Academic literature on the topic 'Biogaz'

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Journal articles on the topic "Biogaz"

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Wieczorek, Agnieszka. "Analiza IR biogazu pochodzącego z przeróbki odpadów gorzelnianych." Nafta-Gaz 78, no. 8 (August 2022): 630–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2022.08.07.

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Technika spektrometrii w podczerwieni (IR) stosowana jest do identyfikacji substancji organicznych, polimerowych i w niektórych przypadkach materiałów nieorganicznych. Zgodnie z tezą, że era paliw kopalnych powoli zbliża się do końca, zaistniała konieczność szukania i testowania alternatywnych źródeł energii. Gaz ziemny zawierający metan stanowi źródło energii wytwarzające duże ilości gazów cieplarnianych. Magazynowanie i wytwarzanie energii z paliw takich jak biogaz stanowi jedno z wielu innowacyjnych podejść podczas produkcji w zamkniętych, neutralnych pod względem CO2 obiegach (biogazownie). Technologie służące do wytwarzania biogazu i wykorzystujące biogaz kwalifikują się do otrzymania dofinansowania wspierającego rozwój OZE. Biogaz jest uważany za odnawialne źródło energii, obieg węgla w cyklu produkcji jego surowców i zużycia jest zamknięty i nie wiąże się z emisją netto dwutlenku węgla. Spektrometry IR pracujące zarówno w zakresie średniej, jak i bliskiej podczerwieni dają możliwości analizy chemicznej i materiałowej z dużą czułością i dokładnością, przez co mogą być szeroko stosowane w monitorowaniu środowiska lub do kontrolowania prowadzonych procesów technologicznych. W artykule opisano analizę próbek biogazu za pomocą spektrometrii w podczerwieni z transformacją Fouriera z zastosowaniem kuwety gazowej o regulowanej drodze optycznej. Badane próbki pochodzą z przerobu odpadów gorzelnianych. Przedstawiono analizę próbek gazów wzorcowych będących głównymi składnikami biogazu oraz dokonano porównania otrzymanych widm IR z widmami rzeczywistych próbek biogazu. Podjęto próbę określenia możliwości użycia tej techniki do wykrywania zanieczyszczeń, takich jak obecność gazowego amoniaku. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły możliwości analityczne badania głównych składników biogazu. Zawartość substancji będących zanieczyszczeniami biogazu może okazać się za niska do ich oznaczenia w przypadku ich śladowych ilości, wtedy spektrometria IR może okazać się niewystarczająca m.in. do oceny skuteczności prowadzonych procesów oczyszczania biogazu, dlatego należy ją stosować w połączeniu z analizą GC.
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Holewa-Rataj, Jadwiga, and Ewa Kukulska-Zając. "Biogaz rolniczy w Polsce – produkcja i możliwości wykorzystania." Nafta-Gaz 78, no. 12 (December 2022): 872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2022.12.03.

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Biogaz stanowi alternatywę energetyczną dla konwencjonalnych paliw gazowych. Wzrost produkcji tego gazu oraz zwiększenie wykorzystania potencjału sektora biogazowego w Polsce może mieć znaczący wkład w zwiększenie bezpieczeństwa energetycznego kraju poprzez dywersyfikację źródeł energii. W niniejszym artykule skoncentrowano się wyłącznie na biogazie rolniczym i przedstawiono najnowsze dane dotyczące m.in. liczby biogazowni rolniczych oraz rocznej wydajności instalacji do wytwarzania tego gazu. Warto zauważyć, że liczba biogazowni rolniczych w Polsce systematycznie wzrasta. Na początku roku 2021 było ich 116, na koniec 2021 roku w rejestrze wytwórców biogazu rolniczego KOWR wpisanych było już 128 instalacji biogazowych, natomiast aktualna na koniec 2022 roku liczba biogazowni rolniczych wynosi 141. Wzrost liczby instalacji biogazowych pociąga za sobą wzrost możliwości produkcji tego gazu. Instalacje zarejestrowane na koniec 2021 roku pozwalały na wytworzenie ponad 513 mln m3 biogazu rolniczego rocznie. Obecnie sumaryczna roczna wydajność instalacji biogazowych pozwala na wytworzenie ponad 569 mln m3 biogazu rolniczego. Wszystkie zarejestrowane w Polsce biogazownie rolnicze wykorzystują produkowany biogaz do wytwarzania ciepła i energii elektrycznej w skojarzeniu. Sumaryczna moc zainstalowana elektryczna wszystkich biogazowni rolniczych na koniec 2022 roku wynosi 139,5 MWe. W artykule przedstawiono również wyniki analiz w zakresie stosowanych w Polsce substratów do produkcji biogazu rolniczego oraz metod jego oczyszczania, a także wpływu użytej metody oczyszczania na jakość, parametry fizykochemiczne oraz możliwość wykorzystania powstającego gazu. Do produkcji biogazu rolniczego w większości stosowana jest biomasa roślinna w połączeniu z inną biomasą oraz ewentualnie kiszonka. Wykorzystywane w biogazowniach rolniczych procesy oczyszczania biogazu to przede wszystkim odsiarczanie i osuszanie. Przeprowadzone badania pokazały również, że parametry energetyczne biogazów rolniczych pochodzących z różnych biogazowni charakteryzują się niewielkim zróżnicowaniem, co jest istotne ze względu na fakt, że stabilność parametrów energetycznych biogazu stanowi ważny czynnik wpływający na możliwość jego efektywnego wykorzystania.
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Wardal, Witold Jan. "Prawne i praktyczne aspekty wytwarzania i uzdatniania biogazu rolniczego." Mehanization and electrification of agricultural, no. 10(109) (2019): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37204/0131-2189-2019-10-18.

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W pracy przedstawiono prawne i praktyczne aspekty wytwarzania i uzdatniania biogazu rolniczego wg stanu aktualizacji na czerwiec 2019 r. Dokonano zestawienia głównych pojęć użytych w artykule. Zaprezentowano wystandaryzowaną metodę obliczania ilości energii elektrycznej lub ciepła wytworzonych z odnawialnych źródeł. Ponadto zamieszczono zestawienie kilku najczęściej stosowanych metod uzdatniania biogazu do kogeneracji. Jako nowa technologia odsiarczania, odsiarczanie biologiczne przyciąga coraz większą uwagę ze względu na zalety niskiego zużycia energii i usuwania dwóch rodzajów zanieczyszczeń z biogazu: CO2 i H2S. Słowa kluczowe: biogaz, kogeneracja, biomasa, oczyszczanie biogazu.
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Igoud, Sadek, Insaf Tou, Salim Kehal, Noura Mansouri, and Abdelkader Touzi. "Première Approche de la Caractérisation du Biogaz Produit à Partir des Déjections Bovines." Journal of Renewable Energies 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2002): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54966/jreen.v5i2.891.

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La production du biogaz est une technique largement répandue dans le monde. Très riche en biométhane, ce gaz permet l’approvisionnement énergétique renouvelable notamment des zones agricoles et rurales où la biomasse organique est abondante. Dans ce contexte, la Division Biomasse prospecte la filière de la production du biogaz à partir des déchets organiques qui reste une source énergétique non exploitée en Algérie. L’article proposé présente une première approche de cette prospection qui consiste en l’installation d’un digesteur expérimental d’une capacité de 800 litres. Son utilisation pour une première biométhanisation mésophile a permis de produire 26,898 m3 de biogaz à partir de 440 Kilogrammes de bouses de vaches durant 77 jours. La composition moyenne du biogaz est de 61% de méthane et de 35,65% de gaz carbonique.
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Faye, Omar Kata, Lat Grand Ndiaye, and Bassirou Sarr. "Étude comparative de la digestion anaérobie entre pulpes de la pomme de cajou, bouse de vache et leur codigestion." Journal de Physique de la SOAPHYS 2, no. 1b (March 5, 2021): C20A05–1—C20A05–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46411/jpsoaphys.2020.01.05.

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La digestion anaérobie est un processus naturel biologique de dégradation de la matière organique en absence d’oxygène, pour la production du biogaz. L’étude réalisée porte sur la valorisation des déchets organiques dans la région de la Casamance. Elle consiste à évaluer la production de biogaz par les pulpes de la pomme de cajou (PPC), comparée à celle de la production par la bouse de vache (BV) et celle de la codigestion de ces deux substrats. Trois dispositifs expérimentaux ont été conçus d’une part, pour la détermination de la composition du biogaz et d’autre part, neuf dispositifs expérimentaux basés sur la méthode du déplacement du liquide ont été mis en oeuvre pour la détermination du volume de biogaz. Les essais ont été triplet et les résultats basés sur la moyenne des mesures effectuées. Les expériences ont duré 40 jours dans un bain marie à 38 °C. Les résultats montrent un volume cumulé de 5 100 ml de biogaz avec un pourcentage en méthane de 62,95 % pour les (PPC) ; la (BV) présente un volume cumulé de biogaz de 3 256 ml, composé de 58,52 % de méthane et enfin la codigestion des substrats mélangés (50 % de pulpes de la pomme de cajou et 50% de bouse de vache), donne une production de 6 982 ml en volume cumulé contenant un pourcentage en méthane de 61,30 %. Ces résultats montrent l’importance de la codigestion sur l’amélioration des rendements de productions des substrats lors de la digestion anaérobie.
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Colonna, Paul. "Biomasse, biogaz et biocarburants." Revue Générale Nucléaire, no. 3 (May 2011): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rgn/20113058.

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Podkówka, Zbigniew. "Biogaz rolniczy w Polsce." GAZ, WODA I TECHNIKA SANITARNA 1, no. 8 (August 5, 2016): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/17.2016.8.2.

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Puczel, Bronisław, Wojciech Szymoniak, Jolanta Puczel, and Piotr Ponichtera. "Porównanie wpływu uwarunkowań przyrodniczych w uprawie kukurydzy na biogaz w latach 2022-2023." Scientific Journals of the International Academy of Applied Sciences in Lomza 94, no. 2 (December 18, 2024): 133–43. https://doi.org/10.58246/hkvchj14.

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Badania przeprowadzono w gospodarstwie rolnym. Badania dotyczyły porównania wpływu uwarunkowań przyrodniczych w uprawie kukurydzy na biogaz w latach 2022-2023. Warunki glebowe, dobór odmiany oraz poprawna agrotechnika w ograniczony sposób kompensuje niekorzystne warunki pogodowe, co również stwierdzono w przypadku badań własnych. Opłacalność produkcji kukurydzy na biogaz warunkowana jest w dużej mierze korzystnym przebiegiem warunków pogodowych.
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Douag-Tirichine, Nassima, Abdelhak Benkhelifa, and Khalida Bousdira. "Production de biogaz à partir des déjections bovines en milieu aride: cas du M’Zab (Algérie)." Journal of Renewable Energies 17, no. 3 (October 19, 2023): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54966/jreen.v17i3.455.

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L’objectif de ce travail expérimental est de valoriser les déchets issus de l’élevage bovin, en utilisant les bouses de vaches comme substrat pour la production de biogaz qui peut être directement exploitable pour un usage domestique dans une région enclavée et aride de l’Algérie le M’Zab. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé un système constitué d’une enceinte fermée de 800 litres: c’est le digesteur, une cloche gazométrique de 600 litres pour le stockage du biogaz produit, et un chauffe-eau électrique de 75 litres pour le chauffage du digesteur. Les paramètres de la digestion anaérobie ont été suivis régulièrement. Le contrôle de la température est assuré par un thermostat mécanique et l’ajustement du pH est effectué par l’addition de l’eau de chaux afin de maintenir les valeurs du pH proches de la neutralité 7. Pour ce qui est de l’isolation thermique, le digesteur est recouvert avec de la laine de verre afin de maintenir une température stable et diminuer les écarts de température entre le jour et la nuit. L’épuration est faite par passage du biogaz à travers de la chaux, et le dosage du méthane est effectué par une méthode volumétrique. L’apparition du méthane dans le biogaz a été observée au bout du 5ème jour de fermentation avec une quantité de 40-45 %. Et le maximum a été atteint au 33ème jour de la méthanisation avec 89 % de CH4 dans le biogaz.
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Powałka, Małgorzata, Ewa Golisz, Anna Klepacka, and Jacek Skudlarski. "Aktualny stan sektora biogazu rolniczego w Polsce na tle krajów Unii Europejskiej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2013): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2013.13.3.51.

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Biogazownia rolnicza jest jednym ze sposobów pozyskania energii na bazie odnawialnych źródeł energii (OZE). Produkcja energii pochodząca z biogazu rolniczego umożliwia wypełnienie przez Polskę nałożonych Narodowych Celów Wskaźnikowych oraz postanowień Pakietu Klimatyczno-Energetycznego. Założenia te, zakładają wzrost udziału odnawialnych źródeł energii w finalnym zużyciu energii do 15%, a w rynku paliw transportowych do 2020 roku do 10%. Rynek biogazu w Polsce znajduje się w fazie wzrostu. Na tle Unii Europejskiej zajmujemy 14 miejsce, pomimo szerokiego zaplecza surowcowego do produkcji biogazu rolniczego. W kraju w 2013 r. funkcjonują 32 biogazownie rolnicze, o łącznej wydajności instalacji do produkcji biogazu 130,33 mln m3. W większości są to przedsiębiorstwa o zainstalowanej mocy elektrycznej powyżej 1 MWe.. Biogaz cieszy się silnym wsparciem krajów Unii Europejskiej, natomiast stan rozwoju technicznego istniejących biogazowni jest zróżnicowany. Największą produkcję biogazu odnotowują Niemcy, Włochy i Austria.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biogaz"

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Cebula, Jan. "Wybrane metody oczyszczania biogazu rolniczego i wysypiskowego." Praca habilitacyjna, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej, 2012. https://delibra.bg.polsl.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?showContent=true&id=20807.

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Wedraogo, Tarsida Nicolas. "Valorisation du biogaz par purification et par reformage." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0190/document.

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Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse et présentés dans ce document ont permis d'étudier plusieurs voies de valorisation pour le biogaz issu du procédé de digestion anaérobie. Deux procédés innovants ont été testés pour obtenir du bio-méthane. Le premier est l'absorption dans une émulsion, où certaines phases organiques permettent l'amélioration des conditions de transfert. L'octanol et le toluène se montrent efficaces pour l'absorption du dioxyde de carbone même si le coefficient de transfert de matière côté liquide ne présente pas de variation importante. Les expériences réalisées permettent de montrer que selon les conditions interfaciales du système, la phase dispersée peut se répandre sur les bulles de gaz et participer directement à l'absorption. Le second procédé testé est un dispositif micro-structuré d'absorption qui présente de très bonnes capacités de transfert. Le micro-mélangeur Caterpillar (IMM) s'avère être un absorbeur performant, montrant des coefficients volumiques de transfert de matière côté liquide allant jusqu'à 0,5 s-1. La seconde option est la production de gaz de synthèse par reformage direct du biogaz. Le procédé de reformage au CO2 du méthane permet de convertir deux gaz à effet de serre en produits intéressants pour l'industrie chimique. Un réacteur en forme de canal carré de 1 mm de côté a été développé pour tester la réaction. Les résultats ont montré qu'une conversion totale des réactifs pouvait être obtenue pour une température supérieure à 700°C et un débit volumique de réactifs inférieur ou égal à 45 mL/min
The present work is focused on biogas valorization. Two innovative processes were investigated in order to obtain bio-methane. The first one is CO2 absorption into an emulsion where some organic phases are responsible for an improvement of the mass transfer. Among the product tested, octanol and toluene proved to be efficient for carbon dioxide absorption even if the liquid side volumetric mass transfer coefficient did not show important variations. Experiments showed that according to the interfacial properties of the system, the dispersed phase can spread over the gas bubbles and be involved in the transfer directly. The second process considered is a micro-structured device displaying excellent mass transfer characteristics. Initially designed for the mixing of fluids, the IMM Caterpillar micro-mixer, proved to be an efficient absorption device with liquid side volumetric mass transfer coefficients up to 0.5 s-1The second option is the production of syngas by direct reforming of the biogas. The dry methane reforming was extensively studied during the past few years since it can convert two greenhouse gases into valuable products for the chemical industries. A 1 mm side square channel reactor was designed in order to investigate the reaction. Results showed that a total reactant conversion could be achieved with a minimum temperature of 700°C and a maximum volumetric flowrate of 45 mL/min. The influence of feed composition was also assessed: a stoichiometric ratio is ideal for the reaction
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Fontseré, Obis Marta. "Vers une nouvelle solution d'épuration de biogaz par des mâchefers d'incinération de déchets non dangereux : Développement et mise en œuvre d'un procédé d'adsorption d'H2S." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI038/document.

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Le biogaz est une source d’énergie renouvelable, dont le potentiel est insuffisamment valorisé à l’heure actuelle. Avant toute valorisation énergétique, des traitements épuratoires coûteux (e.g. adsorption par des charbons actifs imprégnés, CAI) sont nécessaires, limitant la rentabilité économique. Un intérêt vers le développement de procédés de traitement « bon marché » est mis en évidence au travers d’études, la plupart à l’échelle du laboratoire, basées sur l’utilisation de déchets/sous-produits. Nous avons ainsi réalisé une étude de faisabilité d’un procédé d’élimination d’H2S, composé très corrosif et toxique, par des Mâchefers d’Incinération de Déchets Non Dangereux (MIDND). Une unité pilote a été installée sur la plateforme de valorisation de biogaz d’une installation de stockage de déchets non dangereux. Des essais à petite échelle (500 g) ont permis le screening de 6 différents MIDND et l’identification des paramètres influents sur le traitement d’H2S. Le transfert d’échelle (10 kg), ainsi que des conditions opératoires optimisées, ont permis d’obtenir une capacité d’adsorption des MIDND supérieure à 200 gH2S/kgMS, proche de celle de certains adsorbants commerciaux. Ce travail expérimental a été complété par un questionnement scientifique sur les mécanismes de rétention d’H2S. Un panel de techniques analytiques a permis de caractériser la matrice (avant et après traitement), de réaliser les bilans de soufre et d’identifier sa spéciation. Le mécanisme proposé repose majoritairement sur l’oxydation catalytique d’H2S en soufre élémentaire dans un contexte physico-chimique adéquat (humidité, pH, porosité, présence d’O2 et de métaux). L’intérêt économique de la mise en œuvre industrielle du procédé de désulfuration avec des MIDND a été démontré, avec une réduction conséquente des coûts de traitement par rapport à l’utilisation de CAI. Ce travail montre également l’intérêt environnemental d’un tel procédé qui entre parfaitement dans le cadre de l’économie circulaire
Biogas is a renewable energy source, which potential is still under-evaluated. Before any energy production from biogas, costly purification treatments (e.g. adsorption by impregnated activated carbons, IAC) are necessary, limiting the economic profitability. An increasing interest in the development of "low-cost" treatments based on the use of waste/by-products is shown by several studies, most of all by tests at laboratory scale. Thus, a feasibility study of the use of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Bottom ash (BA) for the removal of H2S, a very corrosive and toxic compound in biogas, has been carried out in this thesis. An experimental pilot was installed on an energy recovery plant from biogas produced in a landfill (non-hazardous waste). Small-scale trials (500 g) allowed the screening of 6 different BAs and the identification of key parameters of the desulfurization. The transfer to a bigger scale reactor (10 kg), as well as the optimized operating conditions, enabled to obtain an adsorption capacity higher than 200 gH2S/kgdy BA, similar to that of some commercial adsorbents. The on-site experimental study has been completed by a scientific investigation on the mechanisms involved on the H2S retention by BA. Several analytical techniques were used to characterize the material before and after the biogas treatment, to carry out the sulfur mass balances and to identify its chemical speciation. The proposed mechanism relies predominantly on the catalytic oxidation of H2S to elemental sulfur, in an adequate physicochemical context (moisture, pH, porosity, O2 and metal oxides). The economic benefit of an industrial implementation of the desulfurization treatment with MIDND has been demonstrated. The operational costs are reduced compared to a treatment with IAC. The environmental value of such a treatment is also shown and fits perfectly into a circular economy framework
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Luneau, Mathilde. "Reformage autotherme de biogaz modèle sur des catalyseurs au nickel." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1129/document.

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L'hydrogène pourrait jouer un rôle prépondérant dans le domaine de l'énergie dans les années à venir. De nos jours, la production d'hydrogène provient majoritairement de ressources fossiles. En vue de l'impact néfaste de l'utilisation de ressources fossiles sur l'environnement, produire de l'hydrogène à partir de ressources renouvelables présente un grand intérêt. Dans cette étude, le reformage autotherme du biogaz, une source renouvelable de méthane, a été étudié sur des catalyseurs au nickel à 700°C et à pression atmosphérique. Cette étude porte sur un biogaz modèle composé à 60% de méthane et 40% de dioxyde de carbone mis en présence d'oxygène et de vapeur d'eau dans les proportions : 42% H2O, 14% CH4, 9% CO2, 7% O2 dilués dans l'argon. Dans un premier temps, un criblage de catalyseurs au nickel a été réalisé grâce à un montage composé de 6 réacteurs parallèles. L'outil a permis de montrer qu'un catalyseur bimétallique NiRh supporté sur un spinelle de magnésium était actif et très stable, montrant une conversion totale du méthane après 200h de réaction. L'équivalent de ce catalyseur sans Rh s'est désactivé après seulement 2h de réaction. Notre étude a démontré que cette désactivation était causée par la formation du spinelle de nickel, NiAl2O4. Cette formation est une conséquence des hautes températures présentes dans la zone de combustion qui induisent un désordre dans la structure cristalline du support et permettent, en présence de NiO, la diffusion de ions Ni2+ dans les lacunes du support. Enfin, une étude cinétique a été menée sur des catalyseurs structurés. Un modèle cinétique a été développé, permettant également de décrire le profil de désactivation causée par la perte de sites actifs
Hydrogen is expected to play an increasingly important role in the energy sector in the years to come. Nowadays, hydrogen is mainly produced from fossil fuels. The extensive use of fossil fuels is unsustainable and therefore, hydrogen production from renewable sources is of great interests. Autothermal reforming of biogas, a renewable source of methane, was studied over nickel catalysts at 700°C and at atmospheric pressure. This study focused on model biogas composed of 60% methane and 40% carbon dioxide, reacting with oxygen and steam respecting the composition: 42% H2O, 14% CH4, 9% CO2, 7% O2 diluted in argon. First and foremost, a screening of different catalyst compositions was carried out with a six parallel-flow reactor set-up. This high-throughput technology showed that a NiRh bimetallic catalyst supported on magnesium spinel was active and very stable, still fully converting methane after 200 hours of reaction. On the other hand, its noble-metal free equivalent deactivated after only 2 hours. Our study showed that deactivation was caused by the formation of nickel spinel NiAl2O4. Its formation is a consequence of the exothermicity of the combustion reaction taking place at the catalyst inlet. The high temperatures induce a disorder in the crystal structure of the support and, in presence of NiO, Ni2+ ions can then diffuse into the vacancies of the support. The inactive NiAl2O4 phase is formed. Finally, a kinetic study was performed on structured catalysts. A kinetic model was developed, which also allowed the description of the deactivation profile caused by the loss of active sites
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Mancini, Gabriele. "Different approaches to enhance the biogas production from the anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic materials." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1250/document.

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La production de biogaz par digestion anaérobie (DA) est une technologie renouvelable de longue date et un bioprocessus en croissance continue. Les matériaux lignocellulosiques (ML) présentent plusieurs caractéristiques qui les rendent particulièrement attrayants parmi les substrats couramment employés dans les bioréacteurs anaérobies. En particulier, les ML sous la forme de résidus agricoles ont été reconnus comme la matière première la plus appropriée pour la production de biométhane en raison de leur haute disponibilité, de leur faible coût, de leur durabilité et de leur absence de concurrence directe avec la production alimentaire. Cependant, leur récurrence à la conversion biologique entrave leur application pour la production à grande échelle de biogaz et nécessite une étape de prétraitement pour améliorer la dégradabilité microbienne. En plus des défis posés par la structure lignocellulosique, la fourniture de oligo-éléments (OE) a souvent été jugée insuffisante dans les digesteurs de biogaz. La croissance microbienne dépend de la disponibilité et de la quantité optimale de plusieurs OE spécifiques, constituants essentiels des cofacteurs dans les systèmes enzymatiques impliqués dans la biochimie de la formation de méthane. Différents prétraitements chimiques, à savoir le N-méthylmorpholine-N-oxyde (NMMO), le procédé organosolv et un prétraitement alcalin à l'aide de NaOH ont été étudiés pendant plusieurs expériences en lots pour améliorer les rendements de production de biogaz différents peau, coquille de fève de cacao et paille de blé). Les changements dans la cristallinité de la cellulose, la valeur de rétention d'eau et la composition chimique ont été évalués pour mieux évaluer l'effet des différents prétraitements étudiés sur la structure lignocellulosique. En outre, l'addition de différentes doses de Fe, Co, Ni et Se sur la DA de paille de riz a été étudiée, évaluant l'influence de l'origine de l'inoculum, ainsi que la performance et l'effet synergique de la combinaison d'un prétraitement alcalin avec addition de trace éléments avant la DA de paille de riz. La biodisponibilité des OE lors des tests de potentiel de biométhane par lots a également été évaluée en appliquant une technique d'extraction séquentielle. Les trois prétraitements étudiés étaient des méthodes efficaces pour améliorer la production de biométhane à partir des LM utilisées. Le rendement en biométhane de la DA de paille de riz a augmenté de 82 et 41% respectivement après le NMMO et le prétraitement organosolv. Comparé à la même expérience, le prétraitement NMMO, organosolv et NaOH a permis d'améliorer la DA de la paille de blé, ce qui affecte différemment la composition chimique de la LM brute. Le rendement cumulatif de production de biométhane de 274 mL de CH4/g VS obtenu avec la paille de blé non traitée a été augmenté de 11% par le prétraitement du NMMO et de 15% par le prétraitement organosolv et alcalin. Les coquilles de noisettes et de fèves de cacao, qui n'avaient jamais été étudiées auparavant comme substrats AD, présentaient un bon potentiel de production de biogaz, avec des rendements cumulatifs de biométhane respectivement de 223-261 et 199-231 mL CH4/g VS pour les charges non traitées. Cependant, les prétraitements à la fois de NMMO et d'organosolv n'ont pas conduit à une amélioration significative des rendements de production de biométhane de ces deux LM. La supplémentation des OE n'a eu qu'un effet mineur par rapport aux méthodes de prétraitement. L'ajout de Fe, Co, Ni et Se n'a pas entraîné d'amélioration significative de la DA de paille de riz, alors que l'utilisation du prétraitement de NaOH au cours de la même expérimentation a provoqué une augmentation considérable de la DA, augmentant la production de biogaz de 21%. L'effet négligeable observé après la supplémentation des OE sur la paille de riz pourrait être lié à sa structure lignocellulosique complexe qui nécessite une amélioration de l'hydrolyse qui est l'étape limitante
Biogas production via anaerobic digestion (AD) is a long-standing renewable technology and a continuously growing bioprocess worldwide. Lignocellulosic materials (LMs) present several features that make them especially attractive among the organic substrates commonly employed in anaerobic bioreactors. In particular, LMs under the form of agricultural residues have been acknowledged as the most suitable feedstock for biomethane production due to their high availability, low cost, sustainability and no direct competition with food and feed production. However, their recalcitrance to biological conversion hinders their application for full-scale production of biogas and requires a pretreatment step to improve the LM microbial degradability. In addition to the challenges posed by the lignocellulosic structure, the supply of trace elements (TEs) has often been found insufficient within biogas digesters. The microbial growth depends on the availability and optimal amount of several specific TEs, which are essential constituents of cofactors in enzyme systems involved in the biochemistry of methane formation. Different chemical pretreatments, namely the solvent N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO), the organosolv process, and an alkaline pretreatment using NaOH, were investigated during several batch experiments to enhance the biogas production yields from different LMs (i.e. rice straw, hazelnut skin, cocoa bean shell and wheat straw). Changes in the cellulose crystallinity, water retention value and chemical composition were assessed to better evaluate the effect of the different pretreatments studied on the lignocellulosic structure. Furthermore, the addition of different doses of Fe, Co, Ni and Se on the AD of rice straw was studied, evaluating the influence of the inoculum origin, as well as the performance and synergistic effect of combining an alkaline pretreatment with the addition of trace elements prior to the AD of rice straw. The bioavailability of TEs during batch biomethane potential tests was also evaluated applying a sequential extraction technique. The three pretreatments investigated were effective methods for enhancing the biomethane production from the employed LMs. The biomethane yield from the AD of rice straw increased by 82 and 41% after the NMMO and organosolv pretreatment, respectively. When compared within the same experiment, the NMMO, organosolv and NaOH pretreatment were able to improve the AD of wheat straw, differently affecting the chemical composition of the raw LM. The cumulative biomethane production yield of 274 mL CH4/g VS obtained with the untreated wheat straw was enhanced by 11% by the NMMO pretreatment and by 15% by both the organosolv and alkaline pretreatment. Hazelnut skin and cocoa bean shell, which were never investigated before as AD substrates, showed a good potential for biogas production, with cumulative biomethane yields of 223-261 and 199-231 mL CH4/g VS, respectively, for the untreated feedstocks. However, both NMMO and organosolv pretreatments did not lead to a significant enhancement of the biomethane production yields from these two LMs. The TE supplementation had only a minor effect compared to the pretreatment methods. The addition of Fe, Co, Ni and Se did not result in a significant improvement of the AD of rice straw, whereas the use of the NaOH pretreatment, during the same batch experiment, caused a considerable enhancement of the AD, increasing the biogas production yield by 21%. The negligible effect observed after TE supplementation on the AD of rice straw could be linked to its complex lignocellulosic structure, which requires an enhancement of the hydrolysis, which, rather than the methanogenesis, is the rate-limiting step
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Dupont, Nicolas. "Valorisation du biogaz de fermentation : combustion catalytique." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00816867.

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L'objectif de ce travail concerne l'étude de deux classes de catalyseurs, les oxydes mixtes (CuO/Al2O3, CuAl2O4, CuO-CuCr2O4, CuO-ZnO-Al2O3 dopés ou non par Ag et Mn) et les métaux nobles supportés (Pd/Al2O3 et Pt/Al2O3, Pd-Pt/Al2O3 dopés ou non par B) utilisés dans deux réactions différentes: la réaction d'oxydation à basse température de l'ammoniac en azote et la combustion catalytique à haute température du méthane pour la production d'énergie. Le biogaz, énergie renouvelable, est constitué majoritairement de méthane et de dioxyde de carbone. Il contient, entre autres, des traces d'ammoniac (NH3 < 1000 ppm) qu'il convient d'éliminer avant d'envisager son utilisation comme vecteur d'énergie. Nous avons synthétisé des systèmes catalytiques à base d'oxydes de cuivre par différentes méthodes. Ces catalyseurs existent sous différentes formes dont l'obtention dépend du mode de synthèse utilisé, de la teneur en cuivre et de la température de calcination. Ils présentent des propriétés physico-chimiques différentes ce qui affecte à la fois leur activité en oxydation de l'ammoniac et leur sélectivité en azote.Des catalyseurs mono et bimétalliques à base de palladium et de platine ont été déposés sur -Al2O3 puis stabilisés par un traitement à haute température en présence de vapeur d'eau. Ils ont été ensuite utilisés en combustion de CH4 (200-800°C).L'activité des catalyseurs utilisés en oxydation de NH3 ou en combustion de CH4 est affectée par l'empoisonnement par H2S. Toutefois l'importance de la désactivation de ces catalyseurs est fonction de la méthode de synthèse utilisée.
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Yuki, Junior Giberto. "Dynamic modeling of anaerobic digestion and its coupling with methanation reactors." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PAUU3041.

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Avec une part croissante de l'énergie produite à partir de sources renouvelables, de nouveaux défis émergent quant à la gestion de ce nouveau paradigme énergétique, où la production est fortement influencée par des conditions que les humains ne peuvent pas manipuler. Dans l'UE, les capacités éoliennes et solaires ont rapidement augmenté ces dernières années. La production d'énergie solaire atteint son pic pendant les journées ensoleillées et cesse la nuit, tandis que la production d'énergie éolienne fluctue avec la vitesse du vent. Cette variabilité de la production d'électricité devra être prise en compte dans le futur réseau énergétique, qui nécessitera de nouvelles solutions de stockage d'énergie et des stratégies de gestion du réseau.Dans ce scénario, le développement de plateformes multi-énergies sera nécessaire, car une source peut compenser ou stocker l'énergie produite par une autre. De plus, cela permettra d'explorer les synergies entre ces différents systèmes. L'intégration de la méthanation et de la digestion anaérobie, par exemple, représente une alternative pour convertir l'électricité renouvelable en gaz dans une approche power-to-gas. De plus, cela permet la valorisation énergétique du CO2 provenant du biogaz. Cependant, ces deux réacteurs sont opérationnellement différents en termes de temps caractéristique et de comportement thermique. Pour cette raison, les modèles mathématiques peuvent jouer un rôle précieux dans la définition de leur gestion adéquate.Dans ce contexte, un modèle pour un digesteur de biogaz a d'abord été développé. Ce modèle contient la cinétique d'une version modifiée du Anaerobic Digestion Model N°1 (ADM1), l'un des modèles les plus répandus dans ce domaine, ainsi qu'une description thermique avancée basée sur des corrélations empiriques pour les termes de transfert de chaleur. De plus, le stockage du biogaz dans un gazomètre à double membrane a également été inclus dans ce travail. Le modèle du digesteur a été validé à l'aide de données de la littérature pour des digesteurs à l'échelle de laboratoire et à grande échelle. Il a également été utilisé dans une étude de cas pour évaluer l'influence de la localisation géographique de l'usine de biogaz sur ses pertes de chaleur.Pour simuler une usine de biométhane entière, les unités de traitement composant les étapes de nettoyage et de valorisation du biogaz ont également été modélisées. L'intégration de ces modèles avec le digesteur a permis d'évaluer le fonctionnement de l'ensemble du système.De plus, un modèle existant de méthanation catalytique développé dans une thèse de doctorat précédente réalisée au LaTEP a également été inclus dans cet environnement de simulation. Cela a permis de simuler l'ensemble du système : usines de biométhane et de méthanation catalytique. Les simulations de cette plateforme multi-énergies ont montré que cette solution serait capable de stocker l'excès d'énergie du réseau, car le démarrage des réacteurs de méthanation pourrait être effectué en quelques minutes. En outre, il a été démontré que la production dans ces réacteurs serait affectée par les variations saisonnières des conditions météorologiques. Enfin, des perspectives sur la sécurité des procédés de ce système et des possibilités d'intégration thermique ont été discutées
With a growing share of energy being produced from renewable sources, new challenges emerge on how to deal with this new energy paradigm, where production is highly affected by conditions humans cannot manipulate. In the EU, wind and solar energy capacities have rapidly increased in recent years. Solar energy production peaks during sunny days and ceases at night, while wind energy generation fluctuates with wind speed. This variability in electricity production will have to be accounted for in the future energy grid, which will need new energy storage solutions and grid management strategies.In this scenario, the development of multi-energy platforms will be required, as one source can compensate for or store the energy produced by another. In addition, it will enable to explore synergies from these different systems. Integrating methanation and anaerobic digestion, for instance, represents an alternative to convert renewable electricity into gas in a power-to-gas approach. Moreover, it enables the energetic valorization of CO2 from biogas. However, these two reactors are operationally different in terms of their characteristic time and thermal behavior. For this reason, mathematical models can play a valuable role in defining their adequate management.In such context, at first, a model for a biogas digester was developed. This model contains the kinetics from a modified version of the Anaerobic Digestion N°1 (ADM1), one of the most widespread models in this domain, along with an advanced thermal description based on empirical correlations for the heat transfer terms. In addition, the biogas storage in an air-inflated double-membrane gasholder was also included in this work. The digester model was validated using literature data for both lab-scale and large-scale digesters. It was also used in a study case to evaluate the influence of geographical location of the biogas plant on its heat losses.To simulate an entire biomethane plant, the process units composing the biogas cleaning and upgrading stages were also modeled. Integrating these models with the digester allowed for the evaluation of the entire system's functioning.In addition, an existing model for catalytic methanation developed in a previous PhD thesis carried out in LaTEP was included in this simulation environment. This allowed simulating the whole system: biomethane and catalytic methanation plants. Simulations of this multi-energy platform showed that this solution would be able to store excess energy from the grid, as the start-up of the methanation reactors could started up within a few minutes. Besides, it was shown that the production in these reactors would be affected by seasonal variations in weather conditions. Finally, insights into the process safety of this system and potential opportunities for heat integration were discussed
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Moletta, Marina. "Caractérisation de la diversité microbienne aéroportée des biogaz." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20170.

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Zhang, Jin Bai. "Procédé de traitement anaérobie des boues et de valorisation du biogaz." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL106N/document.

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Ce travail vise à développer une approche originale à micro et à méso-échelle pour étudier divers phénomènes et intensifier les performances du réacteur. A méso-échelle, l'accent est mis sur l'efficacité de la production de biogaz dans un réacteur anaérobie 2D sous différentes conditions hydrodynamiques ainsi qu’à différentes concentrations de substrat. Puis, dans un dispositif microfluidique transparent, une seule granule de différentes tailles a été utilisée sous différentes conditions d'exploitation. Les effets des différentes conditions hydrodynamiques et des concentrations de substrat associés à la taille et la densité des granules de boues sur la production de biogaz ont été étudiés
The present work is focused on developing an original micro to mesoscale approach to investigate various phenomena and then to intensify the performance of a reactor. At mesoscale, the emphasis is given to the interactions between granular sludge particles as well as the biogas production efficiency in a 2D reactor under various hydrodynamic conditions at different concentrations of substrate. Then, within the microdevices, a single sludge particle of various sizes was used under different operating conditions such as superficial liquid velocity and concentration of substrate. The effect of different hydrodynamic conditions and concentration of substrate was studied
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Arunthanayothin, Suphaporn. "Study of the formation of pollutants, in particular NOx, during the combustion of biogas and bio-oils." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0246.

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En raison de la raréfaction des combustibles fossiles et des enjeux climatiques, les technologies neutres en CO2 doivent être basées principalement sur des sources d'énergie renouvelables et doivent se substituer progressivement aux combustibles fossiles. Le biogaz et les bio-huiles font partie des sources d'énergie renouvelables sur lesquelles se porte l'attention dans le monde entier en raison de leur utilisation directe avec peu de modifications puisque leurs propriétés sont proches de celles du gaz naturel et du pétrole. Afin d'utiliser les options technologiques les plus prometteuses, des efforts accrus au niveau de la recherche fondamentale et appliquée sont nécessaires. Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre la formation de polluants, en particulier les NOx lors de la combustion de biogaz et de bio-huiles à la fois par des études expérimentales et des simulations numériques. La chimie de combustion du biogaz et des bio-huiles en phase gazeuse est encore relativement méconnue. La constitution d'une base de données expérimentale comprenant l'identification des produits et intermédiaires formés permettra une meilleure compréhension des réactions chimiques mises en jeu. L'objectif sera ensuite de développer et de valider des modèles cinétiques détaillés capables de reproduire la combustion de composés modèles des biogaz et des bio-huiles. L'étude de l'oxydation et de la pyrolyse de ces composés modèles a été réalisée en utilisant à la fois un réacteur parfaitement agité et des réacteurs pistons sur une large gamme de températures (jusqu'à 2073 K). Différentes méthodes ont été mises en œuvre au cours de cette thèse afin d'analyser une large gamme de composés. Les méthodes d'analyse utilisées pour cette thèse sont la chromatographie en phase gazeuse (GC), la spectrométrie de masse en ligne (MS), l'analyse des NOx par chimiluminescence et la spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (FTIR). Les composés modèles étudiés lors de cette thèse sont NH3, NH3/CH4, NH3/H2, H2S, H2S/CH4 dans le cas du biogaz et le pyrrole, l’éthylène glycol et le propylène glycol dans le cas des bio huiles. Une étude complémentaire de la formation de NOx lors de l'oxydation de CH4 et de l'éthylène en présence d’air a été réalisée. Pour la plupart de ces réactifs, les résultats expérimentaux ont été utilisés pour développer et valider un modèle cinétique, en particulier en collaboration avec Politecnico di Milano pour les carburants azotés et soufrés. Ces modèles ont ensuite été utilisés pour étudier les voies de décomposition des espèces étudiées
Due to the depletion of fossil fuels and climate warnings, CO2 neutral technologies must be based primarily on renewable energy sources and must increasingly replace fossil fuels. Biogas and bio-oils are one of the renewable energy sources that are gaining attention globally due to their direct applicability without any modification, since their properties are similar to those of natural gas and petroleum. In order to use the most promising technology options, increased efforts in basic and applied research are needed. This thesis aims at obtaining a better understanding of the formation of pollutants, in particular NOx during biogas and biofuel combustion by means of both an experimental study and numerical simulations. The combustion chemistry of biogas and bio-oils in the gas phase is still relatively unknown. The establishment of an experimental database including the identification of the products and intermediates formed will allow a better understanding of the chemical reactions involved. The objective will then be to develop and validate detailed kinetic models able of reproducing the combustion of biogas and bio-oil surrogates. The study of fuel oxidation and pyrolysis was carried out using both a jet-stirred reactor and flow tube reactors over a wide range of temperature conditions (up to 2073 K). Different methods were implemented during this thesis in order to analyze the large number of intermediates. The analysis methods used for this thesis are Gas Chromatography (GC), Online-Mass Spectrometry (MS), NOx analyzer by chemiluminescence, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The thesis allowed the study the oxidation and pyrolysis of different fuels, from biogas surrogates (NH3, NH3/CH4, NH3/H2, H2S, H2S/CH4) to bio-oil surrogates (pyrrole, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol). The study of the formation of NOx during the oxidation of CH4 and ethylene in the presence of air was also investigated during my PhD. For most of these reactants, the experimental results were used to develop and validate a kinetic model, especially with Politecnico di Milano for nitrogen and sulfur containing fuels. These models were then used to study the decomposition pathways of the species studied
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Books on the topic "Biogaz"

1

Canada, Canada Environnement. Le biogaz: Le biogaz des lieux d'enfouissement sanitaire, autant en profiter. Ottawa, Ont: Environnement Canada, 1995.

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Ron, Isaacson, ed. Methane from community wastes. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1991.

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Zakharinov, Botʹo. Biomasa, biogaz, bioshlam v energetikata na antropogenni ekosistemi: Ekologichni biotekhnologii za proizvodstvo na biogaz i opolzotvori︠a︡vane na bioshlam. Sofii︠a︡: Nov bŭlgarski universitet, 2013.

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Sunil, Kumar. Biogas. Rijeka: Sciyo, 2012.

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Biogaz '87 (1987 Rīga, Latvia). Biogaz-87: Tezisy dokladov soveshchanii͡a︡ po tekhnicheskoĭ bioėnergetike. Riga: In-t mikrobiologii im. A. Kirkhenshteĭna AN LatvSSR, 1987.

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Keen, Alex R. Biogas cleanup technology and reuse as fuel. [New York, N.Y.]: Knovel, 2010.

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Québec (Province). Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement. Centrale de valorisation du biogaz au Centre de tri et d'élimination des déchets de la ville de Montréal: Rapport d'enquête et d'audience publique. Québec: Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement, 1994.

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Tabatabaei, Meisam, and Hossein Ghanavati, eds. Biogas. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77335-3.

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Deng, Liangwei, Yi Liu, and Wenguo Wang. Biogas Technology. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4940-3.

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Mudhoo, Ackmez, ed. Biogas Production. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118404089.

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Book chapters on the topic "Biogaz"

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Watter, Holger. "Biogas." In Regenerative Energiesysteme, 186–211. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8348-9950-7_8.

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Vankelecom, Ivo, and Muhammad Waqas Anjum. "Biogas." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1–3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_54-1.

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Watter, Holger, and Holger Watter. "Biogas." In Regenerative Energiesysteme, 231–60. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-23488-1_8.

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Ben, Marta, Christian Kennes, and María C. Veiga. "Biogas." In Air Pollution Prevention and Control, 319–43. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118523360.ch14.

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Watter, Holger. "Biogas." In Regenerative Energiesysteme, 196–222. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-01485-8_8.

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Métivier, Hélène, Hassen Benbelkacem, Vincent Chatain, Lucy Culleton, and Nathalie Dumont. "Biogas." In Handbook on Characterization of Biomass, Biowaste and Related By-products, 1085–112. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35020-8_10.

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Watter, Holger. "Biogas." In Regenerative Energiesysteme, 233–62. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35868-6_8.

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Osterhage, Wolfgang. "Biogas." In essentials, 29–32. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-10245-6_7.

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Watter, Holger. "Biogas." In Regenerative Energiesysteme, 227–56. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-09638-0_8.

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Strauß, Christoph, Armin Vetter, and A. Von Felde. "Biogas biogas Production biogas production and Energy Crops biogas energy crops." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 1097–145. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_313.

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Conference papers on the topic "Biogaz"

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Parameswara, Made Arbi, and Rila Mandala. "BIOGAN-BERT: BioGPT-2 Fine Tuned and GAN-BERT for Extracting Drug Interaction Based on Biomedical Texts." In 2024 11th International Conference on Advanced Informatics: Concept, Theory and Application (ICAICTA), 1–6. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icaicta63815.2024.10762980.

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S, Premalatha, B. Rajapandian, Swathi K, Ahisri M, Rajeswari N, and K. R. Rupashri. "Biogas Monitoring System." In 2024 International Conference on Power, Energy, Control and Transmission Systems (ICPECTS), 1–4. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icpects62210.2024.10780028.

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Chung, Hegwon, Minseong Park, and Jiyong Kim. "Preliminary Examination of the Biogas-to-Hydrogen Conversion Process." In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design, 442–47. Hamilton, Canada: PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.166239.

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Biogas is a promising energy source for sustainable hydrogen production due to its high concentration of CH4. However, determining the optimal process configuration is challenging due to the uncertainty of the fed biogas composition and the sensitivity of the operating conditions. This necessitates early-stage evaluation of the biomass-to-hydrogen process's performance, considering economics, energy efficiency, and environmental impacts. A data-driven model was introduced for early-stage assessment of hydrogen production from biogas without whole process simulation and optimization. The model was developed based on various biogas compositions and generated parameters for mass and energy balance. A database of unit processes was created using simulation models. Sensitivity analysis was performed under four techno-economic and environmental evaluation criteria: Unit Production Cost (UPC), Energy Efficiency (EEF), Net CO2 equivalent Emission (NCE), and Maximum H2 Production (MHP). The early-stage evaluation of the biogas-to-hydrogen process can guide the establishment of biogas utilization strategies and propose effective biogas enhancement process development solutions to respond to market disturbances.
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Amez, Isabel, Blanca Castells, David Bolonio, David Leon, and Marcelo Leon. "CAN BIOGAS CONTRIBUTE TO PURE HYDROGEN COMBUSTION?" In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24, 47–54. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/4.1/s17.06.

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Hydrogen combustion is presented as a potential solution to cover the heat demand with renewable energies. However, current technologies do not allow the combustion of pure hydrogen and it must often be mixed with fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has proven to be useful for stabilizing hydrogen combustion, as has methane (CH4). Therefore, this research proposes the use of biogas as a stabilizer of pure hydrogen combustion. For this purpose, experimental tests were carried out, burning a lean biogas (BG 50% CH4) and a medium biogas (BG 60% CH4). Each biogas was burned in a commercial biogas burner with different percentages of hydrogen. Afterwards, the combustion temperature and the difference in temperatures obtained before and after combustion were analyzed. These parameters allow to study the dual effect between H2 and CO2. The results show that the balance between the percentage of CO2 and H2 is vital for efficient combustion. Therefore, this study significantly contributes to the advancement of sustainable combustion systems.
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Valiev, Timur, and Viktor Polishchuk. "Research on yield of biogas during methane fermentation of cow manure with addition of granulated straw with slaked lime." In 22nd International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2023.22.tf184.

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Cattle manure is often used to produce biogas, from which electricity and heat are generated. However, due to presence of a large amount of crude fiber in manure, the yield of biogas when it is fermented using biogas plants is relatively low. Therefore, an urgent task is to increase the yield of biogas from cattle manure through the use of various additives stimulating methane fermentation. Polyethylene bags were used as digesters, which were sealed with special devices. A calibrated cylinder was used to determine the biogas yield. The acidity of the substrate was measured with a pH meter. The novelty of the chosen topic lies in the use of chemical processing of biomass in combination with extrusion. The research results showed that pretreatment of wheat straw with different concentrations of Ca(OH)2 leads to the breakdown of lignocellulose, an increase in biogas yield and electricity generation. The optimal loading at rate of 100 kg CaO(t-1 into the reactor in the form of straw pellets has significant advantages and is the optimal solution, since the biogas yield in this case is practically the same as the yield obtained from wheat straw pellets at the rate of 150 kg CaO(t-1 of straw, but it is more cost effective. In addition, the year round use of straw pellets with the optimal addition of slaked lime for a biogas plant makes it possible to obtain high quality biological organic fertilizers; ensure high stable and trouble-free operation of the entire system as a whole; to increase gas recovery from bioraw materials of plant origin due to the decomposition of cellulose. This makes it easier to switch to other types of raw materials, and also increases the specific load of the entire line. It can be seen from the calculations that the highest methane yield (0.342 m3(kg-1 of dry matter) was obtained from wheat straw pellets, which were processed after extrusion with a Ca(OH)2 solution at rate of 100 kg CaO(t-1, 40% more than the control experiment.
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Bastos, Fábio, Álvaro Oda, Ana Carolina Inocêncio, Maria Antonia Névoa, Marcos Wagner Ribeiro, and Pedro Sousa. "Resgate Selvagem II: Um Jogo Digital para o Ensino dos Biomas Brasileiros." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação, 2779–87. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbie.2024.244869.

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A segunda versão do jogo Resgate Selvagem foi desenvolvida para alunos do ensino fundamental II, visando validar seu potencial em ensinar sobre os biomas brasileiros de forma lúdica. Nesta versão, foram incluídos os biomas Cerrado, Pampa, Pantanal e Mata Atlântica, cada um com fases específicas que abordam clima, fauna, flora, cultura e localização. Desenvolvido na plataforma Unity, o jogo proporciona uma experiência educacional dinâmica, promovendo o aprendizado por meio de desafios e atividades contextualizadas em cenários autênticos de cada bioma. Resultados preliminares da validação indicam uma melhora significativa no engajamento dos alunos e na retenção de conhecimento sobre os biomas brasileiros.
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Viriato, Nicola, ETILENIA ALBERTINO DIA, ELDA RENATO CÁ, and ADILSA MANUEL QUADÉ. "DIVERSIDADE DE ARANEAE (ARANHAS) NO BIOMA DA MATA ATLÂNTICA NO PARQUE DAS TRILHAS, GUARAMIRANGA-CE." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Biodiversidade Virtual. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e meio ambiente, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/ii-conbiv/7100.

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Introdução: A Mata Atlântica é conhecida como um dos biomas que apresenta alta diversidade biológica, e ao mesmo tempo como um dos biomas mais ameaçados em decorrência da alta ocupação humana das suas áreas e das crescentes agressões dos seus habitats por atividades antrópicas, entre os quais destaca-se, agropecuária, desmatamento florestal e exploração insustentável dos recursos naturais existentes neste bioma. Dessa forma, os seres vivos residentes nas áreas de mata atlântica, são suscetíveis aos efeitos nocivos das atividades antrópicas desenvolvidas nesses biomas, o que torna necessário e importante estudar a diversidade biológica, que habitam nesses ecossistemas para a melhor gestão e gerenciamento desse bioma. Nesse caso a Ordem Araneae, desempenha um importante papel ecológico nesses biomas, são considerados como indicadores biológicos de alterações ambientais nas comunidades bióticas. Objetivo: O presente trabalho objetiva identificar a diversidade de Araneae (aranhas) encontradas no Bioma da Mata Atlântica, no Parque Das Trilhas, Guaramiranga-CE. Material e métodos: A pesquisa é de natureza básica com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. E foi realizado no Parque Das Trilhas, Guaramiranga-CE. Por meio de Batedor e de Busca ativa foram coletados setenta (70) Araneae servindo como amostras para o estudo. As amostras coletadas foram encaminhadas para o laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução da Universidade de Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira- UNILAB. Resultados: Com base nas amostras coletadas, identificou-se, cinco (5) famílias de Araneae, entre as quais a Senoculidae, Tetragnathidae, Plolcidae, Araneídea, Amourobidae. Pode-se perceber que a família Araneídea, Senoculidae e Tetragnathidae são as mais abundantes nesse parque, em comparação com as Famílias dos Plolcidae e Amourobidae. Conclusão: No entanto, é necessário que o Parque das Trilhas, Guaramiranga-CE, seja bem preservado, pois esse parque pode servir como um espaço para a realização de pesquisas científicas, desenvolvimento de atividades da Educação Ambiental e como um espaço recreativo.
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Correa, Helga. "Tres Miradas Al Bioma / Tres Miradas Desde La Pampa Profunda." In V Congreso Internacional de Investigacion en Artes Visuales ANIAV 2022. RE/DES Conectar. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/aniav2022.2022.15199.

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RESUMENActualmente el colapso ecosocial nos obliga a convivir con innumerables consecuencias dañosas, las inundaciones y sequías que afectan diferentes regiones de Brasil exponen miedos e incertidumbres y señalan dificultades de gran escala en la transformación de biomas y vidas humanas. Estas evidencias nos motivaron a presentar investigaciones realizadas por tres artistas de Rio Grande del Sur que a partir de distintas propuestas artísticas enfocan el bioma pampa, uno de los seis biomas brasileños ubicado en la región sur del país y caracterizado por una transición de áreas de selva virgen brasileña y la pampa argentina. Las perspectivas artísticas presentadas surgieron desde aspectos de memoria, redescubrimiento y recuperación del bioma, siguen los presupuestos metodológicos de la Poiética (PASSERON, 1997) y buscan describir, proteger y negociar la pertenencia a un país, son reflexiones sobre un terreno de vida y la propia existencia humana (LATOUR, 2020). Sea al través de la comunicación simbólica, la empatía, sea mediante el uso de metáforas culturales comprensibles o dando a conocer lo intangible (emociones, relaciones futuras imaginadas) el objetivo común entre las tres artistas es fortalecer las reflexiones sobre la ética ecológica. Palabras clave: arte contemporáneo, bioma pampeano, ecología.
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Bastos, Fábio H. S., Jocsan R. L. Ferreira, Phelipe R. M. Rosa, Thalisson L. G. Pires, Hugo Castro, Clausius D. G. Reis, and Pedro Sousa. "Um jogo digital para geografia: ensino aprendizagem dos biomas brasileiros." In Anais Estendidos do Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbgames_estendido.2023.233997.

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Este artigo irá apresentar o desenvolvimento e aplicação de um jogo digital de geografia, voltado para alunos do ensino fundamental II, que tem como objetivo ensinar sobre os diferentes biomas brasileiros e a importância da preservação ambiental. Nesse jogo, o jogador assume o papel de um geógrafo explorador que tem como missão preservar o meio ambiente e seus animais, seguindo a lógica do bioma em que ele estiver explorando. O jogo traz uma abordagem lúdica e educativa, permitindo que os jogadores aprendam sobre os diferentes biomas brasileiros e a importância de preservar esses ecossistemas.
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Norman R. Scott, Steven Zicari, Kelly Saikkonen, and Kimberly Bothi. "Characterization of Dairy-Derived Biogas and Biogas Processing." In 2006 Portland, Oregon, July 9-12, 2006. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.21160.

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Reports on the topic "Biogaz"

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Zanatta, Hanna, Wisdom Kanda, and Karin Tonderski. Biogas production in Brazil : Barriers and strategies for overcoming them. Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, September 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/9789180758352.

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Addressing environmental challenges while improving social and economic conditions calls for innovative solutions. One of those challenges is the management of organic waste, which if left untreated can lead to water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and soil degradation. Brazil produces substantial amounts of organic waste due to its sizeable population and extensive agricultural production. As one of the largest economies in the Global South, the development of innovative solutions to organic waste management in Brazil can potentially pave the way for their adoption in other countries within the Global South. Biogas systems are solutions for organic waste treatment that simultaneously make use of the energy content, reduce gas emissions, and facilitate nutrient recycling. Nevertheless, their multifaceted nature also entails numerous barriers to their widespread implementation. Thus, this report explores the barriers to the development of biogas systems in Brazil and possible strategies to overcome these.Diverse data collection methods were used in the study. A literature review helped identified overall barriers to biogas systems development. This was followed by a field study in Brazil, involving visits to biogas facilities and interviews with stakeholders. The results were combined to understand the impact of the identified barriers across sectors. Finally, a workshop with Brazilian and Swedish stakeholders helped validate the findings and explore possible strategies to overcome barriers to biogas systems development.In the report barriers across eight categories are discussed, namely technological, economic, market, regulatory, cultural, environmental, network, and biomethane barriers. Technological barriers include lack of specialized knowledge, which leads to challenges in operation and maintenance of biogas reactors. Another type of technological barrier is limited access to infrastructure such as gas pipelines and sewage networks, which leads to technical challenges regarding both substrate supply and gas handling. High initial investments and funding accessibility are the most prominent economic barriers. Market barriers include competition with cheaper waste treatment solutions, lack of structured markets for biogas, and limited access to markets. The absence of a national biogas-specific policy, spatial diversity in state-level regulations; together with few and isolated incentives for biogas production are the major regulatory barriers. Cultural barriers include limited knowledge among society and substrate holders about biogas benefits, resistance to waste segregation practices, and sectoral structures hindering collaboration across the biogas value chain. Although environmental aspects of biogas systems are usually drivers to the implementation of biogas facilities, concerns such as gas leaks, odors, and soil contamination risks associated with poor facility design and performance are environmental barriers. Network barriers stem from limited platforms for discussion and interaction among actors, ultimately delaying the establishment of a unified national agenda for biogas development. Due to its characteristics, the production, distribution, and utilization of biomethane face additional challenges across various barrier categories, with major obstacles including uncertainties in grid injection contracts and infrastructure, as well as the expectation that biomethane prices should match those of natural gas.To overcome some of the barriers presented above, the study explored two strategies that could be pursued by actors interested in biogas systems development in Brazil. First, biogas cooperatives are proposed as one solution, allowing resource pooling for technology investment and enhanced biogas production. Second, dedicated biogas producers could play a crucial role,viparticularly in addressing financing challenges and ensuring efficient operation. Dedicated biogas producers could improve the technical efficiency and environmental performance of biogas facilities. Options for biogas utilization include electricity generation and biomethane production, with the latter offering tax benefits and reduced transportation costs when producers can use the biomethane for transportation themselves.The report highlights barriers across various dimensions and addresses strategies to overcome these barriers, such as biogas cooperatives and dedicated biogas producers. Future research could focus on testing these strategies in the Brazilian context through case studies, pilot projects, and collaborative initiatives to refine interventions and accelerate the adoption of biogas technologies.
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Moser, M. A. Biogas utilization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/530636.

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Gustafsson, Marcus, and Stephanie Cordova. Värdeskapande av koldioxid från biogasproduktion. Linköping University Electronic Press, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/9789180753838.

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arbon dioxide (CO₂) has a negative impact on the climate, but it also has several practical areas of use. Many industrial processes emit CO₂ in high concentrations, which could be captured to mitigate emissions while also creating valuable products. One example of such a process is biogas upgrading – a process separating renewable gases, where methane is taken care of for use as vehicle fuel or industrial energy carrier, while CO₂ is released into the atmosphere. The aim of this project has been to chart alternatives and technologies for taking care of green CO₂ from biogas upgrading, so-called carbon capture and utilization (CCU), and to investigate the conditions for applying these in a Swedish context. The work has been guided by the following research questions: * How large is the current and future potential for CCU from biogas production? * What are the possible areas of use for CO₂ from biogas production? * What factors influence the choice of areas of use for CO₂ from biogas production? * How large is the environmental benefit of CCU from biogas production? To answer these questions, calculations of potentials, a multi-criteria assessment and a life cycle assessment were carried out, based on the Swedish biogas production. A reference group comprising representatives for large Swedish companies within biogas production and biogas upgrading technology was used to enable coproduction and networking between the research group and the business sector. The production of CO₂ from biogas was estimated to 160,000 ton/year in 2020, with potential to increase to 540,000 – 840,000 ton/year in a few years and 790,000 – 1,230,000 ton/year in a longer perspective, as a consequence of an expected increase in the Swedish biogas production. A large share of the CO₂ is however produced at relatively small upgrading facilities, which could limit the feasibility for CCU due to high costs for investment and operation. Adding hydrogen to transform all the CO₂ into methane could potentially increase the methane production from biogas from 2 to 3 TWh/year in a short-term perspective and from 11 to 17 TWh/year in a long-term perspective, given sufficient access to hydrogen. Other ways of utilizing CO₂ from biogas include production of biomass or chemicals, concrete curing, pH control of process water and use as a refrigerant. The choice of CCU options can be influenced by environmental, technical, economic and policy-related aspects. From the biogas producers’ perspective, methanation is the option that is the most compatible with the existing production system and business model, while other solutions usually involve another actor taking care of the CO₂. Hydrogen is required for methanation as well as for production of chemicals. Another limiting factor are the high purity requirements on all CO₂ that is distributed and sold on the market. The geographical distribution of the production plants can also be a challenge. Several CCU options can improve the environmental performance of biogas by replacing fossil-based products. The potential climate impact is the lowest if the CO₂ is methanized with renewable hydrogen or mineralized in concrete, but other forms of environmental impact can also be reduced by applying these or other CCU options. For comparison, permanent storage of CO₂ in geological formations (carbon capture and storage, CCS) only reduces the climate impact, while it increases other forms of environmental impact. Furthermore, permanently storing biogenic CO₂ can make it difficult to reduce the use of fossil CO₂ and transition to a more sustainable society. The need for carbon in many essential processes and products suggests that biogenic CO₂ should be utilized and not stored.
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Blair, William Brian. Trenton Biogas LLC. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1362262.

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Lindfors, Axel, and Roozbeh Feiz. The current Nordic biogas and biofertilizer potential: An inventory of established feedstock and current technology. Linköping University Electronic Press, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/9789180752558.

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Biogas solutions in the Nordics is undergoing rapid developments and the demand for biogas is ever increasing because of the Russian war on Ukraine and the transition to fossil free industry and transportation. Furthermore, with the introduction of several multi-national companies into the biogas sector in the Nordics and with more and more biomethane being traded across national borders, it becomes increasingly important to view biogas solutions in the Nordics as a whole and to go beyond the confines of each individual nation. Since the transition and the current energy crisis require a quick response, understanding what could be done with current technologies and established substrates is important to guide decision-making in the short-term. This study aims to do just that by presenting the current biogas potential for the Nordics, including Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The potential was estimated for eight categories: food waste, manure, food industry waste, sludge from wastewater treatment, landscaping waste, straw, agricultural residues, and crops with negligible indirect land use effects (such as ley crops and intermediary crops). Two categories were excluded due to a lack of appropriate estimation procedures and time to develop such procedures, and these were marine substrates and forest industry waste. Furthermore, several categories are somewhat incomplete due to lack of data on the availability of substrates and their biogas characteristics. These include, for example, crops grown on Ecological focus areas, excess ley silage, damaged crops, and certain types of food industries. The specifics of each category is further detailed in Section 2 of the report. In the report, the biogas potential includes the biomethane potential, the nutrient potential, and the carbon dioxide production potential, capturing all outputs of a biogas plant. The results of the potential study show that the current biomethane potential for the Nordics is about 39 TWh (140 PJ) per year when considering the included biomass categories in the short-term perspective. In relation to current production, realizing this potential would mean a roughly fourfold increase in yearly production, meaning that a significant unexploited potential remains. On the nutrient side, the biogas system in the Nordics would, given the realization of the estimated potential, be of roughly the same size as current mineral fertilizer use (about 75 percent for nitrogen and 160 percent for phosphorous). While this represents the management of a significant portion of nutrients used in agriculture, the potential to replace or reduce mineral fertilizer use through biogas expansion remains unexplored in this study since a significant portion of nutrients come from biomass that is already used as fertilizer (e.g., manure). Finally, on the carbon dioxide side, about 4.2 million tonnes of carbon dioxide would be produced, which could be either captured and stored or captured and utilized, thereby further increasing the positive environmental effects associated with biogas solutions. In conclusion, there remains a large unexploited biogas potential in the Nordics, even when only considering current technologies and established feedstock that could be realized in the short-term (the theoretical potential is much larger since many substrate categories are excluded and the potential is limited to established technologies). Such a realization would bring large increases to biomethane production but would also mean that a significant amount of nutrients would be recirculated through the biogas system. This means that the biogas system has a key role to play in increasing both the food and energy security in the Nordic countries, in addition to its many positive environmental effects.
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Larsson, Madeleine, Karin Tonderski, Genevieve Metson, and Nils-Hassan Quttineh. Towards a more circular biobased economy and nutrient use on Gotland: finding suitable locations for biogas plants. Linköping University Electronic Press, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/report.diva-194234.

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In this study we have investigated the role of biogas solutions to support increased resource efficiency on the island Gotland, including recovery and redistribution of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) within the agricultural sector. First, we analyzed the potential for expanding energy and nutrient recovery from organic residues using biogas solutions. Our findings suggest that the biogas production could expand to 165 GWh, from the current 36 GWh (2020), with manure accounting for a potential 110 GWh biogas annually if all were digested. Comparing the nutrients contained in organic feedstock with the crop nutrient demand on Gotland showed that for N the demand is 2.4 times higher than the supply. In contrast, the calculations showed a 137 tonnes P surplus, with distinct excess areas in the center and southern part of the island. We then compared scenarios with different numbers (3 - 15) of biogas plants with respect to efficient nutrient redistribution and transport costs. Spatial constraints for new plants, e.g. need for roads with a certain capacity and permit issues, were accounted for by adding local information to a national data set. We identified 104 potential locations (1 km$^2$ grid cells) and used an optimization model to identify the most suitable locations for minimized transport costs. Optimal (meeting the crop demand with no excess) redistribution of all nutrients contained in the feedstock, as raw digestate from biogas plants, would result in an export of 127 tonnes of P from the island. The model results indicated that if all potential feedstock would be digested in three additional biogas plants and nutrients redistributed for optimal reuse, the total transport cost would be 2.6 million SEK annually, excluding the costs for nutrient export from the island (3.7 million SEK). If instead 10 or 15 smaller plants would be built, the transport cost would drop to 1.8 million SEK, with the same amount of P being exported. Comparing the scenarios with different number of biogas plants (3 - 15), showed that some locations are more suitable than others in terms of distance to feedstock and to fields with fertilizer demands. Finally, a preliminary analysis of the amount of crop residues indicated that this type of feedstock could add a substantial amount of biogas production, but more extensive analyses are needed to assess the feasibility to realize part of that potential.
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Majumdar, S., A. K. Guha, Y. T. Lee, T. Papadopoulos, and S. Khare. Liquid membrane purification of biogas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5065322.

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Author, Not Given. Biogas Opportunities Roadmap Progress Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1250400.

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Foreest, Floris van. Perspectives for Biogas in Europe. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.26889/9781907555633.

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Palmborg, Cecilia. Fertilization with digestate and digestate products – availability and demonstration experiments within the project Botnia nutrient recycling. Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.25rctaeopn.

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To increase our food security in Västerbotten we will need to become more self-sufficient of both energy, feed and nutrients that are now imported to the region. Biogas production from different waste streams is one solution to this. Biogas is produced using biowaste or sewage sludge as substrate in the major cities Umeå and Skellefteå. Biogas systems offer a range of benefits to society. Biogas production is currently prized for its climate benefits when replacing fossil fuels for the production of heat, electricity and vehicle gas, but at Bothnia Nutrient Recycling we have studied how to use the digestate, i.e. the residual product of production, as fertilizer in agriculture. We have been working to improve profitability for biogas producers and develop sustainable products from recycled nutrients, like phosphorus and nitrogen. Improving the uses for digestate increases self-sufficiency in agriculture and contributes to a circular economy. We conducted three agricultural demonstration experiments in collaboration with agricultural high schools in Finland and Sweden to introduce digestate and digestate products to the future farmers in the regions. We found that it may be possible to replace cattle slurry with compost when growing maize despite the low levels of nitrogen, N, available to plants in the compost. In barley, NPK fertilizers gave the highest yield. Digestate from HEMAB and sludge biochar supplemented with recycled ammonium sulphate gave a smaller yield but higher than unfertilized crop. Digestate from a dry digestion biogas plant in Härnösand was better suited to barley than to grass because in an experiment on grass ley the viscous fertilizer did not penetrate the grass and did not increase the growth of the grass. Fertilizer effects on crop quality were small. There was no increased uptake of heavy metals in barley after fertilization with digestate or digestate products compared to NPK fertilization. These demonstration experiments show that more thorough scientific experimentation is needed as a foundation for recommendations to farmers. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous in digestate from Västerbotten that could become used as fertilizer were modelled. It showed that if sewage sludge digestate is used to make sludge biochar and ammonium sulphate and the other available digestates are used directly in agriculture, the entire phosphorous demand but only a small part of the nitrogen demand in the county, could be covered. Thus, to achieve a true circular food production, development and increase of both the waste handling sector and agriculture is needed.
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