Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biodiversité forestière – Aspect économique'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 43 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Biodiversité forestière – Aspect économique.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Hô, Virginie-Mai. "La valeur économique de la biodiversité dans un cadre de zonage fonctionnel en aménagement forestier." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20072.
Full textOmbigath, Pierre. "L' exploitation forestière au Gabon (1892-1973) : impact économique et social." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA070009.
Full textIn the perspective to prepare the era of after petroleum, Gabon implemented since the 2001 a politics of diversification of its economy allowing to stimulate a durable growth. Among the main pillars of the economic reflation considered priority by the government is the forested sector. Taking advantage of good international capacities on this question since the Conference of United Nations on the Environment Development (CUNED) held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in 1992, Gabon endowed of a new forested code in 2001. This new politics which insists on the durable management of forested ecosystems is sensible to increase the part of the forested incomes in the GDP of the country. However, interest aroused by the exploitation of the Gabonese forest does not date current. It goes bad: up to the period of the First World War during which were taken first measures recommending a rational exploitation of the forest. Well to accentuate the influence which can have this sector on the process of development of the Gabon in the years to come, we chose to interrogate past by insisting on the period 1892-1973 during which the forestry development occupied a dominating place in the economic and social life of this country
Maudet, Guillaume. "La protection de la biodiversité par la création d'un marché des ressources génétiques : la bioprospection en question." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX32006.
Full textNowadays biodiversity protection is one of the major purposes of sustainable development. At the origin of biodiversity decline human activity of overexploitation and conversion of natural areas can be found. Facing this problem, the present work aims at showing that the creation of genetic market between pharmaceutical enterprises and individuals from developing countries can be a solution to protect biodiversity. Price equilibrium, high enough to overcome opportunity costs bearing by landowners, can be found. In this context, institutions have a key role to play in achieving this equilibrium. Solutions based on the analysis of institutional parameters have been found to fight against transaction costs and overexploitation in order to increase transaction opportunities and so to protect biodiversity
Malonga, Marie-Albert. "Essai d'évaluation économique d'une politique publique : l'exemple de la politique forestière du Congo (1974-1985)." Paris 10, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA100039.
Full textThe object of the study is to investigate the impact of public policy or forestry. The essence is to determine whether public policy has reached its objective of making firms engaged in exploiting forestry resources in the Congo adopt an optimal approach towards the trade-of between the preservation of the ecological balance and the requirements of the profit maximization objective. In this respect, we have had to conduct our analysis around two principal issues, namely (1) the problem of disinvestment and (2) the wish of government to achieve a certain degree of transformation before export. We have analyzed the disinvestment phenomenon using the C. Khang model. The a analysis reveals a significant differential in long period stationary stock levels, depending on whether exploiting firms take externalities into account or not. Still on the disinvestment problem, we have been able to appreciate by means of the Clark-Nunro and the Cropper-Lee-Pannu models, the necessary and sufficient economic conditions which lead to the extinction of renewable natural resources. The assessment show s that public sector enterprises are not adequately adapted to the role of stimulating the forestry sector, due largely to their excessive dependence on government and the preponderance of the redistribution function over that of accumulation. On the side of mixed firms, transport, and domestic marketing conditions reduce firm effectiveness. In spite of heavy government investment in the forestry sector, the pre-1974 problems of ecological balance and sectorial industrialization, among others, persist. The situation then calls for a radical change in governent policy and economic philosophy as a prerequisite to its new participation in the sector
Perron, Benjamin. "L'Aménagement écosystémique au service de la protection de la biodiversité: Représentations d'acteurs du monde social forestier québécois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28840/28840.pdf.
Full textLaurens, Lucette. "Utiliser l'Aubrac, comment ?" Montpellier 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON30030.
Full textAubrac, the most meridional volcanic massif of the massif central distinguishes itself within the aveyron, cantal and lozere subdivisions. For thirty years, the local economy has overgone complete changes. However the agricultural prevails, the appearance of agricultural syndicalism promoted alterations and "vertical integration" of local agriculture. The improving of production components is the feature of the last twenty years. Those efforts to increase the productive capacity led to a specialization of local agriculture now concentrated on breeding of bovins for butchery. This evolution also involved important investments and considerable debts. In spite of this economical development, aubrac has been suffering during several decades a demographic falling-off. In 1982, only 14308 inhabitants were recorded for an average density of 10 inhabitants per square kilometre. This rural depopulation unbalances the communal structure. Thereby the valorization of the lands was abandonned in some communes. This is the occasion for the settlement of a diversification of the use of the space. Two possible guidances : forest and tourism. Those two channels have to be considered. They will have economical repercussions as a consequence but they will not affect the whole massif. So one can wonder whether we don't tend towards the emergence of poles while large green spaces would become marginal. This kind of evolution seems to come into operation in aubrac. Notwithstanding the fact that aubrac is economically handicapped, it benefits by the great advantage of the valued potential of people who will precisely decide its future
Leplaideur, Alain. "Les systèmes agricoles en zone forestière : les paysans du Centre et du Sud Cameroun." Montpellier 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985MON10040.
Full textPares, Nelly. "De la forêt-productive à la forêt-système-vivant : analyse des transformations des représentations et normes des modes de gestion forestière : l'exemple des forêts méditerranéennes françaises." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0617.
Full textTaking place in overall reflection on current transformations of occidental societies' relationships to nature, this thesis focuses on the analysis of forms of Mediterranean forest management in France. Based on an analysis of policy processes, discourses and textual data, the thesis shows how actors (owners, managers, political decision-makers, associative groups, forest users for leisure activities) interpret the central notions of ecological science. Using a typology of three concepts of forest and forest management (productive-forest, environment-forest and living-system-forest), the analysis reveals that process of appropriation takes place in discourse strategies that are specific to each type of actors. The thesis brings out that economic and ecological discourses interpenetrate and support one another according to differentiated approaches depending on types of actors. Proponents of productive-forest draw on ecological argumentation to regain legitimacy; proponents of environmental-forest develop an economic argument to justify preservation of natural areas and entities. In contrast to the utilitarian and scientific/technical approaches of the two institutionalized concepts, living-system-forest allows to actors remote to policy process to justify new practices and ways of thinking about forests
Maxim, Laura. "Mobilisation d'un outil multimédia d'aide à la délibération pour l'analyse socio-économique des changements de la biodiversité : réflexions autour de trois études de cas, à l'échelle régionale (Ile de France), nationale (France) et continentale (Europe)." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS005S.
Full textThis thesis aims at bringing arguments for and testing a method for the socio-economic analysis of changes in biodiversity, through the use of a deliberation support tool. We propose an approach in terms of knowledge quality assurance, along three dimensions: substantive, contextual and procedural. Based on three case studies (chemical risks for biodiversity in Europe, the risks of the insecticide Gaucho® for honeybees and the changes in the Île-de-France biodiversity), this work shows that the method proposed and the deliberation support tool KerAlarm are efficient supports for highlighting the problems of biodiversity governance and for identifying solutions for them
Mouysset, Lauriane. "Les politiques publiques au défi de la biodiversité : modèles et scénarios bio-économiques pour une agriculture durable." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0004.
Full textGlobal changes such as the climate change, the agriculture evolution or the urbanization, have exerted significant pressures on biodiversity (declines, extinctions, and biotic homogenizations). In this context, reconciling human activities with a sustainable biodiversity turns out as a main issue. To respond to this objective, the development of bio-economic analysis appears as an interesting perspective for public policies facing biodiversity. However the agri-environmental policies have not yet been able to provide a relevant management of biodiversity. Based on a bio-economic process, this PhD intends to contribute to the debate on public policies facing the challenge of a sustainable management of agriculture and biodiversity. The systemic models developed in this work combine both ecologic and economic dynamics through land-use variables at the small agricultural area scale across the whole France. In our case, biodiversity is perceived as a community of 34 common birds, avoiding an emblematic species-based approach. Calibration of the models is based on agri-economic and ecological time series from 2001 to 2009. Different scenarios are generated up to 2050 and their bio-economic performances are compared through a set of indicators, avoiding the problem of biodiversity monetization. A focus on the choice of these indicators has been driven to characterize correctly the status of communities. In particular, different aspects of the sustainability are explored by combining cost-effectiveness and co-viability approaches. This study shows that it is possible to improve simultaneously ecological and economic performances in comparison to the current trends. In the one hand, economic incentives at the macro-economic scale guide directly the farmers’ choices towards more biodiversity-friendly activities. In the other hand, diversification mechanisms, in response to economic risk, have also a positive influence on the bio-economic performances. However, it appears difficult to maximize simultaneously economic and ecological objectives. The PhD explores several options to overcome this bio-economic trade-off. In particular, an analysis based on public costs suggests that the integration of ecological objectives in the public policies generates a double dividend. Finally, in an uncertain context, the approach of co-viability allows us to identify scenarios leading to a multi-functional agriculture that remains fair through generations. Extending these bio-economic approaches towards the concept of ecosystemic services should bring further insight into the design of public policies achieving a sustainable biodiversity
Quinquis, Bran. "Les conséquences du changement climatique sur l'économie de la Polynésie française." Polynésie française, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POLF0007.
Full textAccording to IPCC latest report (2007), small pacific islands are among the most vulnerable communities in the world (increase of temperature, cyclone intensification, sea level rise and ocean acidification). Beyond ecosystem modifications, climate induced risks are numerous for human activities. The purpose of our study is to focus on climate impacts in French Polynesia exclusively in economic terms. Pear farming and tourism are French Polynesia two major resources and thus will be carefully covered in two distinct case studies. On this first topic, we concluded that increase in lagoon temperature can only have a negative impact on pearl farming. On the other hand, in a medium run, and for geographic and capitalistic reasons, climate change may play a « moderator role » and finally solve the production problem. The drop in the tourism demand is mainly due to the world economic conjoncture. However, climate change can indirectly and directly worsen the dificulties this sector is already facing. For instance, beaches damage in Bora Bora could generate losses in hotel revenu up to 10. 14 billion Xpf a year. In other to better comprehend what is actually at stake, we propounded a socioeconomic vulnerabily index. Our results aim to become a decision tool to accompany local authorities toward imperative ecological measures for adapting our society to the impacts of climate change
Gauthier, Caroline. "Évaluation économique des ressources naturelles, le cas particulier de la biodiversité : application de la méthode contingente au site des forêts de la Garonne." Toulouse 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU10073.
Full textThe aim of this dissertation is the valuation of the biodiversity preservation benefits. This valuation is recommended by the objectives of the Rio convention on biodiversity. The "good" to value is complex, non-familiar to the public and no valuation method from real markets is nowadays relevant. The main question is to know whether a valuation method from simulated markets, or contingent valuation method, permits a significant revelation of these benefits. Our research contains three parts. The first part (chapter 1) proposes a reflexion on the biodiversity concept. Diverse definitions of this concept are available. We compare these different definitions and the measures given by naturalists and economists to determine the elements in adequation with our final aim. The second part deals with the different valuation methods (chapter 2) and studies (chapter 3) of the biodiversity benefits. We recense and compare the valuation methods which the economists can use. The analysis of the different biodiversity valuation studies allows to show the exercise difficulties and to point out the problems to avoid in an empirical study. The third part is empirical. It describes the contingent valuation of a biodiversity preservation program of the Garonne river forests (chapters 4 and 5). The aim is to lead a study that takes into account every difficulty revealed in the first two parts. Such a procedure allows concluding on the current methods to significantly reveal biodiversity benefits. The results indicate that the annual average willingness to pay is 142. 76 francs per household we show that the conceptual problems of complexity and non-familiarity can be solved. But some methodological problems persist. We still have an importance bias. The presence of the importance bias means the non-revelation of the individual underlying preferences. The giving effect is also present. Therefore our willingness to pay result has to be carefully interpreted
De, rouffignac Aliénor. "Diversité des patrimoines et valorisation de la biomasse forestière : Quelles mutations des filières forêt-bois ?" Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIME006.
Full textClimate change now imposes new development opportunities or constraints on industries with a high environmental impact, such as the forest industry. The ecological transition and Bioeconomy then appeared as the main solution to modify these sectors based on a productivist economic model, towards sustainable industrial development. In this context of transition, this thesis proposes to understand the dynamics and evolution of the forest-based sector, especially with regard to the development of lignocellulosic biorefinery. This particular sector crystallizes environmental and energy-related issues of the current climate change context and also questions the importance of territory, insofar as the forest biomass valorization is dependent on the localized exploitation of natural resources. From a mesoeconomic point of view, the analysis of the dynamics of this complex and territorialized sector is based on the co-construction of economic actors, firms, industries and territories in which they operate. The objective of the thesis is to determine the characteristics of the interactions between these different stakeholders as well as their historical and territorial dynamics, which constitute the productive heritage of these sectors. The dimensions of these heritages highlight the possible paths of forest biomass valorization and allow us to question the visions of the future of the different stakeholders that also contextualize the trajectories of the forest-based sector
Ouoba, Yienouyaba Gaetan. "Capital humain des femmes et utilisation de la biomasse verte : évidence de l'Afrique subsaharienne." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68419.
Full textBechi, Grah Félix. "Les petites et moyennes villes dans les pays en voie de dévelopement : l'exemple de la zone forestière de la Côte d'Ivoire." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CLF20012.
Full textOver the past thirty years, urban expansion stands like one of the most spectacular phenomenons among the transformations which have strongly affected forestry site. What is striking in the region studied, is the rapid multiplication of the number of towns leading to an urban network of higher density. Moreover, there has also been an extraordinary increase in population in those towns, resulting from a rather strong migratory activity, which was quickly relayed by an ever increasing birthrate. Practically, this dramatic population increase has resulted in a considerable urban sprawl. The small and medium-sized towns of the forest zone could not cope with the sudden growth. The increase of population has proved to be faster than the development of economic urban structures. As a result, this divergent trend led to the increase in the number of small marginal activities, close enough to precariousness. Consequently, this gave birth to and ensured the success of the informal sector as a response to structural job problems. The towns of the forest zone are mainly service centers. Those services originally bring about priority netwoks of connection and dependence around the towns. However, in a small range, the towns only have an administrative influence. Even in this position, they are left with little alternative: they merely act like local extentions of a power strongly centralized in the capital city. Thus, none of the towns studied in this volume really plays a leading or tutoring role. Economically, politically and commercially speaking, therefore, the small and medium-sized towns of the forest zone act like a kind of hinterland to Abidjan
Fouqueray, Timothée. "Adaptations aux incertitudes climatiques de long terme : trajectoires socio-écologiques de la gestion forestière française." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA029.
Full textAdapting forest management to climate change (CC) is a key issue, as forests are crucial for mitigation policies and the provision of many ecosystem services (ES). Understanding the magnitude of the progress made in this respect can help shape further adaptation developments and avoid the putative maladaptive side effects of forest management evolutions. Here, I aim to bridge the knowledge gap of adaptation implementation in French forests.Chapter 1: Based on semi-structured interviews with foresters, my findings highlight unprecedented aspects of adaptations: (i) a focus on productive ES at the expense of other essential services such as water supply or natural habitats; (ii) adaptations rely on technical changes in forest management and do not deal with climate impacts through organizational or economic tools; and (iii) envisaging ecological processes through adaptations is instrumental and limited to small spatial and temporal scales. My results also extend the existing body of knowledge to the framework of forest management: (i) CC is not the main driver of forestry changes; (ii) extreme events are windows of opportunity to stimulate adaptive changes; and (iii) proactive adaptation to unexperienced hazards is very weak.Chapter 2: Assessment of the diversity of research projects in the forest sciences focusing on CC. I categorized projects according to discipline and main focus, using data from the online description of French public calls for proposals and from selected projects. Since 1997, mitigation research has gradually given way to adaptation. Despite pledges for the inclusion of social sciences, research rarely draws on the social sciences and focuses on ES of economic interest. Biomass production is paramount, being addressed either directly or through projects on tree species of industrial interest. Hence, instead of a diverse search for adaptation strategies, climate research is geared toward a few ES. Without denying the need for timber and biofuel production, I encourage public funders to complement current calls for proposals with more diverse approaches beneficial for both biomass production and other ES.Chapter 3: I study how multiple mechanisms for the mitigation of CC have been developed, drawing on a combination of reducing and offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While mechanisms are mandatory for certain economic sectors, some business that are not required to mitigate their GHG emissions would nevertheless like to do so. I examine two study cases in France to analyze how public and private foresters seized this opportunity to obtain complementary funding from such companies for forestry operations. I focus on offset contracts issued by associations linking public sector forestry agencies, forest landowners, and offset funders. Carbon mitigation was a reason shared by all contractors to commit to the agreement, although it concealed multifarious motivations. Hence, I argue that voluntary offset contracts act like a Trojan horse by enabling foresters to dialogue with entities that would otherwise not be interested in supporting forest management. Regional embedding was crucial to overcoming the mitigation challenges.Chapter 4: To gain insight on how can socio-economic adaptive tools complement technical evolutions of forestry, I designed Foster Forest, a participatory simulation of forest management. It combines a role-playing game, an agent-based model, and a scenario of CC with high uncertainties. Drawing from multiple applications in French regions, I show that climate change is not a short-term matter of concern for private and public foresters. I analyze the emergence of socio-economic changes (mainly payment for carbon storage) in the provision of ES, and participants’ negotiations to spontaneously change the simulation rules. I also highlight how collective adaptive action was steered by stakeholders with a public interest role
Pinta, François. "Développement méthodologique pour la valorisation bois d'oeuvre d'une ressource forestière donnée : développement d'un outil d'aide à la décision et étude de cas au Cameroun." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10175.
Full textDehez, Jeoffrey. "Analyse économique des coûts de gestion des zones côtières protégées : le cas des forêts domaniales de Gironde." Bordeaux 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR40006.
Full textCarret, Jean-Christophe. "Economie et politique forestières dans le bassin du Congo : les usines, l'argent, la nature et les gens." Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1111.
Full textOuedraogo, Boukary. "Éléments économiques pour la gestion de l'offre et de la demande du bois-énergie dans la région de Ouagadougou." Bordeaux 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR40035.
Full textAndriamadison, Haja. "Du problème de la substitution énergétique à la mise en valeur des énergies renouvelables dans les pays en développement : le cas de Madagascar." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010010.
Full textLégaré, Jean-Philippe. "Traitements sylvicoles alternatifs en forêt boréale irrégulière sur la Côte-Nord : la réponse des communautés de coléoptères." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27280/27280.pdf.
Full textBen, Daya Bechir. "Planification soutenable des investissements bioénergétiques : intégration des bioraffineries aux pâtes et papiers." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30335.
Full textThe Canadian pulp and paper sector has played a major socio-economic role in the last two centuries. In addition to the advantage of their geographical position, P&P companies have accumulated proven experience in the forest industry, including the treatment of wood biomass. Over the last three decades, these entities have faced difficult environmental constraints, compounded by a chronic market crisis. This latest crisis has had unprecedented social consequences leading to a crisis of sustainability. Over the last decade, the green energy industry has become a basic component of the energy transition strategies for developed countries. Biomass has always been at the heart of such a strategy for Canada. For the P&P, this orientation is an opportunity to solve the growing environmental and economic crisis of the sector. Decision-makers need a road map to transform P&P's factories into an Integrated Forest Biorefinery (IFBR). The choice of technologies, the sizing of production capacity and the choice of bioenergy investment are major concerns for decision-makers. However, assessing the sustainability of this transformation remains a major challenge. Our contribution is focused on developing decision support approaches and tools to support an effective, robust and sustainable transformation of Canada's P&P industry. The objective is to assess the sustainability of the IFBR integration and to present a new business model to decision-makers, which can strengthen their ability to negotiate a favorable incentive policy for bioenergy investments within the framework of the public-private partnership. To achieve this goal, our methodology combines decision support tools, mathematical optimization models, along with financial and economic analysis. Our first contribution proposes the design and application of a sustainability evaluation method integrating the life cycle approach and the optimization of the value creation network as part of a multi-objective mathematical model. The proposed model provides a roadmap for sustainable bioenergy investments, minimizing GHG emissions and maximizing the financial value of the biorefinery over a long-term planning horizon while ensuring optimal management of the incubator activity. In the second contribution, we present a sensitivity analysis of the proposed mathematical model according to well selected scenarios, with the development of a framework for communicating the model to the decision-makers. The purpose of this analysis is to assess the robustness of the model, to communicate to stakeholders the implications of investment choices in bioenergy production in an uncertain environment, and to identify opportunities for improving the effectiveness of the proposed model. In the third contribution, we propose an in-depth tax analysis using accelerated depreciation methods applied to investments in bioenergy. This analysis deals with the impact of the types of depreciations on the choice of bioenergy investment and on sustainability. Our goal is to provide decision makers with a set of decision support tools while strengthening their power to negotiate a tax policy favorable to bioenergy investment. In this part, it was highlighted that the choice of the investment coupled with the choice of its depreciation way offers the investor a more complete visibility on the practical consequences of the investment in the bioenergetics field with respect to prevalent tax legislation. This reinforces the public-private partnership and determines the level of public interventionism needed for the success of the expected transformation of the P&P sector. The social impact analysis and stochastic programming approaches for the robust study were not addressed by this work, they were presented as research perspectives.
Scemama, Pierre. "Analyse néo-institutionnelle de l'investissement dans la biodiversité : choix organisationnels et leurs conséquences sur la restauration des écosystèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0029/document.
Full textThe objective of this work was to develop the framework of the new institutional economics to identify the economic constraints to overcome in order to encourage public or private agents to invest in restoring aquatic ecosystems. In the course of this work we mobilized different materials and methods that allowed us to identify three types of constraints: cost constraints, organizational constraints and institutional constraints.Our results show that these projects are exposed to a great variability of production costs, some key attributes play a decisive role in this variability: the type of targeted ecosystem, the institutional context, the initial degree of disturbance, the amount of works needed, the climate and the size of projects.Using the new institutional economics framework, we were interested in the transaction costs that surround investment project of restoring aquatic ecosystems. These costs are associated to the need of specific coordination devices between actors adapted to the complexity of biodiversity dynamics. Transaction costs originate from three different characteristics of projects: asset specificity, uncertainty and frequency of transactions. From the study of the market of wetland mitigation in the United States and of four case study in France, we show the link between the origin of transaction costs and organizational efficacy of the system. Among other results, we show that there is a tradeoff between an objective of challenging conservation and an objective of creating incentives for investment for the restoration of aquatic ecosystems
Hily, Emeline. "Incentive payments for biodiversity conservation : A dynamic and spatial analysis." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0061/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study the definition of incentive payments for biodiversity conservation from an empirical and theoretical perspective. In this work, we also aim to account, in a relevant way, for spatial and dynamic ecological processes inherent to terrestrial biodiversity in the economic models that we develop. In the first chapter of this thesis, we empirically assess the cost effectiveness of incentive payments for biodiversity conservation implemented in French forests, namely Natura 2000 contracts, by undertaking an ex ante approach. Our results underline the inadequacy of the current definition of payments for Natura 2000 contracts and their poor calibration. This calls for a rethinking of the definition of conservation incentives. In the second and third chapter of this thesis we leave the framework of Natura 2000 contracts. We study the definition of efficient and cost-effective incentive payments in a theoretical and conceptual way, while taking into account the main challenges posed by the definition of incentive payments for biodiversity conservation. Chapter 2 explores, through a principal-agent common-value model, the possibility of differentiating conservation payments for private landowners when both conservation costs and benefits are heterogeneous and unobservable to the conservation planner. This chapter focuses on the impact of asymmetric information - especially of adverse selection - on the definition of payments. In Chapter 3, we investigate the impact of climate change on the definition of cost-effective incentive payments. In this chapter, we develop an integrated, dynamic and spatially explicit ecological-economic model, and study the relative cost-effectiveness of various payment design options, involving different levels of targeting and differentiation of conservation payments. The work done throughout this thesis allows us to formulate recommendations regarding the targeting and design of incentive payments for biodiversity conservation
Volpé, Sylvain. "Analyse des impacts opérationnels et financiers d'un aménagement écosystémique dans la région de la Côte-Nord : le cas de l'Île René-Levasseur." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24603/24603.pdf.
Full textJaeck, Mélanie. "Emergence d'une complémentarité stratégique entre agriculture et biodiversité dans les territoires à haute valeur environnementale. L'exemple de la Camargue." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NSAM0013.
Full textIn this research, we assessed the emergence of a strategic complementarity between farming and biodiversity, in a landscape with a high environmental value. We rely on the Rhone river delta, wetland of international interest, and well known biodiversity's hotspot. We examine the conditions of emergence of the organic agriculture in this particular context. The market conditions, more precisely the presence of imperfect competition for input (seeds and herbicides) are putting several constraints on adaptation's strategies accessibles to firms. As a consequence, the main way to adapt is the control of input supply. We study at which conditions an interior equilibrium does exist. The study of economic factors of rice' cultivar's diversity in farms in the Camargue area confirm the role played by niche strategies, and highlight the importance of market opportunities and commercial networks in the cultivar's portfolio choices made by farmers. They are naturally playing in interaction with factors governing the costs and benefits of managing a greater cultivar's diversity. Finally, the choice experiments survey put emphasis on the influence of collective norms in farmers' preferences for production technologies. The results show that a large majority of rice producers are adopt agro-ecological technologies at a price of monetary incentives equivalent to those obtained currently from the CAP, without conditions. Thus, the future of agricultural development in the Camargue area should be associated with environmental preservation. This de facto strategic complementarity could enables stakeholders and public authorities to design future public policies and give a conditional support to a sustainable agriculture
Viard-Crétat, Aurore. "La déforestation évitée : socio-anthropologie d'un nouvel « or vert » : entre lutte contre le changement climatique et aide au développement, du laboratoire guyanais à l'expertise forestière au Cameroun." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0148.
Full textRedd+ scheme is based on the idea to reduce deforestation through financial compensation originating from the carbon markets. It has entailed numerous readiness initiatives, renewing the international forest agenda. This thesis combines social studies of sciences and anthropology of development to address the dynamics that underpin this diplomatic success. A genealogical approach to the structuration of forest as a global problem describes the political and technical roots of the current institutional landscape and of the framing that the Redd+ scheme promotes. A multisite study then analyses present-day stakes in relation with transnational networks of expertise and metrologies, material devices, administrative standards, social technologies and discursive registers they rely on. Forest carbon quantifying practices in French Guiana are investigated to highlight the complex material, social and political links existing between the scientific research and international cooperation issues. Cameroon's intricate process to access World Bank funding emphasizes the discrepancy between the rhetoric of innovation promoting Redd+ and the constraints and incentives that make diverse actors engage with this scheme. Eventually, we show how knowledge practices are embedded in political issues pertaining to development, while also depoliticising those issues. More than an innovative tool to fight deforestation and climate change, Redd+ can be seen as a promise, the success of which relies on its capacity to renew the global development apparatus, while entrenching the green economy as the main political project to reconcile development and environment
Lawson, Laté Ayao. "Essays on economic growth energy use and biodiversity loss." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAB011.
Full textThe impact of economic activities and increasing population on the environment raise profound interrogations towards the future of human societies and environmental resources. In this, the "Limits to Growth" (Meadows, Meadows, Behrens and Randers, 1974) warn human societies about the possibility of social collapse if current trends of exploitation of natural resources and environmental degradation remain unchanged. The wealth of nature being essential to the wealth of nations, this thesis in economics through four theoretical and empirical contributions addresses the possibility of a peaceful cohabitation between human and nature and discusses conservation policies of nature. Our theoretical and empirical results show on the one hand that human habitat is being expanded to the detriment of other biological species (animal and plant). On the other hand, we show that current efforts to conserve biological species are strongly oriented towards forests whose richness in biodiversity is doubtful. Finally, we show that an increasingly growing consumption of primary energies, therefore with strong ecological impacts, is still to be expected from developing countries. In terms of environmental policies, our work advocates for a reduction of the ecological footprint of human societies. This includes policies promoting forest regeneration and not the reduction of covered areas, expansion of protected areas, especially in developing countries and incentives for individuals to orient preferences towards the demand for goods with low ecological impacts
Francheteau, Maria. "Commerce international des biotechnologies végétales et conservation de la diversité biologique." Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT4001.
Full textFor many years, plant biotechnologies have been part and parcel of a thriving international trade framed by the WTO law. They provoke acute debates among States as far as intellectual property rights protecting them are concerned, as well as for the risks they could cause to the environment and health. Thus, the WTO TRIPS Agreement is particularly argued by developping countries. The patents licensed to protect plant biotechnological inventions, which enable their owners to carry out exclusive rights on these goods, make it hard to implement the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits stemming from the exploitation of the genetic resources which the Convention on Biological Diversity would like to offer to these countries. Moreover, the achievement of its objectives regarding biological diversity conservation and sustainable use is nonetheless jeopardized. Therefore, countries try to find solutions to these problems by protecting plant varieties through sui generis systems. However, the latter tend to be more and more similar to the patents system. Thus commercialised, plant biotechnologies could present sanitary and phytosanitary risks. If the WTO SPS Agreement gives some opportunities to prevent these risks, in keeping with the Biosecurity Protocol, these opportunities are nevertheless limited when the question is to anticipate them. This highlights a little more the utopia of an absolute conciliation between the liberalization of plant biotechnologies international trade and environmental as well as sanitary stakes
Tallier, Pierre Alain. "Forêts et propriétaires forestiers en Belgique, 1814-1914: histoire de l'évolution de la superficie forestière, des peuplements, des techniques sylvicoles et des débouchés offerts aux produits ligneux." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212281.
Full textLombard, Latune Julie. "La compensation écologique : du principe de non perte nette de biodiversité à son opérationnalisation - analyse de l'action collective." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA040/document.
Full textIn France, the objective of ecological compensation for residual impacts on biodiversity is to achieve no net loss of biodiversity. A normative framework setting out about ten principles theoretically makes it possible to achieve this objective.We are therefore studying the implementation of biodiversity offset through three High Speed Railway projects. We analyze the actor's game around this implementation through the theories of collective action, and in particular the analytical framework of Translation proposed by M. Callon. This first analysis allows us to understand how biodiversity offset is a socio-technical object. We highlight that many actors with diverging stakes are mobilizing to implement ecological compensation. We show that there is a tension between the mobilization of actors and ecological requirements, these two aspects are not always compatible. The duration of the environmental services specifications and the associated retribution of landowners, who set-up biodiversity offset specification, is decisive for both human and non-human (biodiversity) mobilization. We then question the temporal spatial effects of collective action and its ability to achieve a net loss of biodiversity. We show that the measures could not be effective before the impacts began. Land management in France seems for the moment to be difficult to reconcile with the implementation of unanticipated biodiversity offset at a very early stage. We show that the majority of biodiversity offset sites are small in size, although larger areas seem more virtuous for biodiversity. Finally, we show that the sustainability of biodiversity offset measures can be assessed at different levels depending on (i) the type of land control (acquisition, agreement); (ii) biodiversity offset contracts (duration, content of the latter - sanctions in the event of failure to comply with obligations influence the maintenance of the measures); (iii) the management of the renewal of these contracts; (iv) the vocation of the owners of the sites (a public or private construction company does not initially have the role of conserving biodiversity, whereas an environmental NGO has the vocation); (v) the sustainability of the structures and assurances as to the future of the biodiversity offset measures sites in the event of bankruptcy; (vi) the monitoring and control of the implementation
Sarrazin, François. "Intégration d’un centre logistique au sein d’un réseau d'entreprises forestières : impact et analyse." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35433.
Full textThe forest industry represents an important part of Quebec’s economic activity and many local communities depend on this sector. In natural forests, the great diversity of tree species and quality brings an added complexity for sorting operations and the flow of resources. Furthermore, the remoteness of the resource implies high transportation costs. Scientific literature demonstrates that sharing transportation capacity can result in important cost reductions (Epstein et al. 2007), but is quite complex to put into place (Frisk et al.2010). Finally, the transition from push systems towards pull type supply chains and the recent difficulties for this industry (decline of the pulp and paper sector, housing crisis of 2008-09, etc.) make it all the more relevant to examine how to better use the wood resource. In this regard, the creation of sort yards, distinct from both the harvesting sites and the mills, offers many opportunities for maximizing value and minimizing costs. Such centers however, represent an important challenge in regards to their daily management and their insertion in the pre-existing logistics network. We therefore hypothesize that for certain economic, logistical and environmental factors, a logistics center comprised of a sort yard and transportation coordination, could generate cost savings, especially through the use of oversize trucks (Chan et al. 2008) and lower sorting costs (as can be deduced from Favreau 1995). We also sense that the sorting activities performed in such a center would also procure an added economic value for companies using its services by limiting the error rate in the classification of the logs, as presented in Sessions (2005). The purpose of this thesis is therefore to identify key factors regarding their impact on the profitability of a regional forest logistics center, combining a specific sort yard and the use of backhauling. Following this, we consider these factors in the development of a profit maximization model for a forest logistics network with the option of using such a sort yard and/or backhauling. This model was first applied to a fictitious but realistic case using generated data in order to estimate the magnitude of potential profit improvements which reached up to $ 0.88 per m3 available for harvest. The model was then applied to optimize a real and complex network to analyze its performance as well as slightly modified versions. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted and revealed that many factors such as distances from the harvesting zones, the number of oversize trucks and the level of stumpage fees had a significant influence on the profitability of such a center. In addition, a dynamic effect between the operation of the yard and the use of backhauling was observed for the real case. The addition of a sort yard allows to reduce the average length of delivery routes by breaking in two the flow of material between the harvesting areas and the production mills. This makes it easier to fit delivery routes within the legal driving time limit. Most importantly, such a yard can serve both as an origin and a destination, therefore opening the door to important reductions in deadheading.
Heshmatol, Vaezin Seyed Mahdi. "Modèles économiques de gestion des peuplements réguliers, irréguliers ou en transition : illustrations dans le cas du hêtre dans le nord-est de la France." Paris, ENGREF, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENGR0006.
Full textThe forest economic analysis is based on the models of biologic, economic and social nature, and in particular, on three basic models which are the stand dynamic model, the price model and decision model. Theses models are often calibrated for only one stand structure (even-aged or uneven-aged). The coupling of these models makes it possible to bring answers to the various economic questions on the management of forest stands. This thesis aims to develop multiple models to optimize the management of even-aged, uneven-aged and in conversion stands, in the presence of catastrophic risk or not. This thesis studies successively the stand dynamic model, the price model and the decision model in risky situation and even or uneven-aged stand structure. It then articulates these models to constitute an overall theoretic model, suitable for applying, with the help of an adapted calibration, for various species on diverse sites. An example comes to illustrate the theoretical analyses in the case of the beech in the North-East of France and to give an idea of the potential results on the scales of the stand and tree. The illustrations on the stand scale consist in studying the case of the even-aged and uneven-aged stands, and the case of conversion, in presence or absence of risk. In order to show the interest of these combined models at the tree scale, an illustration relates to the economy of the tree, placed in various environments : different productivities, presence or absence of risk and different price-size curves
Bas, Adeline. "Analyse de la compensation écologique comme instrument d'internalisation et de lutte contre l'érosion de la biodiversité marine : illustration par l'éolien en mer." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0022/document.
Full textThe installation of marine renewable energies is carried out in compliance with French environmental legislation. The mitigation hierarchy is thus applied to achieve an objective of no net loss of biodiversity. This thesis aims at questioning the effectiveness of the mitigation hierarchy and more specifically biodiversity offsetting as an internalization instrument to halt the erosion of marine biodiversity. We use a qualitative empirical approach to (i) identify the ecological and societal factors as well as their theoretical characteristics that are supposed to enable the offsets achieving the objective of no net loss of biodiversity; and (ii) control whether these conditions are verified in practice for the case of offshore wind farms in Europe and France. The analysis highlights the legal, institutional, methodological and societal issues to be addressed in order to enable biodiversity offsetting to achieve the no net loss priority. On the basis of this observation, a multi-criteria assessment is carried out to reinforce the avoidance and reduction steps of the mitigation hierarchy in order to better define offsetting needs. Ultimately, the analysis shows a shift in biodiversity offsetting based on a strict ecological equivalence to a biodiversity offsetting based on a released ecological equivalence. Offsetting actions tend to be more generalist and / or more directed to ecosystem services than to ecosystem components. Associated with accompanying measures, offsetting actions can help to increase the social acceptability of a development project
Roy, Loraine. "The relevance of monetary valuations of biodiversity for public decision making." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL12019/document.
Full textThere is a profusion of research on environmental monetary valuation methods, and particularly in ‘biodiversity valuations’ because biodiversity losses have become one of today’s two environmental iconic problems. Often, it is the neoclassical/welfare theory of the economic value and environmental asset valuation that is applied to value biodiversity. However, this theory raises many concerns, by itself, but also regarding its applicability to biodiversity. This PhD attempts to identify some major factors playing a role in the relevance of valuations for public decision makers, a relevance that schematically results from the content and the legitimacy of valuations. The first factor we deal with is the influential power of money and the Cost Benefit Analysis, the second is the shift in ethical approach that monetary valuations risk to bring to the general economic approach (strongly anthropocentric and merely instrumental), the third factor is the methodological recourse to discounting and the fourth factor is the complexity of the notion biodiversity and particularly of its functional dimension. To work on those factors, we emphasize the relevance and necessity, of an interdisciplinary research, and of a constant effort on the part of economists, to clarify the nature of their fundamental approach to biodiversity when having recourse to monetary valuations
Toupet, Joy. "Les traducteurs du changement : de l’intégration des jeunes ruraux à la gestion de la nature : les formes de l’Education à l’Environnement au sein de l’ULAMIR-CPIE du Pays de Morlaix (1974 – 2017)." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN20003/document.
Full textThis thesis aims, from a social and historical perspective, at analyzing a coordination of stakeholders dedicated to environmental education, to the local implementation of ecological-oriented public measures. This coordination of stakeholders is studied as a network from which awareness actions are carried out, in order to make the social mobilisation around these measures more efficient. The reflection is based on a field survey conducted in Finistère (France) around, in particular, the action of the Permanent Center for Environmental Initiatives (CPIE) of Morlaix. The hypothesis of this work is based on the existence of a link between the professional legacy of this network and its current practices. The first level of analysis explores the process through which this network, grounded in sociocultural awakening of rural youth, transforms itself to the point of developing environmental management actions. The second level of analysis concerns the translation, in the local area, of a public device for managing biodiversity, named “Trame Verte et Bleue”. The study of this translation highlights that it is not so much the ecological dimensions contained in the device that dialogue and social link that are pursued in redefining environmental patterns of local planning. The thesis shows that if, throughout more than forty years of existence, the CPIE changes significantly around the subject of its action, its practices of mediation continue to include the local territory and its inhabitants in broader socio-political configurations, as was formerly the case. More generally, this research contributes to better understand, at the same time, the way of a network stakeholders continuously reconfigures itself from a succession of contexts and the role it plays in the territorialisation of environmental public action
Vaissière, Anne-Charlotte. "Le recours au principe de compensation écologique dans les politiques publiques en faveur de la biodiversité : enjeux organisationnels et institutionnels : cas des écosystèmes aquatiques marins et continentaux." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0028/document.
Full textBiodiversity offset, as the last step of the mitigation hierarchy (avoid/reduce/offset), aims to address the current biodiversity loss crisis. The main goal of this PhD, which relies on the new institutional economics approach as a theoretical framework, is to understand the organizational and institutional issues of implementing biodiversity offsets policies for impacts on continental and offshore wetlands in Europe and the United-States. Hierarchical organizations (i.e. permittee responsible mitigation) often lead to little to no implementation of biodiversity offsets because the ecological effectiveness of case-by-case compensatory measures is unproven and the monitoring and control of numerous measures are difficult. In the United-States, the mitigation banking system aims to compensate for multiple small impacts on wetlands by carrying out restoration projects on fewer but larger wetland areas in order to reach the goal of no net loss of biodiversity. This hybrid organizational form is highly regulated and therefore stands halfway between hierarchical and market organizations. However, actors have individual and collective strategies that generate negotiations with consequences on economic development and biodiversity conservation stakes. The mitigation banking system leads to a decrease of transaction costs and a change of the actors bearing them. It seems that the evolution of the whole framework of biodiversity offsets policy implementation in the United-States leans toward an institutional complementarity between these two organizational forms rather than a disappearance of hierarchical organizations
Daheur, Jawad. "Le Parc à bois de l'Allemagne : course aux ressources et hégémonie commerciale dans les bassins de la Vistule et de la Warta (1840-1914)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG041.
Full textThis thesis deals with the German attempts to take control over timber resources in the Baltic area between 1840 and 1914. Focused on the trade in the Vistula and Warta river basins, it shows how the rising German economy managed to make the local forests into its backyard by securing cheap and stable access to timber resources. German firms progressively achieved trade dominance by developing transport technologies and reinforcing their financial and organizational capacities. They also managed to take advantage of the local economic and political weaknesses. Through ecological and economic explanation of timber extraction and processing, the thesis underlines the role played by foreign timber in the preservation of the German forests. It also describes the impact of this process on the local population and environment. Finally, the thesis advocates for a truly global history of the German forest
Petucco, Claudio. "Forest health economics : Management of forest pests and pathogens in conditions of global change." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0007.
Full textIn recent decades, the deterioration of forest health resulted in frequent pests’ outbreaks and the diffuse pathogens’ presence. These phenomena threaten forests’ ability to supply ecosystem goods and services to the society. It is therefore necessary to maintain tree health and reduce pest’s and pathogen’s impacts. This thesis approaches three management problems from an economic perspective such as the current invasion and the incumbent invasion of a forest pathogen as well as the outbreaks of a native pest. Starting from these three pest and pathogen management problems, the thesis aims at assessing the impacts of forest pests and pathogens and, secondly, informing how resources can be optimally allocated for assuring the long-term provision of good and services.Pest and pathogens invasions have an impact on the prices of wood products via supply shocks, which, in turn, influence forest management choices, thus introducing feedback effects between market and ecological dynamics at a large scale. The first paper aims at evaluating these impacts by combining a recursive partial equilibrium model with spatial-explicit pathogen-spread and pathogen-induced mortality models calibrated to represent the ash dieback in France (caused by the pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus). Results showed that impacts are not homogeneous across regions and generally depend on the resource distribution, pathogen spread and market structure. We observed that the behavioural adaptation of forest managers (i.e., regeneration and harvesting choices) is a non-negligible component of the total standing volume loss.The second paper focusses on monitoring and control of an incumbent invasion. Monitoring and early detection of invasive species is important to mitigate the damages and reduce the control costs. However, when multiple decision-makers are involved, the monitoring effort of frontier landowners (landowners closer to the introduction point) is suboptimal because it does not consider the negative impacts of the invasion spreading to neighbouring properties. Through a two-player differential game combined with an epidemiological compartmental model, we computed the non-cooperative and the cooperative solution. We designed a monetary payment to sustain cooperation based on an intertemporal decomposition of the Nash bargaining scheme. We showed that this payment assured time-consistent outcomes, meaning that the ex-ante agreement between the two landowners was credible and self-enforcing. The model was calibrated for the possible invasion of the pine wilt nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in south-western France.In the last two papers, the analysis is downscaled from the landscape level to the stand level and concentrates on a native defoliator pest. The main objective of the third paper is to adapt forest management to biotic and abiotic disturbances. The classic Faustmann model was combined with a pest population model and a windstorm model to compute the optimal rotation age and the land expectation value (LEV) for different disturbances scenarios. The model was calibrated for maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) plantations in south-western France and Pine Processionary Moth (PPM, Thaumetopoea pityocampa) cyclical outbreaks. Our results showed that storms tend to reduce the optimal harvest age, whereas PPM tends to increase it. Overall, the impact of PPM on the rotation length prevails and, here, risks increase rather than decrease the optimal rotation length. Thinnings increased profitability and constitute an effective hedging strategy against both risks. In the third paper, we introduced a cut-or-keep decision rule to model the forest owner problem after a storm event. Its economic and management implications are further investigated in the fourth paper. Unlike previous economic studies which assumed clearing and replanting regardless of the level of damages, the cut-or-keep condition led to higher payoffs in roughly 75% of the cases
Rougieux, Paul. "Modelling European Forest Products Consumption and Trade in a Context of Structural Change." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0004/document.
Full textForests in the European Union grow by 1.2 billion m³ per year. Half of this volume stays in the forest, in particular for sustainable forest management purposes. The other half flows into three industrial sectors: wooden material, paper products and wood energy. These industrial product flows are set into motion and paid for by diverse final consumers. Since 2000, consumption is undergoing important structural changes which cause large disturbances in material, paper and fuel flows. To predict the impact of these changes, economists model relationships between raw material supply, final products demand, prices, production and international trade. This thesis uses panel data econometrics to estimate parameters of empirical models. An introductory chapter sets the policy context of forest resources and forest products of interest at a macroeconomic level. Then I review major forest sector models and I focus on issues encountered while estimating parameters of demand models. A second chapter investigates the potential impact of a trade agreement between the EU and the US on the forest sector. We found that total welfare would increase in the region of the agreement, in addition the agreement benefits more to consumers than to producers. Results show that third party countries are impacted by the agreement too, which highlights the importance of using a global trade model in analysing the impacts of the agreement. In a third chapter I estimate revenue and price elasticities of demand for forest products on a panel of European countries. I deal with non stationarity issues and estimate demand elasticities within cointegrated panels. I demonstrate that revenue elasticities of demand are lower than previous estimates from the literature. Simulations using these robust elasticities in a forest sector model, show a lower demand over a 20 years time horizon. In a fourth chapter, I analyse structural changes in paper products consumption. For this purpose, I use a panel threshold model to estimate the relationship between information technology use and paper products consumption: newsprint, printing and writing paper. I show how paper demand elasticities depend on internet penetration in the population. Thresholds occur once a majority of the population has access to the internet. After the threshold, coefficients between paper consumption and its explanatory variables revenue and price become smaller in absolute terms or even change sign. Based on projections of the number of internet users per country, paper consumption projections could be updated with this type of thresholds models. From a policy perspective, lower demand for graphics paper would free resources and make them available for innovative forest products and services
Pedroza, Gutiérrez Maria del Carmen. "La forêt tropicale entre développement et conservation : la réserve de la biosphère de Calakmul, et les enjeux de la mondialisation." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0069.
Full textThe doctoral dissertation investigates the links between trade, environnement and developpement in rural areas, and how they are relevant to tropical forest change (degradation). I have considered a case study in the southeast of Mexico. This case study, Calakmul, is a national park wich has the status of National Biosphere Reserve and is the biggest tropical forest Reserve in Mexico. Considering this case study I analyse, how national development policies may influence on the use and management of the natural resources wich belong to rural communities in development policy, and the use and management of natural resources wich belong to rural communities in tropical protected areas, such as Calakmul. At the same time I study how the national development policy, and the use and management of natural ressources may be affected by a trade competition dinamic at the national and international level. In order to approach this relationship I analyse the agricultural and forest policies implemented at the national and local levels. I consider the influence of the international trading system on the making and implementation of these policies and, what have been their consequences on the natural resources and the people living in the tropical forest of Calakmul
Ngouhouo, Poufoun Jonas. "Livelihoods strategies, deforestation and biodiversity conservation : a micro econometric analysis using rural households survey in the Tridom transboundary conservation landscape." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0324/document.
Full textThis thesis investigates the key drivers of rural households’ choices of livelihoods, and how these choices impact forest clearing and biodiversity conservation under a landscape approach. Using a novel and unique database obtained from a face-to-face survey with a representative sample of 1035 households in the Dja-Odzala-Minkébé trinational transboundary conservation landscape (Tridom-TCL)- Congo basin , this PhD thesis address three main questions investigated in three chapters. Using a spatial probit model, the first chapter investigates “how do local and indigenous households formulate their preferences among livelihoods strategies?” Using a spatial lag model, the second chapter investigates “how and how much do these livelihoods strategies, given wildlife constrains such as human-wildlife conflicts, impact smallscale deforestation?” Using corner solution models, the third chapter investigates "how the nature of the interactions among households and wildlife, the households’ main activities as well as their land holdings impact their willingness to pay to prevent endangered forest elephant extinction?”Among other, we find that livelihoods strategies are determined by autochthonous status, financial assets (money transfer and access to loan), distance to market and larger crop losses resulting from human-wildlife conflicts. Further, we show that livelihoods strategies are important for deforestation. Therefore, the commitments to reducing small-scale deforestation may be favored by a good consideration of factors that drive households’ livelihoods strategies. We find out that spatial issues seem to be important. Proximity among households yields spatial shift effects and spatial spillover effects that are likely to amplify small-scale deforestation. We also argue that, cross-cutting solutions towards a sustainable landscape considering these three crucial issues involve optimizing trade-off between households’ livelihoods strategies, forest and the natural habitats of fauna. Therefore, the issues of community land security, of where natural habitat is needed and of how it should be managed are at the core of the problem. For example, decision-makers should proceed with the integration of large mammals mobility corridors far away from the community settlements in order to enhance zero-conflict-oriented elephant habitats; corridors should be consistently placed relatively to high elephant-concentration zones without crossing into zones with denser human populations