Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biofuel Sector'

The increasing demand for transportion fuels has led most countries around the world to look for alternatives to the predominant fossil fuels in the sector. Furthermore, the needs for security of energy supply, social – economic and sustainable development are among the factors driving the search for alternative fuels with regard to the fact that most oil producing countries are politically unstable. Developing countries are not an exception and are also formulating policies that will enhance development of alternatives to fossil fuels.   This study analyses the opportunities and consequences of the development of the biofuels industry in Zambia from a local, regional and global perspective with regard to policy, technical, socio – economic, environment and sustainability considerations. From analysis of global, regional and local situation, the development of biofuels in Zambia is simulated using Long – range Energy Alternatives Planning system (LEAP) under different policy assumptions with consideration of current and future demands. Furthermore, the socio – economic and environmental consequences are modelled in LEAP using these policies and other assumptions which include demand – cost projections. The environmental loadings are also simulated for the period with the assumption that biofuels are zero net emitters of green house gases. Land requirements are then estimated from these results for the simulated period. A model of illustrative scenarios for implementation of different biofuels policies is developed which can be used to monitor and analyse their consequences by adjusting the major parameters depending on varying circumstances.   The results of this study show that there is considerable potential for feedstock, land, water and mature technology for production of both biodiesel and bioethanol to meet blending demands for the simulated period. There is considerable potential for production of bioethanol from sugar cane and sweet sorghum using the well established fermentation processes. Biodiesel can be produced from jatropha and other oil bearing plants. Most of the current fleet of vehicles in Zambia was manufactured after 1990, thus there is little or no modification required on engines to run on low biofuel blends considered in the simulations. It is clear from the results of the simulation that biofuel demand for blends of 5% in 2015 rising to 10% in 2030 with current yields required for both can be achieved with the available land ad water resources. To achieve the 10% blending target set in the simulated period for bioethanol and biodiesel from sugar cane and jatropha, land required is 4,480Ha and 47,000Ha respectivey for growing this feedstock at current yields for the region. The GHG reduction would be equivalent to the 10% in 2030 if we assume that biofuels are zero net emitters. However, policies have to be formulated and implemented which should include manadatory blending targets and incentives on tax and investments.

Most of the time when developing policies for the promotion of future biofuel, the social dimension of sustainable development is neglected. But it is important to incorporate both social and economic issues along with environmental issues for a successful sustainability strategy because sustainable development depends on all three aspects of sustainability. This paper focuses on the sustainable development of liquid biofuel for the transport sector.The global transport sector is booming as is the need for energy. With the growing concern about climate change, governments of developed countries have been implementing different policy directives to promote biofuel as an alternative source of energy. But strategies implemented to fulfill the target of mitigating effects of climate change have exposed negative effects of liquid biofuels on both environment and society. This paper reviewed information on liquid biofuels and their effects on environment, society and economy and analyzed them from a sustainable development point of view. Although scientists have developed biofuels through advanced technology that seem to have less negative effects than traditional biofuels, they are still on a trial basis. In addition to this the effects of these biofuels are also need to be tested on a commercial basis in order to ensure their sustainability. Due to these considerations the process of switching from traditional biofuel to advanced biofuels will require time. It is imperative to develop sustainable ways of production and use of available biofuels which do not harm nature or exploit vulnerable communities. Biofuel policies also need to be studied thoroughly in order to find weaknesses and pitfalls. Although numerous studies related to specific issue like indirect land use change, GHG emission, biofuel policies or the biofuel market etc. have been conducted, it is rare to find a study that takes into consideration of all three aspects (economy, society and environment) of sustainable development. After reviewing and analyzing the literature, this thesis has come to a conclusion that the potential of liquid biofuel in the future transport sector is unlimited. But due to the negative effects on environment and society it has not achieved sustainability. Moreover the expense of production and lack of investment in the sector has made it economically unsustainable. But, it is possible to change the scenario by implementing proper policies in a way that the social and environmental issues that happened in the past do not happen again and the sector can achieve sustainability.

This thesis analyses two strategies for decreasing anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions: to capture and store CO2, and to increase the use of biomass. First, two concepts for CO2 capture with low capture penalties are evaluated. The concepts are an integrated gasification combined cycle where the oxygen is supplied by a membrane reactor, and a hybrid cycle where the CO2 is captured at elevated pressure. Although the cycles have comparatively high efficiencies and low penalties, they illustrate the inevitable fact that capturing CO2 will always induce significant efficiency penalties. Other strategies are also needed if CO2 emissions are to be forcefully decreased. An alternative is increased use of biomass, which partially could be used for production of motor fuels (biofuels). This work examines arguments for directing biomass to the transport sector, analyses how biofuels (and also some other means) may be used to reduce CO2 emissions and increase security of motor fuel supply. The thesis also explores the possibility of reducing CO2 emissions by comparatively easy and cost-efficient CO2 capture from concentrated CO2 streams available in some types of biofuel plants. Many conclusions of the thesis could be associated with either of three meanings of the word sense: First, there is reason in biofuel production – since it e.g. reduces oil dependence. From a climate change mitigation perspective, however, motor fuel production is often a CO2-inefficient use of biomass, but the thesis explores how biofuels’ climate change mitigation effects may be increased by introducing low-cost CO2 capture. Second, the Swedish promotion of biofuels appears to have been governed more by a feeling for attaining other goals than striving for curbing climate change. Third, it seems to have been the prevalent opinion among politicians that the advantages of biofuels – among them their climate change mitigation benefits – are far greater than the disadvantages and that they should be promoted. Another conclusion of the thesis is that biofuels alone are not enough to drastically decrease transport CO2 emissions; a variety of measures are needed such as fuels from renewable electricity and improvements of vehicle fuel economy.
QC 20100823

O segmento de fornecedores de máquinas e equipamentos para a indústria do setor sucroenergético brasileiro desempenha um papel significativo na atividade inovativa da cadeia do etanol. Ao mesmo tempo, o segmento é constituído basicamente por empresas nacionais, sendo o Brasil o principal pólo de desenvolvimento do setor. Por essas razões, este trabalho visa abordar duas áreas intrinsecamente ligadas: a de processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos no segmento, que o permite assegurar e criar vantagens competitivas possibilitando, assim, uma posição competitiva de liderança no mercado internacional do etanol, e a questão de como o mercado externo afeta essa dinâmica. Para tanto, foram realizados dois estudos de casos em empresas nacionais do segmento, por meio de entrevistas em profundidade conduzidas por meio de um roteiro semi-estruturado de perguntas. Os resultados apontaram três modelos de desenvolvimento de novos produtos, todos orientados para o mercado. Os dois primeiros referem-se a uma única organização e se diferenciam em função da forma como são concebidos, o que, por sua vez, é resultado das diferentes concepções estratégicas de seus projetos; enquanto um visa desenvolver uma nova rota tecnológica para o etanol, tendo um caráter mais radical, o segundo atende as necessidades pontuais dos clientes, caracterizando-se como incremental. O terceiro é adotado pela outra empresa pesquisada; apesar de se assemelhar ao modelo incremental citado, apresenta distinções relevantes nos processos decisórios, o que traz a necessidade de uma caracterização específica. Também se constatou que em nenhum modelo adotado o mercado externo atua ativamente como fonte de idéias, uma vez que o mercado interno mostra-se mais lucrativo. Mesmo com os baixos preços do petróleo, o cenário mostra-se favorável à expansão da produção mundial de etanol, visto que diversos países estão adotando programas de biocombustíveis como forma de diversificar a matriz energética, o que vai ao encontro da continuidade da principal motivação à atividade exportadora pontuada pelos entrevistados, qual sejam, de aproveitamento das oportunidades do mercado externo. No entanto, o alto preço do aço no mercado interno, a falta de incentivos governamentais à atividade exportadora no segmento, as legislações de segurança e ambiental e a baixa disponibilidade de crédito em importantes mercados de exportação surgem como barreiras a esse cenário. As dimensões identificadas da distância psíquica foram o ambiente institucional/legal, a instabilidade política, a existência de fabricantes locais e as diferentes rotas tecnológicas existentes nos mercados de exportação. As competências organizacionais técnicas mostraramse decisivas para a atividade de exportação, colocando o know how e a expertise brasileira na produção de etanol como fundamentais para as vendas externas. Por fim, a forma de seleção dos mercados alvo das exportações em conjunção com os canais de exportação via parceiros, denotam um envolvimento ainda tímido com o mercado externo. Ao mesmo tempo, as inovações também não se mostraram significantes para a atividade exportadora, uma vez que a escolha dos produtos, em função de sua natureza, se dá em torno da produtividade alcançada e não em termos de diferenciação, podendo-se inferir que as organizações não possuem uma estratégia estruturada de internacionalização.
The segment of suppliers for machinery and equipment for the biofuel sector industry has a significant role in the ethanol chains innovative activity. At the same time, the segment is basically constituted of national enterprises, Brazil being the main pole of development in the sector. For such reasons, this thesis seeks to approach two areas intrinsically linked: the process of development of new products in the segment, which allows it to assure and create competitive advantages, thus making possible a position of competitive international ethanol market leadership, and the issue of how the external market affects this dynamic. For such, two case studies of national enterprises have been accomplished by interviews in profundity carried out through a semi-structure script of questions. The results indicated three new products development models, all of them market-oriented. The first two are concerned to a single organization and are set apart for the way they are conceived, which, in its turn, is the result of the different strategic conceptions of their projects: whereas one seeks to develop a new technologic rout for ethanol, presenting a more radical nature, the other addresses the specific need of the clients, characterizing itself as incremental. The third is adopted by another researched enterprise; and despite presenting similarities to the incremental model cited, this model presents relevant distinctions in the decision-making process, which brings the necessity of a specific characterization. It has also been noted that in no adopted model the external market acts actively as a source of ideas, once the internal market appears more lucrative. Even with petroleums low prices, the scenario appears favorable to the expansion of global ethanol production, given that many countries are adopting biofuel programs as a mean to diversify their energetic pattern, which goes in favor of the continuality of the main motivation to the exporting activity pointed by the interviewees, whichever it may be, of profiting from the external market opportunities. However, steels high price in the internal market, the lack governmental investments to the exporting activity in the segment, the security and environmental legislations and the low credit availability in main exporting markets appear as obstacles to this scenario. The identified dimensions of the psychic distance were the institutional/legal environments, the political instability, the existence of local manufactures and the different technological paths existing in the exporting markets. The technical organizational abilities appear decisive to the exporting activity, situating the knowhow and Brazilian expertise in the ethanol production as fundamental to the external sales. At last, the manner of selection of the exporting target markets, in conjunction with the exporting channels thru partners, denotes a still timid involvement with the external market. At the same time, the innovations still do not present significance to the exporting activity, once the choice of product, in result of its nature, occurs around the productivity reached and not in terms of distinction, allowing to deduce that the organizations do not possess a structured strategy of internationalization.

Sweden has the goal of reaching a fossil independent transportation sector by 2030. Two ways to reach the goal is to increase the use of electric vehicles or produce more biofuels. Both alternatives could be powered by forest residue, which is an underutilized resource in the country. Electricity could be produced in a biomass fired Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant, and biofuel could be produced in a biorefinery through gasification of biomass and Fischer-Tropsch process. When located in Stockholm County, both system can also distribute heat to the district heating system. It is however important to use the biomass in an energy-efficient way. The scope of this work has been to analyze the efficiency together with environmental and economic aspects of the two systems.  To assess the efficiency and environmental impact of the two systems a forest to wheel study was made of the systems where the product was studied from harvesting of forest residue to driving the vehicle. The studied functional units were: kilometers driven by vehicle, kWh of district heating, CO2-equivalents of greenhouse gases and MWh of forest residue. The system using CHP technology and electric vehicles outperformed the biorefinery system on the two first functional units. Using the same amount of forest residue more than twice as much district heating and almost twice as many driven kilometers were produced in this system. The study also showed that both systems avoids significant greenhouse gas emissions and can be part of the solution to decrease emissions from road transportation.  The profitability of investing in a CHP plant or a biorefinery was calculated through the net present value method. It showed that the expected energy prices are too low for the investments to be profitable. The CHP plant investment has a net present value of -1.6 billion SEK and the biorefinery investment has a net present value of -4.6 billion SEK. Furthermore, the biorefinery investment entails higher risk due to the high investment cost and uncommercialized technology. Both systems face barriers for implementation, these barriers have been studied qualitatively.
Sverige har som mål att skapa en fossiloberoende fordonsflotta till år 2030. Två vägar som pekats ut för att nå målet är att öka användningen av eldrivna fordon eller att producera mer biobränsle. Båda alternativen kan drivas av skogsavfall, en råvara som det finns gott om i Sverige. Elektricitet kan produceras av skogsavfallet i ett kraftvärmeverk, och biobränsle i ett bioraffinaderi genom användning av förgasning och Fischer-Tropschmetoden. I Stockholms län skulle båda systemen dessutom kunna producera värme till Stockholms fjärrvärmesystem. Det är dock viktigt att använda skogsavfallet på ett resurseffektivt sätt. Därför undersöker detta arbete effektiviteten av de två olika systemen tillsammans med en analys av växthusgasutsläpp och ekonomiska förutsättningar.  För att kunna utvärdera effektiviteten och klimatpåverkan av de två olika systemen utfördes en ”skog-till-hjul”-analys där produkten undersöktes från ursprunget, till drivandet av ett fordon. För att utföra studien definierades fyra funktionella enheter. De funktionella enheterna var: körsträcka med bil mätt i kilometer, kWh fjärrvärmeproduktion, CO2 ekvivalenter av växthusgasutsläpp och MWh skogsavfall. Studien visade att systemet där skogsavfallet används i ett kraftvärmeverk för att producera elektricitet och ladda elbilar hade bättre resultat i de två första funktionella enheterna. Systemet producerade nästan dubbelt så lång körsträcka och mer än dubbelt så mycket fjärrvärme som systemet där skogsavfallet används i ett bioraffinaderi och biobränslet används i dieselbilar. Studien visade även att båda system kan bidra till att sänka växthusgasutsläppen från transportsektorn.  Lönsamheten att investera i ett kraftvärmeverk eller bioraffinaderi beräknades med nuvärdesmetoden. Studien visade att de förväntade framtida energipriserna är för låga för att investeringarna ska bli lönsamma. Kraftvärmeanläggningen hade ett nuvärde på -1.6 miljarder kronor, och bioraffinaderiet ett nuvärde på -4.6 miljarder kronor. Dessutom ansågs investeringen i ett bioraffinaderi vara en hög risk på grund av den höga investeringskostnaden och att tekniken idag inte är kommersialiserad. Det finns även en rad andra barriär för att genomföra de två olika systemen, dessa barriärer har studerats kvalitativt i arbetet.

The recent trends in the international crude oil price have brought back the interest of researchers to the importance of the practiced by the government fuel pricing policy for the domestic economy, especially in the developing world. Brazil constitutes a particularly interesting case when it comes to the government participation in the domestic fuel sectors. The state-owned oil company Petrobras acts as a price-setter for all petroleum derivatives sold in the country. This policy, however, has had severe negative consequences for the Brazilian fuel sector and especially for the domestic ethanol industry. Thus, the main goal of this study is to provide a basis for the development of a reformed pricing policy, which is more suitable for the needs of the country and does not have severe negative impact on the domestic economy. For this purpose, this work is divided into three chapters that interrelate and contribute for the achieving of the objective. The first chapter focuses on a comparative analysis of the dynamic correlation between the domestic fuel prices and international crude oil in Brazil, Germany and the United States. The results of the performed MGARCH-DCC estimation for the three countries provide empirical evidence for the differences existing between the pass-through of volatility from international oil markets to the domestic economy. The artificially established by the government ex-refinery prices of petroleum derivatives in Brazil led to lower correlation in comparison to Germany and the U.S. - two countries where the government does not intervene in the formation of the prices of petroleum derivatives. The used combination of free fuel prices and flexible fiscal policy, as the case of Germany, can induce competitiveness in the domestic fuel sector and at the same time keep domestic prices stable - an example that should be considered by policy makers in Brazil. The second chapter goes one step further by including the biofuel sectors in the analysis in order to verify if there exist differences in the biofuel-related price transmission mechanisms in the three countries of interest. The obtained results of the performed cointegration tests and estimation of VECM show that while in Brazil and in the U.S. the ethanol sectors are characterized by a stable relationship between the examined price series, in Germany such a strong and permanent link is not observed - a result that can be attributed to the changes in the policy regarding biofuels in the country, as well as to the specific characteristics of its biofuel-related sectors. The third chapter of the study gives a continuation to the analysis by focusing on the situation in Brazil and the hypothetical effects of a free fuel pricing policy. A simulated free gasoline price for the period between 2007 and 2016 is constructed and the hypothetical responses of the ethanol sector are calculated, using the obtained by the estimation of a structural VEC model demand elasticities. The results show that such a change in the policy would have led to higher ethanol prices in the state of São Paulo, making it more profitable for sugarcane producers to engage in the production of biofuel instead of sugar, which would have been beneficial for the sector, especially after 2011 when it entered a severe crisis. The final conclusion of this work is that there is a need for reformulating the practiced fuel pricing policy in Brazil in order to help ethanol regain its previous competitiveness as a substitute for conventional fossil fuels and to reestablish itself in the country\'s energy matrix.
As recentes tendências do preço internacional do petróleo renovaram o interesse dos pesquisadores na importância da política de formação de preços de combustíveis praticada pelo governo para a economia doméstica, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento. O Brasil constitui um caso particularmente interessante no contexto de intervenção do governo em setores domésticos de combustíveis: A empresa petrolífera estatal Petrobras atua como price-setter para todos os derivados de petróleo comercializados no país. Essa política, no entanto, trouxe graves conseqüências negativas para o setor brasileiro de combustíveis - e especialmente para a indústria nacional de etanol. Nesse contexto, o principal objetivo deste estudo foi fornecer uma base para o desenvolvimento de uma política de preços reformada, que seja mais adequada às necessidades do país e não tenha um impacto tão negativo para a economia doméstica. Para tanto, a presente pesquisa foi dividida em três capítulos distintos. O primeiro capítulo aborda uma análise comparativa da correlação dinâmica entre os preços domésticos dos combustíveis e o preço internacional do petróleo para o Brasil, a Alemanha e os Estados Unidos. Os resultados da estimativa de um modelo MGARCH-DCC realizada para os três países fornecem evidências empíricas das diferenças existentes entre o pass-through da volatilidade do mercado internacional de petróleo para a economia doméstica. O estabelecimento artificial dos preços de refinaria pelo governo brasileiro levou a uma correlação menor em comparação à Alemanha e aos EUA - dois países onde o governo não intervém nos preços dos combustíveis. Uma combinação de política de preço dos derivados do petróleo livre e uma política fiscal flexível como na Alemanhã poderia trazer competitividade para o setor doméstico de combustíveis e ao mesmo tempo garantir um preço estável ao consumidor - um exemplo que deve ser considerado pelo governo brasileiro. O segundo capítulo vai um passo além, incluindo os setores de biocombustíveis na análise, a fim de verificar se existem diferenças nos mecanismos de transmissão de preços relacionados aos biocombustíveis nos três países estudados. Os resultados obtidos nos testes de cointegração e na estimativa de um modelo VEC mostram que, enquanto no Brasil e nos EUA os setores de etanol se caracterizam por uma relação estável entre as séries de preços examinadas, na Alemanha não se observa um vínculo tão forte e permanente - um resultado que pode ser atribuído às mudanças na política de biocombustíveis no país, bem como às características específicas de seus setores de biocombustíveis. O terceiro capítulo do estudo dá continuidade à análise, focando na situação do Brasil e nos efeitos hipotéticos de uma política de preços livres dos combustíveis. Uma simulação de preço livre para a gasolina no período entre 2007 e 2016 foi construído e as respostas hipotéticas do setor de etanol foram calculadas, usando as elasticidades da demanda obtidas pela estimação de um modelo VEC estrutural. Os resultados mostram que uma política mais liberal teria levado ao aumento no preço do etanol no estado de São Paulo, tornando a produção de etanol mais lucrativa do que o açúcar para os produtores de cana, o que teria sido benéfico para o setor - especialmente depois de 2011, quando ele entrou em uma grave crise. A conclusão final deste trabalho é de que se faz necessária uma reformulação da política de formação de preços praticada no Brasil, a fim de ajudar o etanol a recuperar sua competitividade como substituto a combustíveis fósseis e a se restabelecer na matriz energética do país.

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the climate impact from different arable land use options and protein feeds aimed for cattle. This has been made by executing two life cycle assessments (LCAs). The first LCA aimed to compare the following three arable land use options: Cultivation of wheat used for production of bioethanol, carbon dioxide and DDGS Cultivation of rapeseed used for production of RME, rapeseed meal and glycerine Fallow in the form of long-term grassland The second LCA aimed to compare the three protein feeds DDGS, rapeseed meal and soybean meal. In the LCA of arable land, the functional unit 1 ha arable land during one year was used and the LCA had a cradle-to-grave perspective. The LCA of protein feeds had the functional unit 100 kg digestible crude protein and had a cradle-to-gate perspective, hence the use and disposal phases of the feeds were excluded. Bioethanol, DDGS and carbon dioxide produced at Lantmännen Agroetanol, Norrköping, were investigated in this study. The production of RME, rapeseed meal and glycerine were considered to occur at a large-scale plant in Östergötland, but no site-specific data was used. Instead, general data of Swedish production was used in the assessment. The wheat and rapeseed cultivations were considered to take place at the same Swedish field as the fallow takes place. The protein feed DDGS was produced at Lantmännen Agroetanol and the rapeseed meal was assumed to be produced at a general large-scale plant in Sweden. In the soybean meal scenario, a general case for the Brazilian state Mato Grosso was assumed and no specific production site was investigated. Data required for the LCAs was retrieved from literature, the LCI database Ecoinvent and from Lantmännen Agroetanol. In the LCA of arable land use options, system expansion was used on all products produced to be able to compare the wheat and rapeseed scenarios with the fallow scenario. In the LCA of protein feeds, system expansion was used on co-products. The products in the arable land use options and the co-products in the protein feed scenarios are considered to replace the production and use of products on the market with the same function. The result shows that the best arable land use option from a climate change perspective is to cultivate wheat and produce bioethanol, carbon dioxide and DDGS. This is since wheat cultivation has a higher yield per hectare compared to rapeseed and therefore a bigger amount of fossil products and feed ingredients can be substituted. To have the arable land in fallow is the worst option from a climate change perspective, since no products are produced that can substitute alternative products. Furthermore, the result shows that DDGS and rapeseed meal are to prefer before soybean meal from a climate change perspective, since soybean meal has a higher climate impact than DDGS and rapeseed meal. This can be explained by the smaller share of co-products produced in the soybean meal scenario compared to the DDGS and rapeseed meal scenarios. Since the production and use of co-products leads to avoided greenhouse gas emissions (since they substitute alternatives), the amount of co-products being produced is an important factor. A sensitivity analysis was also executed testing different system boundaries and variables critical for the result in both LCAs. The conclusion of this study is that arable land should be used to cultivate wheat in order to reduce the total climate impact from arable land. Furthermore, it is favorable for the climate if DDGS or rapeseed meal are used as protein feeds instead of imported soybean meal.

Submitted by KATIA RODRIGUES BATISTA DE OLIVEIRA null (katiarbo@gmail.com) on 2016-09-22T18:32:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado Katia.pdf: 1802654 bytes, checksum: 1dbd5cf60d48a46284bc60311fe3592a (MD5)
Rejected by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: A cidade indicada na capa e folha de rosto não correspondem a cidade do Programa de Pós-Graduação. Corrija estas informações e realize uma nova submissão contendo o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-09-23T14:04:02Z (GMT)
Submitted by KATIA RODRIGUES BATISTA DE OLIVEIRA null (katiarbo@gmail.com) on 2016-09-23T16:47:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Mestrado.pdf: 2302462 bytes, checksum: 2cef5c4c9d0cc1b9d04d7b59e343a79c (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-26T16:58:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_krb_me_jabo.pdf: 2302462 bytes, checksum: 2cef5c4c9d0cc1b9d04d7b59e343a79c (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T16:58:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_krb_me_jabo.pdf: 2302462 bytes, checksum: 2cef5c4c9d0cc1b9d04d7b59e343a79c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-21
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Devido ao maior interesse por biocombustíveis, indústrias brasileiras iniciaram, recentemente, a produção de etanol também a partir de grãos de milho, gerando um resíduo com potencial de uso como ingrediente em rações para animais, o DDGS (grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis). Por resultar de processos de fermentação de grãos de milho por leveduras e enzimas, este resíduo possui um elevado teor proteico e baixo teor de carboidratos solúveis, o que o torna boa fonte de proteína vegetal em rações para animais. Além do baixo custo, possíveis benefícios relacionados aos resíduos de leveduras e enzimas restantes da fermentação também contribuem para seu potencial de mercado. Desta forma, com este trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade de inclusão do DDGS do milho em dietas para juvenis de Piaractus mesopotamicus em substituição ao farelo de soja. Para tal, foram realizados três ensaios experimentais. No primeiro ensaio avaliaram-se os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) de nutrientes do DDGS para juvenis de P. mesopotamicus (13±0.3 gramas), distribuídos, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em seis tanques de fibra de vidro, na densidade de 35 peixes tanque -1 em sistema de recirculação contínuo de água. A coleta das fezes foi realizada em sistema de Guelph modificado. Após obtenção dos CDAs, foram formuladas dietas contendo cinco diferentes níveis de inclusão de DDGS (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40%) utilizadas nos ensaios posteriores. O segundo ensaio consistiu na avaliação dos CDAs dos nutrientes das dietas contendo 0, 10, 20, 30 e 40% DDGS, onde juvenis de P. mesopotamicus (27±1.4 gramas) foram distribuídos em cinco tanques de fibra de vidro na densidade de 30 peixes tanque -1 em sistema de recirculação de água. Utilizou-se delineamento em Quadrado Latino, 5x5 (05 dietas e 05 períodos). Concomitantemente ao segundo ensaio, e sob o mesmo sistema de recirculação, juvenis de P. mesopotamicus (21±0.2 gramas) foram distribuídos em 20 tanques de fibra de vidro, na densidade de 15 peixes tanque -1, em DIC, e alimentados com as dietas por 100 dias. Neste terceiro ensaio foram avaliados parâmetros de desempenho produtivo, viabilidade econômica, atividade das enzimas digestivas e de estresse oxidativo do intestino, bem como morfologia intestinal dos juvenis. Os dados obtidos de desempenho produtivo, estresse oxidativo e morfometria intestinal foram submetidos à one-way ANOVA e em caso de significância (p < 0.05) foi realizado teste de Tukey adotandose 5% como nível de probabilidade. Dados de enzimas digestivas foram submetidos a two-way ANOVA e em caso de significância para interação foi feita uma one-way ANOVA e teste Tukey a 5%. Os valores obtidos para os CDA do DDGS confirmaram seu potencial de uso como ingrediente proteico em dietas para P. mesopotamicus, assim como os resultados de desempenho produtivo, onde se obteve menor valor de conversão alimentar e melhor eficiência de retenção de proteína para a dieta contendo maior nível de inclusão de DDGS (40DDGS). Os demais parâmetros de desempenho não foram afetados significativamente. A atividade das enzimas digestivas foi reduzida da porção anterior do intestino para distal e para as dietas com níveis superiores a 10% de DDGS. A inclusão de DDGS levou a redução do status oxidativo do intestino e melhoras na morfometria intestinal. Sendo assim, é possível o uso de até 40% de DDGS do milho como ingrediente proteico em dietas para juvenis de P. mesopotamicus, substituindo em totalidade o farelo de soja, mantendo os valores de desempenho produtivo, melhorando a saúde intestinal dos peixes bem como a capacidade de absorção e aproveitamento dos nutrientes disponibilizados na dieta.
Due to the increased interest in biofuels, Brazilian companies started recently, the production of ethanol from corn, generating a waste with potential for use as an ingredient in animal feed, the DDGS (dried distillers grain with soluble). As its processes results from fermentation of corn grain by yeast and enzymes, this residue has high protein and low soluble carbohydrates, which makes it good source of vegetable protein for animal feed. Besides the low cost, possible benefits related to yeast residues and other enzymes from fermentation may also contribute to DDGS market potential. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the feasibility of inclusion of corn DDGS in diets for Piaractus mesopotamicus juveniles to replace soybean meal. To this end, there were three experimental runs. In the first assay we evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of DDGS nutrients for P. mesopotamicus (13 ± 0.3 grams), distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) in six fiberglass tanks, at density of 35 fish tank-1 in a continuous recirculating water system. The collection of feces was carried out in modified Guelph system. After obtaining the ADCs, diets were formulated with five different levels of DDGS inclusion (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) used in subsequent assays. The second test was the evaluation of ADCs of nutrient in the diets containing 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% DDGS where P. mesopotamicus juvenile (27 ± 1.4 g) were distributed in five fiberglass tanks at density of 30 fish tank-1 in a recirculating water system. We used a Square Latino design, 5x5 (05 diets and 05 periods). Concomitantly to the second test, and under the same recirculation system, P. mesopotamicus juveniles (21 ± 0.2 grams) were divided into 20 fiberglass tanks, at density of 15 fish tank-1 in CRD, and fed diets for 100 days. In this third test were evaluated growth performance, economic viability, activity of digestive enzymes and oxidative stress of the intestine and intestinal morphology of juveniles. Data obtained for growth performance, oxidative stress and intestine morphology were subjected to one-way ANOVA and in case of significance (p <0.05) Tukey's test was carried out adopting a 5% probability level. Data from digestive enzymes were subjected to two-way ANOVA and in case of significance to interaction was made a one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5%. The ADCs values obtained for the DDGS confirmed its potential use as a protein ingredient in diets for P. mesopotamicus, as well as the results of productive performance, which showed lower value of feed conversion ratio and an improved on protein retention efficiency for the diet containing higher inclusion level of DDGS (40DDGS). The other performance parameters were not significantly affected. The activity of the digestive enzymes was reduced from anterior to distal portion of the intestine and for diets with levels above 10% DDGS. The DDGS inclusion led to reduction of oxidative status of the intestine and improvement in intestinal morphology. Thus, the use of up to 40% corn DDGS as a protein ingredient for P. mesopotamicus juvenile is possible, replacing in whole soybean meal, keeping the growth performance, improving fish gut health as well as the absorption and utilization of nutrients available in the diet.
CNPq: 130664/2014-6
FAPESP: 2014/16685-5
FAPESP: 2015/21245-7

Seed-oil based biodiesel production particularly biodiesel production from the nonedible oil seed bearing plant - Jatropha curcas L. - is a key strategic direction outlined in the biofuels strategy of the Government of Ethiopia. The main objective underlying the strategy include substitution of imported diesel oil used in the road transport sector while at the same time contributing to the local and global greenhouse gasses (GHG) reduction efforts. In this study the environmental benefits and costs of production and use of Jatropha biodiesel in the road transport sector of Ethiopia is assessed using a life cycle analysis (LCA) methodology. The analysis focused on determining the potential environmental impacts and net non-renewable energy saving potential of biodiesel from Jatropha oil-seeds using the following metrics: (i) Net Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reduction, and (ii) Net Energy Balance (NEB) relative to diesel oil. The study shows that the net GHG emissions reduction potential of Jatropha Methyl Ester (JME) is highly influenced by the magnitude of initial carbon loss occurring in the process of conversion of different land uses to Jatropha plantation, and less so on other unit processes of JME production system analysed. The NEB of JME relative to use of diesel oil per functional unit of one GJ is less sensitive to impacts of land use change and is generally positive. Where no land use change impacts is considered, or where Jatropha is grown on lands with low carbon stock such as grasslands, substitution of diesel oil with JME in Ethiopia can provide GHG emission reduction of about 43%, and for each MJ of JME produced the nonrenewable energy requirement will be 0,38 MJ. Production of JME by converting lands with high above ground, below ground and/or soil carbon stocks such as shrub lands or well stocked forest lands will result in net loss of carbon and require ecological carbon payback time of 50 to hundreds of years. The impact of introducing and use of JME-diesel oil blends by Anbassa City Bus Services Enterprise (ACBSE) bus fleets shows that, displacement of diesel oil with JME that have positive GHG reduction potential, will also contribute to the reduction of air pollutants and improvement of ambient air quality in Addis Ababa. Two key recommendations of this research work are that to ensure environmental sustainability of biodiesel production from Jatropha seeds (i) land availability and land suitability assessment for estimating the potential available land for Jatropha (and other oil-seed bearing plants) shall be conducted, and (ii) minimum requirements on GHG reduction and NEB requirements on biodiesel shall be established.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
科技法律研究所碩士班
101
It is difficult to resolve the problem on the growing shortage of traditional fossil fuel and climate change, such as nuclear energy issue and geopolitics for energy security. Reviewing the international trend on renewable legislations and policies, the development of sustainable and alternative renewable energy has become the main energy policy objective in many countries, such as European Union, United States and other leading countries. As the largest regional economic community in the world, European Union laid down three main legislations on the renewable energy, there are “Renewable Electricity Directive”(2001/77/EC), “Promototion Biofuel Directive” (2003/30/EC) and “ Renewable Energy Directive” (2009/28/EC, RED), By Focusing the RED, this thesis will analysis regulations related to the Environmental Sustainability Criteria in RED, and introduce the proposal of amending the RED. By researching the renewable energy in the European Union, We expect there are some proper suggestions for Taiwan through this stydy

Demand for liquid fuels (i.e., petroleum products) has burdened the U.S. with major challenges, including national security and economic concerns stemming from rising petroleum imports; impacts of global climate change from rising emissions of CO2; and continued public health concerns from criteria and hazardous (i.e., toxic) air pollutants. Over the last decade or so, biofuels have been touted as a supply-side solution to several of these problems. Biofuels can be produced from domestic biomass feedstocks (e.g., corn, soybeans), they have the potential to reduce GHG emissions when compared to petroleum products on a lifecycle basis, and some biofuels have been shown to reduce criteria air pollutants. Today, there are numerous policy incentives—existing and proposed—aimed at supporting the biofuels industry in the U.S. However, the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) Program stands as perhaps the most significant mandate imposed to date to promote the use of biofuels. Overall, the RFS stands as the key driver in a transition to biofuels in the near term. By mandating annual consumption of biofuels, increasing to 36 bgy by 2022, the program has the potential to significantly alter the state of the U.S. liquid fuels sector. Fuel transitions in the transportation sector are the focus of this thesis. More specifically, the increasing consumption of biofuels in the transportation sector, as mandated by the RFS, is examined. With a well-developed, efficient, and expensive, petroleum-based infrastructure in place, many barriers must be overcome for biofuels to play a significant role in the transportation sector. Identifying and understanding the barriers to a biofuels transition is the objective of this thesis. Although fuel transitions may seem daunting and unfamiliar, the U.S. transportation sector has undergone numerous transitions in the past. Chapter 2 reviews major fuel transitions that have occurred in the U.S. liquid fuels sector over the last half century, including the phasing out of lead additives in gasoline, the transition from MTBE to ethanol as the predominant oxygenate additive in gasoline, and the recent introduction of ULSD. These historical transitions represent the uncertainty and diversity of fuel transition pathways, and illustrate the range of impacts that can occur across the fuel supply chain infrastructure. Many pertinent lessons can be derived from these historical transitions and used to identify and assess barriers facing the adoption of alternative fuels (i.e., biofuels) and to understand how such a transition might unfold. Computer models can also help to explore the implications of fuel transitions. In order to better understand the barriers associated with fuel transitions, and to identify options for overcoming these barriers, many recent research efforts have used sophisticated modeling techniques to analyze energy transitions. Chapter 3 reviews a number of these recent modeling efforts with a focus on understanding how these methodologies have been applied, or may be adapted, to analyzing a transition to biofuels. Four general categories of models are reviewed: system dynamics, complex adaptive systems, infrastructure optimization, and economic models. In chapter 4, scenarios created from a high-level model of the liquid fuels sector (the Liquid Fuels Transition model) are presented to explore potential pathways and barriers to a biofuels transition. The scenarios illustrate different pathways to meeting the requirements of the RFS mandate, and differ based on the overall demand of liquid fuels, how the biofuels mandate is met (i.e., the mix of biofuels), and the status of the ethanol blend limit in the motor gasoline sector. The scenarios are used to evaluate the infrastructure implications associated with a biofuels transition, and illustrate the uncertainty that exists in assessing such a transition.
text

Agriculture causes large parts of global Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), with livestock contributing the greatest share. Livestock-based foods are thus associated to higher GHGE than plant-based foods. Additionally, they are harmful to health when consumed in excess. The focus of this work lies on determining the potential to reduce agricultural GHGE when healthy diets and lower meat intakes were adopted in the EU. lt is also examined how much feed crops and pastures would become available for the production of biofuels. An emission tax and an emission trading system are also examined. To assess the complex interactions in the agricultural sector, a modified version of the European Forest and Agricultural Sector Optimization Model (EUFASOM) is used. The results show that a halved meat intake could reduce agricultural GHGE by a quarter and biofuel production could increase eightfold. The political instruments lack effectiveness though. The GHG tax has a low impact on nutrition and roughly 50% emission leakage. Emission trading has only a moderate effect on nutrition and over 100% emission leakage.:1 Introduction 2 Goal and scope definition 3 Methodology 3.1 Overview 3.2 Spatial resolution 3.3 Products under consideration 3.4 Base data 3.4.1 Base quantities 3.4.2 Base prices 3.4.3 Base areas 3.4.4 Demand elasticities 3.5 Production processes 3.5.1 Crop production 3.5.2 Pasture production 3.5.3 Plant oil production 3.5.4 Biofuel production 3.5.5 Sugar production 3.5.6 Livestock production 3.6 EUFASOM – Theoretical foundation 3.7 EUFASOM – Demand and supply functions 3.8 EUFASOM – Model description 3.8.1 Objective function 3.8.2 Identity and convexity constraints 3.8.3 Product balance 3.8.4 Land use restrictions 3.8.5 Nitrogen balance 3.8.6 Further accounting equations 3.9 Calibration 3.10 Integration of scenarios 4 Scenarios and results 4.1 Scenario 1: Technical potential of healthy diets 4.1.1 What are healthy diets? 4.1.2 Implementation of healthy diets 4.1.3 Scenario 1.1: Healthy diets with constant calorie intake 4.1.4 Scenario 1.2: Healthy diets with restricted calorie intake 4.1.5 Scenario 1.3: Healthy diets with restricted ruminant meat intake 4.1.6 Discussion on the potentials of healthy diets 4.2 Scenario 2: Greenhouse gas emission taxes 4.3 Scenario 3: Redistribution of emissions taxes as biofuel subsidy 4.4 Scenario 4: Emissions trading scheme for agriculture 4.4.1 Scenario 4.1: GHGE-cap on agricultural production 4.4.2 Scenario 4.2: Combined GHGE-cap on agricultural production and net-imports 4.4.3 Scenario 4.3: GHGE-cap on agricultural production and generation of allowances through producing biofuels 4.4.4 Scenario 4.4: GHGE-cap on agricultural production and imports and generation of allowances through producing biofuels 4.4.5 Discussion on ETS 5 Summary and conclusion References List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations Annex 1 Base Solution Annex 2 Process parameters and associated information Annex 3 Lists of model variables, process parameters, equations and sets Annex 4 Demand elasticities Annex 5 Derivation of specific energy and protein demand of livestock Annex 6 Further assumptions for the livestock sectors