Academic literature on the topic 'Biogas failure'
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Journal articles on the topic "Biogas failure"
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Trávníček, Petr, Luboš Kotek, Vlastimil Nejtek, Tomáš Koutný, Petr Junga, and Tomáš Vítěz. "Flare stacks on agricultural biogas plants – safety and operational requirements." Research in Agricultural Engineering 65, No. 3 (2019): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1/2019-rae.
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The flare stack is a piece of equipment, which is used as a safety element at a biogas plant. In the case of a cogeneration unit or gas boiler failure, the biogas is redirected to the flare stack where it is burned. When the flare stack fails, the biogas releases to the atmosphere and an explosive mixture can form. The paper is focused on the description of the causes, which can cause the failure of the equipment. For this purpose, the individual components are described and, subsequently, the possibilities of their failure are discussed. In the next part of the work, the following scenario is considered: failure of the cogeneration unit and flare stack, the subsequent leakage of the biogas to the atmosphere. The calculation for determining the consequences of the biogas leakage is carried out. The size of the gaseous cloud and the explosion pressure in the case of a vapour cloud explosion are determined. The calculations were carried out by the software ALOHA (version 5.4.7).
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Ramsh, V., M. Potapenko, and V. Sharshon. "Assessment of operational reliability of automatic control systems of biogas plants." Energy and automation, no. 1(53) (December 28, 2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2021.01.099.
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The issues of ensuring the reliability of the control system of a biogas plant should be given special attention in the design of the system, in the manufacture of all hardware, in the development of mathematical and software, in the creation of information support, during installation and commissioning, during the technical operation of the system. A research aim is development of measures on providing of operating reliability of the systems of automatic control by biogas plants due to their optimal service. The choice of the optimal strategy allows you to achieve the best results from the operation of biogas plants without attracting additional resources. The importance of the early resumption of the operation of control systems after failures, as well as planning and organizing their effective preventive maintenance, is noted. The need for collection, processing, analysis and use of data on the reliability of control systems is noted. According to the obtained values of failure time and recovery time, the values of the readiness factor for devices of each type and for the control system as a whole are determined. Analysis of the obtained data on failure time, recovery time after failure, readiness factor will allow to develop organizational and technical measures, the implementation of which will increase the operational reliability of the control system of the biogas plant. To assess the reliability, a complex integral indicator is proposed that characterizes the state of normal functioning of the system. Changing the strategy of preventive maintenance and the organization of work to restore the operation of system devices after failures, based on the analysis of the value of the coefficient of normal functioning, it is possible to obtain the necessary values of the reliability of automatic control systems for biogas plants.
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I Prihatiningtyas, D. S., E. Heryadi, G. Arimbi, and Hermanto. "Bio-failure or Bio-fuel? Economic Feasibility of Converting Palm Oil Waste to Biogas." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1242, no. 1 (2023): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1242/1/012034.
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Abstract This study aimed to investigate the economic feasibility of using an Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor to convert liquid waste from palm oil processing plants into biogas containing methane. The study examined total capital investment (TCI), working capital investment (WCI), and production costs at different capacities (3, 30, and 300 liters per day) to determine if the process could generate a profit. The results showed that the biogas production from palm oil industrial liquid waste using the UASB reactor did not result in a profit due to the large capital costs and low biogas production. The implication of this study is that further research is needed to find ways to reduce the capital costs of the process and increase biogas production to make it economically feasible.
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Kovács, K. L., N. Ács, E. Kovács, et al. "Improvement of Biogas Production by Bioaugmentation." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/482653.
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Biogas production technologies commonly involve the use of natural anaerobic consortia of microbes. The objective of this study was to elucidate the importance of hydrogen in this complex microbial food chain. Novel laboratory biogas reactor prototypes were designed and constructed. The fates of pure hydrogen-producing cultures ofCaldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticusandEnterobacter cloacaewere followed in time in thermophilic and mesophilic natural biogas-producing communities, respectively. Molecular biological techniques were applied to study the altered ecosystems. A systematic study in 5-litre CSTR digesters revealed that a key fermentation parameter in the maintenance of an altered population balance is the loading rate of total organic solids. Intensification of the biogas production was observed and the results corroborate that the enhanced biogas productivity is associated with the increased abundance of the hydrogen producers. Fermentation parameters did not indicate signs of failure in the biogas production process. Rational construction of more efficient and sustainable biogas-producing microbial consortia is proposed.
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Putra Negara, Dewa Ngakan Ketut, Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia, I. Made Widiyarta, et al. "PENERAPAN GENSET HYBRID 100 W BERBAHAN BAKAR BIOGAS YANG DIPRODUKSI DARI KOTORAN TERNAK." Buletin Udayana Mengabdi 20, no. 3 (2021): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/bum.2021.v20.i03.p05.
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This service aims to optimize the utilization of biogas produced using a portable digester utilizing cow dung in the Tulus Nadi Cattle Group in Banjar Gambih, Buahan Village. As long as the biogas produced is only used for cooking purposes. This service is carried out by providing training and maintenance of hybrid generators that can be operated using biogas and gasoline so that the biogas produced can be converted into electrical energy. The results of this activity indicate that members of this livestock group have been able to operate and maintain this hybrid generator. The electricity generated can be used as an energy reserve when there is a power failure from PLN. In this activity, one unit of a 1000 W hybrid generator was handed over, equipped with a toolkit and SOP for biogas operation and maintenance.
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Iwaszczuk, Natalia, Marta Szyba, Aleksander Iwaszczuk, and Valentyna Yakubiv. "Production of agricultural biogas from waste – an element of socially responsible actions in the food sector." Acta Innovations, no. 33 (October 1, 2019): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.33.5.
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The agricultural and food sector accounts for substantial volumes of organic waste (such as livestock excreta, meat offals) considered as onerous on the environment. The above decomposes formulating methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide in anaerobic conditions. Methane produced in digester chambers of a biomass plant (called biogas) may be applied for the production of electricity and heat, powering of vehicles as well as injections into gas networks. Biogas is one of the renewable sources of energy. In the light of the EU's sustainable development and climate neutrality policies, increasing the share of renewable sources in overall energy consumption is a priority for the Member States. For this reason, the article examines one of the renewable energy sectors in Poland, which is agricultural biogas production. The main attention was focused on agricultural biogas plants. Most often used substrates for biogas production, the dependence of biogas plant location on the population living in particular regions (voivodships) and the development of agriculture in their territories were analysed. The main purpose of the article was to indicate the reasons for the failure of the agricultural biogas plant construction program in Poland. Literature and document analysis were performed, interviews with waste producers as well as owners of agricultural biogas plants were carried out, and SWOT analysis was prepared.
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Kim, Ha Jin, and Young Nam Chun. "Conversion of Biogas to Renewable Energy by Microwave Reforming." Energies 13, no. 16 (2020): 4093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164093.
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Biogas consists of methane and carbon dioxide, the main components, which are major greenhouse gases that affect global warming. As such, in order to convert greenhouse gas into renewable energy, which is a high-quality fuel, the biogas microwave reforming characteristics were studied and the results are as follows: In the main components of biogas, methane and carbon dioxide, the conversion efficiency of both methane and carbon dioxide increased as the amount of CO2 relatively increased. This is because the problem of active pore failure due to gasification of the attached carbon generated during methane reforming was overcome. When nitrogen, a biogas-containing component, was added, the activity of catalytic activity pores was enhanced by promoting the production of microplasma, resulting in increased conversion efficiency. When the concentration of oxygen, which is a biogas-containing component, increased, the conversion efficiency increased, but when the concentration is more than 10%, the fuel value of the product gas decreased due to the complete oxidation reaction.
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UTAMI, SRI, PURWINDA IRIANI, and YANTI SUPRIANTI. "Sistem Monitoring pH dan Volume Biogas Digester Dua Tahap menggunakan Mikrokontroler." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 7, no. 1 (2019): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v7i1.126.
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ABSTRAKBiogas merupakan salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang murah dan berkategori non-polusi. Kebutuhan untuk memonitor serta mengontrol plant biogas bertambah seiring kebutuhan mengoptimalkan stabilitas proses untuk mendapatkan performansi yang tinggi. Monitoring biogas dapat memberikan gambaran keseluruhan proses pembangkitan biogas dan digunakan untuk memprediksi proses fermentasi yang berlangsung. Selain itu, dapat pula meminimalkan gagalnya proses fermentasi dan menghasilkan biogas secara optimal. Dalam penelitian ini proses monitoring dilakukan pada digester dua tahap berbahan dasar ampas tahu dan difokuskan pada pH dan volume biogas yang dihasilkan menggunakan dfrobot sku Sen0160 dan YF-S201 serta solenoid valve sebagai aktuatornya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa set point pH 5.3 pada digester asetogenesis dapat dicapai pada hari ke enam untuk tiga percobaan. Dalam digester metanogenesis nilai pH dapat dijaga pada pH 7 ±0.3. Jumlah volume biogas tertinggi yang dihasilkan sebesar 97.2 L.Kata kunci: digester dua tahap, fermentasi, asetogenesis, metanogenesis ABSTRACTBiogas is one of an inexpensive and non-pollution renewable energy source. A requirement for optimization and stabilization of biogas plant affected on the need of monitor and control system in the plant. Biogas monitoring system represents a process in biogas generation and has the ability to predict fermentation. In addition, the system built can be used to control the fermentation process and to minimize the failure of the process. This means the process will produce biogas optimally. In this research, the monitoring system was used on two stages digester using tofu as raw material. pH and biogas volume produced are two focuses in this study using SKU Sen0160 dan YF-S201 as sensors and solenoid valve as an actuator. For three experiments data show, set point for pH (5.3) is achieved at day sixth for acetogenesis digester. For methanogenesis, pH can be maintained at 7 ±0.3. The highest volume of biogas produced was 97.2 L.Keywords: two stages digester, fermentation, acetogenesis, methanogenesis digester
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Munk, B., C. Bauer, A. Gronauer, and M. Lebuhn. "A metabolic quotient for methanogenic Archaea." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 11 (2012): 2311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.436.
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Biogas production from renewable resources is an alternative to generate energy and concomitantly save fossil fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. As methanogenesis is a major bottleneck in the biogas process, the determination of the specific activity of methanogenic Archaea can be a good indicator of the process state. A new parameter, the metabolic quotient (MQ), was developed to evaluate the specific activity of methanogens. A standard was created from mesophilic maize-fed fermenters to calculate the expected concentration of methanogens for a given methane productivity at stable process stages. The MQ, the ratio of the predicted to the actual concentration of methanogens, defines their metabolic activity. The MQ was able to indicate methanogenic cell stress metabolism and imminent process failure before conventional chemical parameters. As a further approach, the methanogenic activity was determined by quantification of mRNA transcripts in relation to the mcrA/mrtA-gene, coding for a key enzyme subunit of methanogenesis. The cDNA/DNA ratio reflected the specific actual process activity of the methanogens. As both methods are potent parameters for the early detection of process failure, biogas plant operators may avoid economical losses by their preventive application.
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Konkol, Izabela, Jan Cebula, Jolanta Bohdziewicz, et al. "Mineral Deposit Formation in Gas Engines During Combustion of Biogas from Landfills and Municipal WWTP." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 27, no. 3 (2020): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2020-0022.
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AbstractThe biogas produced in municipal wastewater-treatment plants (WWTP) should be cleaned before it can be used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. Efficient running of such engines is possible only subject to using high quality biogas and lubricating oil. Otherwise, biogas impurities in course of complex chemical reactions may form deposits on various engine parts as well as seriously contaminate the lubricating oil. In this paper, mineral deposits containing high concentration of bismuth, silicon, sulphur, calcium and zinc are studied. Silicon deposits demonstrating strong friction properties are formed during combustion of volatile silica compounds. As these deposits build up, abrasion problems, ignition failure and even engine failure result. The bismuth containing deposits comes from bearings degradation, zinc and calcium were derived from the additives present in commercially available lubricating oil, while lead, aluminium, copper, nickel, iron and chromium were introduced by engine wear phenomena. The highest bismuth content was located at the engine cylinder heads and the lowest at the exhaust elements, whereas highest calcium content was registered on the pistons. Silicon containing deposits are highest in the exhaust and lowest at the engine head. Zinc deposits are highest at the piston.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biogas failure"
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Salm, Abdulbari Saleh Muftah. "Dynamic Simulation of disturbances in a typical biogas production plant." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.
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Biogas is the most emerging industrial sector for energy production from renewable sources at National and European level.
Biogas industry is rapidly developing and in the recent years, several major accidents related to its supply chain happened. These accidents pointed out the need to perform a detailed process safety analysis. Hazards and operability analysis (HazOp) is one of the most used and highly efficient technique, for the identification of potential problems, but the main limitation with this technique is a qualitative nature of the results.
Dynamice simulation as a powerful and versatile engineering tool has been adopted in process engineering and also for safety examination in chemical and biochemical process for decades, and it has created possibilities to eliminate or reduce the disadvantages and limitation of conventional process hazard analysis techniques, such as HazOp analysis.
The innovation brought by this study, regards mainly to override this limitation by supporting the HazOp analysis using dynamic simulator, by simulating the disturbances and operational failure in a typical biogas production plant, which would help the quantification of HazOp, and improvement of process safety and reliability.
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Yao, Yitong. "Impacts of drought on biomass and carbon fluxes in the Amazon rainforest : a modeling approach." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ010.
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Les sécheresses ont eu un impact récurrent sur les forêts tropicales amazoniennes, amenuisant la capacité de puits de carbone de la biomasse forestière. La plupart des modèles globaux de surface terrestre utilisés pour les évaluations du budget mondial du carbone et les projections climatiques futures, n'intègrent pas la mortalité des arbres induite par la sécheresse. Leurs prévisions de la dynamique de la biomasse sont donc sujettes à de grandes incertitudes. Les faiblesses des modèlesglobaux sont liés à : (1) l’absence de la représentation explicite du transport hydraulique; (2) le manque d'équations basées sur les processus à travers la description de la façon dont une altération du système de transport hydraulique des arbres conduit à la mortalité ; (3) le manque de représentation de la mortalité à travers les tailles des arbres. Tout d'abord, j'ai implémenté une architecture hydraulique mécaniste qui a été conçue par E. Joetzjer, et un module de mortalité des arbres que j'ai conçu dans l'ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA. Notre modèle a produit des taux annuels de mortalité des arbres comparables à ceux observés et a capturé la dynamique de la biomasse. Ce travail fournit une base pour des recherches ultérieures sur l'assimilationdes données d'observation expérimentales afin de paramétrer la mortalité des arbres induite par la défaillance hydraulique.Deuxièmement, j'ai appliqué ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA sur la forêt tropicale intacte de l'Amazonie. Le modèle a reproduit la sensibilité à la sécheresse de la croissance et de la mortalité de la biomasse aérienne (AGB) observée sur des réseaux de placettes d'inventaire forestier dans les forêts intactes d'Amazonie pour les deux récentes méga-sécheresses de 2005 et 2010. Dans le modèle, même si le changement climatique, avec des sécheresses devenant plus sévères, a eu tendance à intensifier la mortalité des arbres, l'augmentation de la concentration de CO2 a contribué à atténuer la perte de carbone due à la mortalité en supprimant la transpiration. Enfin, j'ai utilisé le modèle ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA afin de simuler le futur du stockage ducarbone dans la biomasse en Amazonie. La plupart des modèles climatiques (ISIMIP-2) projettent néanmoins de manière cohérente une tendance plus sèche dans le nord-est de l'Amazonie. La simulation forcée par le modèle climatique HadGEM dans le scénario RCP8.5 montre un assèchement plus prononcé dans l'est et le nord-est de l'Amazonie, avec un point d'intersection où le puits de carbone se transforme en source de carbone dans le bouclier guyanais et le centre-est de l'Amazonie, au milieu du 21e siècle. Cette étude permet de prédire l'évolution future de la dynamique de la biomasse de la forêtamazonienne avec un modèle amélioré basé sur les processus, capable de reproduire la mortalité induitepar le changement climatique. Dans les sections conclusion et perspectives, des développements futurs et des priorités de recherche sont proposés, qui amélioreraient la fiabilité et les performances du modèle basé sur les processus présentés dans cette thèse, permettant de mieux capturer les mécanismes qui contrôlent l'évolution de la dynamique de la biomasse forestière face à des risques de sécheresse plus fréquents<br>Droughts have recurrently impacted the Amazon rainforests, undermining the forest biomass carbon sink capacity due to a quicker increase of biomass mortality compared to growth. Most global land surface models used for assessments of the Global Carbon Budget and future climate projections have not incorporated drought-induced tree mortality. Their prediction of biomass dynamics are therefore subject to large uncertainties, as a result of (1) lack of explicit simulation of hydraulic transportin the continuum from soil to leaves; (2) lack of process-based equations connecting the impairment of the hydraulic transport system of trees to mortality; (3) lack of representation of mortality across trees sizes. To address these critical research gaps, I improved plant hydraulic representation in ORCHIDEECAN. This model was re-calibrated and evaluated over rainforests in Amazon basin, and applied to simulate the future evolution of biomass dynamics facing droughts. Firstly, I implemented a mechanistic hydraulic architecture that was designed by E. Joetzjer, and a hydraulic-failure related tree mortality module that I designed into ORCHIDEE-CAN. The model was calibrated against the world’s longest running drought manipulation experiment of Caxiuana in the eastern Amazon. Our model produced comparable annual tree mortality rates than the observation andcaptured biomass dynamics. This work provides a basis for further research in assimilating experimental observation data to parameterize the hydraulic failure induced tree mortality. Secondly, I applied ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA over the Amazon intact rainforest. The model reproduced the drought sensitivity of aboveground biomass (AGB) growth and mortality observed atnetworks of forest inventory plots across Amazon intact forests for the two recent mega-droughts of 2005 and 2010. We predicted a more negative sensitivity of the net biomass carbon sink to water deficits for the recent 2015/16 El Nino, which was the most severe drought in the historical record. In the model, even if climate change with droughts becoming more severe tended to intensify tree mortality, increased CO2 concentration contributed to attenuate the C loss due to mortality by suppressing transpiration.Lastly, I used the ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA model for future simulations of biomass carbondynamics. Most climate models (ISIMIP2 program) consistently predict a drier trend in northeastern Amazon. The simulation forced by the HadGEM climate model in the RCP8.5 scenario shows the most pronounced drying in eastern and northeastern Amazon, with a cross-over point at which the carbon sink turned to a carbon source in the Guiana Shield and East-central Amazon in the middle of the 21st century. This study sheds light on predicting the future evolution of Amazon rainforest biomass dynamics with an improved process-based model able to reproduce climate-change induced mortality.In the conclusion and outlook sections, future developments and research priorities are proposed, which would improve the reliability and performances of the process-based model presented in this dissertation, allowing to better capture mechanisms that control the evolution of forest biomass dynamics in the face of more frequent drought risks
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Hanson, Brian L. "The Spatial Relationship Between Septic System Failure and Environmental Factors in Washington Township, Marion County, Indiana." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/19510.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>Underground septic systems thrive or fail based on the relationship with their local environment. This paper explores ways environmental variables such as soil type, tree roots, degree of slope, and impervious surfaces affect on-site wastewater treatment systems. It also discusses the effects each of these variables may have on a septic system, and the resulting impact a compromised system may have on the surrounding environment. This research focuses on an approximately 20 square mile area of central Washington Township in Marion County, Indiana. This area of central Indiana contains a large septic system owning population in a sampling of different environments such as wooded areas, hilly areas, and a variety of different soil types.
Book chapters on the topic "Biogas failure"
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Hamad, M. A., A. M. Abdel Dayem, and M. M. El-Halwagi. "Design Parameters Affecting Success and Failure of Biogas Systems." In Biogas Technology, Transfer and Diffusion. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4313-1_29.
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Sandström, Christian, and Carl Alm. "Directionality in Innovation Policy and the Ongoing Failure of Green Deals: Evidence from Biogas, Bio-ethanol, and Fossil-Free Steel." In International Studies in Entrepreneurship. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94273-1_14.
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AbstractEnvironmental policy is no longer only about imposing regulations on industry. It is increasingly regarded as industrial policy. Both the European Union and national governments are taking more active roles in initiating green deals and various technologies aiming at sustainable development. In this chapter, we describe and discuss some recent experiences of green innovation policies. Historical examples concerning efforts in both biogas and ethanol are combined with a more contemporary description of fossil-free steel, i.e., steel made using hydrogen instead of coal. We argue that the presence of large public funds from different funding bodies such as the European Union, various government agencies, and municipalities has distorted incentives, making it rational for firms to pursue technologies without long-term potential. The result has been an absence of sustainable development, mounting debt, and financial problems for the actors involved. We explain these results and draw policy conclusions concerning the risks related to green deals. Relatedly, we argue that the European Union’s current efforts in hydrogen gas face similar challenges.
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Braga, João Carlos. "Empowered by failure – vicissitudes of Transformations." In Bion's Legacy in São Paulo. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003171584-12.
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Wagner, Rosemarie, and Kai Heinlein. "Membrane Covers for Biogas Storage Tanks." In Biogas in the 21st Century [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1008377.
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Membrane covers consist of foils and coated fabrics for the storage of biogas. These are mounted above pre-fermentation tanks, fermenters, and secondary fermentation tanks. The covers are used via digestate storage to prevent the spread of fermentation odour into the environment. They are economical, which can be installed in a short time and react more flexibly when producing, storing, and extracting biogas. The covers have been in use for about 30 years, but a lack of experience in planning, manufacturing, mounting and operation has led to premature failure over the last few years. Own investigations of damage and studies on the interaction of external influences and biogas state on a test tank will be presented with the intention of reducing and avoiding defects and damage to the membrane covers over a reasonable service life. Depending on the design, different polymer materials are used. The properties have to meet the requirements of the environment, the aggressive climate in the tanks and the operation. Knowledge of the interaction between environmental influences and operating conditions reduces defects and damage. This is presented on a test tank on the basis of measured quantities, as examples of critical situations. The tank was equipped with the typical devices used in biogas tanks, measuring devices, wind station and PC with enough capacity to store the measured data.
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Ferreira, Ana F., Rosario Rodero Raya, and Raúl Muñoz. "The experiences of success and failure in the pilot and real-scale photosynthetic biogas production." In 3rd Generation Biofuels. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-90971-6.00004-8.
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Tawfik, Ahmed, and Vinay Kumar Tyagi. "Anaerobic treatment of landfill leachate." In Landfill Leachate Management. IWA Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789063318_0037.
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Anaerobic technologies are the most suitable treatment processes of the landfill leachate, and offer advantages, that is, application of high organic loading rates (OLRs), low operational costs, and biogas productivity. However, the efficiency of anaerobic reactors are highly dependent on the temperature, OLR, ammonia loading rate, sludge loading rate, and reactors configurations. Those factors affect the microbial activities, hydrolysis of leachate and enzyme activities. Moreover, the anaerobic reactors are subjected to biomass washout that impairs the efficiency of the technology. Therefore, intentional sludge discharge is necessary to control the food-to-substrate ratio that highly affects the performance of anaerobic process. The removal of organics is quite high (&gt;90% of BOD) from the leachate by anaerobic digesters where low requirement dose of phosphorous are needed for anaerobes growing, low excess sludge productivity, low energy consumption, and usage. Moreover, the technology produces hydrogen and methane from leachate. Nevertheless, the presence of high concentrations of ammonia in the leachate could highly inhibit the anaerobes and leads to process failure. Therefore, two-stage anaerobic reactors are recommended at low OLR to achieve a good effluent quality complying for discharge and/or reuse.
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Kumar, Prashant, and Sunil Kumar Verma. "Entrepreneurial Opportunities In Bioenergy." In Biomass and Bioenergy Solutions for Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainability. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5269-1.ch003.
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Entrepreneurism is vital as entrepreneurs push technological change and innovation, consequently generating economic growth. Bio-energy entrepreneurism is the focal point of this chapter, along with entrepreneurial motivations, opportunities, and market drivers. Market drivers include government policies, trends in energy use, and progression of the energy sector into more renewables. Several factors influence entrepreneurs, which involves several factors ranging from the environment to economics, pioneering spirit, and social factors. With the help of entrepreneurial motivations and market drivers, individuals can easily visualize and plan all the bio-energy sector opportunities. Bio-energy entrepreneurs moderate the market of transformation of biomass to energy. The bio-energy field is filled with stories of failures, successes, and everything in between. There is a marginal difference between a failure story and a success story in the modern bio-energy sector, which narrow down to timing.
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Colbach, Nathalie. "Modelling the effects of cropping systems on weed dynamics: the trade-off between process analysis and decision support." In Advances in integrated weed management. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0098.07.
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Models are essential to synthesize knowledge on weeds and to design integrated weed-management strategies. These models must rank cropping systems as a function of weed infestation, and account for variability in effects to estimate probabilities of success or failure. Three case studies are presented: (1) an empirical static single-equation model that directly relates weed biomass to crop management, with few inputs and parameters, (2) a matrix-based multiannual model predicting a few key weed stages annually, from weed control options and a few parameters, (3) a mechanistic process-based multiannual model predicting detailed soil, crop and weed state variables daily, with an individual-based 3D canopy representation, requiring hundreds of inputs and parameters. The chapter concludes that models using a mechanistic representation of the cropping-system ´ environment interactions are best for quantifying effects and their variability, combined with a subsequent transformation with in silico experiments into empirical models of key cropping-system components.
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Nabipour Afrouzi, Hadi, Yuhani Pamodha Wimalaratna, Jubaer Ahmed, et al. "A Comprehensive Review on Available/Existing Renewable Energy Systems in Malaysia and Comparison of Their Capability of Electricity Generation in Malaysia." In Entropy and Exergy in Renewable Energy. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96586.
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Malaysia is one of the fastest emerging and developing countries in the world. To drive the economical workhorse, large amounts of power is required. The power demand has risen to 156,003 GWh per year in the year 2016, almost 30,000 GWh more than 5 years prior. Fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal, oil, and diesel have been the driving force powering Malaysia’s grids. However, these resources will not last forever, and they do harm to our environment. To counter this, renewable energy (RE) projects have been constructed all around Malaysia. This paper discusses on available and existing renewable energy systems (single/hybrid) in Malaysia and provides a comparison of their electricity generation capabilities. The renewable energy sources that are covered in this paper include Solar, Hydropower, Biomass, Tidal and Geothermal. At the moment, hydropower is the largest renewable energy producer, contributing to almost 15% of the country’s total energy generation. A lot of resources have been channeled towards the initiative of hydropower and it has definitely borne much fruit. This is followed by Solar Energy. Even though it is not as successful as hydropower, there is still a lot of avenues for it to grow in a tropical country like this. Malaysia is still relatively new in terms of power generation using biomass sources. There has been a gradual increase in the power generation using biofuels through the years and its future does look bright. Energy generation from wind, tidal, and geothermal sources has been rather challenging. Because of Malaysia’s geographical location, it experiences slow winds on average throughout the year. This has led to insufficient output for its financial input. Besides that, Malaysia also has relatively low tide, if compared to other Asian countries such as Indonesia and the Philippines. This contributed to the failure of tidal energy in Malaysia, but there have been signs of locations that can be suitable for this energy generation. Besides that, the country’s first geothermal power plant project failed due to a lack of preparation and discipline during the project’s execution. There is a high initial cost for geothermal projects, and the chances of failure are high if the necessary precautions are not followed. This could be one of the reasons why this branch of renewable energy has not been explored deeply.
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Brill, Sara. "The Commodification of Life." In Aristotle on the Concept of Shared Life. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198839583.003.0006.
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This chapter traces the connection between Aristotle’s conception of property, his insistence on private ownership, and his eugenics legislation. For Aristotle, the ownership of property arises from a natal scene: the first “possession” is the sustenance one receives upon birth, which Aristotle explicitly casts not as a product of maternal labor but as a gift of nature. In so doing, the chapter argues, he both sets the stage for a hierarchy of life justified by appeal to the “natural” and sows the seeds for the very commodification of life that he will elsewhere diagnose as a function of the moral failure to discern how to live well and the evils of interest. This is especially clear in his account of the natural slave, a being whose bios has its end not in its own living but in the living of another.
Conference papers on the topic "Biogas failure"
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Feser, Ralf, Alexander Krebs, and Dirk Wagner. "Corrosion Failures in Biogas Plants." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-05878.
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Abstract Corrosion in biogas power plants can influence the economic success of these energy production processes. The corrosion processes in biogas power plants have been investigated by various techniques. The influence of different feed materials has been studied. Long term exposure tests were conducted to determine the corrosion resistance of two different stainless steels and galvanized steel. Scanning electron microscopy and metallographic cross sections show the differences in the corrosion behavior of the materials studied. Electrochemical measurements have also been performed. The results, which show the kinetics of the different materials, will be discussed. Recommendations for the safe use of the materials in biogas power plants, will be given.
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Al-Shammari, Hamed, A/Rahman Al-Ghamdi, Ravi Shankar Siriki, and Tariq Al-Kamshad. "Biocide Injection to Eliminate the Risk of Bacterial Growth and Corrosion Failure in Non Internal Coated Pressure Safety Valve from an Eocene Sub Centre at Partitioned Zone (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait). – a Case Study." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07117.
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Abstract Considering the existence of mixed-mode failure, in which one mechanism or mode of failure is predominant by microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) failures which cause leaks in process equipment and pipelines particularly in the oil and gas industry and prevention of microbiological corrosion will avoid costly replacement of equipments and thus avoid leaks of gases and discharges of oil. Such failures can have catastrophic results in fire, loss of life and reduction in production with consequential impact upon the economics of the operation. The case study demonstrates different approaches towards what went wrong and why pressure safety valve (PSV) was susceptible to MIC growth. The Eocene Sub Centre-1 Shipping Pump discharge header connected pressure safety valve (01PSV172) was reported leaking from the body and Production Operation Division (POD) requested Asset Integrity Division (AID) to conduct Root Cause Analysis with recommendation. The PSV was found leaking through a perforation on the valve body caused by an internal corrosion found in discharge side of PSV. The principal stage of failure analysis, water sample collected from the internal valve to determine the severity of the condition and whether microorganisms have influenced. The Collected samples indicated that the stability of the water determined to large extent the relative amount of biomass which contributed to MIC Growth.
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Charlton, Robert S. "Threaded Fasteners: Part 1 - Failure Modes and Design Criteria of Connections." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11164.
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Abstract Although fasteners are low cost items, when fastener failures occur they can have a severe impact on the economics of plant operations. It is increasingly important to deal effectively with materials and corrosion problems even for low cost items such as threaded fasteners because of changes due to: equipment upgrades; higher capital costs; water recycling; and, more aggressive process conditions. This paper relates primarily to the use of stainless steel and specialty alloy threaded fasteners in pulp, paper, biomass conversion and other industrial facilities, but references to carbon steel and low alloy steel threaded fasteners are also included since these materials are used extensively throughout the industries. This paper discusses threaded fastener failure modes, design criteria of connections, specifications, standards and identification markings. The term threaded fasteners is used in this paper to indicate all forms of fasteners including bolts, studs, socket head cap screws, nuts, washers, etc.
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Charlton, Robert S. "Threaded Fasteners: Part 2 – Fundamentals of Threaded Fasteners, Friction and Lubrication Effects, Installation Methods, Guidelines and Corrosion Upgrading." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01325.
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Abstract Although fasteners are low cost items, when fastener failures occur they can have a severe impact on the economics of plant operations. It is increasingly important to deal effectively with materials and corrosion problems even for low cost items such as threaded fasteners because of changes due to: equipment upgrades; higher capital costs; water recycling; and, more aggressive process conditions. This paper relates primarily to the use of stainless steel and specialty alloy threaded fasteners in pulp, paper, biomass conversion and other industrial facilities, but references to carbon steel and low alloy steel threaded fasteners are also included since these materials are used extensively throughout the industries. Part 1 of two papers on threaded fasteners was presented during CORRROSION 2011.1 The first paper discussed threaded fastener failure modes, design criteria of connections, specifications, standards and identification markings. This paper, which is Part 2, discusses fundamentals of screw threads, galling and seizing, friction and lubrication effects, installation methods, guidelines for use and corrosion upgrading of threaded fasteners. The term threaded fasteners is used in the paper to indicate all forms of fasteners including bolts, studs, screws, cap screws, nuts and washers.
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Keller-Schultz, Carrie M., Renato De Paula, and Vic Keasler. "Development of a Novel Biocide for Enhanced Biofilm Control." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07726.
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Abstract Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a significant challenge in the oilfield that results in substantial cost for the operator in downtime, pipe and equipment replacement, and safety hazards associated with failures. Although biocide treatments are usually performed to minimize the risk of MIC, this is often challenging to control a microbial population present as a biofilm. To this end, a novel biocide has been developed to provide enhanced microbial kill within a biofilm as well as biomass removal. The novel biocide was evaluated against biofilm populations grown in anaerobic conditions in bioreactors. The results indicated that the new chemistry provided superior results when compared to commonly used and best-in-class products. Enhanced microbial kill and removal of biomass was evidenced by Confocal laser Scanning Microscopy of biofilms grown on the surface of C1018 carbon steel coupons. Further, additional tests demonstrated that the novel product neither negatively impacts the oil and water interface nor causes corrosion in the metallurgy.
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Juzga, Giovanni A., Juan C. Diaz, Bibiana Ramirez, Yacqueline Jaimes, and Gustavo del Rio. "Strategy for the Control of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Water Injection Systems." In LatinCORR 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/lac23-20558.
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Extended Abstract Bacterial activity can have a profound bearing on the operation and integrity of a water injection system. The presence of harmful bacteria in such systems can lead to corrosion of equipment, group lines, and injection wells, as well as formation plugging, and as a result, decreased water injectivity. Formation plugging can occur due to bacterial biomass and the generation of corrosion products such as iron sulfide. A strategy for the control of microbiologically influenced corrosion was designed, which includes definition of the baseline, identification of critical areas and associated controls, monitoring and assurance activities. This strategy allowed reducing the concentration of bacteria to target values (less than 100 Bact/mL) and reducing failures due to corrosion.
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Liberatore, Antonio, and Michael Edwards. "Case Studies into the Performance and Benefits of Advanced Ceramic Coating Technologies for Corrosion, Erosion and Slagging Mitigation in Fossil Fuel Fired Power Generation Units." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01687.
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Abstract Tube material loss, leading to tube failure, due to corrosion and/or erosion is one of the leading causes of forced maintenance outages in the coal and biomass fueled power generation industry. In addition to increasing the required funds for operations and maintenance of the facilities, modifications made to the equipment for emissions reduction compliance have, in many cases, increased the rate of tube material loss. Accordingly, there has been demand for advancements in innovative and cost effective materials technology to mitigate the loss of tube material and thus reduce the frequency of unscheduled and non-routine maintenance events. The employment of High Temperature Ceramic Coating Technology in the power generation industry has proven to be an effective means of protecting the underlying boiler tube material from erosive and corrosive material losses and has afforded additional benefits related to increased heat transfer, increased efficiency, reduced air and flue flow energy consumption and reduced fuel consumption through the reduction of slag and deposits adhering to the coated heat transfer surfaces.
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Bennett, James P., Kyei-Sing Kwong, Hugh Thomas, Anna Nakano, and Jinichiro Nakano. "Microstructure and Corrosion of Phosphate Containing Cr2o3 Gasifier Refractories." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-05974.
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Abstract Gasification is an efficient, environmentally clean technology capable of processing a variety of abundant natural carbon sources or industry wastes/byproducts such as coal, petroleum coke, or biomass into CO and H2 (synthesis gas, or syngas) used in the production of electric power or chemicals. Gasification is considered an important option in future energy or chemical production because of its efficiency and because environmental pollutants such as SO3 and mercury are easily captured. However, the short service life of the Cr2O3 refractory used to protect the outer steel containment shell from coal slag attack and insulate it from the high temperature process is one of the factors limiting gasification technology. Post mortem analysis of spent Cr2O3 refractories has been conducted using XRD, ICP, and SEM to find failure mechanisms and to study the reaction between gasifier slags and refractories. An improved Cr2O3 refractory was developed through phosphate additions which performed successfully in gasifier field tests. The effect of phosphates has been characterized using SEM, and its mechanism in decreasing slag penetration will be discussed.
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O’Donoghue, Mike, and Vijay Datta. "Biofuels: Lining Systems for a Diverse Array of Sustainably Derived Feedstocks." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19061.
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Abstract In the world of renewable energy technologies that include biomass, geothermal, hydropower, solar and wind, biofuels afford mankind a hydrocarbon-to -carbohydrate energy transition route to “grow oil” and lower global energy dependence on fossil fuels. With a focus on the protective coatings industry, technical challenges and lessons learned are reviewed with respect to renewable feedstocks used to make biofuels. To achieve long-term corrosion protection in the vapor space and immersed zones of above ground storage tanks, the “attack molecules” of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the feedstocks are discussed in light of the “defense molecules” of single coat, or multi-coat, epoxy or vinyl ester linings. Modes of lining failures are outlined. The results of accelerated laboratory testing of epoxy and vinyl ester linings are presented. The ramifications of chemical composition, temperature, and water content of feedstocks on high performance lining performance is discussed. Functional specifications for judiciously selected linings are proposed for the biofuel industry for renewable feedstock storage, handling and shipment in both maintenance and new construction projects.
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de Rincón, Oladis T., Eleanor Morris, Matilde de Romero, and Samuel Andrade. "The Effect of “Pelo De Oso” (Garveia Franciscana) on Different Materials in Lake Maracaibo." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01479.
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Abstract Exotic marine organisms Garveia franciscana, called “pelo de oso” by the locals, were detected in Lake Maracaibo after the lake was opened to the sea in 1959. These organisms adapt and maintain a favorable ecological growth in this environment. “Telo de oso” constitutes one of the three components of the metal/biota/solution system that interact in Lake Maracaibo, producing biofouling and promoving microbiological corrosion. The latter generate great economic problems, maily: water-pump failures, increase in cleaning frequency at inlet, decreasing efficiecy of deoxygenating towers, increase in facility-maintenance costs due to unscheduled shutdowns, and so on. The main objective of this study is to determine: a) The preference of “Telo de Oso” for metal or non-metal materials immersed in lake water and b) Electrochemical, Chemical and physical factors that might lead to an understanding of how to control “Telo de Oso” development and growth on equipment that uses lake water.
Reports on the topic "Biogas failure"
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Seginer, Ido, Louis D. Albright, and Robert W. Langhans. On-line Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Greenhouse Environmental Control. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575271.bard.
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Background Early detection and identification of faulty greenhouse operation is essential, if losses are to be minimized by taking immediate corrective actions. Automatic detection and identification would also free the greenhouse manager to tend to his other business. Original objectives The general objective was to develop a method, or methods, for the detection, identification and accommodation of faults in the greenhouse. More specific objectives were as follows: 1. Develop accurate systems models, which will enable the detection of small deviations from normal behavior (of sensors, control, structure and crop). 2. Using these models, develop algorithms for an early detection of deviations from the normal. 3. Develop identifying procedures for the most important faults. 4. Develop accommodation procedures while awaiting a repair. The Technion team focused on the shoot environment and the Cornell University team focused on the root environment. Achievements Models: Accurate models were developed for both shoot and root environment in the greenhouse, utilizing neural networks, sometimes combined with robust physical models (hybrid models). Suitable adaptation methods were also successfully developed. The accuracy was sufficient to allow detection of frequently occurring sensor and equipment faults from common measurements. A large data base, covering a wide range of weather conditions, is required for best results. This data base can be created from in-situ routine measurements. Detection and isolation: A robust detection and isolation (formerly referred to as 'identification') method has been developed, which is capable of separating the effect of faults from model inaccuracies and disturbance effects. Sensor and equipment faults: Good detection capabilities have been demonstrated for sensor and equipment failures in both the shoot and root environment. Water stress detection: An excitation method of the shoot environment has been developed, which successfully detected water stress, as soon as the transpiration rate dropped from its normal level. Due to unavailability of suitable monitoring equipment for the root environment, crop faults could not be detected from measurements in the root zone. Dust: The effect of screen clogging by dust has been quantified. Implications Sensor and equipment fault detection and isolation is at a stage where it could be introduced into well equipped and maintained commercial greenhouses on a trial basis. Detection of crop problems requires further work. Dr. Peleg was primarily responsible for developing and implementing the innovative data analysis tools. The cooperation was particularly enhanced by Dr. Peleg's three summer sabbaticals at the ARS, Northem Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, in Sidney, Montana. Switching from multi-band to hyperspectral remote sensing technology during the last 2 years of the project was advantageous by expanding the scope of detected plant growth attributes e.g. Yield, Leaf Nitrate, Biomass and Sugar Content of sugar beets. However, it disrupted the continuity of the project which was originally planned on a 2 year crop rotation cycle of sugar beets and multiple crops (com and wheat), as commonly planted in eastern Montana. Consequently, at the end of the second year we submitted a continuation BARD proposal which was turned down for funding. This severely hampered our ability to validate our findings as originally planned in a 4-year crop rotation cycle. Thankfully, BARD consented to our request for a one year extension of the project without additional funding. This enabled us to develop most of the methodology for implementing and running the hyperspectral remote sensing system and develop the new analytical tools for solving the non-repeatability problem and analyzing the huge hyperspectral image cube datasets. However, without validation of these tools over a ful14-year crop rotation cycle this project shall remain essentially unfinished. Should the findings of this report prompt the BARD management to encourage us to resubmit our continuation research proposal, we shall be happy to do so.