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Academic literature on the topic 'Biodiversité – Paléozoïque'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biodiversité – Paléozoïque"
Kroeck, David. "La biodiversité du phytoplancton du Paléozoïque." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R077.
Full textThe phytoplankton play a major part in Earth’s ecosystems. They constitute a large part of the base of marine foodchains and therefore represent the starting point for most biological activity in the oceans. Moreover, phytoplanktic organisms are responsible for most photosynthetic activity on Earth, producing at least half the amount of oxygen, and they are responsible for a major part of the carbon transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean. Changes in ancient phytoplankton composition probably had impacts on both the climate and the marine ecosystems. The major aim of my study concerns diversity trends of the phytoplankton during the Palaeozoic. Palaeobiodiversity trajectories are computed from an exhaustive database of occurrences described in literature, and by means of different diversity metrics to account for various facets and biases. The results show generally high diversity values in the early and middle parts of the Palaeozoic followed by very low diversity in the late Palaeozoic. Major radiations are recorded from the Lower to Middle Ordovician, in the lower Silurian, and in the Upper Devonian, and major extinctions in the latest Ordovician, in the late Silurian–Lower Devonian interval, and from the Upper Devonian to the Carboniferous. Several palaeoenvironmental factors are found to be probably related to the recorded diversity trends, such as palaeogeography, sea-level changes, terrestrial sediment influx, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. A major problem concerning the study of acritarchs in general, and the study of their biodiversity in particular, is their questionable taxonomy. With many previous studies done in a stratigraphic context, a high number of taxa was described, without considering intrageneric and intraspecific morphological variability. Therefore, taxonomic revisions are needed. Within the present work, three studies were done to assess this issue: A first study concerns the genus Vulcanisphaera. A revision of the literature and the use of statistical methods based on morphometric measurements on populations from Algeria, Iran and England, shows that only three of 32 species described in literature can be maintained within the genus Vulcanisphaera: V. africana, V. mougnoana, and V. simplex. A second study is focusing on Orthosphaeridium. After a comprehensive review of the literature and new investigations on material from Iran and China, only four of 20 species described in literature are maintained: O. bispinosum, O. ternatum, O. rectangulare, O. octospinosum. A third investigation concerns the peteinoid acritarchs. In my new palynological investigation of samples from Öland, large populations of peteinoid acritarchs (Peteinosphaeridium, Liliosphaeridium) were recovered. The results of statistical methods indicate that the currently used taxonomy is not applicable. In addition to temporal biodiversity trends, the database is also used to detect palaeogeographic signals. Within the present work, the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) of the microphytoplankton of the early Palaeozoic is reconstructed. The results show an unimodal LDG, with highest diversity in mid latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. Changes in the amplitude of the LDG during the Cambrian–Ordovician interval are interpreted as being related to long-term cooling. A last part of the study represents an investigation related to biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography. During the Lower and Middle Ordovician, marked provincialism is known for the phytoplankton, with two major distinguishable microfloras. A new study on samples from Colombia was performed in order to investigate the provincial affinities of the microphytoplankton associations of northwestern South America. In addition, the samples allowed a precise stratigraphic assignment based on the palynoflora. The sample material can be assigned to the Floian (Lower Ordovician) and belongs clearly to the peri-Gondwanan acritarch province
Kroeck, David. "La biodiversité du phytoplancton du Paléozoïque." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUR077.
Full textThe phytoplankton play a major part in Earth’s ecosystems. They constitute a large part of the base of marine foodchains and therefore represent the starting point for most biological activity in the oceans. Moreover, phytoplanktic organisms are responsible for most photosynthetic activity on Earth, producing at least half the amount of oxygen, and they are responsible for a major part of the carbon transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean. Changes in ancient phytoplankton composition probably had impacts on both the climate and the marine ecosystems. The major aim of my study concerns diversity trends of the phytoplankton during the Palaeozoic. Palaeobiodiversity trajectories are computed from an exhaustive database of occurrences described in literature, and by means of different diversity metrics to account for various facets and biases. The results show generally high diversity values in the early and middle parts of the Palaeozoic followed by very low diversity in the late Palaeozoic. Major radiations are recorded from the Lower to Middle Ordovician, in the lower Silurian, and in the Upper Devonian, and major extinctions in the latest Ordovician, in the late Silurian–Lower Devonian interval, and from the Upper Devonian to the Carboniferous. Several palaeoenvironmental factors are found to be probably related to the recorded diversity trends, such as palaeogeography, sea-level changes, terrestrial sediment influx, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. A major problem concerning the study of acritarchs in general, and the study of their biodiversity in particular, is their questionable taxonomy. With many previous studies done in a stratigraphic context, a high number of taxa was described, without considering intrageneric and intraspecific morphological variability. Therefore, taxonomic revisions are needed. Within the present work, three studies were done to assess this issue: A first study concerns the genus Vulcanisphaera. A revision of the literature and the use of statistical methods based on morphometric measurements on populations from Algeria, Iran and England, shows that only three of 32 species described in literature can be maintained within the genus Vulcanisphaera: V. africana, V. mougnoana, and V. simplex. A second study is focusing on Orthosphaeridium. After a comprehensive review of the literature and new investigations on material from Iran and China, only four of 20 species described in literature are maintained: O. bispinosum, O. ternatum, O. rectangulare, O. octospinosum. A third investigation concerns the peteinoid acritarchs. In my new palynological investigation of samples from Öland, large populations of peteinoid acritarchs (Peteinosphaeridium, Liliosphaeridium) were recovered. The results of statistical methods indicate that the currently used taxonomy is not applicable. In addition to temporal biodiversity trends, the database is also used to detect palaeogeographic signals. Within the present work, the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) of the microphytoplankton of the early Palaeozoic is reconstructed. The results show an unimodal LDG, with highest diversity in mid latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. Changes in the amplitude of the LDG during the Cambrian–Ordovician interval are interpreted as being related to long-term cooling. A last part of the study represents an investigation related to biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography. During the Lower and Middle Ordovician, marked provincialism is known for the phytoplankton, with two major distinguishable microfloras. A new study on samples from Colombia was performed in order to investigate the provincial affinities of the microphytoplankton associations of northwestern South America. In addition, the samples allowed a precise stratigraphic assignment based on the palynoflora. The sample material can be assigned to the Floian (Lower Ordovician) and belongs clearly to the peri-Gondwanan acritarch province
Derycke-Khatir, Claire. "Microrestes de vertébrés du paléozoïque supérieur de la Manche au Rhin : Biodiversité - Biostratigraphie - Biogéographie." Lille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL10130.
Full textStricanne, Ludovic. "L'utilisation des acritarches du paléozoi͏̈que inférieur pour la reconstitution des paléoenvironnements." Lille 1, 2004. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/d85142c3-973b-4e76-b587-6f5fb0086dcc.
Full textLes résultats indiquent des schémas de diversité mieux exprimés au niveau régional qu'au niveau global. En marge des études classiques en biostratigraphie et en paléogéographie, la suite de ce travail tente d'approfondir les aspects paléoécologiques des acritarches du Paléozoi͏̈que Inférieur. La relation entre la morphologie des acritarches galéates cambro-ordoviciens et certains paramètres environnementaux (tels que la salinité) a été analysée en comparaison avec les kystes de dinoflagéllés modernes. L'étude de la distribution des acritarches le long d'un transect latéral dans le Silurien supérieur de l'île de Gotland (Suède) a permis de proposer l'utilisation des acritarches en tant que marqueurs de paléoenvironnements. Dans le contexte des variations paléoclimatiques du Silurien supérieur, l'analyse de la distribution verticale des acritarches de la même région a montré que ces organismes étaient très sensibles aux changements environnementaux et pourraient être utiles aux modélisations paléoclimatiques dans le Paléozoi͏̈que Inférieur
Nowak, Hendrik. "L'avènement du règne animal de l'intervalle cambro-ordovicien : apports de la palynologie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10177/document.
Full textThe Cambrian and Ordovician were times of important changes in the history of life, as the present animal phyla emerged and modern-style ecosystems developed during the so-called Cambrian explosion and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. These two events are the focus of the project RALI “The Rise of Animal Life”. As a part of this project, the present thesis concentrates on three key topics regarding palynomorphs in relation to the Cambro-Ordovician biodiversifications: 1) The biodiversity of Cambrian acritarchs, 2) palynomorphs from the Fezouata Formation (Lower Ordovician, Morocco), and 3) unusual palynomorphs (Small Carbonaceous Fossils, SCFs) from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte (Middle Ordovician, Iowa, USA). For the analysis of acritarch biodiversity, occurrence data of acritarch species and genera during the Cambrian are assembled from the literature and various diversity indices are calculated. The results indicate a possible link between the biodiversities of acritarchs and marine invertebrates during the Cambrian explosion, but also a heavy bias in the acritarch data. The Fezouata Formation bears exceptionally preserved biotas, which document the early stages of the GOBE. Samples from this Konservat-Lagerstätte (site yielding exceptionally preserved fossils) and from the sub-surface of the Fezouata Formation yielded abundant and diverse acritarchs and chitinozoans. Their biostratigraphic, palaeogeographic, taphonomic, and palaeoenvironmental implications are discussed. The Lagerstätten-bearing Winneshiek Shale is rich in organic remains, including possible crustacean mandibles and filter plates, as well as giant-celled filamentous algae
Pouille, Lauren. "Paléobiodiversité des Radiolaires du Paléozoique inférieur (Cambrien-Ordovicien) : Aperçu à travers une étude des assemblages à radiolaires provenant des montagnes de l’Altai (Russie), d’Aksuran (Kazakstan), du bassin de Georgina (Australie) et de la Terre Neuve occidentale (Canada)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10152.
Full textOur understanding of the structuration of Lower Paleozoic pelagic trophic chains during the ‘Cambrian Explosion’ and the ‘Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event’, which has lead to the establishment of modern marine ecosystems, is still very fragmentary. We are here interested in understanding the paleodiversity dynamics of polycystines Radiolaria planctonic group, a key biotic component of the heterotrophic plankton, in order get a better idea of the timing and dynamics of plankton diversification at the Lower Paleozoic. The discovery of new material from the Altai Mountains (Siberia) brings new data on the fossil record of the first biomineralized radiolarians with the identification of the oldest representatives of the Archeoentactinidae family dated of a Botomian age. Study conducted on Newfoundland and Australian material allowed us to characterize precisely the various biotic changes undergone by radiolarians during the Cambrian-Ordovician transition, at the dawn of the planktonic revolution but also to precise their paleogeographic distribution at the Late Cambrian. A detailed taxonomic study conducted on a Kazakhstanian sample has allowed us to describe a new radiolarian assemblage enriching considerably our knowledge on the radiolarian diversity at the middle Ordovician
Pouille, Lauren. "Paléobiodiversité des Radiolaires du Paléozoique inférieur (Cambrien-Ordovicien) : Aperçu à travers une étude des assemblages à radiolaires provenant des montagnes de l’Altai (Russie), d’Aksuran (Kazakstan), du bassin de Georgina (Australie) et de la Terre Neuve occidentale (Canada)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10152/document.
Full textOur understanding of the structuration of Lower Paleozoic pelagic trophic chains during the ‘Cambrian Explosion’ and the ‘Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event’, which has lead to the establishment of modern marine ecosystems, is still very fragmentary. We are here interested in understanding the paleodiversity dynamics of polycystines Radiolaria planctonic group, a key biotic component of the heterotrophic plankton, in order get a better idea of the timing and dynamics of plankton diversification at the Lower Paleozoic. The discovery of new material from the Altai Mountains (Siberia) brings new data on the fossil record of the first biomineralized radiolarians with the identification of the oldest representatives of the Archeoentactinidae family dated of a Botomian age. Study conducted on Newfoundland and Australian material allowed us to characterize precisely the various biotic changes undergone by radiolarians during the Cambrian-Ordovician transition, at the dawn of the planktonic revolution but also to precise their paleogeographic distribution at the Late Cambrian. A detailed taxonomic study conducted on a Kazakhstanian sample has allowed us to describe a new radiolarian assemblage enriching considerably our knowledge on the radiolarian diversity at the middle Ordovician
Amberg, Chloé. "Tester le potentiel d’un puissant outil stratigraphique, les chitinozoaires, pour détecter le début de l’âge glaciaire du Paléozoïque Inférieur durant l’Ordovicien Inférieur à Moyen." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10173.
Full textThe Ordovician (485-443 Ma) witnessed major changes in biodiversity including ‘the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event’ (GOBE), but also the first of the “Big Five” mass extinction events, related to the End Ordovician glaciation. It was long thought to be a greenhouse period, with a short glaciation during the Hirnantian (c. 444 Ma) but recent evidence based on stable isotopes, sequence stratigraphy, plankton provinces and climate models, suggests that this global cooling and the onset of the “Early Palaeozoic Icehouse” may have started much earlier than previously assumed, during the Early-Middle Ordovician. However, each of these methods is inconclusive on its own. The aim of this study is (1) to find additional evidence for pre-Hirnantian glaciations, focusing on the earliest of the suggested phases of cooling, i.e., in the Floian (early-middle Arenig), assumed to coincide with the onset of the GOBE, and (2) to test if we can apply chitinozoan micropaleontology as a proxy to detect climate variations during the Ordovician.We first used palynology to test for the primary nature of Ordovician limestone-mudstone alternations in the Oslo-Asker area, the oldest one of these of Arenig age, but could not exclude a potential diagenetic origin for these deposits. Secondly, we built a chitinozoan-biostratigraphic framework for the type Arenig in Wales to get a better understanding about the spatial distribution of key taxa through the interval; comparing the Tremadoc to the Arenig, an increased provincialism was observed across the globe. Thirdly, new chitinozoan data from the near field in Morocco serve to constrain an erosional event potentially related to glacioeustasy
Books on the topic "Biodiversité – Paléozoïque"
Derycke-Khatir, Claire. Microrestes de vertébrés du paléozoïque supérieur de la Manche au Rhin. [Villeneuve d'Ascq]: Société géologique du Nord, 2005.
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