Journal articles: 'Biodiversity of soil'

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Khaziev, F. Kh. "Soil and biodiversity." Russian Journal of Ecology 42, no. 3 (May 2011): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1067413611030088.

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Bernard, Ernest C. "Soil nematode biodiversity." Biology and Fertility of Soils 14, no. 2 (October 1992): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00336257.

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Zanella, Augusto, Judith Ascher-Jenull, Jean-François Ponge, Cristian Bolzonella, Damien Banas, Maria De Nobili, Silvia Fusaro, Luca Sella, and Raffaello Giannini. "Humusica: Soil biodiversity and global change." Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2018-0002.

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Abstract Born in Trento (Italy, 2003) for the purpose of standardising vocabulary and units of humus form classification, after publishing a first synthetic classification e-book (Zanella et al. 2011) they do not cover all site conditions in the European area. Although having basic concepts and general lines, the European (and North American, Canadian, the Humus group decided to use its classification for handling global change (Zanella and Ascher-Jenull 2018). The process is detailed in many scientific articles published in three Special Issues (Humusica 1, 2 and 3) of the journal Applied Soil Ecology. Conceptually, the whole of Humusica answers three crucial questions: A) What is soil? Soil is a biological ecosystem. It recycles dead structures and implements mineral material, furnishing more or less re-elaborated organic, mineral and organic-mineral elements to support living organisms. Article chapters: 1. Essential vocabulary; 2. Soil covers all the Earth’s surfaces (soil as the seat of processes of organic matter storage and recycling); 3. Soil may be involved in the process of natural evolution (through organisms’ process of recycling biomass after death). B) If soil has a biogenic essence, how should it be classified to serve such managerial purposes as landscape exploitation or protection? A useful classification of soil should consider and propose useful references to biologically discriminate soil features. Article chapters: 4. Soil corresponds to a biogenic structure; 5. TerrHum, an App for classifying forest humipedons worldwide (a first attempt to use a smartphone as a field manual for humus form classification). C) How can this soil classification be used for handling the current global change? Using the collected knowledge about the biodiversity and functioning of natural (or semi-natural) soil for reconstructing the lost biodiversity/functioning of heavily exploited or degraded soils. Article chapters: 6. Agricultural soils correspond to simplified natural soils (comparison between natural and agricultural soils); 7. Organic waste and agricultural soils; 8. Is traditional agriculture economically sustainable? Comparing past traditional farm practices (in 1947) and contemporary intensive farm practices in the Venice province of Italy.

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Tibbett, Mark, Tandra D. Fraser, and Sarah Duddigan. "Identifying potential threats to soil biodiversity." PeerJ 8 (June 12, 2020): e9271. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9271.

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A decline in soil biodiversity is generally considered to be the reduction of forms of life living in soils, both in terms of quantity and variety. Where soil biodiversity decline occurs, it can significantly affect the soils’ ability to function, respond to perturbations and recover from a disturbance. Several soil threats have been identified as having negative effects on soil biodiversity, including human intensive exploitation, land-use change and soil organic matter decline. In this review we consider what we mean by soil biodiversity, and why it is important to monitor. After a thorough review of the literature identified on a Web of Science search concerning threats to soil biodiversity (topic search: threat* “soil biodiversity”), we compiled a table of biodiversity threats considered in each paper including climate change, land use change, intensive human exploitation, decline in soil health or plastic; followed by detailed listings of threats studied. This we compared to a previously published expert assessment of threats to soil biodiversity. In addition, we identified emerging threats, particularly microplastics, in the 10 years following these knowledge based rankings. We found that many soil biodiversity studies do not focus on biodiversity sensu stricto, rather these studies examined either changes in abundance and/or diversity of individual groups of soil biota, instead of soil biodiversity as a whole, encompassing all levels of the soil food web. This highlights the complexity of soil biodiversity which is often impractical to assess in all but the largest studies. Published global scientific activity was only partially related to the threats identified by the expert panel assessment. The number of threats and the priority given to the threats (by number of publications) were quite different, indicating a disparity between research actions versus perceived threats. The lack of research effort in key areas of high priority in the threats to soil biodiversity are a concerning finding and requires some consideration and debate in the research community.

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Reeleder, R. D. "Fungal plant pathogens and soil biodiversity." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, Special Issue (August 1, 2003): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-068.

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The role of biodiversity as it affects the control of soil-borne fungal pathogens is discussed. Soil-borne fungal plant pathogens have often proven difficult to manage with conventional methods of disease control. Nonetheless, researchers have characterized several naturally occurring “disease-suppressive” soils where crop loss from disease is less than would otherwise be expected. Suppressive soils can also result from the incorporation of various amendments into soil. In most cases, disease control in such soils has been shown to be biological in nature; that is, soil organisms appear to directly or indirectly inhibit the development of disease. Increased knowledge of the identity and functioning of these organisms may support the development of techniques that can be used to develop suppressiveness in soils that are otherwise disease-conducive. Populations of pathogens themselves have been shown to exhibit considerable genetic diversity; the ability of populations to respond to disease control measures should be considered when developing a management strategy. New molecular techniques can be exploited to better characterize soil communities, including the pathogens themselves, as well as community responses to various disease control options. The contributions of Canadian researchers to these areas are discussed and models for further study are proposed. Key words: Biocontrol, molecular technologies, functional diversity, integrated pest management

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Groffman, Peter M., and Patrick J. Bohlen. "Soil and Sediment Biodiversity." BioScience 49, no. 2 (February 1999): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1313539.

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Bamforth, Stuart S. "Interpreting soil ciliate biodiversity." Plant and Soil 170, no. 1 (March 1995): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02183064.

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Thiele-Bruhn, Sören, Jaap Bloem, Franciska T. de Vries, Karsten Kalbitz, and Cameron Wagg. "Linking soil biodiversity and agricultural soil management." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4, no. 5 (November 2012): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.06.004.

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Baliuk, S., V. Medvediev, G. Momot, and A. Levin. "Keep the soil alive, protect soil biodiversity." Visnyk agrarnoi nauky 98, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/agrovisnyk202012-01.

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Lukac, Martin. "Soil biodiversity and environmental change in European forests." Central European Forestry Journal 63, no. 2-3 (June 27, 2017): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2017-0010.

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AbstractBiodiversity not only responds to environmental change, but has been shown to be one of the key drivers of ecosystem function and service delivery. Forest soil biodiversity is also governed by these principles, the structure of soil biological communities is clearly determined by spatial, temporal and hierarchical factors. Global environmental change, together with land-use change and forest ecosystem management, impacts the aboveground structure and composition of European forests. Due to the close link between the above- and belowground parts of forest ecosystems, we know that soil biodiversity is also impacted. However, very little is known about the nature of these impacts; effects they have on the overall level of biodiversity, the functions it fulfills, and on the future stability of forests and forest soils. Even though much remains to be learned about the relationships between soil biodiversity and forest ecosystem functionality, it is clear that better effort needs to be made to preserve existing soil biodiversity and forest conservation strategies taking soils into account must be considered.

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Bach, Elizabeth M., Kelly S. Ramirez, Tandra D. Fraser, and Diana H. Wall. "Soil Biodiversity Integrates Solutions for a Sustainable Future." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 27, 2020): 2662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072662.

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Soils are home to more than 25% of the earth’s total biodiversity and supports life on land and water, nutrient cycling and retention, food production, pollution remediation, and climate regulation. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that multiple sustainability goals can be simultaneously addressed when soil biota are put at the center of land management assessments; this is because the activity and interactions of soil organisms are intimately tied to multiple processes that ecosystems and society rely on. With soil biodiversity at the center of multiple globally relevant sustainability programs, we will be able to more efficiently and holistically achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Here we review scenarios where soil biota can clearly support global sustainability targets, global changes and pressures that threaten soil biodiversity, and actions to conserve soil biodiversity and advance sustainability goals. This synthesis shows how the latest empirical evidence from soil biological research can shape tangible actions around the world for a sustainable future.

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Chude, V. O., E. E. Oku, G. I. C. Nwaka, and M. S. Adiaha. "Soil compaction assessment as a manipulative strategy to improve soil biodiversity: an approach for meeting SDG two and six." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg202001-224.

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The rapid increase in soil deterioration has been a drawback to global development, acting like a barrier to sustainability of Agriculture and the environment. Biodiversity in soil plays a crucial role in ecosystem sustainability, but yet there exist a rapid deterioration in soil biodiversity especially due to increase soil toxins, chemical spills, wind erosion including the rapid down-pour by rainfall which destroys soil structure and degrade soil biota. Soil compaction reduction manipulation through tillage and application of fertilizer plays a major role for food production, apart from being a part of environmental sustainability strategy. Field studies was conducted, where the status of soil compaction was examined, a replicate of four (4) soil sample were collected at a twenty (20) points sampling station using the proportionate stratified random sampling technique. Laboratory analysis output indicated high soil compaction. Laboratory analysis output was ranked with FAO standardize rate for compaction effect on soil biodiversity. Result of the finding indicated high soil compaction with bulk density value range of 1,56 gcm-3 – 2,71 gcm-3 which was found to be too compact for sustainable soil biota development. And porosity value range of 1% - 41% was obtained, which indicated tight soil spore that can imped soil biodiversity. Correlation analysis (R2) revealed a positive correlation between topography and soil compacting, with a ranking output of the soil been poor in biodiversity (biota load). Outcome of this investigation concluded that proper tillage, application of fertilizer including organic matter be carried out for the study area soils and soils of its environs.

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Topp, E. "Bacteria in agricultural soils: Diversity, role and future perspectives." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, Special Issue (August 1, 2003): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-065.

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Bacteria in soil are very diverse, very numerous, and functionally important, and have historically been an important object of research by Canadian microbiologists. Only a small fraction of bacteria in soils are amenable to culturing in the laboratory, limiting the ability to study these organisms. Canadian scientists have contributed to the development and implementation of both nucleic acidbased and chemical biomarker-based methods now widely used for assessing soil microbial biodiversity without the need for isolation and cultivation. Pesticide degradation, and the cycling of nitrogen in soils are used here to illustrate the significance of bacterial biodiversity to soil functions relevant to human and environmental health, and crop production . There remains much to be discovered about the genetic and functional biodiversity of soil bacteria, and much to be gained from this knowledge. A number of recommendations are made for future research in soil bacteriology. Key words: Soil quality, bacteria, microbial biodiversity, pesticide biodegradation, nitrogen cycling.

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Rai, S. N. "EARTHWORM BIODIVERSITY IN DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEM." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 6 (June 30, 2017): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i6.2017.2041.

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Researches have proved that the occurrence of different species of earthworms in good numbers is a positive sign of healthy soil. Establishment of earthworm population makes the soil more compact and the poor structure of deep soil changes in to friable top soil. Twenty two species of earthworms are identified from different land use systems. The potential soil reclaiming species are Eutyphoeus incommodus, Eutyphoeus nicholsoni, Eutyphoeus waltoni, Octochaetona surensis, Amynthas morrisi, Metaphire posthuma and Lampito mauritii. Metaphire posthuma is very abundant in garden soils. Eutyphoeus nicholsoni is mostly confined to garden litter soil with medium and low population as deep burrowing species. Octochaetona surensis is very common in dense bamboo plantations. Amynthas morrisi is mostly confined to decomposing paddy straw and composting litter. The cultivated soils of sugarcane and jowar, the species association index of Eutyphoeus incommodus and Ramiella naniana is very high though Ramiella naniana is purely a geophagous species. Seeds of earthworms can easily be transported if they are properly packed in vials with water soaked filter paper. The seeds will not hatch out within 10 days from the date of their laying.

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Bispo, A., D. Cluzeau, R. Creamer, M. Dombos, U. Graefe, PH Krogh, JP Sousa, et al. "Indicators for Monitoring Soil Biodiversity." Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 5, no. 4 (2009): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/ieam-2009-064.1.

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Roembke, Joerg, A. Bispo, D. Cluzeau, Rachel E. Creamer, U. Graefe, Paul Henning Krogh, José Paulo Sousa, G. Peres, M. Rutgers, and Anne Winding. "Indicators for Monitoring Soil Biodiversity." Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management preprint, no. 2009 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/ieam_2009-064.1.

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Franco, André L. C., Bruno W. Sobral, Artur L. C. Silva, and Diana H. Wall. "Amazonian deforestation and soil biodiversity." Conservation Biology 33, no. 3 (January 4, 2019): 590–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13234.

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Wall, Diana H., Uffe N. Nielsen, and Johan Six. "Soil biodiversity and human health." Nature 528, no. 7580 (November 23, 2015): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature15744.

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OYAIZU, Hiroshi, Hongik KIMU, and Daiske HONDA. "Biodiversity of Unculturable Soil Microorganisms." Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan 73, no. 6 (1999): 614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.73.614.

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Nielsen, Uffe N., Diana H. Wall, and Johan Six. "Soil Biodiversity and the Environment." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 40, no. 1 (November 4, 2015): 63–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021257.

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Lee, K. E. "The biodiversity of soil organisms." Applied Soil Ecology 1, no. 4 (December 1994): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0929-1393(94)90001-9.

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Gams, Walter. "Biodiversity of soil-inhabiting fungi." Biodiversity and Conservation 16, no. 1 (October 27, 2006): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9121-y.

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Brussaard, Lijbert, Peter C. de Ruiter, and George G. Brown. "Soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 121, no. 3 (July 2007): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.013.

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Mau, Rebecca L., Cindy M. Liu, Maliha Aziz, Egbert Schwartz, Paul Dijkstra, Jane C. Marks, Lance B. Price, Paul Keim, and Bruce A. Hungate. "Linking soil bacterial biodiversity and soil carbon stability." ISME Journal 9, no. 6 (October 28, 2014): 1477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.205.

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Rutgers, Michiel, Jeroen P. van Leeuwen, Dirk Vrebos, Harm J. van Wijnen, Ton Schouten, and Ron G. M. de Goede. "Mapping Soil Biodiversity in Europe and the Netherlands." Soil Systems 3, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3020039.

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Soil is fundamental for the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, but our knowledge about soil organisms and the habitat they provide (shortly: Soil biodiversity) is poorly developed. For instance, the European Atlas of Soil Biodiversity and the Global Soil Biodiversity Atlas contain maps with rather coarse information on soil biodiversity. This paper presents a methodology to map soil biodiversity with limited data and models. Two issues were addressed. First, the lack of consensus to quantify the soil biodiversity function and second, the limited data to represent large areas. For the later issue, we applied a digital soil mapping (DSM) approach at the scale of the Netherlands and Europe. Data of five groups of soil organisms (earthworms, enchytraeids, micro-arthropods, nematodes, and micro-organisms) in the Netherlands were linked to soil habitat predictors (chemical soil attributes) in a regression analysis. High-resolution maps with soil characteristics were then used together with a model for the soil biodiversity function with equal weights for each group of organisms. To predict soil biodiversity at the scale of Europe, data for soil biological (earthworms and bacteria) and chemical (pH, soil organic matter, and nutrient content) attributes were used in a soil biodiversity model. Differential weights were assigned to the soil attributes after consulting a group of scientists. The issue of reducing uncertainty in soil biodiversity modelling and mapping by the use of data from biological soil attributes is discussed. Considering the importance of soil biodiversity to support the delivery of ecosystem services, the ability to create maps illustrating an aggregate measure of soil biodiversity is a key to future environmental policymaking, optimizing land use, and land management decision support taking into account the loss and gains on soil biodiversity.

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Ramirez, Kelly S., Jonathan W. Leff, Albert Barberán, Scott Thomas Bates, Jason Betley, Thomas W. Crowther, Eugene F. Kelly, et al. "Biogeographic patterns in below-ground diversity in New York City's Central Park are similar to those observed globally." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1795 (November 22, 2014): 20141988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1988.

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Soil biota play key roles in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, however, compared to our knowledge of above-ground plant and animal diversity, the biodiversity found in soils remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we present an assessment of soil biodiversity and biogeographic patterns across Central Park in New York City that spanned all three domains of life, demonstrating that even an urban, managed system harbours large amounts of undescribed soil biodiversity. Despite high variability across the Park, below-ground diversity patterns were predictable based on soil characteristics, with prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities exhibiting overlapping biogeographic patterns. Further, Central Park soils harboured nearly as many distinct soil microbial phylotypes and types of soil communities as we found in biomes across the globe (including arctic, tropical and desert soils). This integrated cross-domain investigation highlights that the amount and patterning of novel and uncharacterized diversity at a single urban location matches that observed across natural ecosystems spanning multiple biomes and continents.

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Grünwald, Niklaus. "The Significance and Regulation of Soil Biodiversity—Proceedings of the International Symposium on Soil Biodiversity." Journal of Environmental Quality 26, no. 2 (March 1997): 565–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600020032x.

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de Graaff, M. A., J. Adkins, P. Kardol, and H. L. Throop. "A meta-analysis of soil biodiversity impacts on the carbon cycle." SOIL Discussions 1, no. 1 (November 25, 2014): 907–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-1-907-2014.

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Abstract. Loss of biodiversity can impact ecosystem functioning, such as altering carbon (C) cycling rates. Soils are the largest terrestrial C reservoir, containing more C globally than the biotic and atmospheric pools together. As such, soil C cycling, and the processes controlling it, have the potential to affect atmospheric CO2 concentrations and subsequent climate change. Despite the growing evidence of links between plant diversity and soil C cycling, there is a dearth of information on whether similar relationships exist between biodiversity of soil organisms (microbes and soil fauna) and C cycling. This is despite increasing recognition that soil communities display high levels of both taxonomic and functional diversity and are key drivers of fluxes of C between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we used meta-analysis and regression analysis to quantitatively assess how soil biodiversity affects soil C cycling pools and processes (i.e., soil C respiration, litter decomposition, and plant biomass). We compared the response of pool amd process variables to changes in biodiversity both within and across trophic groups of organisms. Overall, loss of soil diversity significantly reduced soil C respiration (−27.5%) and plant tissue decomposition (−18%), but did not affect above- and belowground plant biomass. Detailed analyses showed that loss of within-group biodiversity significantly reduced soil C respiration, while loss of across-group diversity did not. Decomposition was negatively affected by losses of both within-group and across-group diversity. Further, loss of microbial diversity strongly reduced soil C respiration (−41%). In contrast, plant tissue decomposition was negatively affected by loss of soil faunal diversity, but was unaffected by loss of microbial diversity. Taken together, our findings show that loss of soil biodiversity can strongly affect soil C cycling processes, and highlight the importance of diversity across organismal groups for maintaining full C cycling functionality. However, our understanding of the complex relationships between soil biodiversity and C cycling processes is currently limited by the sheer number of methodological concerns associated with these studies, which can greatly overestimate or underestimate the impact of soil biodiversity on soil C cycling. These limitations present challenges to extrapolation to natural field settings. Future studies should attempt to further elucidate the relative importance of taxonomic diversity vs. functional diversity.

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Potter, J. W., and A. W. McKeown. "Nematode biodiversity in Canadian agricultural soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, Special Issue (August 1, 2003): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-064.

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The biodiversity of soil-inhabiting nematodes in Canada is incompletely known, as large areas of Canada’s landmass have not been surveyed for nematode fauna. Nematodes considered as indigenous are generally well adapted to a variety of ecological niches and climatic zones. Much of the available information is based on agricultural ecosystems and agricultural species, and thus is biased toward conditions in disturbed ecosystems and away from “primeval” ecology. Introduced nematode species are frequently quite pathogenic, even to exotic host plants from the same geographic point of origin. Estimates of crop loss due to single species infestations of pathogenic nematodes and the costs of nematode control using chemicals are reasonably well known, averaging about 10% of crop value, but ranging to 100% depending on the situation; the cost of damage by multiple-species infestations is less defined. Nematode-suppressive mechanisms are understood in only a few plant species; sulfur appears to be important as a constituent of active compounds in suppressive plants of agricultural origin. Similarly, some native plants are equally adapted with allelopathic chemicals that suppress nematodes. Management of nematode populations in agricultural soils by integrated crop management methods is at an early stage, requiring research to quantify effects of nematode-suppressive plants and soil amendments containing nitrogen. An integrated program could include nematode-suppressive plants, appropriate soil amendments, and the promotion of microbial antagonists. Different mathematical methods may be required to analyze and explain multi-factor nematode control systems. Less-toxic management systems could benefit the soil-inhabiting nematodes that predate arthropod soil pests. Further research on soil-borne nematodes may demonstrate the value of nematodes as indicators of agroecosystem health and environmental pollutants. Key words: Biocontrol, biodiversity, nematode distribution, nematode management, soil ecology

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Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel, Richard D. Bardgett, Peter M. Vitousek, Fernando T. Maestre, Mark A. Williams, David J. Eldridge, Hans Lambers, et al. "Changes in belowground biodiversity during ecosystem development." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 14 (March 15, 2019): 6891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818400116.

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Belowground organisms play critical roles in maintaining multiple ecosystem processes, including plant productivity, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Despite their importance, however, we have a limited understanding of how and why belowground biodiversity (bacteria, fungi, protists, and invertebrates) may change as soils develop over centuries to millennia (pedogenesis). Moreover, it is unclear whether belowground biodiversity changes during pedogenesis are similar to the patterns observed for aboveground plant diversity. Here we evaluated the roles of resource availability, nutrient stoichiometry, and soil abiotic factors in driving belowground biodiversity across 16 soil chronosequences (from centuries to millennia) spanning a wide range of globally distributed ecosystem types. Changes in belowground biodiversity during pedogenesis followed two main patterns. In lower-productivity ecosystems (i.e., drier and colder), increases in belowground biodiversity tracked increases in plant cover. In more productive ecosystems (i.e., wetter and warmer), increased acidification during pedogenesis was associated with declines in belowground biodiversity. Changes in the diversity of bacteria, fungi, protists, and invertebrates with pedogenesis were strongly and positively correlated worldwide, highlighting that belowground biodiversity shares similar ecological drivers as soils and ecosystems develop. In general, temporal changes in aboveground plant diversity and belowground biodiversity were not correlated, challenging the common perception that belowground biodiversity should follow similar patterns to those of plant diversity during ecosystem development. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that ecological patterns in belowground biodiversity are predictable across major globally distributed ecosystem types and suggest that shifts in plant cover and soil acidification during ecosystem development are associated with changes in belowground biodiversity over centuries to millennia.

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Wagg, C., S. F. Bender, F. Widmer, and M. G. A. van der Heijden. "Soil biodiversity and soil community composition determine ecosystem multifunctionality." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 14 (March 17, 2014): 5266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320054111.

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P. Udawatta, Ranjith, Lalith Rankoth, and Shibu Jose. "Agroforestry and Biodiversity." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 21, 2019): 2879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102879.

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Declining biodiversity (BD) is aecting food security, agricultural sustainability,and environmental quality. Agroforestry (AF) is recognized as a possible partial solution forBD conservation and improvement. This manuscript uses published peer-reviewed manuscripts,reviews, meta-analysis, and federal and state agency documents to evaluate relationships betweenAF and BD and how AF can be used to conserve BD. The review revealed that floral, faunal, and soilmicrobial diversity were significantly greater in AF as compared to monocropping, adjacent croplands, and within crop alleys and some forests. Among the soil organisms, arbuscular mycorrhizaefungi (AMF), bacteria, and enzyme activities were significantly greater in AF than crop and livestockpractices. Agroforestry also creates spatially concentrated high-density BD near trees due to favorablesoil-plant-water-microclimate conditions. The greater BD was attributed to heterogeneous vegetation,organic carbon, microclimate, soil conditions, and spatial distribution of trees. Dierences in BDbetween AF and other management types diminished with time. Evenly distributed leaves, litter,roots, dead/live biological material, and microclimate improve soil and microclimate in adjacentcrop and pasture areas as the system matures. Results of the study prove that integration of AFcan improve BD in agricultural lands. Selection of site suitable tree/shrub/grass-crop combinationscan be used to help address soil nutrient deficiencies or environmental conditions. Future studieswith standardized management protocols may be needed for all regions to further strengthen thesefindings and to develop AF establishment criteria for BD conservation and agricultural sustainability.

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FITTER, A. H., C. A. GILLIGAN, K. HOLLINGWORTH, A. KLECZKOWSKI, R. M. TWYMAN, and J. W. PITCHFORD. "Biodiversity and ecosystem function in soil." Functional Ecology 19, no. 3 (June 2005): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00969.x.

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Aksoy, Ece, Geertrui Louwagie, Ciro Gardi, Mirko Gregor, Christoph Schröder, and Manuel Löhnertz. "Assessing soil biodiversity potentials in Europe." Science of The Total Environment 589 (July 2017): 236–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.173.

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Cameron, Erin K., Inês S. Martins, Patrick Lavelle, Jérôme Mathieu, Leho Tedersoo, Felix Gottschall, Carlos A. Guerra, et al. "Global gaps in soil biodiversity data." Nature Ecology & Evolution 2, no. 7 (June 4, 2018): 1042–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0573-8.

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Parker, Sophie S. "Buried treasure: soil biodiversity and conservation." Biodiversity and Conservation 19, no. 13 (October 5, 2010): 3743–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9924-8.

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Mishra, Upasana, and Dolly Wattal Dhar. "Biodiversity and biological degradation of soil." Resonance 9, no. 1 (January 2004): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02902526.

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André, Henri M., Xavier Ducarme, and Philippe Lebrun. "Soil biodiversity: myth, reality or conning?" Oikos 96, no. 1 (January 2002): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.11216.x.

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Usher, Michael B., and Donald A. Davidson. "Soil biodiversity in an upland grassland." Applied Soil Ecology 33, no. 2 (September 2006): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.03.005.

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Guerra, Carlos A., Richard D. Bardgett, Lucrezia Caon, Thomas W. Crowther, Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo, Luca Montanarella, Laetitia M. Navarro, et al. "Tracking, targeting, and conserving soil biodiversity." Science 371, no. 6526 (January 15, 2021): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abd7926.

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de Graaff, M. A., J. Adkins, P. Kardol, and H. L. Throop. "A meta-analysis of soil biodiversity impacts on the carbon cycle." SOIL 1, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-257-2015.

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Abstract. Loss of biodiversity impacts ecosystem functions, such as carbon (C) cycling. Soils are the largest terrestrial C reservoir, containing more C globally than the biotic and atmospheric pools together. As such, soil C cycling, and the processes controlling it, has the potential to affect atmospheric CO2 concentrations and subsequent climate change. Despite the growing evidence of links between plant diversity and soil C cycling, there is a dearth of information on whether similar relationships exist between soil biodiversity and C cycling. This knowledge gap occurs even though there has been increased recognition that soil communities display high levels of both taxonomic and functional diversity and are key drivers of fluxes of C between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we used meta-analysis and regression analysis to quantitatively assess how soil biodiversity affects soil C cycling pools and processes (i.e., soil C respiration, litter decomposition, and plant biomass). We compared the response of process variables to changes in diversity both within and across groups of soil organisms that differed in body size, a grouping that typically correlates with ecological function. When studies that manipulated both within- and across-body size group diversity were included in the meta-analysis, loss of diversity significantly reduced soil C respiration (−27.5%) and plant tissue decomposition (−18%) but did not affect above- or belowground plant biomass. The loss of within-group diversity significantly reduced soil C respiration, while loss of across-group diversity did not. Decomposition was negatively affected both by loss of within-group and across-group diversity. Furthermore, loss of microbial diversity strongly reduced soil C respiration (−41%). In contrast, plant tissue decomposition was negatively affected by loss of soil faunal diversity but was unaffected by loss of microbial diversity. Taken together, our findings show that loss of soil biodiversity strongly impacts on soil C cycling processes, and highlight the importance of diversity across groups of organisms (e.g., primary consumers and secondary decomposers) for maintaining full functionality of C cycle processes. However, our understanding of the complex relationships between soil biodiversity and C cycling processes is currently limited by the sheer number of methodological concerns associated with these studies, which can greatly overestimate or underestimate the impact of soil biodiversity on soil C cycling, challenging extrapolation to natural field settings. Future studies should attempt to further elucidate the relative importance of taxonomic diversity (species numbers) versus functional diversity.

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Remelli, Sara, Pietro Rizzo, Fulvio Celico, and Cristina Menta. "Natural Surface Hydrocarbons and Soil Faunal Biodiversity: A Bioremediation Perspective." Water 12, no. 9 (August 22, 2020): 2358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092358.

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Hydrocarbon pollution threatens aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems globally, but soil fauna in oil-polluted soils has been insufficiently studied. In this research, soil hydrocarbon toxicity was investigated in two natural oil seepage soils in Val D’Agri (Italy) using two different approaches: (i) toxicological tests with Folsomia candida (Collembola) and Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta) and (ii) analysis of abundance and composition of micro- and meso-fauna. Soil sampling was done along 20 m-transepts starting from the natural oil seepages. Toxicological testing revealed that no exemplars of F. candida survived, whereas specimens of E. fetida not only survived but also increased in weight in soils with higher PAH concentrations, although no reproduction was observed. Analysis on microfauna showed that Nematoda was the most abundant group, with distance from seepages not affecting its abundance. Arthropoda results showed that Acarina, Collembola and Diptera larvae represented the most abundant taxa. The highest divergence in community composition was found between soils situated near seepages and at 5 m and 10 m distance. Arthropoda taxa numbers, total abundance and Acarina were lower in soils with high PAH concentration, while Diptera larvae were not significantly affected. Earthworms, together with Nematoda and Diptera larvae, could therefore represent ideal candidates in PAH degradation studies.

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Писаренко, П. В., С. В. Тараненко, and А. О. Тараненко. "Вибір, обґрунтування та характеристика індикаторів біологічного різноманіття ґрунту." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 1 (March 28, 2013): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2013.01.04.

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Обґрунтовано необхідність та важливість удосконалення системи моніторингу земельних ресурсів, а саме, застосування індикаторів біологічного різноманіття ґрунту. Запропоновано перелік можливих індикаторів для оцінки біорізноманіття ґрунту та його функцій. Проаналізовано методи, що можуть бути використані й використовуються у процесі дослідження біорізноманіття ґрунту. Проведений вибір основних індикаторів для моніторингу біорізноманіття ґрунту, які загально та більш повно характеризують досліджуваний об’єкт. Здійснено обґрунтування і дається характеристика запропонованих індикаторів біорізноманіття ґрунту. Necessity and importance of improvement of land resources monitoring system, in particular application of soil biodiversity indicators were grounded. List of possible soil biodiversity indicators for assessment of soil biodiversity and soil function was proposed. The methods which are used or can be used for research soil biodiversity were analyzed. The main indicators for monitoring soil biodiversity which characterize research object were selected. Substantiation and description of soil biodiversity indicators were realized.

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Taguas, E. V., C. Arroyo, A. Lora, G. Guzmán, K. Vanderlinden, and J. A. Gómez. "Exploring the linkage between spontaneous grass cover biodiversity and soil degradation in two olive orchard microcatchments with contrasting environmental and management conditions." SOIL 1, no. 2 (November 9, 2015): 651–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-651-2015.

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Abstract. Spontaneous grass covers are an inexpensive soil erosion control measure in olive orchards. Olive farmers allow grass to grow on sloping terrain to comply with the basic environmental standards derived from the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP, European Commission). However, to date there are few studies assessing the environmental quality considering such covers. In this study, we measured biodiversity indices for spontaneous grass cover in two olive orchards with contrasting site conditions and management regimes in order to evaluate the potential for biodiversity metrics to serve as an indicator of soil degradation. In addition, the differences and temporal variability of biodiversity indicators and their relationships with environmental factors such as soil type and properties, precipitation, topography and soil management were analysed. Different grass cover biodiversity indices were evaluated in two olive orchard catchments under conventional tillage and no tillage with grass cover, during 3 hydrological years (2011–2013). Seasonal samples of vegetal material and photographs in a permanent grid (4 samples ha−1) were taken to characterize the temporal variations of the number of species, frequency of life forms, diversity and modified Shannon and Pielou indices. Sorensen's index showed strong differences in species composition for the grass covers in the two olive orchard catchments, which are probably linked to the different site conditions. The catchment (CN) with the best site conditions (deeper soil and higher precipitation) and most intense management presented the highest biodiversity indices as well as the highest soil losses (over 10 t ha−1). In absolute terms, the diversity indices of vegetation were reasonably high for agricultural systems in both catchments, despite the fact that management activities usually severely limit the landscape and the variety of species. Finally, a significantly higher content of organic matter in the first 10 cm of soil was found in the catchment with worse site conditions in terms of water deficit, average annual soil losses of 2 t ha−1 and the least intense management. Therefore, the biodiversity indices considered in this study to evaluate spontaneous grass cover were not found to be suitable for describing the soil degradation in the study catchments.

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Montanarella, Luca. "Soils and the European Green Deal." Italian Journal of Agronomy 15, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2020.1761.

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Soils play a central role in achieving sustainable development. The new European Green Deal is addressing all policy areas relevant to sustainable soil management: climate change, biodiversity, agriculture and desertification, including sustainable water management, are necessarily at the core of the European policies. Consistently addressing soil protection across these different policy areas will be the major challenge in front of us in the next years. Highlights - Soils play a central role in achieving the goals of the European Green Deal. - Sustainable soil management is a cross-cutting issue relevant to several policy areas addressed by the European Green Deal, such as climate change, biodiversity, agriculture, food safety. - Human health and wellbeing are closely connected with soil health and sustainable soil management.

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Chen, X. D., K. E. Dunfield, T. D. Fraser, S. A. Wakelin, A. E. Richardson, and L. M. Condron. "Soil biodiversity and biogeochemical function in managed ecosystems." Soil Research 58, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr19067.

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A complex combination of environmental, biological, chemical, and physical properties and processes determine soil biodiversity and its relationship to biogeochemical functions and ecosystem services. Vegetation, land-use, and land management, in turn, influence diversity and function in the soil ecosystem. The objective of this review was to assess how different land-use systems (crop production, animal production, and planted forest) affect soil biodiversity, and how consequent changes in soil biodiversity influence energy (carbon) and nutrient dynamics. Deficiencies in understanding relationships between soil biodiversity and biogeochemical function in managed ecosystems are highlighted, along with the need to investigate how diversity influences specific processes across different functional groups and trophic levels. The continued development and application of molecular techniques and data informatics with descriptive approaches will contribute to advancing our understanding of soil biodiversity and function in managed agricultural and forest ecosystems.

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Staddon, W. J., L. C. Duchesne, and J. T. Trevors. "Conservation of forest soil microbial diversity: the impact of fire and research needs." Environmental Reviews 4, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a96-014.

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While increasing attention has been given to issues surrounding biodiversity in recent years, little is known about the diversity of forest soil microorganisms. This is a serious gap in knowledge given the significant roles played by microorganisms in ecosystem functioning. This paper addresses issues surrounding conservation of microbial diversity in forest soils with an emphasis on the impact of fire. Recently developed techniques such as phospholipid fatty acid profiling, DNA reassociation, and carbon substrate utilization will also be reviewed for their applicability to biodiversity research. Future research needs are also discussed.Key words: biodiversity, conservation, forest soils, fire, microbial diversity.

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Anggrainy, Eka Dewi, Roby Ibnu Syarifain, Arif Hidayat, Etin Solihatin, Cucu Suherman, Betty N. Fitriatin, and Tualar Simarmata. "Shifting of microbial biodiversity and soil health in rhizomicrobiome of natural forest and agricultural soil." Open Agriculture 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 936–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0090.

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Abstract Intensive agricultural practices and heavy use of inorganic fertilizers have significantly accelerated soil degradation. Mineralization of the organic matter of soil affects soil health and the abundance of soil beneficial microbes (SBMs) and its dynamics in the soil. The research to investigate the shifting of microbial population and the soil health was conducted in natural forest, agricultural, and degraded ecosystems. The research setting involved randomized block design consisting of six ecosystems, namely, natural forest, agricultural soil (oil palm: 10, 9, 8, and 7 years old), and degraded soils. The soil samples were taken with four replications from rhizomicrobiome of each land use. In the soil health analysis, it was understood that soil beneficial microbes (SBMs) consist of total bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, total actinomycetes, and total fungi). The results showed that natural forest, oil palm plantation, and degraded land demonstrated a significant effect on the changes in biodiversity of SBM in rhizomicrobiome. The highest population of SBMs was in natural forest followed by the 10-year-old oil palm plantations and the lowest was recorded in degraded soils. These results confirm that the shift of forest ecosystems to agricultural soils will accelerate the degradation and decline of soil health.

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Zin Battisti, Luiz Fernando, Abdon Luiz Schmitt Filho, Arcângelo Loss, and Paulo Antonio De Almeida Sinisgalli. "Soil chemical attributes in a high biodiversity silvopastoral system." Acta Agronómica 67, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/acag.v67n4.70180.

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The use of conservation managements such as the silvopastoral system, and the Voisin rational grazing system have been excellent alternatives to increase animal welfare and production efficiency and improve soil chemical attributes of degraded pastures. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluatethe effect of a High Biodiversity Silvopastoral System (SPSNUCLEUS) on the soil chemical attributes through comparisons with soils of a Management Intensive Grazing without trees (MIG), primary forest, and secondary forest areas. Total organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, Al, H+Al, Ca, Mg, K, and P were evaluated after four years of implementation of SPSNUCLEUS. Soil samples from the layers 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, and 30-40 cm were collected in all areas—SPSNUCLEUS, MIG, primary forest, and secondary forest. SPSNUCLEUS had better soil quality, with increased P and K contents (0-30 cm), compared to the other areas, and higher total organic carbon,and total nitrogen contents (5-30 cm) when compared to the MIG and secondary forest areas. The soil carbon accumulation capacity in the SPSNUCLEUS area in the layers of 5-10 cm and 20-40 cm was similar to that of the primary forest area, and higher to those of the other areas. SPSNUCLEUS proved to be a promising system to improve the soil chemical attributes of pastures.

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Eskov, Alen K., Alexei O. Zverev, and Evgeny V. Abakumov. "Microbiomes in Suspended Soils of Vascular Epiphytes Differ from Terrestrial Soil Microbiomes and from Each Other." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051033.

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Microbial biodiversity parameters for tropical rainforests remain poorly understood. Whilst the soil microbiome accounts up to 95% of the total diversity of microorganisms in terrestrial ecosystems, the microbiome of suspended soils formed by vascular epiphytes remains completely unexplored. Samples of ground and suspended soils were collected in Cat Tien National Park, southern Vietnam. DNA extraction and sequencing were performed, and libraries of 16s rDNA gene sequences were analyzed. Alpha diversity indices of the microorganisms were the highest in the forest ground soil. In general, the microbiological diversity of all the soil types was found to be similar at the phylum level. Taxonomic composition of the bacterial communities in the suspended soils of plants from the same species are not closer than the taxonomic compositions of the communities in the suspended soils of different plant species. However, the beta diversity analysis revealed significant differences in the movement of mineral elements in terrestrial versus suspended soils. Our data showed that the suspended soils associated with vascular epiphytes were a depository of unique microbiological biodiversity. A contributing factor was the presence of large amounts of organic matter in the suspended soils—deposits collected by the epiphytes—which would have been degraded by termites if it had reached the ground. Further, the nutrient content of the suspended soils was prime for soil respiration activity and taxonomic microbial community biodiversity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Biodiversity of soil'

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