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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biofouling'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Smith, Gordon William Graham. "Biofouling of dental handpieces." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3075/.

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Dental handpieces (HP’s) are used during semi-critical and critical dental procedures that imply the HP must be sterile at the point of use. The aim of this study was to undertake a quantitative and qualitative analysis of dental HP contamination to inform the development of HP cleaning. Preliminary validation work on protein desorbtion methods and protein detection assays resulted in boiling in 1% sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) and the o-phthaldialedhyde (OPA) assay (sensitivity 5 μg/ml) selected for further use in this study. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of HP microbial and protein

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2

Arnaud, Damien. "Biofouling on reverse osmosis membranes." Thesis, Arnaud, Damien (2015) Biofouling on reverse osmosis membranes. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/29838/.

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Membrane biofouling is a major concern in water treatment processes as it can significantly reduce the system’s efficiency. Biofouling is mainly caused by microorganisms, and is difficult to control or avoid. It leads to higher operating pressure which strains the membrane, shortens the membrane life, and increases maintenance costs. Multiple literature reviews suggest that the main contributors to membrane biofouling are polysaccharides. This is why in this project two model polysaccharides (alginate and xanthan) were used to study their individual fouling effects on reverse osmosis effic

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3

Suwannakarn, Monthat. "Biofouling on forward osmosis system." Thesis, Suwannakarn, Monthat (2016) Biofouling on forward osmosis system. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/33949/.

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Fouling is an inevitable issue that all membrane systems have to face. The presence of membrane fouling causes membrane systems (such as reverse osmosis and forward osmosis) to suffer the increase of resistance thus reducing the efficiency of the systems. This raises concerns about the osmosis technology as it also reduces the system and membrane lifetime while increasing the maintenance costs. From previous papers and literature review, polysaccharides were found to be the main contributor to membrane fouling. The literature explains the polysaccharides that caused the membrane fouling we

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4

Zaghy, Amar. "Biofouling in reverse osmosis processes." Thesis, Zaghy, Amar (2016) Biofouling in reverse osmosis processes. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/33970/.

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Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semi-permeable membrane to remove salt and other particles from drinking water. It is the dominant technology which has overtaken many conventional systems in recent years. Membrane biofouling is the main disadvantage of using RO technology which can result in reducing the system’s efficiency. The rejected microorganisms on the surface of the membrane form a fouling layer (biofouling) which leads to a decline in permeate flux, increase of hydraulic resistance, increase in operating pressure, and shortening of the membrane life

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5

Tasso, Mariana Patricia. "Bioactive coatings to control marine biofouling." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-25187.

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The colonization of immersed surfaces by a myriad of marine organisms is a complex, multi-stage, species-specific process giving rise to economic and environmental costs. This unwanted accumulation of organisms in the marine environment, called biofouling, has been attacked from different fronts, going from the ‘problem-elimination-as-problem-solving’ strategy (essentially through the use of biocides) to more elaborated and environmentally-friendly options based on the principle of ‘non-stick’ or ‘easy foul-release’ surfaces, which do not jeopardize marine life viability. Several marine organi

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6

Ekblad, Tobias. "Hydrogel coatings for biomedical and biofouling applications." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Sensorvetenskap och Molekylfysik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-54304.

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Many applications share a substantial and yet unmet need for prediction and control of interactions between surfaces and proteins or living cells. Examples are blood-contacting biomaterials, biosensors, and non-toxic anti-biofouling coatings for ship hulls. The main focus of this thesis work has been the synthesis, characterization and properties of a group of coatings, designed for such applications. Many types of substrates, particularly plastics, were coated directly with ultrathin, hydrophilic polymer coatings, using a newly developed polymerization method initiated by short-wavelength ult

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7

Yeh, Po Ying. "MEMS-based anti-biofouling - mechanism, devices and application." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7528.

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A novel anti-biofouling mechanism based on the combined effects of electric field and shear stress was reported. The mechanism was observed in millimeter-scale piezoelectric plates coated with different metal materials and microfabricated Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) devices. Experimental observation on the quantities of protein desorption and theoretical calculations on surface interactions (van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrophobic, shear stress) have been carried out. This anti-fouling mechanism can also be activated by a vibrating micromachined Si/SiO₂ membrane. The combined ef

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8

Coward, Rebecca L. "Preventing marine biofouling : the fouling-release-coating approach." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419043.

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The unwanted build up of fouling organisms on immersed structures has been a problem that has been addressed over the years in many different ways, from tar and pitch on the hulls of vessels to various toxin based ablative coatings and most recently, foul-release coatings that present a non stick surface to which organisms can not adhere strongly. These foul-release coatings have been relatively successful and further investigation into the formulation of siloxane based coatings is a environmentally acceptable and commercially viable concept. The significance of the hydrophilicity of a range o

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9

Asapu, Sunitha. "An Investigation of Low Biofouling Copper-charged Membranes." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1399633649.

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10

Zhang, Kai. "Understanding biofouling in membrane bioreactors treating synthetic paper wastewater." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1109079842.

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11

Massons, Gassol Gerard. "Biofouling control in reverse osmosis membranes for water treatment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461092.

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L’osmosi inversa (OI) és una de les tecnologies de purificació d'aigua més competitives. Els sistemes d'OI han evolucionat significativament en els últims anys per a proporcionar solucions reals i sostenibles als problemes relacionats amb l'aigua. Un dels principals obstacles que impedeix l'expansió en l'ús d'OI en la reutilització de l'aigua, és la pèrdua de rendiment que els elements d'OI experimenten a l'operar amb aigües contaminades. Aquest fenomen de embrutament continua sent un dels majors reptes a resoldre per elements de OI utilitzats en plantes industrials o de tractament d'aigües re

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12

Rasmussen, Kjetil. "Marine biofouling - microbial adhesion to non-solid gel surfaces." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-519.

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<p>The scope for this work was to develop rapid assays for enumerating microorganisms on gels, and to test whether fouling of gel surfaces is principally different from that of solid substrata. For this purpose, a standard set of different gels were selected, based on biocompatibility, polymer charge and gel strength. </p><p>Bacterial adhesion to gels could be conveniently enumerated by first staining with SYBR Green I nucleic acid gel strain. Images were then collected using a confocal scanning laser microscope, followed by image analysis to determine the percent coverage of bacteria. Diatom

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13

Mahon, A. M. "Control of algal biofouling on coastal man-made structures." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517355.

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14

Wong, Yiu-ming, and 黃耀明. "Biofouling treatment of seawater cooling systems in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42574778.

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15

Ashhuby, Bashir Ali. "Biofouling studies on reverse osmosis desalination of hypersaline waters." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3599/.

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Biological fouling of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes is affected by many factors, and it is not clearly understood, especially with respect to hypersaline waters. Biofouling minimisation requires understanding of the fundamentals of the biofilm development. It is also necessary to monitor biofilm development at various stages and its relation to concentration polarisation phenomena. The two main goals were to explore the biological diversity of a hypersaline lake called "Qabar-Onn"t located in the Sahara; and to better understand what biotic and abiotic factors govem biofouling of RO membranes

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16

Mott, Irene EsmeÌ Catherine. "Biofouling and corrosion studies using simulated cooling water systems." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272612.

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17

Su, Xueju. "Development and evaluation of anti-biofouling nano-composite coatings." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2013. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/e92553a4-c3aa-49b0-8868-46a8c161ed96.

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The rapid development of the global offshore industry and of amphibious chemical, steel and power plants leads to more intensive use of natural water resources (sea, river and lake water) as a cooling medium. However, heat exchangers using the water as a coolant suffer from biofouling problem, which reduces heat transfer performance significantly. The cost of cleaning and lost output can be extremely high. The high incidence of infections caused by the biofilm formation on the surfaces of medical devices and implants, including catheters and bone fracture fixation pins etc. has a severe impact

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18

Garner, Bradley John. "Biofouling and corrosion studies of a copper-nickel alloy." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1987. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/847454/.

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The marine biofouling and corrosion of Kunifer 10 (10% Ni, 1. 5% Fe, copper alloy), was studied using a combination of analytical techniques including x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) and electron microscopy. Particular emphasis was placed on the very early stages of fouling, although the study continued until a climax community of macrofouling organisms had become established. Dissolved organic matter (DOM), was successfully extracted from seawater by ultrafiltration and chloroform-emulsion separation. The collected materials were partially chara

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19

ZHANG, KAI. "UNDERSTANDING BIOFOULING IN MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS TREATING SYNTHETIC PAPER WASTWATER." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1109079842.

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20

Wong, Yiu-ming. "Biofouling treatment of seawater cooling systems in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42574778.

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21

Thompson, Ina Sharon. "Optimisation of sodium hypochlorite dosing at Wylfa Power Station : an experimental study with Mytilus edulis." Thesis, Bangor University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263175.

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22

Wills, Amanda Jane. "Mitigation of biofouling using tube inserts in conjunction with biocides." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396232.

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23

Smith, Margaret J. "The use of hydrogels to prevent biofouling on underwater sensors." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2541/.

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The biofouling resistant coatings of hydrogel containing the cationic surfactants benzalkonium chloride and Arquad 2C-75 both extended the fouling free period in marine temperate waters. In the case of BAC the coating stayed clean for 10-12 weeks and the Arquad 2C-75 for 12-14 weeks. Due to the longer life of the hydrogel containing the Arquad 2C-75 instrument trials were carried out using this material. An effective method of attaching the coatings to the optical and membrane ports of sensors was developed and allows the coating to be either held in either a screw down or bolted polymer ring.

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24

Ross, Katherine Ann. "Biofouling in suspended cultivation of the scallop Pecten maximus (L.)." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2002. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250291.

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25

Thompson, Stephanie Eleanor Mary. "Cell biology of settlement and adhesion processes of biofouling algae." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2008. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/194/.

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The aim of the research presented in this thesis was to investigate the cell biology behind the settlement and adhesion processes of biofouling algae. Using the fluorescent dye FM 1-43 in Ulva zoospores to follow membrane recycling, rapid mass membrane retrieval of FM 1-43-labelled plasma membrane was found to occur to an endosomal compartment during settlement. Biolistic delivery of dextran Oregon Green BAPTA-1 and Texas Red enabled ratiometric imaging with a 5-fold greater response to Ca\(^{2+}\)-ionophores than AM-ester Ca\(^{2+}\) indicators. During settlement, zoospores exhibited both loc

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26

Schimanski, Kate Bridget. "The importance of selective filters on vessel biofouling invasion processes." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/11299.

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The spread of exotic species is considered to be one of the most significant threats to ecosystems and emphasises the need for appropriate management interventions. The majority of marine non-indigenous species (NIS) are believed to have been introduced via ship biofouling and their domestic spread continues to take place via this mechanism. In some countries, biosecurity systems have been developed to prevent the introduction of NIS through biofouling. However, implementing biosecurity strategies is difficult due to the challenges around identifying high-risk vectors. Reliable predictors of r

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27

Parker, Emily M. "Surface active polymers as anti-infective and anti-biofouling materials." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:54e462df-b64c-499c-94ce-55d624be9a69.

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This thesis is concerned with the chemical modification of polymers in the preparation of a library of materials which exhibit altered surface properties as a result of the surface chemical functionality, with particular emphasis on the development of materials that control biofouling and are antibacterial. Chemical modification of crosslinked polystyrene, in film and microsphere form, was carried out by carbene insertion followed by diazonium coupling. This provided access to a collection of materials with varying surface chemistry, whilst the bulk properties of the polystyrene substrates wer

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28

Powell, Lydia Charlotte. "The biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes : from characterisation to control." Thesis, Swansea University, 2011. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42695.

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Membrane technology can be utilised for the high purification and desalination of water. However membrane filtration processes are commonly impeded by membrane fouling, which can lead to flux decline and an overall reduction in separation efficiency within the process. Therefore the aim of this research study was a comprehensive investigation of the issue of biofouling on industrial RO membranes through molecular biology techniques, characterisation of surface charge of foulant bacteria and RO membrane surface and AFM imaging and force measurements on clean and fouled membranes for the determi

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29

Hausman, Richard. "Development of Low-Biofouling Polypropylene Feed Spacers for Reverse Osmosis." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1320891800.

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30

Seth, Duvall S. "A Study in Biofouling Prevention and Removal via Acoustic Cavitation." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1554854930764174.

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31

Ramsden-Lister, Eleanor. "Risk-based corrosion and biofouling management for tidal stream devices." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7181/.

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32

Brain, Stephen. "Monitoring microbial biofilms." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337401.

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33

Hou, Huiyi, and 侯慧仪. "Marine biofouling organisms respond to multiple stressors in a changing climate." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/194551.

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The marine environment is likely to experience profound climate change in the coming 100 years and beyond. Ocean acidification (OA) is one of the climate change issues attracting the attention of researchers all over the world. The decreasing pH of the oceans might threaten marine biofouling organisms. However, climate change is not only involved with ocean acidification (OA) but the change of other environmental variables, such as temperature and salinity. These environmental factors act as multiple stressors and synergistically affect shell-forming biofoulers, in which, the calcium carbonate

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34

Cowle, Matthew. "Assessing the impact of biofouling on the hydraulic efficiency of pipelines." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/72134/.

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Pipeline distribution systems account for the vast majority of the physical infrastructure in the water industry. Their effective management represents the primary challenge to the industry, from both an operational and public health standpoint. Biofouling has a ubiquitous presence within these systems, and it can significantly impede their efficiency, through an increase in boundary shear caused by characteristic changes in surface roughness dynamics. Nonetheless, conventional pipeline design practices fail to take into account such effects, partially because research findings that could cont

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35

ZHANG, KAI. "REDUCING BIOFOULING IN MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS TREATING SYNTHETIC EARLY PLANETARY BASE WASTEWATER." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1189560153.

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36

Sprick, Conor G. "FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON MEMBRANES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON BIOFOULING." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cme_etds/77.

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Ultrafiltration (UF) processes are often used as pretreatment before more retentive/costly processes, such as nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. This study shows the results of low-biofouling nanocomposite membranes, loaded with casein-coated silver nanoparticles (casein-Ag-NPs). Membranes were cast and imbedded with Ag-NPs using two approaches, physical blending of Ag-NPs in the dope solution (PAg-NP/CA membranes) and chemical attachment of Ag-NPs to cast membranes (CAg-NP/CA membranes), to determine their biofouling control properties. The functionalization of Ag-NPs onto the CA membranes w

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37

Schumacher, James Frederick. "Control of marine biofouling and medical biofilm formation with engineered topography." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0021311.

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38

Othmani, Ahlem. "Médiation chimique entre l’algue brune méditerranéenne Taonia atomaria et la communauté bactérienne associée à sa surface." Thesis, Toulon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUL0001/document.

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Dans le milieu marin, toute surface immergée est rapidement colonisée par des bactéries, puis par d’autres micro-organismes, conduisant à la formation de structures tridimensionnelles complexes appelées biofilms. Cette étape est généralement suivie par l’installation de macro-colonisateurs. Néanmoins, un certain nombre d’organismes marins, tels que les macro-algues, présentent des surfaces peu épiphytées à l’échelle macroscopique. Des algues méditerranéennes (Taonia atomaria et Dictyota spp.) ont été sélectionnées dans le cadre de ces travaux de thèse pour leur capacité à conserver leur surfac

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Chen, Ming-Jen. "Mechanical strength and destruction of biofilms in pipes." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368475.

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40

Gunn, N. "Marine biofilm development on titanium with particular reference to seawater heat exchange systems." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234641.

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41

Proud, Sarah Victoria. "Tributyltin pollution and the bioindicator Nucella lapillus : population recovery and community level responses." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260333.

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The detrimental effects of tributyltin (TBT) have been recorded on many marine organisms. As a result the UK Government imposed a partial ban on the use of organotin antifouling paints on boats less than 25 m in length, in 1987. In 1988 the Isle of Man Government followed suit introducing a licensing procedure restricting all uses of organotins. At concentrations less than 0.5 ng Sn/I female Nucella lap/Nus develop imposex - the superimposition of male sexual characteristics. To date there have been few studies measuring the recovery of Nucella populations after the introduction of restriction

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42

Rogne, Eva. "Characterization of biofouling in membrane nanofiltration (NF) systems by molecular biological techniques." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bioteknologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-14322.

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Xiao, Linlin [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Grunze. "Influence of Surface Topography on Marine Biofouling / Linlin Xiao ; Betreuer: Michael Grunze." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1177888726/34.

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44

Yang, Rong Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Prevention of biofouling in seawater desalination via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD)." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91066.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2014.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Biofouling, the undesirable settlement and growth of organisms, occurs immediately when a clean surface is immersed in natural seawater. It is a universal problem and the bottleneck for seawater desalination, which reduces both the yield and the quality of desalted water. Mitigation of fouling in a desalination operation is an on-going challenge due to the delicate nature of desalination membranes, the vast diversit

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45

Meseguer, Hernández Eloy. "ESTUDIO DEL BIOFOULING ASOCIADO A CULTIVOS MARINOS "OFFSHORE" EN EL MEDITERRÁNEO ESPAÑOL." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/85679.

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The present Doctoral Thesis makes the first study on the growth of epibionts in the nets of marine farms of the Western Mediterranean. Also, this Doctoral Thesis is a novel contribution in the field of marine biofouling by collecting information not only taxonomically but also the ecology of the actors and factors involved. The objective of this study is to know the most common epibionts in Mediterranean marine aquaculture nets and their relationship with depth, season, situation on the farm and the response of the epibionts to the presence of a commercial antifouling paint with Based on cupro

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46

Gittens, Jeanette Elizabeth. "Development of a functionalized coating for inhibition of marine corrosion and biofouling." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2011. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19691/.

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The financial loss incurred by corrosion of metals in the marine environment has led to a need to develop effective, economic and environmentally friendly methods of protection. Traditional methods of counteracting the development of surface biofilms and biofouling within aqueous environments have involved implementing chemical biocides, often with a deleterious effect on non-target organisms. Sol gel coating technology offers a convenient route for immobilizing functional additives, such as inhibitors or, in the case of this study, biologically active microorganisms. Paenibacillus polymyxa bi

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47

Graziani, Lorenzo. "Nano-engineered brick surfaces for biofouling prevention: experimental results and analytical modelling." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242914.

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Le facciate degli edifici sono inevitabilmente soggette al deterioramento causato dalla colonizzazione di microorganismi quali batteri, alghe, cianobatteri, funghi, licheni, etc. Oltre ai tradizionali metodi manutentivi, si stanno sviluppando rivestimenti innovativi con caratteristiche sfavorevoli allo sviluppo di macchie biologiche. In questa direzione, si sta sviluppando l’applicazione di nanotecnologie, in particolare nano-rivestimenti fotocatalitici. Il materiale più diffuso in questo settore è il biossido di titanio (TiO2) grazie alla sua non-tossicità, stabilità foto-chimica e basso c

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48

Huang, Yi-Li. "Potential roles of bacterial quorum sensing and biofilm formation in the biofouling process /." View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?AMCE%202007%20HUANG.

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49

Thomé, Isabel [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Grunze. "Influence of surface conditioning and morphology on biofouling / Isabel Thome ; Betreuer: Michael Grunze." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1177249596/34.

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50

Wong, Felicia Wong Yen Myan. "The influence of physical attributes of surface topographies in relation to marine biofouling." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/38837/.

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Solid surfaces that spend long periods of time in aquatic environments are susceptible to the accumulation of marine fouling organisms and this phenomenon is known as marine biofouling. This is a natural process which has significant impacts on marine industries. Research to develop new antifouling solutions focuses on the development of non-toxic solutions that can deter biofouling. A non-toxic antifouling approach that has gained interest in recent years is to modify the surface’s structure to disrupt organism settlement (Kirschner and Brennan 2012; Magin et al. 2010; Myan et al. 2013). Many

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