 5 (2023): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052137.
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WCO-Biodiesel can be used as a fuel instead of fossil energy for the copper smelting industry will not only save resources but also protect the environment. The pyrolysis of WCO-Biodiesel in the melting pool is influenced to some extent by the copper slag (CS) generated during the copper smelting process. In this study, the effects of CS on the kinetic triplet, thermodynamics, product characteristics and reaction mechanism of WCO-Biodiesel are comprehensively investigated via a thermogravimetric analyzer and pyrolysis experimental system. Firstly, the apparent activation energy (Eα) is calculated using STR, and Eα decreased at different α under the influence of CS. Then, the trend of the WCO-Biodiesel pyrolysis mechanism with α is determined by the master plots method based on 18 commonly used models similar to the Pn and D1 models. The analysis of WCO-Biodiesel pyrolysis gas products shows that more flammable gases containing H are formed under the influence of CS. The analysis of the liquid products shows that more PAHs and more small molecule products are generated under the influence of CS. Two coke products are produced at high temperatures, which differ significantly in microscopic morphology, spherical carbon particle size and chemical structure. Finally, the mechanism of pyrolysis of the main components in WCO-Biodiesel in the high-temperature environment of melt pool melting is explored.
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Um Min Allah, Fazal, and Alexandru Gruia. "Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Bioethanol on Emission Performance of Diesel Engine for Rapeseed Biodiesel-Diesel Blends." Applied Mechanics and Materials 823 (January 2016): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.823.319.
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Global warming and climate change are the motives to find a solution for emission reduction of diesel engines. Bioethanol is renewable fuel which can be used in diesel engine as a part of biodiesel-diesel blends. The effect of bioethanol on the emission performance of diesel engine for rapeseed biodiesel-diesel blends as a function of engine load is evaluated in this paper. KDE 6500E diesel generator is used for this purpose. Carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are recorded with the help of VLT-458 exhaust gas analyzer. Blends with higher concentrations of bioethanol have shown lower CO emissions while HC emissions increase with the increase in bioethanol concentration in the blends. CO2 emissions are recorded more at higher loads for all types of biodiesel and bioethanol concentrations than that of diesel fuel.
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Padmaningsih, Astuti Tri, Wega Trisunaryanti, and Iqmal Tahir. "STUDY ON THE CONCENTRATION EFFECT OF Nb2O5-ZAA CATALYST TOWARDS TOTAL CONVERSION OF BIODIESEL IN TRANSESTERIFICATION OF WASTED COOKING OIL." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 3 (2010): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21730.
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Study on the concentration effect of Nb2O5-ZAA catalyst towards total conversion of biodiesel has been conducted. The natural zeolite (ZA) was activated by dipping in NH4Cl solution and was calcined using N2 atmosphere at 500 °C for 5h to produce the ZAA sample. The Nb2O5-ZAA catalyst was made by mixing the activated natural zeolite (ZAA), Nb2O5 3 % (w/w) and oxalic acid 10 % (w/w) solution, until the paste was formed, followed by drying and calcining the catalyst for 3 h at 500 °C under N2 atmosphere. Catalyst characterizations were conducted by measuring acidity with NH3 gas using gravimetric method and porosimetric analysis using N2 gas adsorption based on the BET equation by surface area analyzer instrument. The Nb2O5-ZAA catalyst was then used as an acid catalyst in free fatty acid esterification reaction of wasted cooking oil in methanol medium with variation of catalyst concentration: 1.25%; 2.5%; 3.75% and 5% towards the weight of oil+methanol. The reaction was continued by transesterification of triglyceride in the used cooking oil using NaOH catalyst in methanol medium. For comparison, the esterification reaction using H2SO4 catalyst 1.25% towards the weight of oil+methanol has been conducted as well. Methyl ester (biodiesel) product was analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The characters of biodiesel were analyzed using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method. The results showed that modification of ZAA by impregning Nb2O5 3% (w/w) increased the total catalyst acidity from 5.00 mmol/g to 5.65 mmol/g. The Nb2O5-ZAA catalyst has specific surface area of 60.61 m2/g, total pore volume of 37.62x10-3 cc/g and average pore radius of 12.41 Å. The Nb2O5-ZAA catalyst with concentration of 1.25%-5% produced higher total conversion of biodiesel than that of H2SO4 catalyst 1.25%. The Nb2O5-ZAA catalyst with concentration of 3.75% produced the highest total conversion of biodiesel, i.e. 76.76 %. Based on the ASTM data analysis, the product has a qualification as diesel fuel. Keywords: biodiesel, transesterification, natural zeolite, niobium catalyst
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Yilmaz, Nadir, Francisco M. Vigil, Alpaslan Atmanli, and Burl Donaldson. "Influence of Fuel Oxygenation on Regulated Pollutants and Unregulated Aromatic Compounds with Biodiesel and n-Pentanol Blends." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (April 17, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/3040073.
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It is very important to determine the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions caused by the use of renewable fuels in diesel engines and to know the possible damages. This study investigates the emissions (regulated and unregulated) of biodiesel/n-pentanol mixtures, which are free of aromatic content, with emphasis on PAH formation and an examination of toxicity to public health and the environment. Engine failures caused by wetstacking are also discussed. Biodiesel/n-pentanol fuel mixtures with alcohol concentrations of 5%, 20%, and 35% by volume (v/v) served as test fuels in a compression ignition engine. A five-gas analyzer was used to measure hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected and measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Against the baseline diesel fuel, the biodiesel/n-pentanol fuel blends and neat biodiesel reduced NOx emissions and produced significantly fewer PAHs and toxicity, confirming the significance of the aromatic content of the fuel. Biodiesel reduced total PAHs by 48.02% and the addition of 5% n-pentanol to biodiesel further decreased total PAHs by 21.26%. The total toxicity (BaPeq (benzo[a]pyrene equivalent)) as a result of biodiesel was 83.49% less than diesel. The addition of n-pentanol to biodiesel further reduced toxicity by 59.15%, 57.89%, and 48.33% for BPen5, BPen20, and BPen35 blends, respectively. In addition, n-pentanol was shown to be effective for reducing total PAH emissions, as well as heavier PAHs, which have greater carcinogenicity and pose a greater likelihood of engine damage from wetstacking when running in low-load conditions at cold temperatures.
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A.F., Sherwani. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BLENDS OF MAHUA OIL METHYL ESTER FOR COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE." International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology 5, no. 2 (2016): 760–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.46511.
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Decline in fossil fuel resources along with high crude oil prices generated attention towards the development of fuel from alternate sources. One of the best alternatives is biodiesels obtained from different vegetable oils. In the present study attention is being focused on comparison of performance and emissions results of biodiesel derived from Mahua oil when applied in different proportions in compression ignition (diesel) engine. A single cylinder four stroke diesel engine (Kirloskar) was tested at various loads with the blended fuel at the rated speed of 1500 rpm. Mahua oil methyl ester blended with diesel in proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, by volume and pure diesel were used as fuel. An AVL gas analyzer and a smoke meter were used for the measurements of exhaust gas emissions. Engine performance (specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, and exhaust gas temperature) and emissions (HC, CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub> and Smoke Opacity) were measured to evaluate and compute the behavior of the diesel engine running on biodiesel. The results show that the brake thermal efficiency of diesel is higher at all loads followed by blends of Mahua methyl ester and diesel. Experimentally the maximum brake thermal efficiency and minimum specific fuel consumption were found for blends up to 20% Mahua oil methyl ester at all loads among the blends. The specific fuel consumption was found to be even lower than the conventional diesel for blends up to B20. The brake thermal efficiency for B10 and B20 were also closer to diesel and the CO emissions were found to be lesser than diesel while there was a slight increase in the smoke opacity and NO<sub>x</sub>. The reductions in brake specific fuel consumption and CO emissions made the blend of biodiesel B20 a suitable alternative fuel for diesel
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Rahimi, Vajiheh, Marzieh Shafiei, and Keikhosro Karimi. "Techno-Economic Study of Castor Oil Crop Biorefinery: Production of Biodiesel without Fossil-Based Methanol and Lignoethanol Improved by Alkali Pretreatment." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (2020): 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101538.
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Castor, a non-edible oil crop that flourishes even under extreme cultivation conditions, can be cultivated in wastewater with a lower cultivation cost than similar plants, e.g., rapeseed and soybean. This plant, containing seeds and lignocellulosic residues, has a promising perspective for biofuel production. The oil extracted from the seeds is inexpensive and can be efficiently converted to biodiesel, while the lignocellulosic parts are suitable for ethanol production after pretreatment with NaOH. Biodiesel typically produced from the fossil-based methanol; however, it can also be produced from the ethanol. In this study, ethanol used for biodiesel production is produced from the lignocellulosic residues (scenario 1), which are more sustainable and environmentally friendly; the process was compared with that of the methanol (scenario 2). In this study, techno-economic analyses were used to compare the technical and economic aspects of producing biodiesel from methanol and the produced ethanol. Simulations of the processes were carried out by Aspen plus software, and economic studies were conducted by Aspen Economic Analyzer. The prices of produced ethanol as a byproduct in scenarios 1 and 2 were USD 0.701 and 0.693 per liter, respectively, which are greater than that of gasoline. The prices of biodiesel produced as a primary product for scenarios 1 and 2 are USD 0.410 and 0.323/L, lower than the price of diesel in the Middle East region. The profitability indices for scenarios 1 and 2 are 1.29 and 1.41, respectively. Therefore, despite environmental benefits, the biorefinery based on producing biodiesel from methanol is more economically feasible than that produced from ethanol.
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C, Ramesh, Murugesan A, and Vijayakumar C. "Reducing the Environmental Pollution from Diesel Engine Fuelled with Eco- Friendly Biodiesel Blends." Bulletin of Scientific Research 1, no. 2 (2019): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/bsr1925.
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Diesel engines are widely used for their low fuel consumption and better efficiency. Fuel conservation, efficiency and emission control are always the investigation points in the view of researchers in developing energy system. India to search for a suitable environmental friendly alternative to diesel fuel. The regulated emissions from diesel engines are carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbons (HC), NOx and Particulate matter. It creates cancer, lungs problems, headaches and physical and mental problems of human. This paper focuses on the substitution of fossil fuel diesel with renewable alternatives fuel such as Biodiesel. Biodiesel is much clear than fossil diesel fuel and it can be used in any diesel engine without major modification. The experiment was conducted in a single-cylinder four-stroke water-cooled 3.4 kW direct injection compression ignition engine fueled with non-edible Pungamia oil biodiesel blends. The experimental results proved that up to 40% of Pungamia oil biodiesel blends give better results compared to diesel fuel. The AVL 444 di-gas analyzer and AVL 437 smoke meter are used to measure the exhaust emissions from the engine. The observation of results, non-edible Pongamia biodiesel blended fuels brake thermal efficiency (3.59%) is improved and harmful emissions like CO, unburned HC, CO2, Particulate matter, soot particles, NOx and smoke levels are 29.67%, 26.65%, 33.47%, 39.57%, +/- 3.5 and 41.03% is decreased respectively compared to the diesel fuel. This is due to biodiesel contains the inbuilt oxygen content, ignition quality, carbon burns fully, less sulphur content, no aromatics, complete CO2 cycle.
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Heravi, Hamid, Saeed Hosseini, Fatemeh Bamoharram, and Javad Baharara. "The effect of various vegetable oils on pollutant emissions of biodiesel blends with gasoil in a furnace." Thermal Science 19, no. 6 (2015): 1977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140218022h.
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In this paper the effect of various vegetable oils on pollutant emissions of biodiesel blends with gasoil in a furnace is studied experimentally. The exhaust gas temperature and emissions of CO, NOx and SO2 are measured by an R-type thermocouple and TESTO 350-XL gas analyzer respectively. The oil of soybean, sunflower, canola and corn are used in transesterification process of biodiesel. The results show that maximum of temperature, NOx emission and SO2 emission are achieved for the combustion of sunflower methyl ester and corn methyl ester blends with gasoil in contrast with combustion of soybean methyl ester and canola methyl ester blends with gasoil. Also the minimum of CO emission is reached for combustion of these fuels.
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Salim, Ilham, and Alex A. Lepa. "The Effect of Tetrahydrofuran on Transesterification of Palm Oil Using Modified Clay Catalystinto Biodiesel." International Journal of ChemTech Research 13, no. 1 (2020): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijctr.2019.130116.
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Transesterification of palm oil into biodiesel has been done using modified clay catalyst.The modified clay catalyst was synthesized by destructing the clay with 8M HCl solution, then fusion by NaOH pellet (NaOH/clayratio = 0.8), followed by treating with AlCl3.6H2O, CTAB and distilled water.Then the mixture was regulated to pH of 11.5. Next, the mixture was then poured into a reactor for hydrothermal process at 140 oC for 48 h. The results of the dealumination of clay was characterized byX-ray Fluorescence and the synthesized zeolite was characterized using surface area analyzer and X-Ray Diffraction. The transesterification of palm oil (PO) process was carried out in the variation of temperatures of 55 and 65oC.Ratio of catalyst :PO : methanol was 1.0 : 20.0 : 13.3and reaction time was 6h. The liquid product was analyzed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer. The resulted showed that the dealumination of clay had Si content of 34.77 % and Al of 5.67 %. The modified clay (MC) had surface area of 5.5685 m2 /g, pore volume of 0.0126 cm3 /g, and pore diameter of 8.871 nm. The results of measurements with XRD produced a different form of chromatogram and type of mineral. The main mineral was gismondine.In this research, the transesterification reaction of PO at a temperature of 55 °Cusing MC catalyst without THF resulted methyl esters (biodiesel)of 41.5 wt%. Furthermore, after adding THFwith ratio of methanol : THF of 1 : 1 and the same treatment, the resulting methyl ester (biodiesel) was the same phase (a one-phase) and methyl esters (biodiesel) product was more than 100 wt%..
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de Moraes, Graziela Guzi, Luiza Bonin, Elisangela Guzi de Moraes, Karina Donadel, Kaio Barp, and Antonio Pedro Novaes de Oliveira. "Combustion Synthesis of the MgAl2O4 Using Glycerin from the Production of Biodiesel." Materials Science Forum 775-776 (January 2014): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.775-776.682.
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This work aims to investigate the glycerin from the biodiesel as fuel in the combustion synthesis into two routes, one for high temperature called direct route, in order to inhibit the formation of acrolein and compare it with the conventional combustion synthesis at low temperatures, using as fuels saccharose, pure glycerin, pure glycerin gel, glycerin from biodiesel, biodiesel from glycerin dried 24 h, biodiesel from glycerin gel dried 24 h to obtain the magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl2O4). The synthesis was performed from the mixture of the precursors (Al (NO3)3.9H2O and Mg (NO3)2.6H2O) in water with the addition of the fuels. In the direct route case, the mixture was placed in a furnace heated to 500°C followed by calcination at different temperatures for 2 h. In the conventional route cases, the mixtures were slowly heated to 800°C for 2 h. The obtained powders, product of the combustion reactions, were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser scattering particle size analyzer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the product (powder) obtained by direct reaction was the MgAl2O4 as the only crystalline phase formed with particle sizes of approximately 41 μm. Even so, small particles with sizes of about 30 nm were also observed according to measurements on SEM images.
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Mustaffa, Norrizal, Amir Khalid, Mohamad Farid Sies, Hanis Zakaria, and Bukhari Manshoor. "Performance and Emissions of Preheated Biodiesel on a Compression Ignition (CI) Engines ." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.291.
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Diesel engines are still widely needed and applicable to agriculture, construction, light duty passenger car and heavy duty vehicles. In recent years, limited supply of fossil fuel makes alternative sources of fuel especially biodiesel receiving a lot of attention in the automotive industry. However, in using biodiesel as fuel had created poor fuel-air mixing that generally will produce lower performance and higher emissions than diesel fuel. This phenomenon associated with the fuel properties especially viscosity that higher compared to diesel fuel. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of preheated biodiesel derived from crude palm oil with 5% blending ratio (B5) at 40°C, 50°C and 60°C on performance and emissions of diesel engine under two different load conditions, which are 50% load and 100% load. A four-cylinder four strokes cycle, water cooled, direct injection engine was used for the experiments and the engine speed was varied from 1500 rpm up to 3000 rpm with the 500 rpm increment. Dynapack chassis dynamometer was used to perform the performance data while Autocheck gas/smoke analyzer and Drager were used to obtain the emissions data. Increased of load and biodiesel fuel temperature promotes more rapid engine performance but exhibit relatively small variations in emissions production.
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Brahma, Kamal K., and Dr. Dimbendra Kr. Mahanta. "Characterization of Biodiesel and It's Blend from the Seed of Pongamia pinnata (L) Pierre." Recent Trends in Automation and Automobile Engineering 4, no. 3 (2022): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6256535.
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<em>The seed of Pongamia pinnata which is popularly known as Karanja in Hindi and Indian beech in English is veritably important available in Assam. The seeds of Pongamia pinnata were acquired from the Assam Engineering College Campus, Jalukbari, Guwahati. The oil from the dried seed of Pongamia pinnata was extracted and then biodiesel, which is a renewable energy, is produced by transesterification method. It is then blended with the petroleum diesel in different ratios and five samples viz. B00, B10, B20, B30 and B100 are prepared. The characterization of biodiesel and its blends were done using different instruments. The determinations of properties of biodiesel, GC –MS analysis, FTIR analysis, CHN analysis, pH value analysis are carried out as parts of characterization of biodiesel. The Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) are used to identify the various chemical compounds present in the samples. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis is used to determine the functional group present in the samples which confirm the compounds seen in the GC-MS analysis. The percentage of Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen and empirical formula of the samples are determined by the CHN analyzer. The pH values for the samples are also checked.</em>
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Wasilewski, Jacek, Grzegorz Zając, Joanna Szyszlak-Bargłowicz, and Andrzej Kuranc. "Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emission Levels during the Combustion of Selected Types of Agricultural Biomass." Energies 15, no. 19 (2022): 7335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197335.
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This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the emission levels of selected greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, NOx) arising from the combustion of different forms of biomass, i.e., solid biomass in the form of pellets and liquid biomass in the example of engine biofuel (biodiesel). Both types of biomass under study are rape-based biofuels. The pellets are made from rape straw, which, as a waste product, can be used for energy purposes. Additionally, biodiesel contains rape oil methyl esters (FAME) designed to power diesel engines. The boiler 25 kW was used to burn the pellets. Engine measurements were performed on a dynamometer bench on an S-4003 tractor engine. An analyzer Testo 350 was used to analyze the exhaust gas. CO2 emission studies do not indicate the environmental benefits of using any alternative fuels tested compared to their conventional counterparts. In both the engine and boiler tests for NOx emissions, no environmental benefits were demonstrated from the use of alternative fuels. The measured average NOx emission levels for biodiesel compared to diesel were about 20% higher, and for rapeseed straw pellets, they were more than 60% higher compared to wood pellets. Only in the case of engine tests was significantly lower CH4 (approx. 30%) emission found when feeding the engine with rape oil methyl esters.
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HARYONO, HARYONO, CHRISTI LIAMITA NATANAEL, RUKIAH RUKIAH, and YATI B. YULIANTI. "KALSIUM OKSIDA MIKROPARTIKEL DARI CANGKANG TELUR SEBAGAI KATALIS PADA SINTESIS BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK GORENG BEKAS." Jurnal Material dan Energi Indonesia 8, no. 01 (2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jmei.v8i01.17865.
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Biodiesel telah berhasil disintesis dari minyak goreng bekas dengan katalis kalsium oksida mikropartikel yang dikalsinasi dari cangkang telur. Cangkang telur sebagai sumber kalsium karbonat disiapkan melalui tahap pencucian, pengeringan, pengecilan ukuran, dan pengayakan untuk diperoleh ukuran lolos 100 mesh. Serbuk cangkang telur kemudian dikalsinasi pada suhu 900oC selama 8 jam. Setelah didinginkan, hasil kalsinasi selanjutnya diperkecil ukurannya kembali dengan menggunakan planetary ball mill. CaO hasil pengecilan lanjut, kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan particle size analyzer, XRD, dan adsorpsi BET untuk menentukan ukuran partikel, derajat kristalinitas, luas permukaan spesifik, dan distribusi ukuran porinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik CaO dari hasil kalsinasi dengan perlakuan pengecilan ukuran lanjut lebih baik dibandingkan dengan tanpa perlakuan pengecilan lanjut. Ukuran partikel rata-rata, luas permukaan spesifik, diameter rata-rata pori, dan volume spesifik rata-rata pori dari CaO dengan pengecilan lanjut berturut-turut adalah 4,128 m, 16,244 m2/g, 42,282 Å, dan 410,0 x 10-3 cc/g. Biodiesel dengan katalis CaO tanpa pengecilan lanjut sebanyak 10% diperoleh sebanyak 71,91%. Sedangkan penggunaan CaO mikropartikel yang hanya 3% mampu menghasilkan biodiesel dari minyak goreng dengan yield 77,76%.
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Dwinanda, Angga, Muhammad Nurkoyim Kustanto, Gaguk Jatisukamto, and Nasrul Ilminnafik. "Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel and Gasoline Additives." International Journal of Application on Sciences, Technology and Engineering 1, no. 1 (2023): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/ijaste.v1.i1.172-179.
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Production of fuel oil in Indonesia from year to year continues to decline. Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel fuel is an alternative fuel that can be used in diesel engines. Gasoline is a fuel that can improve the characteristics of biodiesel. This research uses petrodiesel fuel, B30 (70% petrodiesel and 30% calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel), and B30 added with gasoline with a concentration of 10% vol/vol. The experiment was carried out with a direct injection single cylinder diesel engine connected to a generator that was used as a dynamometer and a gas analyzer was installed. Tests were carried out using lamp loads of 200, 400, 600, and 800 watts at a constant engine speed of 2000 rpm. The results of this research inform that the addition of gasoline to B30 fuel can reduce fuel consumption and increase thermal efficiency. The role of gasoline can also reduce CO, HC, and CO2 emissions. The addition of gasoline needs to be investigated further so that it can be applied to industry and transportation.
 
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Aziz, Isalmi, Edra Aditya Fhilipia Ardine, Nanda Saridewi, and Lisa Adhani. "Catalytic Cracking of Crude Biodiesel into Biohydrocarbon Using Natural Zeolite Impregnated Nickel Oxide Catalyst." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 24, no. 7 (2021): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.24.7.222-227.
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Crude biodiesel is biodiesel that still contains impurities. A catalytic can improve the quality of biohydrocarbons (biogasoline, biokerosene, and green diesel). The catalyst used is nickel oxide impregnated natural zeolite (NiO/Zeolite). The use of nickel can increase the activity of the catalyst because it has an empty d orbital and a smaller molecular size. This study aims to determine the best catalyst that can exhibit the greatest selectivity toward biohydrocarbons. Natural zeolite was activated and impregnated by varying the concentration of NiO (1, 3, and 5% w/w). The characteristics of the catalyst were determined by the crystallinity (X-Ray Diffraction), surface area (Surface Area Analyzer), and functional group (Fourier Transform Infrared). The catalyst and crude biodiesel were put in an autoclave reactor and operated at a temperature of 375°C and 3 hours. The obtained product was tested with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy. The results of the XRD analysis showed the presence of NiO at 2θ 37.23; 43.15; and 62.65°. Nickel oxide on the catalyst was detected at a wavenumber of 671.23 cm‑1. The highest surface area was obtained at a NiO/Zeolite 1% of 49.4 m2/g. 1% NiO/Zeolite catalysts gave the best results on catalytic cracking of crude biodiesel with a reaction conversion of 60.79% and selectivity of 9,73%; 29,64% and 9,18% for biogasoline, biokerosene, and green diesel, respectively.
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Keke, Mabel, David Emoefe Rockson-Itiveh, Fabian Chidiebere Ozioko, and Tunde Folorunsho Adepoju. "Hetero-Alkali Catalyst for Production of Biodiesel from Domesticated Waste: (Used Waste oil)." ABUAD International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 3, no. 2 (2023): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/aijnas.2023.0302.2-j.
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Biodiesel, a fuel derived from renewable sources, has garnered significant attention from energy researchers over the past two decades as a clean alternative to diesel fuel. This increased interest can be attributed to the alarming impact of climate change caused by the use of traditional diesel fuel. This paper focuses on showcasing the qualities of biodiesel produced from used waste oil and the positive impact on the alarming change in climate today. The observable characteristics of used waste oil for the synthesis of biodiesel in the presence of an ethanolic CaO-K2 O-SiO2 base catalyst created from leftover palm kernel empty bunches was rigorously explored in this study. The catalyst obtained from Palm Kernel Bunch Stem (PKBS) was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Extended Range Spectroscopy - Flame Photometry (XRS-FP), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyzer (BET) isothermal adsorption and qualitative analysis. Reusability of catalyst and economic evaluation of the synthesized biodiesel were also evaluated. The quality of the Oil was identified through standard techniques by examining its physicochemical characteristics as well as other elements. According to the findings, the improved Used Waste Oil (UWO) characteristics met the specifications for oil required to produce biodiesel. The Used Waste Oil’s physicochemical properties included the oil’s physical condition as liquid/dark brownish at 28, acid value of 0.96 (mg KOH/g oil), FFA (% oleic acid), 0.48, iodine value of 152.00 (I2g/100g), and peroxide value of 5.1 milli-equivalent of peroxide/kg of oil, among others. The obtained catalyst demonstrated high basic strength with potassium oxide (61.63 wt/%) being the predominant component. At run 5 with 98.52 (%wt /wt), 65 minutes reaction time, 4.0 (%wt) catalyst amount, reaction temperature of 70 , and a 7:1 ethanol to oil ratio produced the highest biodiesel yield. The study concluded that, UWO can possibly be utilized as an economically benign feedstock for the production of biodiesel, and the resultant catalyst could potentially be employed in industries as bio-base.
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Zarante, P. B., M. J. Da Silva, O. S. Valente, and J. R. Sodré. "ALDEHYDE EMISSIONS FROM A STATIONARY DIESEL ENGINE OPERATING WITH CASTOR OIL BIODIESEL – DIESEL OIL BLENDS." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 9, no. 1-2 (2010): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v9i1-2.61928.
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The presence of aldehyde in the exhaust gas of a stationary, direct injection, compression ignition engine operating with castor oil biodiesel/diesel oil blends (B5, B10, B20 and B35) is analyzed. The diesel engine was operated with constant speed of 1800 rev/min and load of 37.5 kW. The gas sample was collected directly from the exhaust. Aldehydes were identified and quantified using gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detector analyzer (FID). Acetaldehyde presented higher exhaust concentration than formaldehyde for all fuel blends tested. In general, the exhaust aldehyde levels were very low and did not present significant differences between the fuel blends tested.
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Aboim, Joseline Barbosa, Deborah Terra de Oliveira, Vanessa Albuquerque de Mescouto, et al. "Optimization of Light Intensity and NaNO3 Concentration in Amazon Cyanobacteria Cultivation to Produce Biodiesel." Molecules 24, no. 12 (2019): 2326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122326.
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The objective of this study, for the first time, was to optimize Amazonian cyanobacterial culture conditions for improving cell productivity and lipid content, by analyzing the effect of light intensity and nitrogen concentration, for empirically evaluating biodiesel quality parameters. The strains Synechocystis sp. CACIAM05, Microcystis aeruginosa CACIAM08, Pantanalinema rosaneae CACIAM18, and Limnothrix sp. CACIAM25, were previously identified by morphological and molecular analysis (16S rRNA) and were selected based on their production of chlorophyll a and dry cell weight. Then, factorial planning (22) with central points was applied, with light intensity and NaNO3 concentration as independent variables. As response variables, cell productivity and lipid content were determined. Statistical analysis indicated that for all strains, the independent variables were statistically significant for cell productivity. Analysis of the fatty acid composition demonstrated diversity in the composition of the fatty acid profile from the experimental planning assays of each strain. The Biodiesel Analyzer software predicted the biodiesel quality parameters. CACIAM05 and CACIAM25 obtained better parameters with low levels of light intensity and NaNO3 concentration, whereas CACIAM08 and CACIAM18 obtained better parameters with low NaNO3 concentrations and high luminous intensity.
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Chanathaworn, Jutaporn, Chokchai Yatongchai, and Saluma Samanman. "Leucaena–Derived Biochar for Biodiesel Production." Molekul 17, no. 1 (2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2022.17.1.5604.
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Giant leucaena wood was utilized to prepare heterogeneous catalysts through a fast pyrolysis method and chemical activation for transesterification. The obtained catalysts were investigated using SEM, CHNS/O analyzer, XRF and XRD. The influence of the concentration of KOH (3-9 M), catalyst amount (0.25-2.0 g), methanol to oil ratio (4:1-10:1), and reaction time (30-75 min) on FAME yield was also studied on transesterification reaction carried out at 60ºC under a 750 rpm stirring speed. The experiment results demonstrate that chemical activation was required to improve the porosity of the catalyst. The result showed that a well-developed porous structure was observed, as the concentration of KOH increased activated biochar become more porous. 7M-KOH for chemical activation was the best condition to obtain a porous catalyst. It was found that the main factors affecting the FAME yield were dependent on various parameters including methanol: oil ratio, catalyst loading, reaction time and stirring speed via transesterification process. The highest yield of 94.06% was achieved on 0.5g of the catalyst activated by 7M-KOH, a methanol:oil ratio of 6:1 and a 1-hour reaction. The obtained biodiesel mainly composed of different fatty acid in follow order C18:1 > C16:0 > C18:2 > C18:0. Properties reached the ASTM D6751-12 and EN 14214:2012 standard, indicating that leucaena-derived biochar is potentially utilized in biodiesel production.
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Sofyan, Muhammad Ihsan, Putri Julpa Mailani, Avi Waras Setyawati, et al. "Use of Sulfuric Acid-Impregnated Biochar Catalyst in Making of Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil Via Leaching Method." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 19, no. 1 (2024): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.20113.
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The biodiesel synthesis of waste cooking oil (WCO) over a impregnated biochar catalyst was systematically studied. This research aimed to prepare Biochar-based material that comes from coconut coir, activate it, and apply it as a catalyst to the esterification reaction of high-FFA waste cooking oil. Activation of the catalyst was done by impregnation H2SO4 solution in Biochar. The obtained catalyst was characterized by FTIR, XRF, XRD, surface area analyzer, and SEM-EDS. The esterification process was conducted by varying the catalyst weight (5, 7, and 10 wt%) and the reaction temperature (55 and 60 °C). The obtained liquid yields were characterized by GC-MS. The study found that the esterification process worked best with 10 wt% catalysts, a 1:76 mole ratio of oil to alcohol, and a reaction temperature of 60 °C. The waste cooking oil was successfully converted into biodiesel, reaching 84.50% of yield and 77.30% of purity (methyl ester content). Meanwhile, testing using national biodiesel standards with parameter limits of density, viscosity, iodine number, and acid number shows results that meet the requirements. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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Dr., Rajeesh S., Kumar Jawahar Hemanth, B. Madhusudhan, Kumar V. Nitish, and R. Sujitha. "Simulation ofthe Performance and Emission Analysis of Diesel BlendBiofuel Obtained From Cold Pressed Hemp Seed Oil with and withoutSuitable Nano Additives." International Journal of Research in Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 11 (2021): 10–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5683310.
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According to the test on a typical modern Euro 6 diesel engine conducted by the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), it was found that it emits 7 to 10 times more Nitrogen Dioxide than the achieved Euro 6 Test Limits (80mg/ km). In 2018, a total of 24% of global CO2 emissions from fuel combustion came from transportation. This truly calls for the need for a lesser polluting alternative fuel in the automotive industry. After being inspired by the work done by researchers all across the globe on biodiesel, we propose the idea of synthesizing biofuels from cold-pressed hemp methyl ester. First, we conducted alkaline transesterification to produce hemp methyl ester from the cold-pressed hemp seed oil. Based on the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis report of the hemp methyl ester from the literature, we found out the physical and chemical properties of it using BioDiesel Analyzer software. We compared the physical and chemical properties of the hemp methyl ester with diesel as per the ASTM standard D975 for diesel. We conducted the Diesel RK simulation of the performance and emission parameters of a Compression Ignition(CI) Engine test rig using diesel, pure hemp methyl ester, and diesel blended with hemp methyl ester in the ratio 80:20 by volume(B20). The performance and emission parameters obtained from the Diesel RK software are compared with that of standard diesel emissions. If higher emissions of any of the greenhouse gases are reported from the Diesel RK simulation, a suitable nano additive is proposed after an extensive critical analysis.
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Ar Rasyid, Moh Rizal, Samsudin Anis, Susanto Susanto, and Setio Wardana Danang. "ANALISIS KUALITAS GAS BUANG PADA STEAM BOILER BERBAHAN BAKAR BIO-SOLAR DAN BATU BARA." Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 15, no. 3 (2024): 1561–70. https://doi.org/10.21776/jrm.v15i3.1783.
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Steam boilers fueled by biodiesel and coal are one of the industrial activities that still produce exhaust emissions such as Total Particulate (PM), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Opacity, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), and Carbon Monoxide (CO) which is very dangerous for public health and the environment. Therefore, analysis of flue gas emissions in steam boiler installations equipped with filtration devices (cyclones, water scrubbers, and electrostatic precipitators) before being discharged into the environment is of important. Exhaust gas emission was measured by using a gas analyzer, smoke tester, and portable quality air monitor. The results of exhaust gas emission analysis showed that the average concentration of PM, SO2, and CO did not meet the specified emission quality standard thresholds, exempted for opacity concentration for both steam boilers fueled with biodiesel and coal. It is suspected that this is caused by the sub optimal performance of the filtration equipment used in this system. Therefore, regular maintenance is required, and if necessary, a redesign of the entire system can be carried out.
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Janardhan, N., and M. V. S. Murali Krishna. "Influence of injection pressure and injection timing on pollution levels of insulated diesel engine fuelled with CNG and cotton seed biodiesel." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28, no. 08 (2022): S225—S233. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i08s.034.
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In the context of fast depletion of fossil fuels, increase of pollution levels with fossils and increase of economic burden due to increase of import cost of crude petroleum, the search for alternative fuels has become pertinent. The most common alternative fuels for CI engine are vegetable oils, biodiesel and alcohols. Gaseous fuels have many advantages than liquid fuels, as the pollutants emitted by gaseous fuels are low, calorific value of the gases is very high and running and maintenance cost is low. The drawbacks associated with vegetable oils such as high viscosity and low volatility can be rectified to some extend by converting them into biodiesel. How they (biodiesel) cause combustion problems in diesel engine and hence call for low heat rejection (LHR) engine, which can burn low calorific value fuel, give high heat release rate and faster rate of combustion. Investigations were carried out with CNG as primary fuel inducted by port injection and cottonseed biodiesel blended with 15% of diethyl ether (DEE) was injected into the engine in conventional manner with LHR engine consisted of ceramic coated cylinder head. The purpose of DEE was to improve cetane (a measure of combustion quality in diesel engine) and to reduce viscosity of the cotton seed biodiesel. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They cause health hazards, once they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental effects like Green-house effect, acid raining, Global Warming etc,. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx, CO and UBHC were determined at full load operation of the engine and compared with diesel operation on conventional engine. The maximum induction of CNG was 35% of total mass of biodiesel, with CE, while it was 45% with LHR engine at full load operation. Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at full load operation. The optimum injection timing with cottonseed biodiesel was 31obTDC (before top dead centre), with CE, while it was 28obTDC with LHR engine. These pollutants were drastically reduced with induction of CNG and further reduced with the provision of LHR engine. They were further reduced with advanced injection timing and increase of injection pressure.
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Kadam, Prakash M., Dhananjay R. Dolas, Sagnik Pal, and Sameer S. Gajghate. "Impact of Soybean Biodiesel Blends with Mixed Graphene Nanoparticles on Compression Ignition Engine Performance and Emission: An Experimental and ANN Analysis." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 21, no. 3 (2024): 11512–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.3.2024.5.0888.
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The extensive use of fuels in power generation plants, industries, and transportation has led to a scarcity of fossil fuels and has contributed to global warming. This has prompted researchers to focus on improving internal combustion engine performance, as the transportation system accounts for 50% of global fuel consumption. Soybean biodiesel plays a vital role in reducing emissions and fuel consumption in engines. In the current work, a blend of soybean oil is used as a biodiesel (B20, B40, and B60), with and without the addition of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) examined on a constant-speed compression ignition (CI) engine with respect to pure diesel. The blends are denoted as B20GNP10, B20GNP20, B20GNP40, B20GNP60, B20GNP80, and B20GNP100, according to their proposition of biodiesel and graphene nanoplatelets. Similar blends were prepared for B40 and B60 combinations with similar GNPs concentrations. The prepared blend properties were measured, and good thermophysical properties were found. The trial includes testing the engine emissions and performance at altering loads ranging from 0 to 12 kg for all blends. The artificial neural network (ANN) tool is used to forecast the accuracy of experimental results. Compared to pure diesel, the B60GNP100 blend at 12 kg load condition showed the lowest brake specific fuel consumption at 12.58 % and the highest brake thermal efficiency at 27.13%. Emissions were estimated using a gas analyzer, and the outcomes indicated that the biodiesel blends have controlled levels of CO, CO2, NOx, and HC compared to pure diesel. The ANN model with 99.99% accuracy was developed using experimental data, confirming the accuracy of the experimental results with lower simulation time and cost. Additionally, the B60GNP100 blend yielded better results compared to previous studies.
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Hussain, Syed Sameer, Syed Abbas Ali, Altaf Hussain Bagwan, Dilawar Husain, and Akbar Ahmad. "Prediction of CI Engine Emissions Fueled with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Doped Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel using Multilayer Neural Network." Journal of Nanomaterials 2023 (January 16, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2508422.
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Nanocatalysts play a significant role to improve the thermal and physical properties of biodiesel. In the present work, the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an additive with the fraction of 30, 40, and 50 ppm are dispersed with the different biodiesel–diesel blends of 10%, 30%, and 50% of waste cooking oil (WCO)-based biodiesel (B10, B30, B50) for the prediction of four-stroke compression ignition (CI) engine emissions using multilayer neural network (MLNN) model. An MLNN model uses a backpropagation algorithm to map input and output parameters. The input parameters to MLNN are load, blends, and MWCNTs in ppm. On the other hand, the output parameters are HC, CO, and NOx. The results for the optimum topological structure of 3-10-3 denoted mean square error (MSE) equal to 0.095 that are capable of predicting the emissions for different operating conditions. Thereafter, the developed MLNN model is tested on an experimental setup consisting of a single-cylinder four-stroke CI engine and emission analyzer. The emission characteristics predicted by MLNN are called to be nearly experimental measurements with reasonable accuracy as it depicts the good “R” values as 0.95, 0.96, and 0.976 for HC, CO, and NOx, respectively, and also gives the reasonable average relative error values as 0.83%, 1.01%, and 1.05%, for HC, CO, and NOx, respectively. Further, the developed model is suitable for predicting emissions of CI engines, thus minimizing the cost, time, and labor effort.
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Lima, Marcelo B., Inakã S. Barreto, Stéfani Iury E. Andrade, Maria S. S. Neta, Luciano F. Almeida, and Mário C. U. Araújo. "Photometric determination of phosphorus in mineralized biodiesel using a micro-flow-batch analyzer with solenoid micro-pumps." Talanta 98 (August 2012): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.056.
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Saifuddin, S., Nyakty Shalihah, N. Nahar, and Reza N. "Synthesis and Characterization of Biodiesel Production from Wolffia Using Homogeneous KOH Catalyst by In Situ Transesterification." Devotion Journal of Community Service 4, no. 3 (2023): 778–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/devotion.v4i3.436.
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This research aims to analyze the quality and characteristics contained in biodiesels produced using Wolffia as the raw material with variations in weight of 200, 250, and 300 grams, and temperatures of 50ºC, 55ºC, and 60ºC. Furthermore, the biodiesel utilized in this study was made with reactants (Wolffia oil and methanol), fat solvent (n-hexane), and a heterogeneous catalyst (potassium hydroxide (KOH)). The results show that biodiesel formation was significantly impacted by temperature. Its volume increases with an upsurge in temperature and/or in raw materials, and the highest biodiesel product volume obtained was 81 ml. Following this, the product’s density value, which was 0.872 remained within the bounds of the SNI 04-7182:2015 standards, and the best calorific value was obtained from the biodiesel made with Wolffia, which was 9,754.70 cal/gr. Lastly, the maximum volume of Wolffia used was 300 grams, as this was the best composition to meet the SNI quality, and using the GC-MS analysis, the biodiesel’s quality was tested and found to contain methyl ester.
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Andas, Jeyashelly. "Kapok Derived Activated Carbon Catalyst Assisted in Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil." Scientific Research Journal 21, no. 1 (2024): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v21i1.25144.
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The present study aims to synthesize green carbon-based catalyst from kapok (Ceiba pentandra) using two different activating agents: KOH (CB1) and K2CO3 (CB2) with 1:1.0 (raw material: activating agent), at activation temperature of 400 °C and impregnation time of only 15 min. The synthesized catalysts were evaluated in the transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel. CB1 registered higher iodine number and percentage yield (1446.30 mg/g, 62.60 %) compared to 1200.23 mg/g and 53.50 % obtained for CB2. Several physico-chemical characterizations were subjected for kapok and the carbon catalysts such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and CHNS/O Analyzer. FTIR investigation showed the disappearance or reduction in peak intensity of several peaks at 1512-1200 cm-1 in the carbon catalyst compared to raw kapok, arising due to carbonization and activation processes. CHNSO analysis verified that both CB1 and CB2 registered high carbon content of 63.93 % and 62.86 %, respectively compared to the raw kapok (43.54 %). Morphological studies by SEM analysis showed appearance of cylindrical tube for all the samples. The biodiesel synthesis from WCO at 0.2 wt.% catalyst loading, methanol to oil (molar ratio of 3:1), reaction temperature of 60 ˚C for 1 h resulted in high catalysis over CB1 (89.57 %), followed by CB2 (87.46 %) and without catalyst (35.46 %). Large iodine number and high carbon content exhibited by CB1 was the probable reasoning for the accelerated activity of CB1 in the transesterification of WCO. To conclude, the present work showed a successful conversion of waste biomass into promising carbon catalyst for green synthesis of biodiesel from WCO.
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Şahin, Seda, and Fatma Yılmaz. "Physicochemical Characterization and Butanol Impact on Canola and Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesels: A Comparative Analysis with Binary Biodiesel Blends." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 12, no. 2 (2024): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v12i2.221-227.6569.
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In this study, the physicochemical properties of canola and waste cooking oil biodiesels, as well as various binary biodiesel blends, were investigated according to TS EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standards. Critical parameters such as density, kinematic viscosity, cold filter plugging point (CFPP), calorific value, flash point, copper strip corrosion, water content, and ester yield were evaluated. The findings highlighted the notable density of C100 and W100 biodiesels, with the addition of butanol reducing density. While viscosity values adhered to standards, the addition of butanol was observed to decrease viscosity. CFPP values indicated compliance with standards only for C100 and C75W25. Flash points of C100 and W100 biodiesels met standards, but the addition of butanol to binary biodiesel blends lowered flash points. Copper strip corrosion values were determined to comply with standards for all fuels. Calorific values demonstrated the prominence of C100 and W100 biodiesels, with the addition of butanol observed to decrease calorific values in binary biodiesels. While water content favored canola biodiesel over waste cooking oil biodiesel, the addition of butanol to binary biodiesels increased water content. Regarding ester yield, C100 biodiesel exhibited the highest yield, and the addition of butanol to binary biodiesels increased ester yield. In conclusion, this study thoroughly analyzed the physicochemical properties of biodiesel and blend fuels, revealing the impact of butanol addition on these properties.
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Krishna, B. Rama, M. V. S. Murali Krishna, and P. Usha Sri. "Control exhaust emissions of insulated diesel engine fuelled with biogas and cottonseed biodiesel." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01s.066.
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Gaseous fuels have many advantages than liquid fuels, as their calorific values of fuels are high, pollutants emitted by gaseous fuels are low and less dangerous when compared with liquid fuels. The drawbacks associated with use of vegetable oils in diesel engines such as high viscosity and low volatility can be reduced to some extent by converting them into biodiesel. However, they (biodiesel) cause combustion problems in diesel engine, due to their moderate viscosity, and hence call for low heat rejection (LHR) engine, which can burn low calorific value fuel, give high heat release rate and faster rate of combustion. The concept of LHR engine is to minimize heat loss to the coolant, thereby increasing thermal efficiency. LHR engine in this investigation consisted of ceramic coated diesel engine. They are many methods toinduct gaseous fuels such as port injection, carburetion technique, injection of gaseous fuel at the near endof compression stroke etc,. Investigations were carried out with biogas gas as primary fuel inducted by port injection and cottonseed biodiesel was injected into the engine in conventional manner, as India is second large producer of cottonseed oil in the world. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They cause health hazards, once they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental effects like Green-house effect and Global Warming. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx ,CO and UBHC were determined at full load operation of the engine with varied injection timing such as recommended injection timing and optimum injection timing. NOx levels were reduced with provision of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) at optimum flow rate of 10%. The maximum induction of biogas with conventional engine (CE) was 35% of total mass of biodiesel as full load operation, while it was 45% with LHR engine. Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at full load operation. These pollutants were drastically reduced with induction of biogas and further reduced with advanced injection timing. NOx levels drastically reduced with EGR.
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DEVYANIN, SERGEY N., VLADIMIR A. MARKOV, ALEKSANDR G. LEVSHIN, TAMARA P. KOBOZEVA, and ALEKSEI YU ALIPICHEV. "USE OF NORTHERN ECOTYPE SOYBEANS FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION." AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, no. 6 (2020): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2020-6-22-30.
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The paper presents the results of long-term research on the oil productivity and chemical composition of soybean oil of the Northern ecotype varieties in the Central Non-Black Earth Region. The authors consider its possible use for biodiesel production. Experiments on growing soybeans were carried out on the experimental fi eld of Russian State Agrarian University –Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (2008-2019) on recognized ultra-early ripening varieties of the Northern ecotype Mageva, Svetlaya, Okskaya (ripeness group 000). Tests were set and the research results were analyzed using standard approved methods. It has been shown that in conditions of high latitudes (57°N), limited thermal resources of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia (the sum of active temperatures of the growing season not exceeding 2000°С), the yield and productivity of soybeans depend on the variety and moisture supply. Over the years, the average yield of soybeans amounted to 1.94 … 2.62 t/ha, oil productivity – 388 … 544 kg/ha, oil content – 19…20%, the content of oleic and linoleic fatty acids in oil – 60%, and their output from seeds harvested – 300 kg/ha. It has been established that as soybean oil and diesel fuel have similar properties,they can be mixed by conventional methods in any proportions and form stable blends that can be stored for a long time. Experimental studies on the use of soybean oil for biodiesel production were carried out on a D-245 diesel engine (4 ChN11/12.5). The concentrations of toxic components (CO, CHx, and NOx) in the diesel exhaust gases were determined using the SAE-7532 gas analyzer. The smoke content of the exhaust gases was measured with an MK-3 Hartridge opacimeter. It has been experimentally established that the transfer of a diesel engine from diesel fuel to a blend of 80% diesel fuel and 20% lubrication oil leads to a change in the integral emissions per test cycle: nitrogen oxides in 0.81 times, carbon monoxide in 0.89 times and unburned hydrocarbons in 0.91 times, i.e. when biodiesel as used as a motor fuel in a serial diesel engine, emissions of all gaseous toxic components are reduced. The study has confi rmed the expediency of using soybeans of the Northern ecotype for biofuel production.
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Nurcahyo, I. F., Eddy Heraldy, Suciana Nur Cahyaningsih, et al. "The Effect of Mole Ratio Natural-CaCO₃/KF in the Synthesis of KCaF₃ Perovskite Base Catalyst." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 27, no. 8 (2024): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.27.8.388-394.
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The KCaF3 perovskite catalyst was successfully synthesized by reacting limestone (natural-CaCO3) with potassium fluoride (KF). The synthesis of the KCaF3 catalyst was conducted with several variations in the mole ratio of CaCO3 to KF (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3). The research results showed that the addition of KF can affect the characteristics of the catalyst. The optimal catalyst is the KCaF3 catalyst with a mole ratio variation of 1:3. X-ray diffractometer analysis revealed that the highest KCaF3 phase composition reached 74.05%, while thermogravimetric analysis indicated a CaCO3 concentration of 34.50%. Surface Area Analyzer analysis shows that KCaF3 has the largest surface area, which is 187.1 m2/g. This catalyst efficiently facilitated the transesterification of palm oil, yielding 93.4% biodiesel.