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1
Guerrero, Jonathan, Krizler Tanalgo, and Carlo Abante. "Role of Academic Institution to Inform Local and Regional Scale Biodiversity in the Eastern Philippines." Journal of Tropical Life Science 11, no. 2 (2021): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/jtls.11.02.14.
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The Philippines is among the most threatened biodiversity hotspots. Developing effective conservation requires science-based evidence from field data and observations. Yet, many important biodiversity information remain unpublished, particularly from academic institutions and NGOs. Here, we synthesized 34-year data from biodiversity studies from Bicol University in Luzon Island, Philippines. We found a large number of studies that increased in the post-2000 period with the majority of the studies focused on community surveys and animal and wildlife studies. While there is a massive number of studies, we found clear disproportionate distribution in terms of geographic and thematic areas. Our results may be based on a regional level, but if taken carefully, it has important implications and applications to other higher education institutions in the Philippines in promoting biodiversity studies and conservation in the country.
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Abansi, Corazon Lumbera. "Biodiversity Conservation and Social Science Underpinnings in the Cordillera Highlands of Northern Philippines." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 10, no. 4 (2019): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2019100102.
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This article conducts a literature review and synthesis of social science research on biodiversity in the Cordillera of Northern Philippines. The area hosts key biodiversity sites that need protection and conservation but there is little understanding of the socio-cultural, economic and political dynamics that cause the loss of biodiversity and effective conservation. The review showed unequal distribution of social-science among the different sites in the Cordillera with concentration in urban areas. The reviewed materials showed a wide scope of topics, indicating that the social dimension of biodiversity conservation is complex and multidimensional. For social science research to better inform decision-making in biodiversity conservation, social scientists need to be aggressive and openly engaged with practitioners and local policy makers so that relevant research findings could penetrate biodiversity management practice. Partnership among universities and productive research groups could address the disproportionate distribution of research efforts across sites.
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Ambal, R. G. R., M. V. Duya, M. A. Cruz, et al. "Key Biodiversity Areas in the Philippines: Priorities for Conservation." Journal of Threatened Taxa 04, no. 08 (2012): 2788–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.o2995.2788-96.
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Espenilla, Jacqueline Joyce F. "Area-Based Marine Protection in the Philippines." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 5, no. 1 (2020): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00501006.
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The Philippines has had a long history of using marine protected areas (mpas) to achieve fishery and biodiversity conservation goals. mpas are “clearly defined geographical spaces, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.” Within the scope of these definitions, Philippine mpas have taken the form of “no-take” marine sanctuaries, marine reserves where both extractive and non-extractive activities are allowed but regulated, and marine parks and protected seascapes, where various uses are relegated to defined zones. Interestingly, the country was able to develop a unique legal framework that took into consideration both national and local contexts for marine environmental governance. This article thus aims to shed some light on the Philippine experience, emphasizing the various issues and concerns caused by the unique regulatory and governance set up of the country’s mpas.
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Berba, Carmela Maria P., and Ambrocio Melvin A. Matias. "State of biodiversity documentation in the Philippines: Metadata gaps, taxonomic biases, and spatial biases in the DNA barcode data of animal and plant taxa in the context of species occurrence data." PeerJ 10 (March 21, 2022): e13146. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13146.
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Anthropogenic changes in the natural environment have led to alarming rates of biodiversity loss, resulting in a more urgent need for conservation. Although there is an increasing cognizance of the importance of incorporating biodiversity data into conservation, the accuracy of the inferences generated from these records can be highly impacted by gaps and biases in the data. Because of the Philippines’ status as a biodiversity hotspot, the assessment of potential gaps and biases in biodiversity documentation in the country can be a critical step in the identification of priority research areas for conservation applications. In this study, we systematically assessed biodiversity data on animal and plant taxa found in the Philippines by examining the extent of metadata gaps, taxonomic biases, and spatial biases in DNA barcode data while using species occurrence data as a backdrop of the ‘Philippines’ biodiversity. These barcode and species occurrence datasets were obtained from public databases, namely: GenBank, Barcode of Life Data System and Global Biodiversity Information Facility. We found that much of the barcode data had missing information on either records and publishing, geolocation, or taxonomic metadata, which consequently, can limit the usability of barcode data for further analyses. We also observed that the amount of barcode data can be directly associated with the amount of species occurrence data available for a particular taxonomic group and location–highlighting the potential sampling biases in the barcode data. While the majority of barcode data came from foreign institutions, there has been an increase in local efforts in recent decades. However, much of the contribution to biodiversity documentation only come from institutions based in Luzon.
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Gracia Jr., Arturo G., Alma B. Mohagan, Janezel C. Burlat, et al. "Conservation ecology of birds in Mt. Hilong-hilong, a Key Biodiversity Area on Mindanao Island, the Philippines." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 5 (2021): 18110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6760.13.5.18110-18121.
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The identification of key areas for conservation and protection according to science-based evidence is an important component to circumvent the negative impacts of environmental changes within geopolitical territories and across the globe. Priority areas for biodiversity played an important role to ensure the protection of many species particularly those that are unique and threatened. There are more than 200 Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) in the Philippines, yet many important research and biodiversity data are either unpublished or unconsolidated. Birds are commonly studied indicators for KBA identification due to their high species richness, diversity, and sensitivity to forest ecosystems. By combining data from past and present surveys, we accounted for a total of 148 bird species of 51 families, with 20 new records from recent field surveys. Our analysis showed a high level of endemism within Mt. Hilong-hilong with 36% Philippine endemic, 14% restricted to Mindanao faunal region and 11% migrant. In terms of conservation, 8% of the species were considered in threatened categories. The species richness and endemism were higher in lowland to mid-elevation areas compared to higher elevation areas of the KBA. Endemism (i.e., Mindanao endemic) and increasing body mass were important determinants of binary extinction risk for bird species in Mt. Hilong-hilong. The high biodiversity in Mt. Hilong-hilong indicates an example of the vital role of KBAs in preserving nationally and globally important bird species. Lastly, we emphasise the importance of collaboration and integrating past and present information to synthesise relevant information to complement ongoing conservation efforts in Mt. Hilong-hilong and other key habitats in the Philippines.
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Ureta, Julie Carl, Rodel Lasco, Asa Jose Sajise, and Margaret Calderon. "A Ridge-to-Reef Ecosystem-Based Valuation Approach to Biodiversity Conservation in Layawan Watershed, Misamis Occidental, Philippines." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 19, no. 2 (2019): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2016_2/07.
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Ecosystem services commonly valued by the society usually pertains to marketable ecosystem services while non-marketable ecosystem services, such as biodiversity, are usually left unaccounted for, making it less priority and beset with problems such as insufficient funding for conservation activities. Low appreciation on the economic value of these ecosystem services has led to overutilization, causing negative impacts to the environment. This study aimed to estimate the value of a non-marketable ecosystem service, biodiversity, through household’s willingness to pay for its conservation activity in Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park (MMRNP) Layawan Watershed. Similarly, a comparison between a “holistic” and “habitat-exclusive” management approaches was done to determine the best management strategy for implementing a sustainable financing mechanism. An average willingness to pay for R2R biodiversity conservation of PhP 43.58 (USD 0.90) per household per month for five years as compared to PhP 33.02 (USD 0.68) per month from an exclusive Upland ecosystem conservation approach and PhP 30.39 (USD 0.62) per month from an exclusive Coastal ecosystem conservation approach. Therefore, a Ridge-to-Reef approach on biodiversity conservation showed significantly higher willingness to pay from households as compared to habitat-based approach. The R2R approach could eventually generate PhP 7.5 M annually.
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WEEKS, REBECCA, GARRY R. RUSS, ANGEL C. ALCALA, and ALAN T. WHITE. "Effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas in the Philippines for Biodiversity Conservation." Conservation Biology 24, no. 2 (2010): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01340.x.
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Ericson E., Coracero, Mark Christian T. Facun, Gallego RB J., et al. "Knowledge and Perspective of Students Towards Biodiversity and its Conservation and Protection." Asian Journal of University Education 18, no. 1 (2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v18i1.17178.
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Abstract: The study aimed to assess the students’ extent of knowledge and identify their perspectives towards biodiversity and its protection and conservation. A total of 268 randomly selected students at Aurora State College of Technology were involved in the study. Survey questionnaires were used to obtain data and information which were subjected to statistical tests. The students had a moderate knowledge level on biodiversity with a mean score of 6.65 out of 10 items (SD = 1.50). Their perspective on biodiversity was leaning toward its protection and conservation, with a mean score of 7.2 out of 10 items (SD = 1.29). Factors affecting the students’ knowledge were gender (p = .003) and academic department (p = 0.003). Females and those associated with the Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences and Department of Industrial technology were found to have more knowledge than the others. Males, on the other hand, were found to have more positive perspectives towards biodiversity. Knowledge and perspective had a weak correlation with r = 0.39. Students were not well-aware, but were in support of the Philippines’ biodiversity-related laws, which could help shape their mindset and actions towards biodiversity conservation and protection. Thus, the college administration must revisit the curricula of all degree programs and ensure that students from each degree program are environmentally educated, emphasizing biodiversity conservation.
 
 Keywords: Biodiversity education, Biodiversity conservation, Biodiversity protection, Knowledge, Perspective
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DIESMOS, ARVIN C., BRETT R. SCHEFFERS, NEIL ALDRIN D. MALLARI, CAMERON D. SILER, and RAFE M. BROWN. "A new forest frog of the genus Platymantis (Amphibia: Anura: Ceratobatrachidae: subgenus Tirahanulap) from Leyte and Samar islands, eastern Philippines." Zootaxa 4830, no. 3 (2020): 573–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4830.3.6.
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We describe a new species of frog of the genus Platymantis Günther (subgenus Tirahanulap), from the east-central regions of the Philippines. It belongs to the the previously-defined P. hazelae Group) based on morphological and bioacoustic datasets. The new species is phenotypically and ecologically most similar to members of Tirahanulap, an assemblage of small-bodied arboreal frogs inhabiting montane forests of the central and northern islands of the Philippine archipelago. The new species represents the first taxon in the Cloud Frog species known from the biogeographically unique Mindanao Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complex. Particularly susceptible to local extirpation following deforestation, all known species of Tirahanulap are important indicator species for environmental and conservation assessments, making this new species not only an exceptional addition to Philippine biodiversity but also an important symbol for conservation initiatives in the region.
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Castañares, Edgar D., Sonnie A. Vedra, and Jessie G. Gorospe. "Biodiversity and Habitat Assessment of Mount Malindawag Naawan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines." International Letters of Natural Sciences 62 (March 2017): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.62.20.
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Habitat fragmentation results to displacement of inhabiting floral and faunal species. The resulting geographic isolation of various species affect regeneration, genetic flows and recruitment. Hence, a study was conducted in a forested area of Mt. Malindawag in Naawan, Misamis Oriental. Sampling stations were designated at the agro-forest, mid-forest and upper-forest habitat types. Species characterizations were based on DAO 2007-01 and IUCN Red List for conservation status. Results showed highest diversity index of flora at mid-forest while lowest diversity was observed in the agro-forest area. A tree speciesCanariumracemosumobtained highest Species Importance Value (SIV) at 38.6%, 42% and 30.8%, respectively in the three habitat types. The highest endemicity of flora was at mid-forest with 24% per DAO 2007-01 and 26% per IUCN conservation status. Majority of faunal species were birds that were mostly resident and common and were usually observed at upper-forest habitat. The relatively low diversity and endemicity of flora and fauna species could be due to the influx of human population. Various activities undertaken were threatening the inhabiting biodiversity, and therefore, demand immediate protection and conservation measures from formulating policies to increasing awareness of various stakeholders. Future related studies were recommended to increase scientific understanding on the interrelationships of socio-economic and ecological interactions of biodiversity to the inhabiting human population.
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Castañares, Edgar D., Sonnie A. Vedra, and Jessie G. Gorospe. "Biodiversity and Habitat Assessment of Mount Malindawag Naawan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines." International Letters of Natural Sciences 62 (March 10, 2017): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-of0iki.
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Habitat fragmentation results to displacement of inhabiting floral and faunal species. The resulting geographic isolation of various species affect regeneration, genetic flows and recruitment. Hence, a study was conducted in a forested area of Mt. Malindawag in Naawan, Misamis Oriental. Sampling stations were designated at the agro-forest, mid-forest and upper-forest habitat types. Species characterizations were based on DAO 2007-01 and IUCN Red List for conservation status. Results showed highest diversity index of flora at mid-forest while lowest diversity was observed in the agro-forest area. A tree species Canariumracemosum obtained highest Species Importance Value (SIV) at 38.6%, 42% and 30.8%, respectively in the three habitat types. The highest endemicity of flora was at mid-forest with 24% per DAO 2007-01 and 26% per IUCN conservation status. Majority of faunal species were birds that were mostly resident and common and were usually observed at upper-forest habitat. The relatively low diversity and endemicity of flora and fauna species could be due to the influx of human population. Various activities undertaken were threatening the inhabiting biodiversity, and therefore, demand immediate protection and conservation measures from formulating policies to increasing awareness of various stakeholders. Future related studies were recommended to increase scientific understanding on the interrelationships of socio-economic and ecological interactions of biodiversity to the inhabiting human population.
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Bryant, Raymond L. "Non-Governmental Organizations and Governmentality: ‘Consuming’ Biodiversity and Indigenous People in the Philippines." Political Studies 50, no. 2 (2002): 268–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00370.
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Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are playing an increasingly important role in the process Foucault called ‘governmentality’. Drawing on the Foucauldian literature, this paper uses a case study of biodiversity conservation as well as indigenous people's ancestral domain in the Philippines to show how two quite different NGO-led conservation agendas nonetheless share a common underlying purpose: persuading indigenous people to internalize state control through self-regulation. Ironically, it is this sort of NGO contribution to the elaboration of government (in the Foucauldian sense) that may turn out be the most significant and lasting contribution that NGOs make to social change.
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SUBA, MARLON DL, AXEL H. ARRIOLA, and GRECEBIO JONATHAN D. ALEJANDRO. "A checklist and conservation status of the medicinal plants of Mount Arayat National Park, Pampanga, Philippines." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 4 (2019): 1034–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200414.
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A checklist of medicinal plants in a natural area is fundamental not only it provides an updated reference but also it gives the current status of biodiversity. In this study, available medicinal plants in Mt. Arayat National Park (MANP) was documented. Existing and comprehensive references on Philippine medicinal plants were used to assess the medicinal values. To determine their conservation status, the International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and list from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in the Philippines were accessed. Results indicated a total of 60 species under 27 families were recorded in MANP. Out of the 27 families, Leguminosae represented the highest number of medicinal plants and the genus Ficus has the most number of species. Based on literature, most of the plants were used to treat infectious and parasitic diseases and diseases of the digestive system. In terms of the conservation status, IUCN has assessed 6 vulnerable and 5 least concern species while DENR has listed 1 vulnerable species and the rest of the medicinal plants were marked as not evaluated. This checklist provides data of various medicinal plants which aims to emphasize their uses and the need of conservation.
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Amori, Giovanni, and Spartaco Gippoliti. "Identifing priority ecoregions for rodent conservation at the genus level." Oryx 35, no. 2 (2001): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00164.x.
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AbstractRodents account for 40 per cent of living mammal species. Nevertheless, despite an increased interest in biodiversity conservation and their high species richness, Rodentia are often neglected by conservationists. We attempt for the first time a world-wide evaluation of rodent conservation priorities at the genus level. Given the low popularity of the order, we considered it desirable to discuss identified priorities within the framework of established biodiversity priority areas of the world. Two families and 62 genera are recognized as threatened. Our analyses highlight the Philippines, New Guinea, Sulawesi, the Caribbean, China temperate forests and the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil as the most important (for their high number of genera) ‘threat-spots’ for rodent conservation. A few regions, mainly drylands, are singled out as important areas for rodent conservation but are not generally recognized in global biodiversity assessments. These are the remaining forests of Togo, extreme ‘western Sahel’, the Turanian and Mongolian-Manchurian steppes and the desert of the Horn of Africa. Resources for conservation must be allocated first to recognized threat spots and to those restricted-range genera which may depend on species-specific strategies for their survival.
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Tanalgo, Krizler Cejuela, Marion John Michael M. Achondo, and Alice C. Hughes. "Small Things Matter: The Value of Rapid Biodiversity Surveys to Understanding Local Bird Diversity Patterns in Southcentral Mindanao, Philippines." Tropical Conservation Science 12 (January 2019): 194008291986948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082919869482.
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Rapid assessment biodiversity surveys are usually employed when resources or time is limited. In terrestrial ecosystems, birds are important ecological indicators of ecosystem health. Our study used rapid inventories to show that species differ across habitat types; species richness and rarity were higher in pristine habitats (native and restored areas) while nonprotected habitats (e.g., plantations and orchards) mainly had common and nonendemic species. Our findings demonstrate the importance of collective local biodiversity studies in elucidating species diversity patterns, though is equally important to bolster regional conservation prioritization. We hope that our findings will benefit future decision-making for sustainable development and conservation planning.
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Borines, N. O. M., T. H. Borromeo, H. dR De Chavez, and M. P. Capistrano. "Ex situ conservation of agro-biodiversity of major food legumes in the Philippines." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 230 (February 19, 2019): 012113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/230/1/012113.
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Alejos, Shan Faye, Marivic Pajaro, Mark Raquino, Alex Stuart, and Paul Watts. "Agricultural Biodiversity and Coastal Food Systems: A Socio-ecological and Trans-ecosystem Case Study in Aurora Province, Philippines." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 18, no. 2 (2021): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2021.18.2.5.
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This paper presents a ridge-to-reef case study on Philippine biodiversity conservation that focused on reducing agricultural chemicals as a contribution to development goals of optimized food security, improving water quality, and mitigating maternal malnutrition. Building upon an earlier study that engaged participants and jurisdictions, farmers were oriented on biodiversity considerations and engaged in ecologically-based rodent management that was extended across the province of Aurora through the Office of the Provincial Agriculturist. Subsequently, a Participatory Action Research and Learning (PARL) cycle was conducted among 14 farmer participants to support biodiversity-friendly agriculture. Developed with local farmers, a biodiversity assessment demonstrated that organic approaches in rice farms increased arthropod biodiversity and reduced the number of key insect pests. The organizational results from this biodiversity study further indicated that local government participation can promote positive change by helping overcome the disconnect between communities and sustainability research. The approach to biodiversity-friendly agriculture reached a milestone through the collaborative development of an agricultural protected area supported by drafting a municipal ordinance to encourage the continued expansion of biodiversity-friendly agriculture and reductions in the chemical load of a key Aurora watershed. This paper discusses the biodiversity analysis and organizational results within the context of trans-ecosystem knowledge management and the goal of improving chronic maternal malnutrition that has been identified in coastal settlements of Aurora.
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Raquino, Mark Edison, Marivic Pajaro, and Paul Watts. "Integrating marine biodiversity through Philippine local development plans." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 26, no. 2 (2015): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-09-2013-0097.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight how data from marine protected area (MPA) surveys can be used to facilitate the development of systematic approaches to monitoring biodiversity within local government development plans and across marine bioregions. Design/methodology/approach – The study focussed on coastal Barangays of the Municipality of San Luis, Aurora Philippines. A Participatory Coastal Resource Assessment (PCRA) was conducted to gather information on corals and reef fishery resources. Resultant Simpson’s biodiversity indices were calculated and compared to other MPA sites. Linkages to enhanced marine curriculum in a San Luis high school were evaluated by utilizing cultural consensus theory (CCT) on previously reported local student perception surveys as a further effort on defining pathways for localized transformation. Findings – San Luis MPA biodiversity indices ranged from 0.56-0.8 on a scale of 0-1. This initial analysis demonstrates how local monitoring can be connected to resource assessment through biodiversity considerations and in developing local plans for site improvement linked to local economies. Results are used to demonstrate the potential for further development of an integrated approach to biodiversity monitoring across and between bioregions as a step forward in strengthening science for MPAs and biodiversity conservation for the Philippines. Practical implications – The study could be used to pilot study strengthening of coastal resource management (CRM) at Municipal and Barangay levels and as well through application of CCT to the topics. The results will be used to reinforce the formulation of San Luis local development plans to better consider marine resource assessment. Originality/value – This paper provides a new perspective on the use of quantitative measures of biodiversity to assist with local development plans. Projecting integrated biodiversity monitoring across and between bioregions is considered as a potential tool for facilitating climate change mitigation.
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Layos, John King N., Ronel B. Geromo, Dinah M. Espina, and Masahide Nishibori. "Insights on the historical biogeography of Philippine domestic pigs and its relationship with continental domestic pigs and wild boars." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (2022): e0254299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254299.
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The Philippine archipelago was believed to have never been connected to the Asian continent even during the severe Quaternary sea-level drops. As a result, the history of domestic pig (Sus scrofa) dispersal in the Philippines remains controversial and must have some anthropogenic origin associated with human migration events. In this study, the context of origin, dispersal, and the level of genetic introgression in Philippine domestic pigs were deduced using mitochondrial DNA D-loop analysis altogether with domestic pigs and wild boar corresponding to their geographic origin. The results revealed considerable genetic diversity (0.900±0.016) and widespread Asian pig-ancestry (94.60%) in the phylogenetic analysis, with admixed European pig-origin (5.10%) harboring various fractions of ancestry from Berkshire and Landrace. The close genetic connection between the continental wild boars and domestic pigs present in the Philippine domestic pigs corroborates our hypothesis of a genetic signal that may be associated with the recently reported multiple waves of human migrations to the Philippines. The Haplogroup D7, reported to occur only in Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspots, included a high frequency of Philippine domestic pig haplotypes (54.08%), which poses an interesting challenge because its distribution is not consistent with the hypothesized migration route of Neolithic Austronesian-speaking populations. We detected the first Pacific Clade signature and ubiquitously distributed D2 haplotypes (Asian major) on several Philippine islands. The analyses of mismatch distribution and neutrality test were consistent with the Bayesian skyline plot which showed a long stationary period of effective population size. The population decline was consistent with the pronounced population bottleneck in Asian and European pigs during the interglacial periods of the Pleistocene. The results of this study will support the conservation strategies and improvements of economically important genetic resources in the Philippines.
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PELSER, PIETER B., SHIELLA MAE B. OLIMPOS, PETER O’BYRNE, and JULIE F. BARCELONA. "A new species of Amyema (Loranthaceae) and a new Gastrodia (Orchidaceae) record for the Philippines from Negros Island." Phytotaxa 371, no. 1 (2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.371.1.3.
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Our recent fieldwork in the island of Negros, Philippines resulted in the discovery of a species new to science, Amyema lisae (Loranthaceae), and a new record for the Philippines, Gastrodia sabahensis (Orchidaceae), which we describe and report here. Amyema lisae differs from similar species with verticillate phyllotaxy and inflorescences of simple umbels by having relatively smaller leaves and 5-merous flowers that are yellow and tomentose. This new species is named in honor of Lisa J. Paguntalan, a champion of biodiversity conservation in the Philippines. In the same island, we also collected Gastrodia sabahensis, previously only known to occur in Borneo. Our specimens differ from typical plants of this species by having larger flowers with column bases that are slightly broader and stelidia that are broad with blunt apices.
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Lasco, Rodel D., Neil Aldrin D. Mallari, Florencia B. Pulhin, et al. "Lessons From Early REDD+ Experiences in the Philippines." International Journal of Forestry Research 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/769575.
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There is growing interest globally in REDD+ initiatives to help mitigate climate change; the Philippines is no exception. In this paper, we review early REDD+ project experiences in the country. The guiding document for REDD+ in the Philippines is the National REDD+ Strategy (PNRPS) which was prepared by a multisectoral group of authors. There are five REDD+ projects that are underway. The critical factors emerging from these early REDD+ actions are the following: external support, local participation, free prior and informed consent, capacity building, sustainability, national laws and policies, biodiversity conservation, and use of safeguards. The pioneering projects reviewed here as well as the emerging lessons from them will hopefully provide a firmer basis for future REDD+ actions in the country.
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Pasa, Arturo E. "Biodiversity study of a smallholder-protected forest ecosystem in Leyte, Philippines." Biodiversity 12, no. 1 (2011): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2011.573702.
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Santiañez, Wilfred John E., Ria S. Sariego, and Gavino C. Trono Jr. "The seaweed flora of the Balabac Marine Biodiversity Conservation Corridor (BMBCC), Southern Palawan, Western Philippines." Plant Ecology and Evolution 148, no. 2 (2015): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2015.973.
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SERRANO, Shirly C., Nipon TANGTHAM, Surat BUALERT, and Suthee JANYASUTHIWONG. "Species Diversity of Mangroves in Central Zambales, Philippines." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 13, no. 3 (2022): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.3(59).17.
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The Philippines being an archipelagic country has one of the most diverse mangrove ecosystems. Species composition and diversity assessment are vital for sustainable management and conservation activities of mangrove resources. The diversity of mangroves was assessed to determine the status of the mangrove ecosystem in the central part of Zambales, Philippines. Data were gathered using a random quadrat sampling method in the twelve pre-selected stations. Each quadrat measures 1 meters and the quantitative description of each plant species was determined. There were a total of 15 mangrove species surveyed in the area, under seven families, which family Rhizophoraceae was the most represented, with six species, and families Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, and Myrsinaceae were only represented with one species each. Shannon’s Diversity Index showed that the mangrove ecosystems in Botolan had “very low” diversity (SDI=1.71) and Iba had “low” diversity (SDI=2.11). Anthropogenic sources such as agri-aqua and encroachment served as the major driving forces in the diversity of mangroves. Other threats include solid waste disposal, quarrying, oil spill, organic fertilizer run-off, and soil erosion among others. These may threaten species that could eventually cause greater biodiversity and economic loss. Hence, protection, conservation, and sustainable management be given priority.
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Tanalgo, Krizler C., Tuanjit Sritongchuay, and Alice C. Hughes. "Seasonal Activity of Fruit Bats in a Monoculture Rubber and Oil Palm Plantation in the Southern Philippines." Conservation 1, no. 3 (2021): 258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation1030020.
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The increasing expansion of monoculture plantations poses a major threat to Asian tropical biodiversity. Yet, in many countries such as the Philippines, the ability of species to persist within plantations has never been explored. We studied the seasonal activity and response of fruit bats in two types of monocultural plantations (rubber and oil palm) in the Southern Philippines from 2016–17 for 12 months. Our mist-netting and monitoring data showed that both plantations can support cosmopolitan species of fruit bats (Cynopterus brachyotis, Eonycteris spelaea, Macroglossus minimus, Ptenochirus jagori, and Rousettus amplexicaudatus), yet a significant variation in the abundance and guild distribution between plantations was observed. Rubber hosted a higher bat abundance than oil palm, which may be influenced by better habitat structure of the matrix (e.g., presence of orchard and fruit plantations) and practices occurring in the rubber plantation. We find that, among seasonal climatic variables, temperature showed significant negative effects on fruit bat abundance. Our results suggest that although monoculture plantations host low diversity (i.e., richness and endemism) they still support generalists which are still ecologically important species. Furthermore, wildlife-friendly commercial plantation practices could both enhance economic growth and biodiversity conservation in the Philippines. Our data both provide the potential for long-term monitoring in the Philippines and highlight the need for more comprehensive monitoring of other bat functional groups and their ability to transverse plantations to provide a more in-depth understanding of the roles and impacts of plantations and other land-use changes.
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Daipan, Bernard Peter. "Patterns of forest cover loss in the terrestrial Key Biodiversity Areas in the Philippines: critical habitat conservation priorities." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 13 (2021): 20019–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6904.13.13.20019-20032.
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The Philippines, home to over 20,000 endemic species of plants and animals, is facing a biodiversity crisis due to the constant decrease of forest cover. The Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) approach was developed to conserve species threatened with extinction using a site-based conservation strategy to select globally important sites using threshold-based criteria for species irreplaceability and vulnerability. This study investigates the applicability of remotely sensed data through geospatial analysis to quantify forest cover loss of the 101 terrestrial KBAs in the country between 2001 and 2019. Results showed that the study sites had 4.5 million hectares (ha) of forest in the year 2000. However, these sites have lost about 270,000 ha of forest in nearly two decades, marking a steady decline with an annual deforestation rate of 14,213 ha per year in these terrestrial KBAs. The majority of the study sites (58) had a high percentage of forest loss (>3.13%), and these should be prioritized for conservation. By the year 2030, it is forecast that a total of 331 thousand ha of forest will be lost unless there is a transformational change in the country’s approach to dealing with deforestation. The results of this study provide relevant data and information in forest habitat in near real-time monitoring to assess the impact and effectiveness of forest governance and approaches within these critical habitats.
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Supsup, Christian E., Augusto A. Asis, Uldarico V. Carestia Jr, Arvin C. Diesmos, Neil Aldrin D. Mallari, and Rafe M. Brown. "Variation in species richness, composition and herpetological community structure across a tropical habitat gradient of Palawan Island, Philippines." Herpetozoa 33 (May 22, 2020): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.33.e47293.
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Information on species richness and community structure is invaluable for guiding conservation and management of biodiversity, but is rarely available in the megadiverse biodiversity conservation hotspot of Philippines – particularly for amphibians and reptiles. This study provides the first report and characterisation of amphibians and reptile communities across primary habitat types of the Victoria-Anepahan Mountain Range on Palawan Island along the western edge of the archipelago. A total of 41 amphibian and reptile species were recorded throughout our sampling sites (n = 27 species) or in targeted habitat searches (14 species). A species richness estimator predicted that 35 species may be present in our sampling sites, suggesting that a significant proportion of secretive species may continue to be unrecorded, especially for reptiles. Higher species richness was found in secondary growth than in mixed-use agricultural areas or even pristine forest. The low species richness recorded from pristine forest types may be due to these forests now being restricted to higher elevations where species diversity has been documented to decrease. Our results also show that complex community structures (species assemblages) are to be equally expected in both secondary growth and pristine forests. Together, our results show how species richness and community assemblages may vary across habitats, highlighting that old growth forest does not always support higher species richness, particularly in high elevations.
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Chakraborty, Shamik, Ram Avtar, Raveena Raj, and Huynh Vuong Thu Minh. "Village Level Provisioning Ecosystem Services and Their Values to Local Communities in the Peri-Urban Areas of Manila, The Philippines." Land 8, no. 12 (2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8120177.
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This study investigates different provisioning services in the peri-urban landscapes of Manila conurbation through a case study of two villages in the Jala-Jala municipality of the Laguna de Bay area in the Philippines. Laguna de Bay is an ecologically productive and important watershed for the urban and peri-urban areas of Manila for the provision of food, freshwater, and other materials. However, the lake and its ecosystem are under threat because of rapid urbanization and associated land-use changes. This study is based on a semi-quantitative survey conducted with 90 households in two villages: Special District and Paalaman. It was aimed to capture how provisioning services in the locality are connected with local livelihoods. The results obtained from the study suggest that landscapes in this peri-urban area still has considerable provisioning ecosystem services associated with local biodiversity and that this dependence on provisioning services and their relationship to peri-urban landscapes and biodiversity should be addressed for sustainable landscape management. The results have important implications for the conservation potential of biodiversity on which local livelihoods depend, in urban and peri-urban ecosystems.
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Perez, Padmapani L. "Living with the problem of national parks." Thesis Eleven 145, no. 1 (2018): 58–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513618763840.
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‘You mean to say we’re not the only people in the world with the problem of a national park?’ This question was raised during a focus group discussion held with an indigenous community whose ancestral domain overlaps entirely with a national park in the Philippine Cordillera. The question encapsulates an experience shared across the Philippines, particularly in spaces where both the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act and the National Integrated Protected Areas System are implemented. This paper examines recent developments in indigenous leaders’ participation in, and critique of, the implementation of these two laws and the development of environmental policies. It follows an emerging, multi-sectoral movement calling for the recognition of Indigenous Communities Conserved Areas and Territories (ICCAs), which has led to the crafting of a draft law. The ICCA bill is envisioned as a law that will resolve indigenous peoples’ problems with national parks, while meeting biodiversity conservation targets. The authors direct attention to how indigenous leaders campaigning for the ICCA bill are asserting their right to delineate space and make decisions in the contexts of policy-making and implementation. It is argued here that their articulations are registers of indigenous critique. Taking these critiques seriously has the potential to drive conservation policy-making past the stewardship stalemate, where conservation goals are pursued at the cost of indigenous peoples’ right to self-determination and indigenous peoples are expected to perform harmony with nature.
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Marler, Paris N., Solomon Calago, Mélanie Ragon, and Lyca Sandrea G. Castro. "Camera trap survey of mammals in Cleopatra’s Needle Critical Habitat in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 13 (2019): 14631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5013.11.13.14631-14642.
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A camera trap survey was conducted in the recently protected Cleopatra’s Needle Critical Habitat (CNCH) in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines from February to May 2015 at 39 camera trap sites. A bait of common pig’s blood was used at 36 sites, while the three remaining sites were surveyed without a bait and monitored a stream with a latrine site or mud bath with tracks. Seven native species were detected and three of these species were endemic to the island province. Species included: Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus philippinensis, Palawan Porcupine Hystrix pumila, Collared Mongoose Urva semitorquata, Palawan Stink Badger Mydaus marchei, Palawan Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi, Asian Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinereus, and Malay Civet Viverra tangalunga. Analysis of the activity patterns of the three most commonly captured species revealed predominantly nocturnal activity for the Common Palm Civet, Palawan Porcupine, and Palawan Stink Badger. The Philippine Palm Civet showed occasional diurnal activity. The seven photo-captured species appeared most common, or were at the least recorded, below 750m. Five species (the Philippine Palm Civet, Palawan Porcupine, Collared Mongoose, Palawan Stink Badger, and Palawan Leopard Cat) were also recorded above 1000m. The CNCH supports two threatened species, the Palawan Porcupine and the Asian Small-clawed Otter, which are listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN, and the Collared Mongoose is listed as Near Threatened. The Palawan Leopard Cat is considered Vulnerable within the Philippines, although it has yet to be assessed by the IUCN. This documentation highlights the biodiversity significance within the newly protected critical habitat and the need to support ongoing conservation efforts within the critical habitat. 
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OLIMPOS, SHIELLA MAE B., and JAYSON A. MANSIBANG. "Aeschynanthus rejieae (Gesneriaceae), a new species of lipstick vine from Tawi-Tawi, Philippines." Phytotaxa 487, no. 1 (2021): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.487.1.7.
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Aeschynanthus rejieae from Panglima Sugala, one of the few remaining forested areas in Tawi-Tawi, Philippines, is illustrated and described as a new species. It resembles A. obconicus and A. ovatus by the ovate leaves and dense indumentum in the external calyx and corolla. However, A. rejieae is distinguished by having leaves that have persistent sparse pubescence, campanulate calyx with dense hirsute indumentum both internally and externally, and ovary with a glandular cilia. This species is named after Rejie Sahali-Generale, who initiated the biodiversity conservation in Panglima Sugala. This new discovery further highlights the urgent need to study and conserve the remaining forests of Tawi-Tawi.
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Welton, Luke J., Cameron D. Siler, Daniel Bennett, et al. "A spectacular new Philippine monitor lizard reveals a hidden biogeographic boundary and a novel flagship species for conservation." Biology Letters 6, no. 5 (2010): 654–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0119.
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As humans continue to explore the last uncharted regions of the planet, discoveries of previously unknown species of large vertebrates have become infrequent. Here, we report on the discovery of a spectacular new species of giant, secretive, frugivorous, forest monitor lizard (Genus: Varanus ) from the forests of the northern Philippines. Using data from morphology and mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, we demonstrate the taxonomic distinctiveness of this new 2 m long species and provide insight into its historical biogeography and systematic affinities. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that the new species is closely related to Varanus olivaceus (from southern Luzon and nearby islands), but it differs from this and other varanids with respect to characteristics of scalation, colour pattern, body size, anatomy of the reproductive organs and genetic divergence. The new species appears to be restricted to forests of the central and northern Sierra Madre mountain range; it is separated from the range of V. olivaceus by a more than 150 km stretch that includes at least three low-elevation river valley barriers to dispersal. This discovery identifies a seldom-perceived biogeographic boundary and emphasizes the need for continued biodiversity research in the megadiverse conservation hotspot of the Philippines. It is anticipated that the new species will serve as an important flagship species for conservation efforts aimed at preserving the remaining forests of northern Luzon.
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Davis Reimer, James, Ritzelle L. Albelda, Piera Biondi, et al. "LITERATURE REVIEW OF CORAL REEF RESTORATION IN AND AROUND THE CORAL TRIANGLE FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF MARINE BIODIVERSITY." Arquivos de Ciências do Mar 55, Especial (2022): 413–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32360/acmar.v55iespecial.78183.
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The coral reefs of the Coral Triangle and nearby marine regions are the most biodiverse marine ecosystems in the world, providing ecosystem services to hundreds of millions of people. However, like coral reefs in other regions, these ecosystems are in decline due to a myriad of anthropogenically-induced stressors. To mitigate this decline, active coral reef restoration efforts have been increasing worldwide, including in this region. An important end-goal of coral reef restoration is the conservation of functional biodiversity of not only zooxanthellate scleractinian corals, but of all associated coral reef organisms. In this literature review, we collected papers from the Web of Science (1995-2021) focused specifically on coral reef restoration from six countries and regions around the Coral Triangle (Japan, Taiwan, mainland China, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia) to examine how much coral reef restoration research has been performed in each area, when it was performed, what methodologies were used, what organisms were targeted, and whether any assessment of biodiversity was included. Our results show great disparity in the research efforts of each area, with the Philippines clearly leading research in the region with almost half of the literature examined, followed by Japan and Indonesia, with nascent efforts in mainland China, Taiwan, and Malaysia. Overall, for the region, research appears to be increasing with time. Research in most areas was concentrated in one or two locations, and almost exclusively focused only on corals. Only approximately 38% of papers mentioned biodiversity in any manner, and only 14% included organisms other than scleractinian corals in their results. It is clear from this review that extensive research and data gaps exist regarding coral reef restoration in the western Pacific and Coral Triangle, particularly from the viewpoint of biodiversity. It is hoped that research can address these gaps before coral reef ecosystems in the region decline even further.
 
 Keywords: coral reef ecosystems, knowledge gaps, East Asia, South-East Asia, Indo-Pacific.
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Millamena, Aljim G., Ferlyn A. Daylusan,, Diane Claire H. Alian, May M. Sansait, and GERALD T.MALABARBAS. "SPECIES DIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF BEACH FORESTS IN SAN FERNANDO, SAN JOSE, ANTIQUE, PHILIPPINES." International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences 4, no. 7 (2022): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijarss.v4i7.370.
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Beach forests play a vital role in disaster mitigation and climate change mitigation. These forests protect coastal communities against natural calamities. It has been observed that areas with less or absence of beach forests and mangrove systems were highly devastated compared to those with. However, these ecosystems were neglected due to lesser studies and baseline information about the species diversity and community structure and its role in the overall ecology of the area. The study assessed the species diversity and community structure of beach forests in San Fernando, San Jose, Antique, Philippines. The study used the transect line plots method in an area that was purposively selected. The general floristic composition was based on an ocular survey of the selected site. Characterization of community structure was done using accepted parameters. Results showed a total of sixteen (16) beach forest species that belong to twelve (12) families. Tabernaemontana pandacaqui and Jatropha gossypifolia were found to be the most frequently occurring species. The plant diversity of the area is low (mean H’ = 0.968) which is attributed to anthropogenic disturbances. The species with the highest Importance Value was Capparis micracantha (IV =61.02). Overall, beach forest in San Fernando, San Jose has a high species evenness (J’ = 0.929) which proves that conservation and preservation efforts must be increased. It is recommended that local government units must develop plans to promote awareness and strengthen values for conservation and protection of the beach forests among its people. Keywords: Beach Forest, Forest Conservation, Biodiversity, Importance Value.
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Amoroso, Victor, Alma Mohagan, Fulgent Coritico, et al. "Status of Mammals in the Expansion Sites of the Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary, Mindanao, Philippines." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 22, no. 2 (2019): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2019_2/02.
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Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the biodiversity hotspots in the Mindanao faunal region, which is home to about 21 species of mammals. This study provides data on mammal assemblage and assessment on the added value of the ca. 2.99 km2 MHRWS expansion sites to the already protected zone. Faunistic inventory and assessment documented 19 species of mammals belonging to 16 genera, eight families and five orders. This adds nine species to the previously reported mammals of Mt. Hamiguitan range making it a home to 30 species. Relatively low diversity of mammals (H’=0.615) in the expansion sites is attributed to poor soil resulting to low forest productivity and habitat loss due to mining, logging and shifting cultivation. This unique assemblage of vulnerable and endemic species of bats and mammals in Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary expansion sites calls for more sampling effort and conservation strategies to maintain its bat and mammal assemblage.
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Siler, Cameron D., Luke J. Welton, Jessi M. Siler, et al. "Amphibians and Reptiles, Luzon Island, Aurora Province and Aurora Memorial National Park, northern Philippines: new island distribution records." Check List 7, no. 2 (2011): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/7.2.182.
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We report 35 new amphibian and reptile distribution records for two regions within the southern Sierra Madre Mountain Range, Aurora Province, central Luzon Island, Philippines. Together with results of our previous survey work in Aurora, our new data result in a total of 82 amphibian and reptile species for the area. These results highlight the degree to which the island’s biodiversity continues to be underestimated and poorly understood. We report on observations of rarely encountered species including the skink Sphenomorphus leucospilos, the forest gecko Luperosaurus cf. cumingii, and a sensational new species of monitor lizard, Varanus bitatawa. Our recent collections clarify the conservation status of the “critically endangered” Polillo Island forest frog Platymantis polillensis, now known to be widespread, abundant, and common throughout Camarines Norte, Quezon, and Aurora Provinces on the adjacent mainland of Luzon Island. These results add to our growing understanding of many species’ distributions in the region.
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De Vera, Irene A., and W. T. Fajardo. "Gender Roles by the Sambal-Bolinao in Their Traditional Herbal Healing in Bolinao, Pangasinan, Northern Philippines." European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences 2, no. 1 (2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejmn.v2i1.p5-11.
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Transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge is needed for cultural preservation and biodiversity conservation. Nowadays, this is seriously threatened by globalization which is evident in tropical areas due to influence of Western culture leading to rapid change in indigenous individual and the community. Several factors were attributed and associated with the use of plants in the indigenous communities which includes biological, ecological and socio-cultural with the inclusion of techniques, practices, religion and age. Moreover, gender influences the ethnobotanical knowledge and the structure of local medical systems. The study aimed to assess the gender roles, sanitation practice, and lifestyle of Sambal-Bolinao in their traditional herbal healing. Specifically, it sought to determine the traditional herbal healers’ profile, gender roles; and sanitation practice and lifestyle. Descriptive research technique was employed in gathering data. All traditional herbal healers in the municipality of Bolinao were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 19 managtambal; 11 males and 8 females. The Sambal-Bolinao Roman Catholic believers appreciated the practice of traditional herbal healing. They extended their roles as plant gatherers, keepers of the plant parts gathered, washers of the plant parts prior to treatment, managers of the plant parts wastes and as plant conservationist either through plant propagation and personal campaign on plant conservation. Majority of women traditional herbal healers did not transmit their ethnobotanical knowledge to their children and relatives due to their multiple burden case and perceived economic difficulty for their children. Men traditional herbal healers were the one transmitting their ethnobotanical knowledge to their family members.
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De Vera, Irene A., and W. T. Fajardo. "Gender Roles by the Sambal-Bolinao in Their Traditional Herbal Healing in Bolinao, Pangasinan, Northern Philippines." European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences 1, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/172nzj17r.
Full textAbstract:
Transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge is needed for cultural preservation and biodiversity conservation. Nowadays, this is seriously threatened by globalization which is evident in tropical areas due to influence of Western culture leading to rapid change in indigenous individual and the community. Several factors were attributed and associated with the use of plants in the indigenous communities which includes biological, ecological and socio-cultural with the inclusion of techniques, practices, religion and age. Moreover, gender influences the ethnobotanical knowledge and the structure of local medical systems. The study aimed to assess the gender roles, sanitation practice, and lifestyle of Sambal-Bolinao in their traditional herbal healing. Specifically, it sought to determine the traditional herbal healers’ profile, gender roles; and sanitation practice and lifestyle. Descriptive research technique was employed in gathering data. All traditional herbal healers in the municipality of Bolinao were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 19 managtambal; 11 males and 8 females. The Sambal-Bolinao Roman Catholic believers appreciated the practice of traditional herbal healing. They extended their roles as plant gatherers, keepers of the plant parts gathered, washers of the plant parts prior to treatment, managers of the plant parts wastes and as plant conservationist either through plant propagation and personal campaign on plant conservation. Majority of women traditional herbal healers did not transmit their ethnobotanical knowledge to their children and relatives due to their multiple burden case and perceived economic difficulty for their children. Men traditional herbal healers were the one transmitting their ethnobotanical knowledge to their family members.
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Khalighifar, Ali, Rafe M. Brown, Johana Goyes Vallejos, and A. Townsend Peterson. "Deep learning improves acoustic biodiversity monitoring and new candidate forest frog species identification (genus Platymantis) in the Philippines." Biodiversity and Conservation 30, no. 3 (2021): 643–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-020-02107-1.
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Veríssimo, Diogo, Annalisa Bianchessi, Alejandro Arrivillaga, Fel Ceasar Cadiz, Roquelito Mancao, and Kevin Green. "Does It Work for Biodiversity? Experiences and Challenges in the Evaluation of Social Marketing Campaigns." Social Marketing Quarterly 24, no. 1 (2017): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500417734806.
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There is a growing realization among conservationists that human behavior is the main driver of all key threats to biodiversity and the environment. This realization has led to an escalation of the efforts to influence human behavior toward the adoption of more sustainable alternatives, more recently through the use of social marketing theory and tools. However, these initiatives have traditionally suffered from a lack of robust impact evaluation, which limits not only accountability but also a practitioner’s ability to learn and improve over time. We evaluated three social marketing campaigns conducted in the Philippines, which aimed at increasing the sustainability of local fisheries. To achieve this, we used the results not only from questionnaire surveys but also from biological and enforcement data. We found that although there is some evidence of impact around human behavior and perceptions of conservation results, those changes did not translate into biological outcomes during the 2-year time frame considered in this evaluation. We discuss many of the barriers to causal inference that still remain, particularly if causal links between outcomes and specific interventions are to be drawn, but also showcase how this current methodology can help us go further than the more basic approaches to impact evaluation commonly used. Lastly, we highlight a number of lessons learned from this experience in seeking a practical, ethical, and effective approach to impact evaluation.
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MEDINA, Milton Norman Dejadena, Analyn A. CABRAS, Reagan Joseph T. VILLANUEVA, and Ruel COLONG. "Odonata Recorded in the Buffer Zone of Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary with Remarks on the Distribution of Endangered Risiocnemis antoniae in Davao Oriental Philippines." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 10, no. 1 (2018): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb10110253.
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Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary is both a UNESCO and ASEAN recognised heritage site. There is a current move to expand the site by expanding the buffer zone. This area unfortunately is poorly studied in terms of its biodiversity. This paper explores the odonata species found in the proposed buffer zone. Transect line along fluvial ecosystem was established in the two bordering municipalities. A total of 32 species from 22 genera and nine families were recorded in which eighteen species (18) belong to the suborder Zygoptera while 14 species are Anisoptera. High level of endemism was recorded for Zygoptera (94.44%) endemism while low endemism for Anisoptera (21.43%). Distribution of Risiocnemis antoniea (Gassmann and Hämäläinen, 2002), an IUCN endangered damselfly was recorded in the creeks of Barangay Tandang Sora, Governor Generoso at relatively lower elevation between 100-300 meters above sea level. Due to its habitat’s close proximity to human habitation and the encroaching anthropogenic disturbances, it should be declared as Local Conservation Area.
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"The Pteridophytes of Adams, Northern Luzon, Philippines and their Ecosystem Services." Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology 11, no. 2 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.26757/pjsb.2017b11014.
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The Philippines has approximately 1,100 species of lycophytes and ferns, and this represents approximately 9% of the worldwide fern flora. Botanical explorations and local documentations continue to expand the list. Local documentations increase our knowledge on species distribution and conservation status, which are essential in biodiversity conservation. This paper reports on a survey of the pteridophytes of Adams, Ilocos Norte, one of the remaining floristic sites in Luzon Island, Philippines. A series of floristic surveys conducted at selected sites in Adams recorded and vouchered 47 species, 34 genera and 21 families of pteridophytes. Among all these pteridophytes, six are threatened Philippine plant species. These are Platycerium coronarium, Ceratopteris thalictroides, Tectaria psomiocarpa, Psilotum nudum, Blechnum egregium, and Angiopteris evecta. This study contributes to the baseline data on Philippine pteridophytes especially on their distribution, and can serve as reference for biodiversity conservation and restoration efforts as ferns may help in the stabilization of degraded lands and facilitation in plant communities.
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MALAKI, ARCHIEBALD BALTAZAR B., STEVE MICHAEL T. ALCAZAR, EDGARDO P. LILLO, RAAMAH C. ROSALES, BERNARDO R. REDOBLADO, and JOHN LOU DIAZ. "Diversity and conservation status of avifauna in Mount Lantoy Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) in Cebu Island, Philippines." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 23, no. 2 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230208.
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Abstract. Malaki ABB, Alcazar SMT, LILLO EP, Rosales RC, Redoblado BR, DIAZ JL. 2021. Diversity and conservation status of avifauna in Mount Lantoy Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) in Cebu Island, Philippines. Biodiversitas 23: 671-678. A study on the bird community in Mount (Mt.) Lantoy Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) was carried out to determine its diversity and conservation status to conserve, protect, and rehabilitate forest habitat within the KBA. The study was conducted across three sampling sites. By using the transect, point count, and mist nets, we found 1,340 individuals belonging to 31 orders, 32 families, and 44 species within the study sites. There were five dominant bird species, i.e., Hypsipetes philippinus (J.R.Forster, 1795), Phapitreron leucotis (Temminck, 1823), Psilopogon haemacephalus (P.L.S.Müller, 1776), Nectarinia jugularis (Linnaeus, 1766), and the endangered Kittacincla cebuensis (Steere, 1890). We also found rare bird species within the study site, such as Haliastur indus (Boddaert, 1783), Geopelia striata (Linnaeus, 1766), Monticola solitarius (Linnaeus, 1758), Oriolus chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766), Dendrocopos maculatus (Scopoli, 1786), Pycnonotus goiavier (Scopoli, 1786), and Rallina eurizonoides (Lafresnaye, 1845). We also found six Philippine endemics, including K. cebuensis, Ninox rumseyi (Rasmussen et al. 2012), H. philippinus, D. maculatus, Loriculus philippensis (Statius Muller, 1776), and Caprimulgus manillensis (Walden, 1875). Based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, two species are Endangered, and 42 species are Least Concern (LC). Using the "Checklist of the Birds of the Philippines," we found two species are Endangered, two species are Near Threatened, and 40 species are LC. The diversity of birds in Mt. Lantoy KBA was moderate. We considered that this KBA is highly exposed to various forest or habitat disturbances such as land-use conversion, charcoal making, firewood gathering, slash-and-burn method of cultivation, and infrastructure development. There is a need to strictly implement the policies governing the utilization of forest resources to augment the diversity of the study site.
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Edullantes, Brisneve, Brenna Mei Concolis, Raven Quilestino-Olario, Dale Patrick Atup, Aiza Cortes, and Aletta Yñiguez. "Marine Heatwaves and their Impacts: Research Perspectives in the Philippines." Philippine Journal of Science 151, no. 5 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.56899/151.05.28.
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Marine heatwaves are discrete and prolonged periods of anomalously warm seawater temperature which have devastating ecological and socioeconomic impacts. Being part of the center of marine biodiversity and a fisheries-dependent country, the Philippines is vulnerable to the threats of marine heatwaves, but these extreme events remain understudied in the country. It is, therefore, crucial to investigate the development of marine heatwaves and to assess and predict the impacts of these events in the Philippine seas. In this perspective paper, we aim to put forward the research direction for advancing our understanding of marine heatwaves and their impacts in the Philippines. The limited studies on marine heatwaves in the Philippines highlight the need for progress in understanding the spatiotemporal patterns, physical processes, and impacts of marine heatwaves in the country. Advancing our knowledge of marine heatwaves will help us formulate mitigating strategies for ocean warming in fisheries management and marine biodiversity conservation in the Philippines.
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BUOT JR., INOCENCIO E., and ANNE FRANCES V. BUHAY. "Review: Types of socioecological production landscapes of the Philippines based on dominant biodiversity: status, problems and future directions." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 23, no. 7 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230752.
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Abstract. Buot IE Jr, Buhay AFV. 2022. Review: Types of socioecological production landscapes of the Philippines based on dominant biodiversity: status, problems and future directions. Biodiversitas 23: 3755-3770. The dominance of human activities in socioecological production landscapes (SEPLs) known as biocultural landscapes in some literature, results in the overutilization of natural resources and loss of critically important biodiversity, either cultivated or wild. The anthropocentric perspective prevailing at this time of the Anthropocene Epoch, disrupts the traditional harmonious human-nature relationship in biocultural landscapes, particularly, the socioecological production landscapes (SEPLs) known as satoyama landscapes in Japan. This adversely affects biodiversity and hence, ecosystem services in surrounding communities in the Philippines and beyond. In this paper, SEPLs, biocultural landscape and satoyama are used interchangeably to refer to landscapes where human culture has greatly influenced the resulting biodiversity of a landscape. This study provides an overview of the SEPLs in the Philippine context. It reviews and furthers the inquiry in a previous study which identified examples of satoyama landscapes or SEPLs in the Philippines based on the main crop or dominant biodiversity. The objectives of the current paper are to present an updated list of SEPLs in the Philippines based on the main crop or dominant biodiversity; determine its status and problems; analyze its role in sustainable development and map future directions to sustain a harmonious human-nature relationship that would result to an abundance of biodiversity and overflowing ecosystem services. The local and international scientific literature on the status and problems of the identified SEPLs in the Philippines were reviewed. Results indicated that in addition to the three types identified by Buot and Osumi in 2004, nine more were included in this paper. The 12 SEPLs types identified were classified according to their main crop, namely: rice in muddy walled or stone-walled terraces; rice mixed with other crops; corn; vegetables, sweet potato, gabi/taro; cassava; coconut; coffee; cacao; tobacco; and rice-fish. These SEPLs contribute to various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), either directly or indirectly. Incidentally, there are prevailing problems observed such as exploitation of natural resources due to the increasing population of migrants in the upland as a result of poverty. Simultaneously, the indigenous sustainable practices were weakened with the aging population while the youth showed a lack of interest in farming, leading to biodiversity loss and cultural erosion. Strategic actions including strengthening institutional partnerships, empowering indigenous communities, sustainable management of natural resources, and ensuring good governance and equitable sharing of resources are discussed. These steps will ensure biodiversity conservation and harmonious living in Philippine SEPLs.
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Ejem, Lynnette A., and Alwielland Q. Bello. "Environmental Awareness, Literacy and Biodiversity Conservation Practices of Freshmen Students in Bukidnon State University, Philippines." JPAIR Institutional Research 1, no. 1 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.7719/irj.v1i1.205.
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The teaching of biodiversity conservation in the university level is a laudable effort of teachers. The study ascertained the environmental awareness, literacy and biodiversity conservation practices of college freshmen students in Bukidnon State University (BukSU), Malaybalay City, S.Y. 2012-2013. Data on the students’ level of awareness were gathered using the survey questionnaire on environmental awareness. Generally, the BukSU college freshmen students were “very much aware” of the environmental concepts on balance of nature, pollution, stewardship, finiteness of resources, change, interdependence, diversity and stability. The freshmen students are “moving towards mastery” on environmental knowledge, environmental attitudes and values and environmental application and decision making skills. The students “often” practice biodiversity conservation measures at home, in school and in the community.Keywords: Environmental Science, Environmental Awareness, Environmental Literacy, Biodiversity Conservation Practices, Survey Assessment, Descriptive Method, Philippines
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Caringal, Anacleto Macatangay, INOCENCIO Jr BUOT, and ELAINE LOREEN C. VILLANUEVA. "Woody plant communities in the Philippine teak forest landscape along Verde Island Passage, Batangas, Luzon, Philippines." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 11 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d201111.
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Abstract. Caringal AM, Buot IE Jr, Villanueva ELC. 2019. Woody plant communities in the Philippine teak forest landscape along Verde Island Passage, Batangas, Luzon, Philippines. Biodiversitas 20: 3189-3198. The study described the communities of woody plants in a semi-evergreen tropical forest dominated by endemic Philippine teak (Tectona philippinensis Benth. & Hook. f, Lamiaceae) and determined the local environmental factors affecting the distribution of dominant woody species across the Philippine teak forest (PTF) landscape. The Philippine teak is a Critically Endangered species according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Quantitative dominance analysis of arboreal vegetation data (basal area and relative dominance) from 24 (20m x 20m) sampling plots generated the cluster dendrogram, while Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was performed for 47 woody species and habitat-environment variables. As a result, four vegetation zones were named: (I) pure stand of Tectona philippinensis, (II) mixed T. philippinensis-Garuga floribunda-Terminalia polyantha, (III) mixed Celtis latifolia-T. philippinensis and (IV) mixed Tamarindus indica-Xylocarpus rumphii. These zones were governed more by physiographic (altitude ) and edaphic influences of predominantly agro-coastal landscapes. The environmental variables were essential in verifying not only the association of dominant tree flora in the local landscape but also provide insight for forest management zoning and the ecological requirements of the tree species for in-situ and ex-situ biodiversity conservation.
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SALVAÑA, FLORENCE ROY P., and SHANE LOVE T. ARNIBAL. "Importance of indigenous communities’ knowledge and perception in achieving biodiversity conservation: A case study from Manobo tribe of Southern Mindanao, Philippines." Asian Journal of Ethnobiology 2, no. 2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjethnobiol/y020203.
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Abstract. Salvaña FRP, Arnibal SLT. 2019. Importance of indigenous communities’ knowledge and perception in achieving biodiversity conservation: A case study from Manobo tribe of Southern Mindanao, Philippines. Asian J Ethnobiol 2: 54-61. Indigenous communities play a relevant role for setting biodiversity management and conservation. This study aims to determine the knowledge and perceived importance of the Manobo tribe towards biodiversity. A total of 100 Manobos were included in the study to determine the knowledge and perception of indigenous communities particularly the Manobo tribe towards biodiversity. A semi-structured survey questionnaire was used to determine responses on knowledge and importance perception/ Our study found a consistent significant difference on the mean responses on knowledge and perception across gender and education attainment. Interestingly, traditional knowledge is significantly associated on the biodiversity importance perception of Manobos. Our findings suggest involving indigenous communities is equally important in achieving balanced biodiversity conservation and protection. Thus, strengthening collaborations among local government sectors and community leaders must be included in developing conservation priorities and protection.
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Tumbaga, Jan Ramel A., Marilene C. Hipolito, and Arneil G. Gabriel. "Community participation toward biodiversity conservation among protected areas in Pangasinan, Philippines." Environment, Development and Sustainability, April 6, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00705-1.
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