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1

Pye-Smith, Charlie. Rich rewards for rubber?: Research in Indonesia is exploring how smallholders can increase rubber production, retain biodiversity and provide environmental benifts. World Agroforestry Centre, 2011.

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2

McShea, Daniel W., and Robert N. Brandon. Biology's First Law: The Tendency for Diversity and Complexity to Increase in Evolutionary Systems. University of Chicago Press, 2010.

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3

McShea, Daniel W., and Robert N. Brandon. Biology's First Law: The Tendency for Diversity and Complexity to Increase in Evolutionary Systems. University of Chicago Press, 2010.

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4

Vellend, Mark. Are local losses of biodiversity causing degraded ecosystem function? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0004.

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This chapter highlights the scale dependence of biodiversity change over time and its consequences for arguments about the instrumental value of biodiversity. While biodiversity is in decline on a global scale, the temporal trends on regional and local scales include cases of biodiversity increase, no change, and decline. Environmental change, anthropogenic or otherwise, causes both local extirpation and colonization of species, and thus turnover in species composition, but not necessarily declines in biodiversity. In some situations, such as plants at the regional scale, human-mediated coloni
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5

Maron, Martine. Is “no net loss of biodiversity” a good idea? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0022.

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This chapter explores biodiversity offsetting as a tool used to achieve “no net loss” of biodiversity. Unfortunately, no-net-loss offsetting can be—and often is—unintentionally designed in a way that inevitably results in ongoing biodiversity decline. Credit for offset sites is given in proportion to the assumed loss that would happen at those sites if not protected, and this requires clear baselines and good estimates of the risk of loss. This crediting calculation also creates a perverse incentive to overstate—or even genuinely increase—the threat to biodiversity at potential offset sites, i
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6

Seaborg, David. How Life Increases Biodiversity. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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7

Seaborg, David. How Life Increases Biodiversity: An Hypothesis. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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8

Seaborg, David. How Life Increases Biodiversity: An Hypothesis. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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9

Seaborg, David. How Life Increases Biodiversity: An Hypothesis. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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10

How Life Increases Biodiversity: An Hypothesis. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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11

Seaborg, David. How Life Increases Biodiversity. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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12

Events of Increased Biodiversity. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2014-0-04734-x.

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13

How Life Increases Biodiversity: An Autocatalytic Hypothesis. Taylor & Francis Group, 2023.

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14

Brönmark, Christer, and Lars-Anders Hansson. Biodiversity and Environmental Threats. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713593.003.0006.

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The last chapter of Lakes and Ponds deals with how human activities affect the natural ecosystems and their function through eutrophication, contamination, acidification, brownification and increases in UV radiation, and how such anthropogenic disturbances may affect biodiversity and the ability of organisms to utilize a specific habitat. In addition, the chapter addresses novel environmental threats, such as global climate change and effects from our everyday chemicals, such as contraceptives, nanoparticles and antidepressant drugs. However, also possibilities and signs of improvement are dis
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15

Neige, Pascal. Events of Increased Biodiversity: Evolutionary Radiations in the Fossil Record. Elsevier, 2015.

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16

Neige, Pascal. Events of Increased Biodiversity: Evolutionary Radiations in the Fossil Record. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2015.

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17

Wilsey, Brian J. Conclusions, Future Research Needs, and Issues. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744511.003.0009.

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Human populations are expected to reach 9 billion by the middle of the twenty-first century. This will present a challenge to grassland scientists on how to feed the world, while at the same time preventing further environmental degradation and biodiversity loss. Pollinating bees are in decline globally, and grasslands with abundant wildflower populations provide key pollen sources important to prevent their future decline. In the United States, the iconic butterfly species the Monarch butterfly is in decline. Another major theme of future grassland science is likely to be in the fields of alt
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18

Lézine, Anne-Marie. Vegetation at the Time of the African Humid Period. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.530.

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An orbitally induced increase in summer insolation during the last glacial-interglacial transition enhanced the thermal contrast between land and sea, with land masses heating up compared to the adjacent ocean surface. In North Africa, warmer land surfaces created a low-pressure zone, driving the northward penetration of monsoonal rains originating from the Atlantic Ocean. As a consequence, regions today among the driest of the world were covered by permanent and deep freshwater lakes, some of them being exceptionally large, such as the “Mega” Lake Chad, which covered some 400 000 square kilom
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19

Esler, Karen J., Anna L. Jacobsen, and R. Brandon Pratt. Planning for the future. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739135.003.0009.

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Mediterranean-type climate (MTC) regions are highlighted in several global analyses of conservation risk and priorities. These regions have undergone high levels of habitat conversion and yet of all terrestrial biomes they have the second lowest level of land protection. With transformation pressures set to continue (Chapter 8), planning for a sustainable conservation future in MTC regions is therefore essential. Conservation activities are represented by a variety of philosophies and motives, partially driven by the underlying differences in transformation drivers and sociopolitical contexts
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20

Price, Trevor. Ecology of a Changed World. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197564172.001.0001.

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Abstract In a rapidly changing world, six threats to biodiversity can be summarized by the acronym COPHID: Climate change, Overharvesting, Pollution, Habitat loss, Invasive species, and Disease. These threats have led to many extinctions and are on course to generate many more. Each threat can be traced back to the growth of the human population and a general increase in wealth and technology. This text is designed to provide a summary of what has happened and why, as well as ask how to predict what will happen under various scenarios. The ecological principles of species interactions—mutualis
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21

Meshaka, Walter E. ,. Jr, Suzanne L. Collins, R. Bruce Bury, and Malcolm L. McCallum. Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of the United States. University Press of Florida, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066967.001.0001.

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The first complete field guide to the exotic amphibians and reptiles established in the continental United States and Hawaii, this volume covers 74 species that are not native to the country and 29 species that are native but occur beyond their original geographic range. Dispersed from their former habitats by human activity, many of these species are invasive in their new environments, causing ecological or economic harm. Ideal for naturalists of all levels, the book details each species' taxonomy, distribution, history, and ecology and portrays each one with vibrant photographs. Drawing on c
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22

Fensholt, Rasmus, Cheikh Mbow, Martin Brandt, and Kjeld Rasmussen. Desertification and Re-Greening of the Sahel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.553.

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In the past 50 years, human activities and climatic variability have caused major environmental changes in the semi-arid Sahelian zone and desertification/degradation of arable lands is of major concern for livelihoods and food security. In the wake of the Sahel droughts in the early 1970s and 1980s, the UN focused on the problem of desertification by organizing the UN Conference on Desertification (UNCOD) in Nairobi in 1976. This fuelled a significant increase in the often alarmist popular accounts of desertification as well as scientific efforts in providing an understanding of the mechanism
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23

Gleń-Karolczyk, Katarzyna. Zabiegi ochronne kształtujące plonowanie zdrowotność oraz różnorodność mikroorganizmów związanych z czernieniem pierścieniowym korzeni chrzanu (Atmoracia rusticana Gaertn.). Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-39-7.

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Horseradish roots, due to the content of many valuable nutrients and substances with healing and pro-health properties, are used more and more in medicine, food industry and cosmetics. In Poland, the cultivation of horseradish is considered minor crops. In addition, its limited size causes horseradish producers to encounter a number of unresolved agrotechnical problems. Infectious diseases developing on the leaves and roots during the long growing season reduce the size and quality of root crops. The small range of protection products intended for use in the cultivation of horseradish generate
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24

Hopkins, Graeme, and Christine Goodwin. Living Architecture. CSIRO Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643103078.

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Extensively illustrated with photographs and drawings, Living Architecture highlights the most exciting green roof and living wall projects in Australia and New Zealand within an international context.
 Cities around the world are becoming denser, with greater built form resulting in more hard surfaces and less green space, leaving little room for vegetation or habitat. One way of creating more natural environments within cities is to incorporate green roofs and walls in new buildings or to retrofit them in existing structures. This practice has long been established in Europe and elsewhe
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25

Ferguson, Heather, Patrick Brock, and Steve Torr. Host-species diversity and the transmission of vector-borne disease in low-income countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0012.

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The term “dilution effect” describes scenarios where pathogen transmission is reduced as host diversity increases. Theoretical frameworks exist to predict conditions under which dilution effects may arise, with vector-borne diseases (VBDs) being particularly susceptible to host diversity. However, to date, empirical investigation of dilution effects has been restricted to a few temperate VBD systems. We review the potential contribution of dilution effects for VBDs of greatest public health importance in low-income, typically tropical, countries. Using examples, we discuss how the underlying e
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26

Hegetschweiler, Tessa, Boris Salak, Anne C. Wunderlich, Nicole Bauer, and Marcel Hunziker. Das Verhältnis der Schweizer Bevölkerung zum Wald. Waldmonitoring soziokulturell WaMos3. Ergebnisse der nationalen Umfrage. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55419/wsl:29973.

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The relationship of the Swiss population to the forest has been investigated in surveys since 1978, and in 1997 for the first time as part of the so-called “Sociocultural forest monitoring” or “Waldmonitoring soziokulturell” WaMos. This report describes the results of the national Wa- Mos3 survey 2020. The online panel of the market research institute LINK was used for the sur- vey. In addition to the representative survey of the adult population, a sample of 156 adolescents was also interviewed. The self-assessed level of information on forest topics has declined since WaMos2 (2010), with old
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27

Seelarbokus, Chenaz B. International Environmental Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.229.

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Over the course of the twenty-first century, international environmental cooperation has been spurred through various new international environmental institutions and programs, and a dramatic strengthening of international environmental law-making. With the burst of environmental treaty-making the corpus of international environmental law (IEL) has expanded to include significant international environmental agreements (IEAs) in the sphere of climate change, ozone layer depletion, biodiversity, and so on; as well as the recognition of important principles such as good neighborliness and the com
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28

Bradbury, Kate. One Garden Against the World. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781399408837.

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Five years after writing her first nature memoir, The Bumblebee Flies Anyway, Kate Bradbury has a new garden. It’s busy: home to all sorts of wildlife, from red mason bees and bumblebees to house sparrows, hedgehogs and dragonflies. It seems the entire frog population of Brighton and Hove breeds in her small pond each spring, and now there are toads here, too. On summer evenings, Kate watches bats flit above her and for a moment, everything seems alright with the world. But she knows habitat loss remains a huge issue in gardens, the wider countryside and worldwide, and there’s another, far big
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29

Black, Brian C. Nature and the Environment in Twentieth-Century American Life. Greenwood, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400690099.

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Americans during the twentieth-century became more disconnected from the environment and nature than ever before. More Americans lived in cities rather than on farms; they became ever more reliant on technology to interact with the world around them and with each other. Perhaps paradoxically, the twentieth-century also became the period in which environmental issues played an ever-increasing role in politics and public policy. Why is this so? Perhaps because, despite what many people believe, nature and the environment remains central to everyone's daily life. Pollution, environmental degradat
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30

Randall, Nicola, and Barbara Smith. The Biology of Agroecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737520.001.0001.

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The Biology of Agroecosystems provides an introduction to the biological and ecological attributes of ecosystems and the biological impacts of agriculture on the wider environment. Global human populations are rising and diets are becoming ever more complicated, leading to requirements for increased levels of food production. Natural biotopes are becoming increasingly fragmented as agricultural activities expand around them. Agroecosystems occur from the tropics to subarctic environments and comprise systems as varied as annual crops, perennial grasslands, orchards, and agroforestry systems. T
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31

Calboli, Irene, and Maria Lillà Montagnani, eds. Handbook of Intellectual Property Research. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826743.001.0001.

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The relevance of intellectual property (IP) law has increased dramatically over the last several years. Globalization, digitization, and the rise of post-industrial information-based industries have all contributed to a new prominence of IP law as one of the most important factors in driving innovation and economic development. At the same time, the significant expansion of IP rules has impacted many areas of public policy such as public health, the environment, biodiversity, agriculture, information, in an unprecedented manner. The growing importance of IP law has led to an exponential growth
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32

Laplaze, Laurent, Francesca Sparvoli, Khaled Masmoudi, and Charles Thomas Hash, eds. The World population will reach 9 billion by 2050, with the majority of this growth occurring in developing countries. On the other hand, one in nine of the World's population suffers from chronic hunger, the vast majority of which live in developing countries. We therefore need to find new and sustainable solutions to feed this increasing population and alleviate the predicted negative impact of global changes on crop production. This e-Book deals with new strategies to improve food security and livelihoods in rural communities, reduce vulnerability, increase resilience and mitigate lthe impact of climate change and land degradation on agriculture. This collection of 18 articles addresses the major abiotic factors limiting crop production worldwide, how to characterize and exploit the available plant biodiversity to increase production and sustainability in agrosystems, and the use of beneficial microbes to improve production and reduce the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Frontiers Media SA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-444-0.

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33

Vuorinen, Ilppo. Post-Glacial Baltic Sea Ecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.675.

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Post-glacial aquatic ecosystems in Eurasia and North America, such as the Baltic Sea, evolved in the freshwater, brackish, and marine environments that fringed the melting glaciers. Warming of the climate initiated sea level and land rise and subsequent changes in aquatic ecosystems. Seminal ideas on ancient developing ecosystems were based on findings in Swedish large lakes of species that had arrived there from adjacent glacial freshwater or marine environments and established populations which have survived up to the present day. An ecosystem of the first freshwater stage, the Baltic Ice La
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