Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biogaz – Composés'

Le biogaz fait partie des stratégies de diversifications des énergies renouvelables à l'échelle européenne. Un des freins technico-économiques à la valorisation en moteur thermique est la formation de dépôts abrasifs résultant de la combustion d'impuretés contenues dans les biogaz notamment les Composés Organiques Volatils du Silicium (COVSi communément appelés siloxanes) qui pénalisent le fonctionnement et les coûts de maintenance associés. L'impact négatif sur la filière est conséquent, de même que celui du sulfure d'hydrogène (H2S). Les recherches, articulées en 3 axes, sont développées avec la volonté de prendre en compte la réalité industrielle : -Analyse de dépôts moteurs prélevés sur plusieurs sites industriels. Ils sont caractérisés par analyses élémentaire, diffraction des rayons X, microcalorimétrie et microscopie électronique. L'objectif est de réfléchir à la possibilité d'utiliser les caractéristiques physico-chimiques d'un dépôt comme un indicateur de la qualité du biogaz dont il est issu. -Comparatif de deux méthodes d'analyses des COVSi, non seulement concernant les biais analytiques liés à la nature même des composés, mais aussi sur les difficultés liées aux prélèvements de biogaz sur site. Les résultats permettent d'appréhender les valeurs absolues des résultats analytiques avec plus de recul et de les pondérer. -Evaluation de traitements épuratoires du biogaz vis-à-vis des COVSi et d'H2S. Un comparatif des performances de plusieurs charbons actifs est réalisé au laboratoire en conditions contrôlées, et sur le terrain. Un réacteur de traitement gaz-liquide est testé sur biogaz réel pour en apprécier les performances vis-à-vis de certains COVSi. L'ensemble de cette étude permet de réfléchir sur la pertinence du choix des critères de qualité d'un biogaz, mais aussi sur les méthodes analytiques d'évaluation de ces critères. Ce dernier point est fondamental pour toute mise en œuvre et dimensionnement d'un système de traitement épuratoire.

Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans un programme de recherche ADEME sur la gestion d'un Centre de Stockage de Déchets Ultimes, CSDU, en mode bioréacteur. Le projet a été défini afin d'évaluer l'impact de la recirculation des lixiviats sur les lixiviats et le biogaz et la stabilisation de la fraction organique fermentescible présente dans le massif de déchets. Les travaux de recherche ont consisté tout d'abord à développer des tests de laboratoire de simulation des conditions de stockage et à mettre en œuvre une méthodologie de caractérisation bio-physico-chimique des déchets ménagers du SYDOM du Jura pour évaluer l'influence des facteurs physico-chimiques sur l'évolution et la biostabilité de la matière organique. Par ailleurs, une partie des travaux de recherche a été consacrée à l'étude sur site. Le taux d'humidité des déchets est le principal facteur d'influence sur l'activité méthanogène. Par ailleurs, la recirculation des lixiviats semble influer sur la mobilisation des éléments solubles vers la phase liquide, favorisant leur contact avec les micro-organismes, avec pour conséquence la stimulation de la production de biogaz. L'évolution des caractéristiques bio-physico-chimiques des déchets avant et après incubation confirme ces observations. Les déchets ayant subi une recirculation présentent une biodégradation et une humification avancée par rapport aux déchets sans recirculation. Le suivi réalisé sur le site laisse apparaître de nombreuses fluctuations sur les paramètres liés à la production de biogaz et de lixiviats. Toutefois, les résultats semblent également montrer l'influence de la recirculation sur la matière soluble des déchets<br>The bioreactor landfill is designed to optimize the humidity rate of the waste and the anaerobic biodegradation of the waste organic matter by leachate recirculation. The major interest of leachate recirculation is to increase the gas production rate under controlled moisture content and hence, to reduce the time period of leachate &amp; biogas treatment. In partnership with the SYDOM of Jura and ADEME, leachate recirculation was performed in situ. In the same time, bioreactor cells at laboratory-scale were performed to determine the effect of several physico-chemical factors for the waste biostabilization and to determine the changes in waste organic matter. The bioreactor landfill increase the gas production rate and the waste biodegradation. At pilot with leachate recirculation, organic matter accumulate to much higher level in the leachate. In pilot with leachate recirculation, organic matter is more stable than organic matter of waste in pilot without leachate recycling

Le biogaz est une source d’énergie qui intéresse de plus en plus l’Europe et notamment la France pour ses avantages environnementaux et économiques. Produit de la fermentation de matière organique, il contient du biométhane. Ce dernier est une alternative plus durable aux énergies fossiles. Cependant, à l’état brut, les polluants dans le biogaz peuvent provoquer des dégâts sur la santé et l’environnement, notamment en raison de la présence de siloxanes et des composés soufrés. L’objectif de cette recherche consiste donc à développer des méthodes améliorant à la fois économiquement et écologiquement la désulfuration du biogaz, dans le but de les intégrer aux unités de traitement du biogaz déjà existantes et présentes sur le territoire. A partir d’un état de l’art sur les propriétés du biogaz et ses traitements de purification, deux procédés ont été particulièrement mis en avant et étudiés dans cette thèse. Le premier correspond au traitement de la désulfuration en précombustion consistant à éliminer le H2S et les siloxanes à travers un réacteur polyphasé à barbotage gaz-liquide spécifique, utilisant un nouveau solvant avec des propriétés « superacides ». Le second, quant à lui, correspond au traitement en postcombustion de la désulfuration des fumées provenant de la combustion du gaz, via un réacteur polyphasé à lit fixe gaz-solide. Pour ce faire, un prototype de l’unité de désulfuration est intégralement conçu, construit et testé dans le cadre de la thèse. Cette thèse présente notamment le développement des différents modèles numériques, ainsi que les résultats d’expériences en laboratoire, confirmant l’efficacité de ces procédés innovants<br>Biogas. It is an energy source increasingly popular in Europe, remarkably in France, due to its environmental-friendly and economic-saving capabilities. It is produced by the organic matter fermentation, leading to biomethane production, as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Nevertheless, as a raw gas, pollutants in biogas lead to environmental, health and process-related issues, especially because of its unique content on sulfur compounds. The objective of this research is to develop new processes, economically and environmentally feasible, for biogas desulfurization, seeking a process integration in existing biogas treatment units in France. Considering the state of the art on biogas properties and its possible purification treatments, two processes have been identified and studied in this thesis. The first process is a precombustion desulfurization treatment aiming to eliminate the H2S and the siloxanes through a gas-liquid bubbling-typed polyphasic reactor. This reactor is equipped with a new solvent with “superacid” properties. The second process is a postcombution desulfurization treatment for stack gas, through a gas-solid fixed-bed polyphasic reactor. A prototype of this unit was entirely designed, built and tested in the thesis. This thesis describes the applied research method, the developed numerical models, and the experimental results confirming the efficiency of the novel processes

Le principal verrou technologique au développement de la valorisation électrique des biogaz concerne les Composés Organiques Volatils du Silicium qui conduisent à des dépôts abrasifs dans les moteurs et engendrent une usure prématurée des systèmes de conversion du biogaz en électricité. Cette problématique des COVSi doit absolument être prise en compte, scientifiquement et techniquement, pour pérenniser la filière de valorisation des biogaz. Il s’agit d’une thématique très peu, voire mal connue. Les difficultés d’analyse des COVSi ainsi que leur apparition relativement récente dans les biogaz sont les principales raisons de ce manque de connaissances. La démarche de recherche de ces premiers travaux académiques sur les COVSi dans les biogaz a été construite selon trois axes : Le 1er axe est consacré à l’étude en laboratoire des mécanismes de dégradation bio-physico-chimique des silicones, qui sont à l’origine de l’apparition des COVSi dans les biogaz. Les influences du pH, des cations et du contexte biologique sur la dégradation d’huiles silicones ont été mises en évidence. Le 2ème axe est dédié à l’évaluation des teneurs en COVSi dans les biogaz d’Installation de Stockage de Déchets Non Dangereux (ISDND), ainsi que dans les boues de STations d’Epuration (STEP) et les biogaz issus de leur digestion. Une méthode d’analyse des COVSi fiable a été développée. Elle a permis de montrer que la nature des COVSi dépend du type de déchets organiques qui sont méthanisés. Enfin, le 3ième axe présente une étude macroscopique de la production et de la consommation des silicones. Elle a permis d’établir des hypothèses sur la répartition des silicones en fin de vie, selon les deux filières d’élimination<br>Numerous directives and laws, at different levels, national and european, support the development of biogas conversion as a renewable energy resource. The main problem concerning the developpment of biogas valorisation is Volatil Organic Silicon Compounds (currently named " siloxanes " in the litterature). Combustion of these compounds, when producing electricity, produces, abrasive microcrystalline silica that has chemical and physical properties similar to those of glass and causes serious damages to gas engines, heat exchangers… Consequently, VOSiC are considered as the most penalizing compounds in biogases. VOSiC problematic has to be took into account seriously to make this way durable in the future. The thematic is very bad known. Analysis difficulties and their recent apparition in biogases are one of the reasons of this lack of knowledge. The approach of this academic work on VOSiC in biogases has been built around three ways : The first one is dedicated to a laboratory scale approach on silicone degradation (that are the origin of the problem), especially chemical and biological influence. PH, cations and biological influences have been underlined during these experiments. The second one concerns the assessment of VOSiC levels in biogases from landfills and from sludge digesters. A way to analyse these compounds has been developepd. It has shown that VOSiC nature depends on the type of organic wastes that are degraded. The third one summarises the results of a macroscopic study dealing with silicone production and consumption. Assumption on silicone partition at the end of their life have been emitted, concerning the two ways taken by wastes during their treatment. This whole study gives a global vision of VOSiC problematic in biogases. It would help to determine future works to developp for biogas valorisation optimisation

Un centre de stockage des déchets (CSD) Ménagers et Assimiliés crée une pollution aérienne par le rejet de Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) à l'état de traces, qui sont nocifs pour la santé et l'environnement. Outre la technique d'absorption sur tubes suivie d'extraction par solvant et analyse chromatographique au laboratoire, un couplage pré-concentrateur-thermo-désorbeur / micro-gaz chromatographe a été mis au point pour l'analyse " in-situ " de COV. Pour caractériser ces émissions de COV et leur dispersion dans l'environnement, plusieurs études ont été réalisées : " Étude de l'émission de COV à partir des alvéoles en exploitation ", " Étude de formation de COV à partir d'un pilote de stockage d'Ordures Ménagères (OM) ", " Étude de la dispersion de COV à partir d'un CSD d'OM ". L'ensemble de ces résultats a permis une approche des phénomènes d 'émission et de dispersion des COV à partir d'un CSD d'OM<br>A municipal landfill causes an atmospheric pollution by the emission of the trace volatile organic compounds (VOC) that are harmful for health and environment. Beyond the adsorption technique on sorbant tubes followed by solvent extraction and GC/MS analysis in the laboratory, a coupling preconcentrator-thermo-desorption /micro-gas chromatograph was settled for on-site monitoring of trace VOC. To evaluate the environmental impact of this traces various studies were realized: “Study of the emission of VOC from landfill cells in operation”, “Study of the formation of VOC from a pilot-scale municipal landfill”, “Study of the dispersion of VOC from a municipal landfill”. All the results permitted an approach of the emission and dispersion phenomena of VOC from a municipal landfill

Afin d’accroître les connaissances sur les composés traces présents dans les biogaz et biométhane et de garantir l’intégration durable de ces gaz dans le mix énergétique européen, une chaîne analytique complète a été développée dont un élément central est un dispositif d’échantillonnage de terrain permettant la préconcentration directe in situ des composés traces en prélevant ces gaz à leur pression actuelle (≤ 200 bara). Les composés traces ciblés dans ce travail incluent : alcanes (linéaires, cycliques, polycycliques), aromatiques, terpènes, alcènes, espèces organiques halogénées, espèces organiques oxygénées (alcools, aldéhydes, esters, éthers, cétones), siloxanes, composés soufrés organiques et inorganiques.L’état de l’art des techniques de prélèvement de gaz et de préconcentration pour la détermination de composés traces dans des matrices gazeuses a premièrement été réalisé. Sur base de cette étude, il fut choisi d’effectuer la préconcentration sur des tubes d’adsorbants multi-lits (TAM) assemblés manuellement. Le système de préconcentration fut élaboré et optimisé au laboratoire en sélectionnant des adsorbants commerciaux; les procédures d’assemblage et de conditionnement des nouveaux TAM furent établies; l’efficacité de quatre configurations de TAM à adsorber et libérer des composés traces ciblés fut testée en utilisant des mélanges de gaz synthétiques certifiés contenant des composés à l’état de traces (1 ppmmol) dans une matrice N2 ou CH4. Les analytes préconcentrés sur les TAM sont récupérés par désorption thermique (DT) des tubes au moyen d’un nouveau prototype de DT pour être analysés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse (CG) couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (SM).Deuxièmement, la méthode analytique et le prototype de DT ont été validés. Il fut démontré que le pouvoir résolutif du prototype de DT était plus élevé que celui obtenu par d’autres techniques de préconcentration ou d’autres méthodes d’injection en CG, telles que la microextraction en phase solide ou l’injection directe de gaz. Par ailleurs, les paramètres de CG-SM furent optimisés pour détecter le large spectre de composés traces potentiellement présents dans le biogaz et biométhane.Troisièmement, un prototype haute-pression innovant fut évalué, permettant le prélèvement de gaz pressurisés (≤ 200 bara) à travers les TAM pour la préconcentration directe et sous haute-pression des composés traces présents dans ces gaz. Ce prototype fut validé au laboratoire au moyen de mélanges de gaz synthétiques pressurisés avant d’être utilisé sur le terrain pour prélever du biométhane à 40 bara au niveau d’un poste d’injection dans le réseau de gaz naturel.Ensuite, la chaîne d’échantillonnage fut assemblée pour mener 6 campagnes de prélèvement durant lesquelles 6 flux différents de biogaz et biométhane furent prélevés sur une installation de stockage de déchets non dangereux et deux sites de méthanisation valorisant divers intrants. Les composés traces de ces gaz furent qualitativement déterminés via la méthode de DT-CG-SM élaborée. En un unique prélèvement et utilisant des volumes de gaz réduits (0.5 – 2 LN), un large spectre de composés traces issus de diverses familles chimiques (alcools, aldéhydes, alcènes, aromatiques, alcanes, esters, éthers, halogénés, cétones, soufrés, siloxanes et terpènes) furent identifiés. Des variations de composition en composés traces furent observées dans les différents gaz et les corrélations potentielles entre intrants, procédés de traitement des gaz et composés traces identifiés, furent discutées. La génération du mono-terpène p-cymène et d’autres terpènes dans les méthaniseurs digérant surtout des résidus alimentaires, a notamment été mise en évidence. La procédure de préconcentration haute-pression in situ développée dans ce travail peut certainement contribuer à faciliter les opérations de prélèvements de gaz sur le terrain pour déterminer les composés traces dans des matrices gazeuses telles que le biogaz et le biométhane<br>In pursuance of enhancing knowledge on biogas and biomethane’s trace compounds to help guarantee their sustainable integration in today’s European energy mix, a field sampling set-up enabling direct in situ preconcentration of non-metallic trace compounds in such gas samples at their pipe working pressure (up to 200 bara) was developed. Non-metallic trace compounds targeted in this work included alkanes (linear, cyclic, polycyclic), aromatics, terpenes, alkenes, halogenated organic species, oxygenated organic species (alcohols, aldehydes, esters, furans and ethers, ketones), siloxanes, organic and inorganic Sulphur-compounds. Firstly, state-of-the-art gas sampling and preconcentration techniques for the determination of trace compounds in gaseous matrices were reviewed. Based on this review, preconcentration was chosen to be performed on self-assembled multibed adsorbent tubes (MAT). The preconcentration system was elaborated and optimized in the laboratory: convenient commercial adsorbents were selected; procedures for the assembly and conditioning of new MAT were established; four MAT configurations were tested on their efficiency in adsorbing and releasing targeted trace compounds using certified synthetic gas mixtures containing targeted species at trace concentrations (1 ppmmol) in CH4 or N2 matrices. Analytes preconcentrated on MAT were recovered for analysis by thermal desorption (TD) of the tubes using a new TD prototype followed by gas chromatography (GC) hyphenated with mass spectrometry (MS) (TD-GC-MS). Secondly, the analytical method, and in particular the new TD prototype, was validated. The chromatographic resolution power of the new TD prototype was proved to be higher than that obtained from other well established preconcentration or GC-injection methods such as solid phase microextraction or direct headspace gas injection. Besides, GC-MS parameters were optimized to detect the broad range of trace compounds potentially found in biogas and biomethane.Thirdly, the use of a novel high-pressure tube sampling (HPTS) prototype was evaluated for the circulation of pressurized gases (up to 200 bara) through MAT for the direct high-pressure preconcentration of trace compounds from such gases. The HPTS was first validated in the laboratory using pressurized certified synthetic gas mixtures, and then used on field to sample compressed biomethane at a natural gas grid injection station at 40 bara.Subsequently, the field sampling chain was set-up and 6 field sampling campaigns were conducted where 6 different streams of landfill gas, biogas and biomethane were collected at a landfill plant and two anaerobic digestion plants treating diverse feedstocks. Trace compounds were qualitatively determined in all gas samples via the developed TD-GC-MS method. In a single sampling run and using limited gas volumes ranging 0.5 – 2 LN, a wide range of trace compounds in a variety of chemical families (alcohols, aldehydes, alkenes, aromatics, alkanes (linear, cyclic and polycyclic), esters, furans and ethers, halogenated species, ketones, Sulphur-compounds, siloxanes and terpenes) were identified. Variations in trace compounds composition were observed in the different gases sampled and potential correlations between feedstocks nature, implemented gas treatment processes and trace compounds determined were discussed. In particular, the substantial generation of the mono-terpene p-cymene and of other terpenes was evidenced for anaerobic digestion plants treating principally food-wastes. It is believed the shortened and high-pressure-proof field preconcentration procedure developed in this work can contribute facilitating field sampling operations for the determination of trace compounds in complex gas matrices such as biogas and biomethane

Les centres de stockage de déchets (CSD) ménagers et assimilés constituent encore une filière de gestion très répandue Ce sont de véritables « boites noires » dans lesquelles des phénomènes physiques, chimiques et biologiques interviennent simultanément. Deux effluents sont produits au cours de la dégradation des déchets : les lixiviats et les biogaz. Même si le contact entre les effluents et le système environnant est limité, leur suivi est nécessaire pour améliorer leur traitement et prévenir les risques sanitaires et environnementaux. Ce travail a eu pour objectif de mettre en place des méthodologies analytiques adaptées aux métaux et métalloïdes afin d'étudier leur devenir dans les effluents de CSD. L'étude approfondie de l'arsenic (As) et de l'étain (Sn) a été motivée par leur présence dans les déchets (verres, composants métalliques, plastiques), par leur existence sous forme de nombreuses espèces et par la toxicité avérée de certaines de leurs formes chimiques. L'optimisation des protocoles d'analyse de spéciation de As et Sn dans les deux matrices complexes a permis leur suivi au sein des CSD en intégrant les caractéristiques des sites et les données climatiques. La répartition des espèces a été examinée en tenant compte de leur occurrence initiale dans les déchets. Des processus de formation et de mobilisation ont été proposés pour expliquer leur présence dans les deux effluents : d'une part la mobilisation à partir des déchets (espèces inorganiques de As et Sn, espèces butylées et mono- et diméthylées de Sn) et d'autre part la méthylation et l'éthylation par voie biologique (espèces méthylées de As et espèces méthylées et éthylées de Sn, ioniques et gazeuses).

Un procédé d’adsorption–électrodésorption sur textile de carbone activé est proposé afin de répondre à la problématique des composés organiques volatils à l’état de traces dans les gaz à fort potentiel énergétique : biogaz et gaz de ville. Une approche expérimentale en deux parties a été conduite afin de premièrement, sélectionner le matériau adéquat dans les conditions opératoires considérées et modéliser les phénomènes physico-chimiques relatifs à l’adsorption et la désorption thermique, deuxièmement, mettre en oeuvre ce matériau dans une unité pilote de purification en continu, à l’échelle du laboratoire. Un échantillon représentatif de COV est retenu : toluène, isopropanol, dichlorométhane, éthanethiol, octaméthylecyclotétrasiloxane et tétrahydrothiophène. L’adsorption et la désorption de ces composés sur différents textiles de carbone activé sont caractérisées, modélisées et quantifiées afin de pouvoir dimensionner l’unité pilote de traitement en continu<br>An adsorption-electrodesorption process on activated carbon fabric is deemed to address the issue of volatile organic compounds at trace concentrations in methane-rich gases : biogas and natural gas. The experimental procedure is divided into two connected sections so as to, firstly, assess the potential of several materials and define the most relevant in the working conditions by means of modelling chemical and physical phenomena adsorption-bound and desorption-bound; secondly implement this fabric in a specific lab-scale pilot-unit, designed to perform continuous treatment. Adsorption and desorption in steady conditions of the studied organic volatile compounds: toluene, isopropanol, methylene chloride, ethanethiol, octamethylecyclotetrasiloxane et tetrahydrothiophene, on several activated carbon fabrics are characterised, modelled et quantified in order to design the lab-scale pilot-unit

L'évolution de nos sociétés, et en particulier des modes de consommation associés, conduit à une augmentation constante du gisement de déchets, en particulier en provenance des ménages. Malgré une volonté politique de favoriser le tri/recyclage des ordures ménagères, une grande partie de ces dernières est éliminée au sein de deux filières : le stockage en centre d'enfouissement technique et l'incinération. Le stockage en conditions anaérobies, conduit à la formation de biogaz de décharge qui contient une proportion de méthane permettant sa valorisation énergétique, mais également des composés à l'état de traces (sulfures, composés organiques volatils) malodorants, corrosifs, agressifs, et nuisibles à l'environnement. L'incinération, quant à elle, génère des sous-produits solides, en particulier des mâchefers d'incinération d'ordures ménagères (MIOM), qu'il faut à leur tour stocker ou valoriser après traitement. Notre étude porte sur une nouvelle voie de valorisation des mâchefers : l'épuration du biogaz de décharge. Dans ce contexte, une expérimentation de taille pilote a été conçue et utilisée sur le site du centre d'enfouissement technique de Roche la Molière (département 42). Cette installation a permis de tester le potentiel épuratoire d'un mâchefer provenant de l'usine d'incinération de Lyon-Nord (département 69), sur du biogaz réel. Le suivi analytique par chromatographie en phase gazeuse a porté principalement sur les composés soufrés (sulfure d'hydrogène, mercaptans), mais également sur quelques composés organiques volatils majoritaires. Des études de désorption thermique ont par ailleurs été réalisées en laboratoire. Les résultats montrent que les mâchefers présentent des capacités épuratoires significatives, en particulier vis-à-vis des composés soufrés qui se trouvent ainsi minéralisés après réaction chimique. La quantification du potentiel épuratoire du mâchefer a permis un dimensionnement à l'échelle du terrain et a conduit à une proposition de leur utilisation au sein d'une décharge pour un traitement in situ du biogaz<br>The evolution of our societies, and specifically the associated trends in consumer consumption, have led to a continual increase in waste production, and particularly household waste. Despite a strong political will to develop source separation and recycling of household waste, the majority of this waste stream is disposed of by two main techniques : storage in engineered landfills and incineration. Storage in anaerobic conditions, leads to the formation of landfill biogas which contains sufficient methane for combustion and energy recovery, but also contains compounds (sulphides, volatile organic compounds) in trace amounts which produce olfactory nuisances and are corrosive, aggressive and hazardous to the environment. As for incineration, it produces solid wastes and in particular bottom ash which needs to be stored or reused after treatment. Our study focuses on a new way of reusing incinerator bottom ash, notably for the purification of landfill biogas. As part of this study, a pilot test unit was developed and operated at the Roche la Molière engineered landfill (department 42). The purification potential of bottom ash from the North-Lyon (department 69) incineration plant was tested on real landfill biogas using this pilot test unit. The gas phase chromatography analysis was mainly used to measure sulphur based compounds (hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans), but was also used to measure the main volatile organic compounds. Thermal desorption studies were also completed in the laboratory. The results show that the incinerator bottom ash presents significant purification potential and in particular with regards to the sulphur compounds which are mineralised by way of chemical reactions. The quantification of the purification potential of the incinerator bottom ash allowed for full scale dimensioning and the validation of their use directly within the landfill for in situ biogas treatment

Afin d'améliorer les performances de la digestion mésophile du lisier de porc au temps de rétention défini de 10 jours, la solubilisation de la fraction solide, étape limitante de la biométhanisation, a été étudiée en digesteurs expérimentaux infiniment mélangés<br>To improve the performances of the mésophile digestion of pork's(pig) liquid manure in the time of retention defined of 10 days, the solubilization of the solid fraction, the limitante stage of the biomethanation, was studied experimental infinitely mixed digesteurs there

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-08-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:52:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vespa_icg_me_botfca.pdf: 487117 bytes, checksum: 1f400782b310149e61282f0dd25be402 (MD5)<br>Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)<br>Nos últimos anos, verifica-se crescente a produção de resíduos sólidos urbanos associada a um aumento populacional e ao maior consumo de produtos com embalagens que poderiam ser recicladas. Medidas rápidas de valorização e reciclagem devem ser tomadas para que permitam um consumo contínuo de alguma forma racional, diminuindo conseqüentemente, as agressões ambientais. No presente estudo avaliaram-se parâmetros que proporcionem subsídios na tomada de decisões sobre o melhor aproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos orgânicos, utilizando-se a compostagem ou a biodigestão anaeróbia. O resíduo sólido urbano orgânico (lixo) foi cedido pela empresa CONSTROESTE, localizada no município de São José do Rio Preto-SP, e o experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Biodigestão Anaeróbia do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - Campus de Jaboticabal da Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp. Foram conduzidos ensaios de compostagem e biodigestão anaeróbia, utilizando-se resíduo sólido urbano orgânico coletado no município de São José do Rio Preto - SP, no intuito de avaliar as características químico-minerais, o potencial energético e a interferência da qualidade do resíduo no desenvolvimento dos processos. Avaliaram-se as reduções de sólidos totais e voláteis, produções de biogás e qualidade do biofertilizante durante a biodigestão anaeróbia, que foi conduzida com a utilização ou não de inóculo, e parâmetros como temperatura, umidade, peso, teores de nutrientes, e redução de massa enleirada durante a compostagem e a equivalência energética nos dois processos. Observaram-se reduções de 58,5% nas quantidades de massa seca enleirada e de 40,9% nos teores de carbono orgânico, matéria orgânica compostável e demanda química de oxigênio. Foram verificadas temperaturas acima de 40º C,...<br>An increasing production of urban organic wastes is noticed in the last years, associated with the growth of the global population and the increased of resultant consumption. Fast actions of valorization and recycling must be done, in a way that it allows a rational continuous consumption and consequently decreasing environmental aggressions. This work has evaluated some parameters that supply decision making over better use of urban organic wastes through composting or anaerobic digestion processes. The urban organic waste was supplied by Controeste company, in São José do Rio Preto - SP. The experiment was conducted in the Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory - Agricultural Engineering Department - Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences College - Jaboticabal Campus - São Paulo State University - UNESP. Samples of composting and anaerobic digestion were collected done from the wastes in the city of São José do Rio Preto - SP, with the objective of evaluating to the chemical and mineral properties and consequent interference of the residues on the processes. The reductions of total and volatile solids, biogas production and biofertilizer quality werw evaluated during the anaerobic digestion. It was conducted using inoculums or not and parameters such as temperature, humidity, weight, nutrient content and reduction of heap mass during the composting. A reduction the 58.5% in the quantity of heap dry mass, 40.9% in the organic carbon contents, recycling organic material and chemical demand of oxygen was observed. It was registered temperatures above 40ºC in the heaps interior, evidencing the importance of the process of reduction and/or elimination of pathogens.The presence of innocuous in the substrate anticipated the biogas production in the process of anaerobic digestion...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-06-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:40:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 augusto_kz_me_jabo.pdf: 655578 bytes, checksum: 104c70aaf81ec126dfdb5aeb957bed18 (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Funep<br>Objetivou-se a avaliação da produção e caracterização qualitativa de dejetos em sistemas de produção de ovos automatizado e convencional, bem como dos processos de compostagem e de biodigestão anaeróbia desses dejetos. Foram efetuadas quantificações diárias em conformidade com a rotina estabelecida na propriedade para os dois sistemas de produção. Para dejetos provenientes de sistemas automatizados encontrou-se uma produção de 0,10kg ave-1 dia-1 de matéria natural (MN) e 0,03kg ave-1 dia-1 de matéria seca (MS), para dejetos provenientes de sistemas convencionais armazenados sob as gaiolas de criação de galinhas por 260 dias a produção foi de 0,03kg ave-1 dia-1 (MN) e 0,025kg ave-1 dia-1 (MS) e quando avaliados com um dia de produção foi de 0,05kg ave-1 dia-1 (MN) e 0,02kg ave-1 dia-1 (MS). Após 90 dias de compostagem de dejetos de galinhas poedeiras, frescos (com e sem a adição de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e serragem) e armazenados por 260 dias (com adição de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e serragem), obteve-se redução de sólidos totais (ST) de 46,2%, 45,6% e 28,6%, respectivamente. Foram abastecidos biodigestores bateladas e contínuos com dejetos frescos e armazenados por 260 dias de galinhas poedeiras, ambos contendo 6% de ST e tempo de retenção hidráulica de 20 dias. Em ambas as fases, batelada e contínua, a maior produção de biogás foi para os dejetos frescos. As produções de biogás por kg de ST adicionados foram maiores para os biodigestores abastecidos com dejetos frescos, tanto em fase batelada quanto contínua (0,34m3. kg ST adicionados-1 e 0,45m3. kg ST adicionados-1, respectivamente) quando comparados com dejetos armazenados por 260 dias (0,28m3. kg ST adicionados-1 e 0,22m3. kg ST adicionados-1).<br>The objective was to evaluate of the production and qualitative characterization of residues in conventional egg production and the automatic production system in commercial hen farms, composting and anaerobic bio-digestion. Daily quantifications were made in conformity to the routine management of the premises for the two production systems. In the automatic system the waste, production found was 0,10kg poultry-1 day-1 of natural matter (MN) and 0,03kg poultry-1 day-1 of dry matter (MS), wastes produced from conventional production system located under the cages of hens creation by 260 days, the production was 0,03kg poultry-1 day-1 (MN) and 0,025kg poultry-1 day-1 (MS) and when evaluated the daily production the waste found was 0,05kg poultry-1 day-1 (MN) and 0,02kg poultry-1 day-1 (MS). After 90 days of composting of poultry manure fresh (with and without the addition of sugar-cane pulp and sawdust) and stored by 260 days (with addition of sugar-cane pulp and sawdust), a reduction of total solids (TS) of 46,2%, 45,6% and 28,6%, was obtained respectively. Bio-digesters in batch and in daily load were supplied with fresh manure and stored by 260 days, both containing 6% of TS and hydraulic times’ retention of 20 days. In both phases, batch and daily load, fresh manure was the largest producer of biogas. The biogas production per kg of added TS was larger for the bio-digestors supplied with fresh manure, both in batch phase and daily load (0,34m3. kg TS add-1 and 0,45m3. kg TS add-1, respectively) when compared with manure stored for 260 days (0,28m3. kg ST add-1 and 0,22m3. kg ST add-1).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:16:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 junqueira_jb_me_jabo.pdf: 613418 bytes, checksum: 2d96f9a3a3a9a81ba8c0d4213f5c57be (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Tendo em vista o aumento no número de confinamentos e todos os problemas ambientais gerados pela grande quantidade de dejetos depositados em uma área reduzida, o trabalho visa contribuir com informações que viabilizem a sustentabilidade na criação de bovinos de corte em sistemas intensivos, fomentando a integração de sistemas de criação animal e culturas vegetais, por meio do manejo adequado dos resíduos gerados e posterior aproveitamento na adubação de culturas. Para tanto, objetivou-se com o presente desenvolver os processos de biodigestão anaeróbia e compostagem, avaliando a produção e qualidade do biogás, biofertilizante e composto gerados. Avaliar a aplicação de adubo orgânico (biofertilizante e composto) e adubo mineral em pasto cultivado com a planta forrageira Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia. Foram utilizados os dejetos gerados por bovinos de corte confinados. O material foi destinado à formação de leiras de compostagem e ao abastecimento de biodigestores anaeróbios. O biofertilizante e o composto gerados foram utilizados na adubação da planta forrageira. O uso de adubo mineral promoveu as maiores quantidades de massa de forragem em relação aos demais. As plantas adubadas com biofertilizante obteve a melhor relação lâmina foliar:colmo (1,88). Os teores de proteína na lâmina foliar variaram de 15,62% a 9,2%. A composição bromatológica da forragem da área adubada com adubo orgânico (biofertilizante e composto) foi superior aos da forragem da área adubada com adubo mineral. A adoção da adubação orgânica foi viável, não somente como proposta de modelo de produção sustentável, mas também como forma de incrementar o lucro gerado na atividade<br>Given the increase in number of confinements and all the environmental problems caused by the large amount of waste deposited in a small area, the work aims to contribute information that will enable sustainability in the farming of beef cattle in intensive systems, fostering systems integration, animal husbandry and crops, through the proper management of waste generated and further use in the fertilization of cultures. To do so, with the objective to develop the processes of this anaerobic digestion and composting, evaluating the yield and quality of gas, fertilizer and compost generated. To evaluate the application of organic manure (compost tea and compost) and mineral fertilizer in the pasture cultivated with forage grass Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania. We used the manure generated by beef cattle. The material was used for the formation of windrows for composting and anaerobic digesters to supply. The biofertilizer and compost generated were used in the fertilization of forage. The use of mineral fertilizer produced the greatest amounts of dry matter in relation to others. Plants fertilized with biofertilizer had the best leaf blade: stem ratio (1.88). The protein contents in leaf blade ranged from 15.62% to 9.2%. The chemical composition of the forage area fertilized with organic fertilizer (compost tea and compost) was greater than the area of forage fertilized with mineral fertilizer. The adoption of organic manure was feasible, not only as a proposed model of sustainable production, but also as a way of increasing the profit generated in the activity

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior<br>Banca: Osmar de Carvalho Bueno<br>Banca: Tânia Mara Baptista dos Santos<br>Resumo: Nos últimos anos, verifica-se crescente a produção de resíduos sólidos urbanos associada a um aumento populacional e ao maior consumo de produtos com embalagens que poderiam ser recicladas. Medidas rápidas de valorização e reciclagem devem ser tomadas para que permitam um consumo contínuo de alguma forma racional, diminuindo conseqüentemente, as agressões ambientais. No presente estudo avaliaram-se parâmetros que proporcionem subsídios na tomada de decisões sobre o melhor aproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos orgânicos, utilizando-se a compostagem ou a biodigestão anaeróbia. O resíduo sólido urbano orgânico (lixo) foi cedido pela empresa CONSTROESTE, localizada no município de São José do Rio Preto-SP, e o experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Biodigestão Anaeróbia do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - Campus de Jaboticabal da Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp. Foram conduzidos ensaios de compostagem e biodigestão anaeróbia, utilizando-se resíduo sólido urbano orgânico coletado no município de São José do Rio Preto - SP, no intuito de avaliar as características químico-minerais, o potencial energético e a interferência da qualidade do resíduo no desenvolvimento dos processos. Avaliaram-se as reduções de sólidos totais e voláteis, produções de biogás e qualidade do biofertilizante durante a biodigestão anaeróbia, que foi conduzida com a utilização ou não de inóculo, e parâmetros como temperatura, umidade, peso, teores de nutrientes, e redução de massa enleirada durante a compostagem e a equivalência energética nos dois processos. Observaram-se reduções de 58,5% nas quantidades de massa seca enleirada e de 40,9% nos teores de carbono orgânico, matéria orgânica compostável e demanda química de oxigênio. Foram verificadas temperaturas acima de 40º C,...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: An increasing production of urban organic wastes is noticed in the last years, associated with the growth of the global population and the increased of resultant consumption. Fast actions of valorization and recycling must be done, in a way that it allows a rational continuous consumption and consequently decreasing environmental aggressions. This work has evaluated some parameters that supply decision making over better use of urban organic wastes through composting or anaerobic digestion processes. The urban organic waste was supplied by Controeste company, in São José do Rio Preto - SP. The experiment was conducted in the Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory - Agricultural Engineering Department - Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences College - Jaboticabal Campus - São Paulo State University - UNESP. Samples of composting and anaerobic digestion were collected done from the wastes in the city of São José do Rio Preto - SP, with the objective of evaluating to the chemical and mineral properties and consequent interference of the residues on the processes. The reductions of total and volatile solids, biogas production and biofertilizer quality werw evaluated during the anaerobic digestion. It was conducted using inoculums or not and parameters such as temperature, humidity, weight, nutrient content and reduction of heap mass during the composting. A reduction the 58.5% in the quantity of heap dry mass, 40.9% in the organic carbon contents, recycling organic material and chemical demand of oxygen was observed. It was registered temperatures above 40ºC in the heaps interior, evidencing the importance of the process of reduction and/or elimination of pathogens.The presence of innocuous in the substrate anticipated the biogas production in the process of anaerobic digestion...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Júnior<br>Coorientador: Ana Cláudia Ruggieri<br>Banca: João Antonio Galbiatti<br>Banca: Valdo Rodrigues Herling<br>Resumo: Tendo em vista o aumento no número de confinamentos e todos os problemas ambientais gerados pela grande quantidade de dejetos depositados em uma área reduzida, o trabalho visa contribuir com informações que viabilizem a sustentabilidade na criação de bovinos de corte em sistemas intensivos, fomentando a integração de sistemas de criação animal e culturas vegetais, por meio do manejo adequado dos resíduos gerados e posterior aproveitamento na adubação de culturas. Para tanto, objetivou-se com o presente desenvolver os processos de biodigestão anaeróbia e compostagem, avaliando a produção e qualidade do biogás, biofertilizante e composto gerados. Avaliar a aplicação de adubo orgânico (biofertilizante e composto) e adubo mineral em pasto cultivado com a planta forrageira Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia. Foram utilizados os dejetos gerados por bovinos de corte confinados. O material foi destinado à formação de leiras de compostagem e ao abastecimento de biodigestores anaeróbios. O biofertilizante e o composto gerados foram utilizados na adubação da planta forrageira. O uso de adubo mineral promoveu as maiores quantidades de massa de forragem em relação aos demais. As plantas adubadas com biofertilizante obteve a melhor relação lâmina foliar:colmo (1,88). Os teores de proteína na lâmina foliar variaram de 15,62% a 9,2%. A composição bromatológica da forragem da área adubada com adubo orgânico (biofertilizante e composto) foi superior aos da forragem da área adubada com adubo mineral. A adoção da adubação orgânica foi viável, não somente como proposta de modelo de produção sustentável, mas também como forma de incrementar o lucro gerado na atividade<br>Abstract: Given the increase in number of confinements and all the environmental problems caused by the large amount of waste deposited in a small area, the work aims to contribute information that will enable sustainability in the farming of beef cattle in intensive systems, fostering systems integration, animal husbandry and crops, through the proper management of waste generated and further use in the fertilization of cultures. To do so, with the objective to develop the processes of this anaerobic digestion and composting, evaluating the yield and quality of gas, fertilizer and compost generated. To evaluate the application of organic manure (compost tea and compost) and mineral fertilizer in the pasture cultivated with forage grass Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania. We used the manure generated by beef cattle. The material was used for the formation of windrows for composting and anaerobic digesters to supply. The biofertilizer and compost generated were used in the fertilization of forage. The use of mineral fertilizer produced the greatest amounts of dry matter in relation to others. Plants fertilized with biofertilizer had the best leaf blade: stem ratio (1.88). The protein contents in leaf blade ranged from 15.62% to 9.2%. The chemical composition of the forage area fertilized with organic fertilizer (compost tea and compost) was greater than the area of forage fertilized with mineral fertilizer. The adoption of organic manure was feasible, not only as a proposed model of sustainable production, but also as a way of increasing the profit generated in the activity<br>Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T22:53:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_7396_DCF.pdf: 1924430 bytes, checksum: 9261537271ede72f1991257c22b4b86b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-23<br>Com a perspectiva de aplicação do biogás como recurso energético, verifica-se um crescente interesse em relação à sua composição química específica e às possíveis implicações a respeito de sua utilização. O presente trabalho investiga os compostos traços que influenciam o aproveitamento energético do biogás, dentre eles sulfeto de hidrogênio, siloxanos e compostos halogenados. Na literatura, os trabalhos realizados a respeito de siloxanos no biogás são provenientes de estudos em digestores de lodo, e não do biogás produzido no tratamento de esgoto em si, daí a importância dessa pesquisa. Também são investigados o potencial de aproveitamento e a validação de um modelo para estimativa do balanço de massa de DQO. Foram coletadas amostras de esgoto e de biogás do sistema de tratamento de esgoto doméstico da cidade de Piaçú/ES, composto por pré-tratamento, tratamento anaeróbio (reator UASB) e tratamento aeróbio (filtros biológicos aerados submersos). Foram realizadas análises de DQO total e filtrada, sulfato, sulfeto e sólidos nos esgotos afluente e efluente, e de sólidos e sulfeto precipitado no lodo, de acordo com o Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 2005). As amostras do biogás produzido no reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo (UASB) foram coletadas em sacolas de Nalophan® de 10 litros e pré-concentradas em cartuchos adsorvedores CarbopackTM. As concentrações de sulfeto de hidrogênio, siloxanos e halogenados, assim como as dos principais componentes gasosos (metano e outros), foram analisadas por meio de cromatografia gasosa acoplada aos detectores de condutividade térmica e espectrômetro de massas (TCD e MS). A quantidade de metano capturada no biogás foi de 19,7 Nm3 dia-1 (0,093 Nm3/m3 de esgoto/ 0,24 Nm3/kgDQOrem), cuja queima liberaria um potência de 8,2 kW na forma de calor (capaz de ser convertida em uma potência de 2,7 kW de energia elétrica). A recuperação de metano e a produção de biogás foram adequadamente estimadas pelo modelo proposto por Lobato, Chernicharo e Souza (2012). De modo geral, foram encontrados siloxanos e compostos halogenados em variedades e concentrações menores que as normalmente reportadas na literatura. A concentração média de sulfeto de hidrogênio foi consideravelmente elevada (2078 ppm), podendo representar uma limitação ao aproveitamento energético do biogás.

OLIVEIRA, Francisco Carlos de. Estudo químico de fungos endofíticos associados a plantas do bioma caatinga.<br>Submitted by Weslayne Nunes de Sales (weslaynesales@ufc.br) on 2017-03-27T12:22:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tesefco.pdf: 7955947 bytes, checksum: e5a6a0ebb719856087174dcc25f2c0c5 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2017-03-29T17:11:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tesefco.pdf: 7955947 bytes, checksum: e5a6a0ebb719856087174dcc25f2c0c5 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-29T17:11:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tesefco.pdf: 7955947 bytes, checksum: e5a6a0ebb719856087174dcc25f2c0c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017<br>The chemical study of endophytic fungi associated with plants of the Caatinga biome was carried out through the identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the isolation of non-volatile metabolites produced by ten fungi of the family Botryosphaeriaceae and one of the family Nectriaceae. In the identification of VOCs produced by the fungus Albonectria rigidiuscula (Nectriaceae), four different culture media (BD, BDA, peptone and rice) and three incubation periods (7, 14 and 21 days) were used, using the same techniques of extraction and analysis. In the study of identification of VOCs, the fungi were: L. gonubiensis, L. parva, L. pseudotheobromae, L. theobromae, Neosicoccum ribis, N. cordaticola, N. parvum, Botrysphaeria mamane and Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum cultivated in BD under the same conditions. As extraction and analytical technique, headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME-HS), coupled with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), was used. The data of the analyzes were also submitted to statistical treatments of PCA and HCA. The identification of fungal VOCs was adequate to discriminate ten species of the family Botryosphaeriaceae. The discrimination of the N. parvum / N. Ribis pointed out the importance of VOCs as an auxiliary chemotaxonomic tool. In addition, α-bisabolol, which was produced at high level (88.83%) by the P. stromatium fungus, can be identified as a chemical marker for this specie. The production of VOCs by the A.rigidiuscula fungus showed greater qualitative and quantitative variations in nutrient poor media. The fungi N.parvum, L. gonubiensis and A. rigidiuscula presented cytotoxic potential and the study of non-volatile compounds showed significant variations in the fatty acids produced in the mycelia and extracted liquid media. The metabolites (3S, 4S)-4-hydroxymellein, cyclic (Leu-Pro), cyclic (S-Phe-S-Pro), (3S, 4R)-4-hydroxymellein mellein, pestalopyrone, xylitol, cyclo (L-Pro-L-Tyr) and tyrosol. The isolation of diketopiperazines suggests a relationship of these compounds with the cytotoxic potential of active extracts, since the anticâncer potential of this class is reported in the literature.<br>O estudo químico de fungos endofíticos associados a plantas do bioma Caatinga foi realizado através da identificação de compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs) e do isolamento de metabolitos não voláteis produzidos por dez fungos da família Botryosphaeriaceae e um da família Nectriaceae. Na identificação de COVs produzidos pelo fungo Albonectria rigidiuscula (Nectriaceae) foram utilizados quatros meios de cultura diferentes (BD, BDA, peptona e arroz) e em três períodos de incubação (7, 14 e 21 dias), empregando-se as mesmas técnicas de extração e análise. No estudo de identificação de COVs, os fungos Lasiodiplodia citricola, L. gonubiensis, L. parva, L. pseudotheobromae, L. theobromae, Neosicoccum ribis, N. cordaticola, N. parvum, Botrysphaeria mamane e Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum foram cultivados em BD, sob as mesmas condições. Como técnica de extração e análise, utilizou-se a micro-extração em fase sólida por headspace (HS-MEFS), aliada à cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). Os dados das análises foram ainda submetidos a tratamentos estatísticos de ACP e AAH. A identificação de COVs fúngicos se mostrou adequada para discriminar dez espécies da família Botryosphaeriaceae. A discriminação do complexo N. parvum/N. ribis apontou a importância de COVs como uma ferramenta quimiotaxonômica auxiliar. Além disso, o α-bisabolol que foi produzido em alto teor (88,83%) pelo fungo P. stromaticum, pode ser apontado como um marcador químico para a espécie. A produção de COVs pelo fungo A. rigidiuscula mostrou maiores variações qualitativas e quantitativas nos meios de cultura mais pobres em nutrientes. Os fungos N.parvum, L. gonubiensis e A. rigidiuscula apresentaram potencial citotóxico e o estudo de compostos não voláteis apontou variações significativas nos ácidos graxos produzidos nos micélios e meios líquidos extraídos. A partir dos extratos fúngicos ativos foram isolados os metabólitos (3S, 4S)-4-hidroximeleina, ciclo (Leu-Pro), ciclo (S-Phe-S-Pro), (3S, 4R)-4-hidroximeleína, (R)-meleina, pestalopirona, xilitol, ciclo (L-Pro-L-Tyr) e tirosol. O isolamento de dicetopiperazinas sugere uma relação destes compostos com o potencial citotóxico dos extratos ativos, uma vez que o potencial anticâncer desta classe é relatada na literatura.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-17T15:26:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-04-24. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-09-17T15:46:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000844095_20160504.pdf: 82331 bytes, checksum: dfa8cdde730c6997740e466d729c9c89 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-05-04T13:08:30Z: 000844095_20160504.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-05-04T13:09:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000844095.pdf: 477441 bytes, checksum: 60570e6ab9105b5e5e7a693c743eb23e (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>O Bioma Amazônia apresenta frutas com características sensoriais únicas e elevada concentração de nutrientes. Entretanto, algumas espécies frutíferas por não constituírem uma cultura comercialmente estabelecida, uma vez que são decorrentes, quase que em sua totalidade, de atividade extrativista, prevalecem à escassez ou mesmo a ausência de dados técnico-científicos. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar fisico-quimicamente a polpa das frutas de abiu, achachairu, araçá-boi, biri-biri e mangostão-amarelo procedentes do Bioma Amazônia, em diferentes safras. As polpas foram avaliadas quanto aos teores de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável, açúcares (redutores e totais) e pH. Também foram avaliados os teores de ácido ascórbico, antocianinas, flavonóides amarelos, carotenóides totais, compostos fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante total (pela captura do radical livre pelos métodos ABTS.+ e DPPH., e pela redução do ferro pelo método FRAP). Os resultados dos parâmetros físico-químicos das polpas das frutas nas diferentes safras foram submetidos ao teste T de Student, análise de variância seguida de teste de Tukey, bem como análise de correlação e análise de componentes principais empregando-se o software Statistica 7.0. Houve diferenças para os parâmetros físico-químicos das polpas de frutas avaliadas nas diferentes safras. A polpa de achachairu apresentou elevado conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais com significativa atividade antioxidante, enquanto a polpa de araçá-boi apresentou os maiores teores de carotenoides e a polpa de mangostão amarelo, de flavonoides amarelos. A atividade antioxidante total, mensurada por três diferentes metodologias (ABTS.+, DPPH. e FRAP), apresentou correlação com os teores de compostos fenólicos totais, demonstrando que estes são os contribuintes mais importantes para a atividade antioxidante da...<br>The Amazon biome has fruit with unique sensory characteristics and high concentration of nutrients. However, despite their nutritional and economic potential, these fruits lack an established commercialized market base. These fruits have yet to be marketed properly because they are almost always picked from the wild. An additional consequence is that technical and scientific data on them is scarce or often non-existent. In light of these factors, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physical-chemical composition of pulp from the abiu, achachairú, araza, bilimbi, and yellow mangosteen fruits from the Brazilian Amazon Biome in different harvests. The fruit pulps were evaluated in terms of their total soluble solid content, titratable acidity levels, total and reducing sugars and pH. Ascorbic acid content, total anthocyanin content, yellow flavonoid content, total carotenoid content, total phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity (capturing the ABTS·+ free radical, as well as by capturing the DPPH. free radical, and through the measurement of iron reducing activity via the FRAP assay) of the fruit pulps were also determined. The results of physico-chemical parameters of the pulp fruits in different harvests were analyzed by the T Student test, variance analysis followed by Tukey test, correlation analysis and principal components analysis using the Statistica 7.0 software. There were differences in the physico-chemical parameters of fruit pulp evaluated in different harvests. The achachairú pulp had the highest quantity of total phenolic compounds and for the most significant antioxidant activity; this study also found that the araza pulp had the highest carotenoid content and that the yellow mangosteen pulp had the highest yellow flavonoid content. In this study, the ABTS.+, DPPH., and FRAP methods revealed a positive correlation between total phenolic compound content and antioxidant...

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior<br>Banca: Vera Maria Barbosa de Moraes<br>Banca: Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa<br>Resumo: Objetivou-se a avaliação da produção e caracterização qualitativa de dejetos em sistemas de produção de ovos automatizado e convencional, bem como dos processos de compostagem e de biodigestão anaeróbia desses dejetos. Foram efetuadas quantificações diárias em conformidade com a rotina estabelecida na propriedade para os dois sistemas de produção. Para dejetos provenientes de sistemas automatizados encontrou-se uma produção de 0,10kg ave-1 dia-1 de matéria natural (MN) e 0,03kg ave-1 dia-1 de matéria seca (MS), para dejetos provenientes de sistemas convencionais armazenados sob as gaiolas de criação de galinhas por 260 dias a produção foi de 0,03kg ave-1 dia-1 (MN) e 0,025kg ave-1 dia-1 (MS) e quando avaliados com um dia de produção foi de 0,05kg ave-1 dia-1 (MN) e 0,02kg ave-1 dia-1 (MS). Após 90 dias de compostagem de dejetos de galinhas poedeiras, frescos (com e sem a adição de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e serragem) e armazenados por 260 dias (com adição de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e serragem), obteve-se redução de sólidos totais (ST) de 46,2%, 45,6% e 28,6%, respectivamente. Foram abastecidos biodigestores bateladas e contínuos com dejetos frescos e armazenados por 260 dias de galinhas poedeiras, ambos contendo 6% de ST e tempo de retenção hidráulica de 20 dias. Em ambas as fases, batelada e contínua, a maior produção de biogás foi para os dejetos frescos. As produções de biogás por kg de ST adicionados foram maiores para os biodigestores abastecidos com dejetos frescos, tanto em fase batelada quanto contínua (0,34m3. kg ST adicionados-1 e 0,45m3. kg ST adicionados-1, respectivamente) quando comparados com dejetos armazenados por 260 dias (0,28m3. kg ST adicionados-1 e 0,22m3. kg ST adicionados-1).<br>Abstract: The objective was to evaluate of the production and qualitative characterization of residues in conventional egg production and the automatic production system in commercial hen farms, composting and anaerobic bio-digestion. Daily quantifications were made in conformity to the routine management of the premises for the two production systems. In the automatic system the waste, production found was 0,10kg poultry-1 day-1 of natural matter (MN) and 0,03kg poultry-1 day-1 of dry matter (MS), wastes produced from conventional production system located under the cages of hens creation by 260 days, the production was 0,03kg poultry-1 day-1 (MN) and 0,025kg poultry-1 day-1 (MS) and when evaluated the daily production the waste found was 0,05kg poultry-1 day-1 (MN) and 0,02kg poultry-1 day-1 (MS). After 90 days of composting of poultry manure fresh (with and without the addition of sugar-cane pulp and sawdust) and stored by 260 days (with addition of sugar-cane pulp and sawdust), a reduction of total solids (TS) of 46,2%, 45,6% and 28,6%, was obtained respectively. Bio-digesters in batch and in daily load were supplied with fresh manure and stored by 260 days, both containing 6% of TS and hydraulic times' retention of 20 days. In both phases, batch and daily load, fresh manure was the largest producer of biogas. The biogas production per kg of added TS was larger for the bio-digestors supplied with fresh manure, both in batch phase and daily load (0,34m3. kg TS add-1 and 0,45m3. kg TS add-1, respectively) when compared with manure stored for 260 days (0,28m3. kg ST add-1 and 0,22m3. kg ST add-1).<br>Mestre

Orientador: Gabriela Alves Macedo<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T09:06:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_PauladePaulaMenezes_M.pdf: 2172137 bytes, checksum: 707d48554bb74b873d31d80aa96163e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014<br>Resumo: Compostos bioativos são moléculas orgânicas derivadas de vegetais, animais ou micro-organismos que estão relacionados à alguma atividade biológica. Os micro-organismos do solo representam uma importante fonte de compostos biologicamente ativos. O ponto crítico na descoberta de novas moléculas bioativas desta fonte é o isolamento de grupos de micro-organismos pouco explorados e conhecidos que são ao mesmo tempo bons produtores de metabólitos secundários. Os fungos filamentosos são conhecidos como produtores de uma grande variedade de metabólitos secundários. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e selecionar linhagens de fungos filamentosos silvestres, de duas regiões do Estado de São Paulo (Biomas de Mata Atlântica e Cerrado), com vistas para produção de compostos antimicrobianos ativos contra os micro-organismos alvo escolhidos nesta pesquisa: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesuis e Candida albicans. Estes micro-organismos causam grandes problemas na área de alimentos e saúde. A partir das amostras de solo coletadas na região de Mata Atlântica (Ilhabela) e na região de transição dos biomas Mata Atlântica e Cerrado (Barão Geraldo, Campinas), 118 culturas de fungos filamentosos foram isoladas. Dentre elas 22 apresentaram elevado potencial antimicrobiano contra pelo menos um dos micro-organismos alvo e foram estudadas quanto ao seu efeito antimicrobiano. Ao final, foram obtidas culturas de fungos filamentosos com elevado potencial para produção de metabólitos com atividade antimicrobiana, os quais poderão ser identificados e explorados futuramente<br>Abstract: Bioactive compounds are organic molecules from vegetables, animals or microorganisms that are related to some biological activity. Soil microorganisms represent an important source of biologically active compounds. The isolation of unexplored and unknown microorganisms that are both good producers of secondary metabolites, provides the potential for novel bioactive molecules. Filamentous fungi are known as good producers of a great variety of secondary metabolites. Therefore, this work goal was to isolate and select wild filamentous fungi strains of two regions of São Paulo State (Biomes of Cerrado and Atlantic Forest), capable to produce antimicrobial compounds against the microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesuis and Candida albicans. These microorganisms cause important problems in food and health areas. 118 filamentous fungi strains were isolated from soil samples collected at Atlantic Forest region (Ilhabela) and transition region between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes (Barão Geraldo, Campinas). Among them, 22 strains showed high antimicrobial activity against at least one of the pathogenic microorganisms target and their antimicrobial effect were studied. In conclusion, potentially filamentous fungi strains producers of antimicrobial activity metabolites were obtained, which can be identified and future explored<br>Mestrado<br>Ciência de Alimentos<br>Mestra em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: Natália Soares Janzantti<br>Banca: Ana Carolina Conti e Silva<br>Banca: Teresa Cristina Bolzan Quaioti<br>Resumo: O Bioma Amazônia apresenta frutas com características sensoriais únicas e elevada concentração de nutrientes. Entretanto, algumas espécies frutíferas por não constituírem uma cultura comercialmente estabelecida, uma vez que são decorrentes, quase que em sua totalidade, de atividade extrativista, prevalecem à escassez ou mesmo a ausência de dados técnico-científicos. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar fisico-quimicamente a polpa das frutas de abiu, achachairu, araçá-boi, biri-biri e mangostão-amarelo procedentes do Bioma Amazônia, em diferentes safras. As polpas foram avaliadas quanto aos teores de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável, açúcares (redutores e totais) e pH. Também foram avaliados os teores de ácido ascórbico, antocianinas, flavonóides amarelos, carotenóides totais, compostos fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante total (pela captura do radical livre pelos métodos ABTS.+ e DPPH., e pela redução do ferro pelo método FRAP). Os resultados dos parâmetros físico-químicos das polpas das frutas nas diferentes safras foram submetidos ao teste T de Student, análise de variância seguida de teste de Tukey, bem como análise de correlação e análise de componentes principais empregando-se o software Statistica 7.0. Houve diferenças para os parâmetros físico-químicos das polpas de frutas avaliadas nas diferentes safras. A polpa de achachairu apresentou elevado conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais com significativa atividade antioxidante, enquanto a polpa de araçá-boi apresentou os maiores teores de carotenoides e a polpa de mangostão amarelo, de flavonoides amarelos. A atividade antioxidante total, mensurada por três diferentes metodologias (ABTS.+, DPPH. e FRAP), apresentou correlação com os teores de compostos fenólicos totais, demonstrando que estes são os contribuintes mais importantes para a atividade antioxidante da...<br>Abstract: The Amazon biome has fruit with unique sensory characteristics and high concentration of nutrients. However, despite their nutritional and economic potential, these fruits lack an established commercialized market base. These fruits have yet to be marketed properly because they are almost always picked from the wild. An additional consequence is that technical and scientific data on them is scarce or often non-existent. In light of these factors, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physical-chemical composition of pulp from the abiu, achachairú, araza, bilimbi, and yellow mangosteen fruits from the Brazilian Amazon Biome in different harvests. The fruit pulps were evaluated in terms of their total soluble solid content, titratable acidity levels, total and reducing sugars and pH. Ascorbic acid content, total anthocyanin content, yellow flavonoid content, total carotenoid content, total phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity (capturing the ABTS·+ free radical, as well as by capturing the DPPH. free radical, and through the measurement of iron reducing activity via the FRAP assay) of the fruit pulps were also determined. The results of physico-chemical parameters of the pulp fruits in different harvests were analyzed by the T Student test, variance analysis followed by Tukey test, correlation analysis and principal components analysis using the Statistica 7.0 software. There were differences in the physico-chemical parameters of fruit pulp evaluated in different harvests. The achachairú pulp had the highest quantity of total phenolic compounds and for the most significant antioxidant activity; this study also found that the araza pulp had the highest carotenoid content and that the yellow mangosteen pulp had the highest yellow flavonoid content. In this study, the ABTS.+, DPPH., and FRAP methods revealed a positive correlation between total phenolic compound content and antioxidant...<br>Mestre

I processi microbiologici rivestono una grande importanza nello sviluppo di combustibili e sostanze chimiche da fonti rinnovabili (biomassa), quali: il biometano e le bioplastiche, come i poli(idrossialcanoati), PHA. I PHA sono poliesteri ottenuti per condensazione di 3-idrossiacidi, il più comune dei quali è il poli(3-idrossibutirrato, PHB). Gli alti costi di produzione del PHA da colture microbiche singole ha portato a valutare nuove strategie, tra cui l’utilizzo di colture microbiche miste (MMC) e substrati di scarto. Il bio-olio ottenuto dalla pirolisi di biomassa potrebbe essere un substrato interessante per la produzione di biogas e PHA. Gli acidi a catena corta (acidi grassi volatili, VFA), infatti, sono i prodotti intermedi nella produzione sia di biogas che di PHA. L’analisi di questi ultimi viene normalmente effettuata tramite GC-FID o GC-MS. La degradazione termica (pirolisi, Py) di PHA produce acidi alchenoici caratteristici, come l’acido crotonico. Il metodo tradizionale per la determinazione del PHA è la metanolisi seguita da un’analisi GC-MS, una procedura laboriosa con uso di solventi clorurati e sostanze corrosive. Lo scopo principale di questa tesi è stato quello di sviluppare un nuovo metodo di analisi dei PHA. Il metodo studiato si basa sulla pirolisi diretta della biomassa e determinazione degli acidi alchenoici prodotti dalla degradazione del PHA in GC-FID. La pirolisi analitica è stata studiata tramite analisi di polimeri puri (per la calibrazione) e poi è stata applicata a campioni batterici derivanti da MMC e a ceppi selezionati. Il confronto con il metodo convenzionale ha dimostrato che la Py/GC-FID è un metodo valido per l’identificazione dei PHA e per la loro quantificazione nelle matrici batteriche. Il pre-trattamento del campione è minimo e non richiede l’uso di solventi e reagenti chimici. Inoltre, è stata applicata una tecnica di analisi dei VFA nei test di biometanazione basata sull’estrazione con una microquantità di dimetilcarbonato.

Un procédé d'adsorption--électrodésorption sur textile de carbone activé est proposé afin de répondre à la problématique des composés organiques volatils à l'état de traces dans les gaz à fort potentiel énergétique: \emph{biogaz} et \emph{gaz de ville}. Une approche expérimentale en deux parties a été conduite afin de premièrement, sélectionner le matériau adéquat dans les conditions opératoires considérées et modéliser les phénomènes \emph{physico-chimiques} relatifs à l'adsorption et la désorption thermique; deuxièmement, mettre en \oe{}uvre ce matériau dans une unité pilote de purification en continu, à l'échelle du laboratoire. Un échantillon représentatif de COV est retenu: toluène, isopropanol, dichlorométhane, éthanethiol, octaméthylecyclotétrasiloxane et tétrahydrothiophène. L'adsorption et la désorption de ces composés sur différents textiles de carbone activé sont caractérisées, modélisées et quantifiées afin de pouvoir dimensionner l'unité pilote de traitement en continu. L'utilisation d'outils de simulation numérique des écoulements et de l'adsorption en continu amènent une réflexion globale sur les limites liées à la définition et à l'approche habituelle des modèles physiques dans ce type de procédé. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus avec l'unité pilote de purification en continu offrent un premier jeu de données pour appréhender la faisabilité de ce procédé et dresser la liste des obstacles à surmonter avant tout industrialisation.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-15T19:02:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Simoni_Venzon2017.pdf: 2968978 bytes, checksum: 8d86880483b828aa9362b011294b38c9 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T19:02:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simoni_Venzon2017.pdf: 2968978 bytes, checksum: 8d86880483b828aa9362b011294b38c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17<br>Along with the expansion of poultry activity, expressive amounts of poultry litter are generated every year, reaching 100 million tons. An alternative for the disposal of this residue is its use as a substrate for anaerobic biodigestion, which converts organic matter into biogas and digestate, with high nutritive value that can be used as biofertilizer. Because it is a solid residue with low humidity, to facilitate digestion, currently, large amounts of potable water are used. In this study, potable water was replaced by another liquid residue, swine wastewater, highlighting a co-digestion. Co-digestion of the poultry litter with the swine effluent was performed in a horizontal tubular anaerobic reactor with semi-continuous feed, operated at room temperature. By means of the application of a central rotational compound design, the biogas production was studied according to the operational parameters: volatile solids fed, in concentrations ranging from 2 to 8%, and hydraulic retention time, in intervals of 2.95 to 17.05 days. The effluent with low concentrations of nitrogen, total solids and alkalinity together with the reduced concentrations of Ca, K, Zn and absence of Cu can be used in co-digestion with the chicken litter, imparting humidity and neutralizing the toxicity of inhibitory compounds. Biogas production in all biodigesters started on the first day of operation and stabilized soon after the adaptation period (100 h), due to the good quality of the inoculum that had previously been acclimatized. The biogas production rate ranged from 73.69 to 295.26 dm3.kgSVal-1. An increase in biogas production rate can be achieved with high periods of hydraulic retention and with a lower concentration of volatile solids fed to the digester. The highest biogas production rate, with 48% methane, was obtained in a reactor fed with 2.87% volatile solids and hydraulic retention time of 15 days, yielding an energy potential of 0.034 MJ.day-1. The obtained statistical model was able to explain in 90% the experimental data and can be used in the prediction of the biogas production from co-digestion with poultry litter and swine wastewater. Even with the high alkalinity from the poultry litter, it was not enough to buffer the accumulation of volatile acids, occurring decrease in pH. In all reactors the carbon: nitrogen ratio in the substrates remained around 32.04±0.01 and there was no increase in pH, indicating no inhibition by ammonia. In all the reactors there was reduction of organic and nitrogen loads. Even with high organic load and in the presence of plant and soil nutrients, the digestates can be used as fertilizer with economic and ecological benefits.<br>Junto à expansão da atividade avícola, expressivas quantidades de cama de frango são geradas todo ano, podendo chegar a 100 milhões de toneladas. Uma alternativa para a disposição deste resíduo está na sua utilização como substrato para biodigestão anaeróbia, que converte a matéria orgânica em biogás e digestato, com alto valor nutritivo e que pode ser utilizado como biofertilizante. Por ser um resíduo sólido com pouca umidade, para favorecer a digestão, atualmente são utilizadas grandes quantidades de água, a qual foi aqui substituída por outro resíduo líquido: água residuária de abatedouro e indústria de beneficiamento de suínos, evidenciando uma codigestão. A codigestão da cama de frango com efluente suíno foi realizada em um reator anaeróbio tubular horizontal com alimentação semi-contínua, operado à temperatura ambiente. Por meio da aplicação de um DCCR, a produção de biogás foi estudada em função das condições operacionais: sólidos voláteis adicionados, em concentrações que variaram de 2 a 8%, e tempo de retenção hidráulica, em intervalos de 2,95 a 17,05 dias. O efluente com baixas concentrações de nitrogênio, sólidos totais e alcalinidade, junto com as reduzidas concentrações de Ca, K, Zn e ausência de Cu, pode ser utilizado em codigestão com a cama de frango, conferindo umidade e a neutralização da toxicidade de compostos inibitórios. A produção de biogás em todos os biodigestores começou ainda no primeiro dia de operação e estabilizou logo após o período de adaptação (100 h), devido à boa qualidade do inóculo, que havia sido previamente aclimatado. A taxa de produção de biogás variou de 73,69 a 295,26 dm3.kgSVal-1. Um aumento na taxa de produção de biogás pode ser conseguido com elevados tempos de retenção hidráulica e com uma menor concentração de sólidos voláteis adicionados ao biodigestor. A maior taxa de produção de biogás, com 48% de metano, foi obtida em um reator alimentado com 2,87% de sólidos voláteis e tempo de retenção hidráulica de 15 dias, rendendo um potencial energético de 0,034 MJ.dia-1. O modelo estatístico obtido conseguiu explicar em 90% os dados experimentais e pode ser utilizado na previsão da produção de biogás a partir da codigestão com cama de frango e água residuária de abatedouro e indústria de beneficiamento de suínos. Mesmo com a alta alcalinidade proveniente do resíduo cama de frango, esta não foi suficiente para tamponar o acúmulo de ácidos voláteis, ocorrendo a queda do pH. Em todos os reatores, a razão C:N nos substratos permaneceu em torno de 32,04±0,01 e não houve aumento do pH, indicando que não houve inibição por amônia. Em todos os reatores houve redução da carga orgânica e de nitrogênio. Ainda com alta carga orgânica e na presença de nutrientes das plantas e do solo, como S, Ca, Mg e pequenas quantidades de metais pesados, os digestatos podem ser utilizados como fertilizante com benefícios econômicos e ecológicos.

Il presente elaborato ha come aspetto centrale quello delle tecnologie appropriate nell’ambito della gestione de rifiuti, senza dimenticare i temi della sostenibilità e dello sviluppo sostenibile, strettamente legati per natura al paradigma delle tecnologie appropriate. Ai fondamenti teorici è affiancato un lavoro sul campo della durata di 3 mesi e svolto in una comunità situata nella periferia a Ovest della città di Lusaka, in Zambia. In particolare, l’elaborato è strutturato come segue. Il primo capitolo è prettamente teorico e ha l’intento di sviluppare i temi alla base dell’elaborato, i quali, a causa della loro importanza ai fini di una buona riuscita del lavoro sul campo successivamente svolto, trovano spazio anche nel titolo della tesi. Essi sono: tecnologie appropriate, sostenibilità e gestione dei rifiuti. Affinchè vengano spiegati in maniera efficace, essi sono analizzati sia in linea generica, sia applicati al campo dei paesi in via di sviluppo. All’interno del secondo capitolo si entrerà più nel dettaglio del tema della gestione dei rifiuti e nel quale si andrà più strettamente a contatto con la realtà zambiana, ossia quella indagata. Con il terzo capitolo, si apre la parte operativa dell’elaborato: dapprima viene data una panoramica sia storica che geografica della comunità di Koinonia. In seguito si passa all’analisi e alle possibilità di ottimizzazione del sistema di gestione dei rifiuti. Vengono approfondite le opportunità ritenute più interessanti per ogni categoria di rifiuti che ci si è preposti di differenziare, e cioè rifiuti generici, plastica e rifiuti organici. Nel quarto ed ultimo capitolo ci si concentra, facendo riferimento alla situazione di povertà in cui allo stato attuale versa più di un miliardo di persone sulla faccia del pianeta, sulla mancanza di accesso, per molti di questi, alle forme più moderne di energia.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-16T15:03:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HiaraRSCG_DISSERT.pdf: 1989229 bytes, checksum: e4965a0c31e89207c1535ca74caaff9e (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-16T15:03:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HiaraRSCG_DISSERT.pdf: 1989229 bytes, checksum: e4965a0c31e89207c1535ca74caaff9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The intensification of human activity for economic purposes has caused environmental impacts increasingly significant, for example, the suppression of vegetation and as a result soil impoverishment. In this sense, this research aimed to evaluate the use of pottery ash and organic macrophyte compound in the recovery of degraded soils. Thus, the experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with experimental design in a factorial arrangement of 5x5, being five doses of the compound of water hyacinth and five doses of ash with three replications, where the volume of soil corresponded to 2 dm³ and ash doses corresponded to 0, 1, 3, 5 and 10% of the volume of each vessel and the water hyacinth compound at 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30%. After mixing the composition of soil, compound and gray equivalent to each treatment, these were placed in plastic vessels, incubated for 20 days and then held the transplanting of Jucá seedlings (Libidibia ferrea). On the occasion of collection, the plants were cut at ground level, dry in forced-air oven at 70° C to constant weight, weighed, crushed in a grinder to obtain the dry matter of shoot (MSPA) and they were subsequently mineralized by nitric digestion. In the extracts were determined the total content of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd and Pb. After removal of the plants, the soil in each vessel was air dried, homogenised and a sample was removed for performing analysis of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd and Pb. The addition of ash and compound doses contributed to the increase in pH, which consequently influenced the absorption of heavy metals by plants as well as in their growth<br>A intensificação da atividade humana para fins econômicos tem ocasionado impactos ambientais cada vez mais significativos, como por exemplo, a supressão vegetal e por consequência o empobrecimento do solo. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de cinza de olaria e composto orgânico de macrófita aquática na recuperação de solos degradados. Assim, o experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com delineamento experimental em esquema fatorial 5x5, sendo cinco doses do composto de aguapé e cinco doses de cinza com três repetições, onde o volume de solo correspondeu a 2 dm³ e as doses de cinza corresponderam à 0, 1, 3, 5 e 10% do volume de cada vaso e às de composto de aguapé à 0, 5, 10, 20 e 30%. Após a mistura da composição solo, composto e cinza equivalente a cada tratamento, esta foi colocada em vasos plásticos, incubados 20 dias e em seguida realizado o transplantio das mudas de Jucá (Libidibia ferrea). Por ocasião da coleta, as mudas foram cortadas ao nível do solo, secas em estufa de circulação forçada de ar a 70°C até peso constante, pesadas, trituradas em moinho para obtenção da matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA) e posteriormente foram mineralizadas por digestão nítrica. Nos extratos foram determinados os teores totais de Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd e Pb. Após a retirada das mudas, o solo de cada vaso foi seco ao ar, homogeneizado e quantificado os teores de Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd e Pb. A adição das doses de cinza e o composto contribuíram para o aumento do pH, que consequentemente influenciou na absorção dos metais pesados pelas mudas, bem como no crescimento das mesmas<br>2017-01-16

Master of Science<br>Department of Agronomy<br>Ganga M. Hettiarachchi<br>Mine waste materials from the Tri-State mining region in Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma pose environmental hazards. The area is contaminated with trace elements, such as Pb, Zn and Cd, which are transported to surrounding areas through water, wind erosion, and runoff. Phytostabilization or establishing healthy vegetative cover could be used to reduce or control these contaminated materials from further spreading with wind and water. However, further research is needed to monitor the long-term sustainability and assess if high applications of compost amendments could help to facilitate soil reclamation. The overall focus of this thesis was to monitor long-term effects of compost or lime additions at two different rates, with or without other soil amendments, on soil properties, plants, and soil biota. We used the earthworm avoidance test as a screening tool for testing effects of soil amendments on ecotoxicity. In the first field study, pelletized manure compost additions of 448 Mg ha⁻¹ significantly decreased the bioavailable Pb, Zn, and Cd while increasing plant nutrients, vegetative cover, and plant biomass as compared to the contaminated control and the low addition of compost (224 Mg ha⁻¹) over 2.5 years. Plant tissue metal concentrations with compost addition did not show any phytotoxicity in this study. Lime additions did not show any significant effect on any of the measurements. Results from the first study suggest that one time addition of large quantities of compost at 224 to 448 Mg ha⁻¹ can support establishing and maintaining healthy vegetative cover at least for a 2.5 year period. In the second field study, long-term monitoring of the effectiveness of the amendments was studied. Compost was applied at two different rates (45 or 269 Mg ha⁻¹) in 2006. Various chemical properties, microbial activities, and vegetative growth or plant biomass were measured approximately for 4.5 years to evaluate long-term changes in soil quality and sustainability of phytostabilization efforts, when combined or assisted with soil amendments to improve the quality of trace element-contaminated mine waste materials. Plants grown with compost additions of 269 Mg ha⁻¹ showed higher nutrients, biomass, and enzyme activities as compared to plants grown on the contaminated control and with the low addition of compost (45 Mg ha⁻¹) over 4.5 years. Decrease in plant biomass and enzyme activities seen in the high compost treatments by the end of the study period suggested that long-term sustainability of these efforts may require repeated addition of soil amendments every 4 to 5 years. Additionally, a laboratory study was conducted to assess the long-term effects of treatments used in the second field study on ecotoxicity using the avoidance behavior responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. There was no mortality of earthworms after a 48 h exposure period of any of these treated and untreated mine waste materials. Avoidance was clear for the contaminated control and the low compost treatment (45 Mg ha⁻¹). Moreover, the contaminated control did show habitat limitation (< 20% of earthworms was found in test soil). Current research studies provide evidence that, high rates of compost applications can be used to stabilize and reduce the bioavailability of trace elements in mine waste materials.

Eutrophication is a consequence of excess nutrients in the water which leads to increased algaegrowth, reduced water transparency and hypoxic bottoms. This is the biggest environmental problemfor the Baltic Sea which recently has resulted in stricter legislations and other initiatives to help theBaltic Sea to recover. However, the actions to reduce the nutrient input to the Baltic Sea have so farmainly been land-based. These actions seem to not be enough since the eutrophication continues tobe a problem for the Baltic Sea. Farming blue mussels has shown to have a mitigating effect on theeutrophication and could thus be a complementary action. Blue mussels are filter-feeding specieswhich means that they filter water for food and thus eat phytoplankton and accumulate nutrients atthe same time. When the blue mussels are removed from the sea, so is the nutrients accumulated inthe mussels, resulting in a mitigation of nutrients and thereby the eutrophication. Due to the brackishwater with the low salinity in the Baltic Sea, the blue mussels farmed there do not grow bigger thanaround 3 cm. This means that the mussels are not suitable for human food production and theharvested mussels need to be used for something else, even though the farming itself is anenvironmental action. Three possible mussel products from valorisation of the Baltic Sea blue musselshave been identified; producing mussel meal, biogas or compost.Region Östergötland is involved in a project, Baltic Blue Growth, with the main objective to study howto use mussel farming as an environmental measure and which of the three valorisation options is themost beneficial from an environmental perspective. This study is a part of their investigation to reachtheir goal and will study their mussel farm in St. Anna and the three valorisation options from anenvironmental perspective. The aim of this study is thus to investigate the net nutrient reduction froma mussel farm in the Baltic Sea in combination with the contribution to climate change. This is donefrom a life cycle perspective to include the valorisation of the mussels into the different productsmussel meal, biogas or compost. For this, an existing farm in the archipelago of St. Anna, Östergötland,Sweden is studied. The main results show that there is a nutrient reduction from the mussel farm andthis is not majorly affected regardless of which valorisation option that is chosen. However, the musselfarm does have an impact on climate change and the magnitude of the impact varies for the threevalorisation options. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that the result from the life cycle canbe improved with future improvements of the mussel farm and transportation. The nutrient reductioncan become larger and the impact on the climate change can be reduced. Outside the result from thelife cycle analysis it is discussed that there are other future improvement possibilities in the productionof the mussel products, which would impact the result. The mussel farm and the mussel products alsohave other positive impacts that is not included in the life cycle analysis but discussed in the study,such as increased water transparency, recycling of nutrients and reduction of over fishing. However,the mussel farm could also have negative impacts, such as emissions of microplastics and locallyincreased sedimentation which affect the hypoxia. Those are discussed in this study but the probabilityand possible impact of them are not fully investigated and need further research.

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Júnior<br>Banca: Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa<br>Banca: Roberto Alves de Oliveira<br>Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da reutilização das camas de quatro lotes de frango de corte, sobre a produção de biogás, sendo estas submetidas ou não à diluição e separação de sólidos e líquidos em biodigestores operados em batelada e contínuo. No Capítulo 1 é apresentado o problema, a justificativa do estudo juntamente com os objetivos gerais do projeto. O Capítulo 2 teve como objetivo avaliar as diluições de cama de frango e as concentrações de Sólidos Totais (ST). As camas de casca de amendoim foram diluídas em água e separadas em peneira de malha de 3 mm, nas seguintes proporções: 2:1; 4:1 até 14:1. Assim foi escolhida a diluição 4:1 (a qual se obteve 3,01 % de ST) para realizar os ensaios. Os Capítulo 3 e 4 avaliaram as camas de quatro lotes de frango de corte com diluição 4:1, submetidas ou não à separação de sólidos, em biodigestores batelada e contínuo respectivamente. O tratamento não peneirado obteve maiores produções de biogás em relação ao tratamento peneirado (Capítulo 3), ao passo que no Capítulo 4 os resultados se inverteram. Em ambos os os ensaios experimentais, ocorreram aumento da concentração de minerais em massa. O objetivo do Capítulo 5 foi avaliar o processo de compostagem da cama de frango, após diluição e separação de sólidos. O ensaio foi conduzido por um período de 90 dias, utilizando-se a cama de frango de corte de 4º reutilização. Foram utilizados para montagem da leira 348,94 kg de cama de frango/MN. A cama retida na peneira se mostrou favorável ao processo de compostagem, apresentando uma relação C:N de 12:1, o que influenciou na redução de 25 % dos ST ao final do enleiramento.<br>Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of reuse of litters of four batches of broilers on the production of biogas. The litters were submitted or not the dilution and separation of solids and liquids in batch and continuous systems of anaerobic digestion (AD). In Chapter 1 is presented the problem, the justification of the study together with the general objectives of the project. Chapter 2 was to evaluate the dilutions of broiler litter and the concentrations of Total Solids (TS) for AD. The litter of peanut hulls was diluted in water and separated in a mesh sieve of 3 mm, as follows: 2:1, 4:1 to 14:1. The highest values of TS were found in the lower dilutions, was chosen as the dilution 4:1 (which returned 3.01% in TS) to perform the tests for AD. In Chapter 3 and 4 were intended to assess the DA of the litters of four batches of broiler with 4:1 dilution, or not submitted to the separation of solids in batch and continuous systems, respectively. The treatment not sieved obtained higher production of biogas in the treatment sieved (Chapter 3), while Chapter 4 the results are reversed. In both chapters were reductions of mineral mass (kg) after AD. The purpose of Chapter 5 was to evaluate the process of composting of broiler litter, after dilution and separation of solids. The test was conducted in a period of 90 days, using the litter of broilers from 4 reuses. Were used for assembling a pile 348.94 kilograms of broiler litter / MN. The litter retained on the sieve was favorable to the process of composting, giving a C:N of 12:1, which influenced the reduction of 25% of the end of piling ST.<br>Mestre

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-08-03T11:52:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Gabriela Bueno B. Silva.pdf: 16499028 bytes, checksum: f77bf195f420f4227c29b60a75895d0d (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T11:52:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Gabriela Bueno B. Silva.pdf: 16499028 bytes, checksum: f77bf195f420f4227c29b60a75895d0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-15<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior, CAPES, Brasil.<br>BITTENCOURT-SILVA, Gabriela Bueno. Insular Anuran (Amphibia) Communities of the Southeast Coast of Brazil: Taxonomic Composition and Relationship to the History of the Islands. 2011. 72p. Dissertation (Master of Science in Animal Biology). Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, 2011. A data set containing a list of the known species of frogs that occur near shore and on eight islands of the south coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro and north of the State of S?o Paulo was produced. For that, I compiled data from the literature and conducted inventories of a few of the islands. This list included 67 anuran species belonging to 11 families for eight islands and 117 species and 14 families for two localities on the mainland. The pattern of richness between islands was analyzed in respect to the island area and the composition of habitats used by the anurans for reproduction. Insular structural complexity was also evaluated in this regard. The results of correlation analyses of area vs. species richness and species richness vs. number of reproductive habitats were highly significant indicating that species richness prediction in fragmented environments depends on both factors. Nestedness analyses using the metric NODF was performed in an attempt to investigate whether shared species absences among the islands are the result of a random process or represents a pattern indicative of ordered loss of species. The predicted pattern was confirmed ? that is, that species loss is nonrandom and that this was possibly caused by habitat loss. The role played by climatic events at the beginning of the Holocene and of the availability of reproductive habitats in the islands upon species loss is discussed. Furthermore, it is discussed how these results can help to guide conservation strategies of anuran species.<br>BITTENCOURT-SILVA, Gabriela Bueno. Comunidades de Anf?bios Anuros Insulares do Litoral Sudeste do Brasil: Composi??o Taxon?mica e Rela??es com a Hist?ria de Forma??o das Ilhas. 2011. 72p. Disserta??o (Mestrado em Biologia Animal). Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, 2011. Atrav?s de invent?rios e compila??o de dados da literatura levantou-se a composi??o de esp?cies de anf?bios anuros de oito ilhas, sendo seis da Costa Verde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e duas do litoral norte do Estado de S?o Paulo. Al?m das ilhas, foram tamb?m compilados da literatura os invent?rios de duas comunidades representativas do litoral dos dois Estados. Adicionalmente, foram registradas 67 esp?cies, pertencentes a 11 fam?lias de anuros nas ilhas e 117 esp?cies e 14 fam?lias para o continente. O padr?o de distribui??o de riqueza das ilhas foi avaliado em rela??o ? ?rea das ilhas, ? composi??o de ambientes usados pelos anuros para reprodu??o e ? complexidade estrutural das ilhas. As an?lises de correla??o da riqueza de esp?cies vs. ?rea e riqueza de esp?cies vs. n?mero de ambientes reprodutivos apresentam resultados significativos, que s?o indicativos que a riqueza de esp?cies em ambientes fragmentados depende da intera??o de ambos os fatores. A fim de avaliar se as aus?ncias compartilhadas de esp?cies entre as ilhas ocorrem ao acaso ou encontram-se estruturadas, realizou-se uma an?lise de aninhamento com o aux?lio da m?trica NODF. O padr?o previsto foi confirmado e a perda de diversidade ? discutida em rela??o ? eventos clim?ticos do in?cio do Holoceno e ? disponibilidade de ambientes reprodutivos nas ilhas. Discute-se ainda como os resultados desse estudo podem servir para orientar programas de conserva??o de esp?cies de anf?bios anuros

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 aires_am_me_jabo.pdf: 8042698 bytes, checksum: cee6205ffc3aed9386f08ebaca4e0466 (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da reutilização das camas de quatro lotes de frango de corte, sobre a produção de biogás, sendo estas submetidas ou não à diluição e separação de sólidos e líquidos em biodigestores operados em batelada e contínuo. No Capítulo 1 é apresentado o problema, a justificativa do estudo juntamente com os objetivos gerais do projeto. O Capítulo 2 teve como objetivo avaliar as diluições de cama de frango e as concentrações de Sólidos Totais (ST). As camas de casca de amendoim foram diluídas em água e separadas em peneira de malha de 3 mm, nas seguintes proporções: 2:1; 4:1 até 14:1. Assim foi escolhida a diluição 4:1 (a qual se obteve 3,01 % de ST) para realizar os ensaios. Os Capítulo 3 e 4 avaliaram as camas de quatro lotes de frango de corte com diluição 4:1, submetidas ou não à separação de sólidos, em biodigestores batelada e contínuo respectivamente. O tratamento não peneirado obteve maiores produções de biogás em relação ao tratamento peneirado (Capítulo 3), ao passo que no Capítulo 4 os resultados se inverteram. Em ambos os os ensaios experimentais, ocorreram aumento da concentração de minerais em massa. O objetivo do Capítulo 5 foi avaliar o processo de compostagem da cama de frango, após diluição e separação de sólidos. O ensaio foi conduzido por um período de 90 dias, utilizando-se a cama de frango de corte de 4º reutilização. Foram utilizados para montagem da leira 348,94 kg de cama de frango/MN. A cama retida na peneira se mostrou favorável ao processo de compostagem, apresentando uma relação C:N de 12:1, o que influenciou na redução de 25 % dos ST ao final do enleiramento.<br>This study aimed to evaluate the effect of reuse of litters of four batches of broilers on the production of biogas. The litters were submitted or not the dilution and separation of solids and liquids in batch and continuous systems of anaerobic digestion (AD). In Chapter 1 is presented the problem, the justification of the study together with the general objectives of the project. Chapter 2 was to evaluate the dilutions of broiler litter and the concentrations of Total Solids (TS) for AD. The litter of peanut hulls was diluted in water and separated in a mesh sieve of 3 mm, as follows: 2:1, 4:1 to 14:1. The highest values of TS were found in the lower dilutions, was chosen as the dilution 4:1 (which returned 3.01% in TS) to perform the tests for AD. In Chapter 3 and 4 were intended to assess the DA of the litters of four batches of broiler with 4:1 dilution, or not submitted to the separation of solids in batch and continuous systems, respectively. The treatment not sieved obtained higher production of biogas in the treatment sieved (Chapter 3), while Chapter 4 the results are reversed. In both chapters were reductions of mineral mass (kg) after AD. The purpose of Chapter 5 was to evaluate the process of composting of broiler litter, after dilution and separation of solids. The test was conducted in a period of 90 days, using the litter of broilers from 4 reuses. Were used for assembling a pile 348.94 kilograms of broiler litter / MN. The litter retained on the sieve was favorable to the process of composting, giving a C:N of 12:1, which influenced the reduction of 25% of the end of piling ST.

En este trabajo de tesina se pretende, por un lado, lograr una aproximación al proceso de diseño básico de ingeniería de una planta de biodigestión anaeróbica seca, con aprovechamiento del biogás y del lodo generado; y por otro, evaluar económicamente una propuesta tecnológica que brinde una solución para el tratamiento de la fracción mayoritaria de los RSU. La tendencia mundial, en materia de gestión de residuos sólidos es la de promover y facilitar una mayor participación de la ciudadanía en tareas de clasificación en origen, reciclaje, re-uso, reparación y en general la reducción o minimización de los residuos sólidos. Dentro de los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos Domiciliarios, la Fracción Orgánica (FORSUD) o fracción fermentable, comúnmente conocida como restos de comida, toma un valor que ronda el 50 %. Es pertinente mencionar que la disposición no controlada de dicha fracción orgánica trae aparejada problemas ambientales; como la lixiviación de compuestos tóxicos, la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (el metano es un GEI con un potencial 23 veces mayor que el CO2, en relación a su masa) y problemas de zoonosis entre otros; que repercuten en la salud y bienestar general de las personas. La aplicación de la digestión anaerobia al tratamiento de los FORSUD a escala industrial tiene una trayectoria de unos 24 años en Europa, pero el crecimiento en el número de instalaciones y capacidad de estas ha mostrado un crecimiento casi exponencial, siendo en estos momentos una alternativa competitiva y con futuro. El estudio efectuado de la tecnología de biodigestión anaeróbica para el tratamiento de la FORSUD y los resultados preliminares presentados en el presente documento darían cuenta de que se trataría de una opción factible de aplicar a un Sistema Integrado de Gestión de RSU en nuestra Provincia; lo que no quiere decir que sea la única ni la mejor de todas, sino que preliminarmente valdría la pena hacer una evaluación más profunda.<br>Fil: Reynoso, Martín Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias.

Il est reconnu que le benzène, le toluène, l’éthylbenzène et les isomères du xylène, composés organiques volatils (COVs) communément désignés BTEX, produisent des effets nocifs sur la santé humaine et sur les végétaux dépendamment de la durée et des niveaux d’exposition. Le benzène en particulier est classé cancérogène et une exposition à des concentrations supérieures à 64 g/m3 de benzène peut être fatale en 5–10 minutes. Par conséquent, la mesure en temps réel des BTEX dans l’air ambiant est essentielle pour détecter rapidement un danger associé à leur émission dans l’air et pour estimer les risques potentiels pour les êtres vivants et pour l’environnement. Dans cette thèse, une méthode d’analyse en temps réel des BTEX dans l’air ambiant a été développée et validée. La méthode est basée sur la technique d’échantillonnage direct de l’air couplée avec la spectrométrie de masse en tandem utilisant une source d’ionisation chimique à pression atmosphérique (APCI-MS/MS directe). La validation analytique a démontré la sensibilité (limite de détection LDM 1–2 μg/m3), la précision (coefficient de variation CV < 10%), l’exactitude (exactitude > 95%) et la sélectivité de la méthode. Des échantillons d’air ambiant provenant d’un site d’enfouissement de déchets industriels et de divers garages d’entretien automobile ont été analysés par la méthode développée. La comparaison des résultats avec ceux obtenus par la technique de chromatographie gazeuse on-line couplée avec un détecteur à ionisation de flamme (GC-FID) a donné des résultats similaires. La capacité de la méthode pour l’évaluation rapide des risques potentiels associés à une exposition aux BTEX a été prouvée à travers une étude de terrain avec analyse de risque pour la santé des travailleurs dans trois garages d’entretien automobile et par des expériences sous atmosphères simulées. Les concentrations mesurées dans l’air ambiant des garages étaient de 8,9–25 µg/m3 pour le benzène, 119–1156 µg/m3 pour le toluène, 9–70 µg/m3 pour l’éthylbenzène et 45–347 µg/m3 pour les xylènes. Une dose quotidienne environnementale totale entre 1,46 10-3 et 2,52 10-3 mg/kg/jour a été déterminée pour le benzène. Le risque de cancer lié à l’exposition environnementale totale au benzène estimé pour les travailleurs étudiés se situait entre 1,1 10-5 et 1,8 10-5. Une nouvelle méthode APCI-MS/MS a été également développée et validée pour l’analyse directe de l’octaméthylcyclotétrasiloxane (D4) et le décaméthylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) dans l’air et les biogaz. Le D4 et le D5 sont des siloxanes cycliques volatils largement utilisés comme solvants dans les processus industriels et les produits de consommation à la place des COVs précurseurs d’ozone troposphérique tels que les BTEX. Leur présence ubiquitaire dans les échantillons d’air ambiant, due à l’utilisation massive, suscite un besoin d’études de toxicité. De telles études requièrent des analyses qualitatives et quantitatives de traces de ces composés. Par ailleurs, la présence de traces de ces substances dans un biogaz entrave son utilisation comme source d’énergie renouvelable en causant des dommages coûteux à l’équipement. L’analyse des siloxanes dans un biogaz s’avère donc essentielle pour déterminer si le biogaz nécessite une purification avant son utilisation pour la production d’énergie. La méthode développée dans cette étude possède une bonne sensibilité (LDM 4–6 μg/m3), une bonne précision (CV < 10%), une bonne exactitude (> 93%) et une grande sélectivité. Il a été également démontré qu’en utilisant cette méthode avec l’hexaméthyl-d18-disiloxane comme étalon interne, la détection et la quantification du D4 et du D5 dans des échantillons réels de biogaz peuvent être accomplies avec une meilleure sensibilité (LDM ~ 2 μg/m3), une grande précision (CV < 5%) et une grande exactitude (> 97%). Une variété d’échantillons de biogaz prélevés au site d’enfouissement sanitaire du Complexe Environnemental de Saint-Michel à Montréal a été analysée avec succès par cette nouvelle méthode. Les concentrations mesurées étaient de 131–1275 µg/m3 pour le D4 et 250–6226 µg/m3 pour le D5. Ces résultats représentent les premières données rapportées dans la littérature sur la concentration des siloxanes D4 et D5 dans les biogaz d’enfouissement en fonction de l’âge des déchets.<br>It is known that benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) commonly called BTEX, have toxic health effects on humans and plants depending on duration and levels of exposure. Benzene in particular is classified carcinogenic, and exposure to benzene at concentrations above 64 g/m3 can be fatal within 5–10 minutes. Therefore, real-time monitoring of BTEX in ambient air is essential for the early warning detection associated with their release and in estimating the potential exposure risks to living beings and the environment. In this thesis, a real-time analysis method for BTEX in ambient air was developed and validated. The method is based on the direct-air sampling technique coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (direct APCI-MS/MS). Validation of the method has shown that it is sensitive (limit of detection LOD 1–2 μg/m3), precise (relative standard deviation RSD < 10%), accurate (accuracy > 95%) and selective. Ambient air samples from an industrial waste landfill site and various automobile repair shops were analyzed by the developed method. Comparison of results with those obtained by online gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) technique exhibited similar results. The capacity of the method for the fast evaluation of potential risks associated with an exposure to BTEX has been demonstrated through a field study with health risk assessment for workers at three automobile repair shops and through experiments under simulated atmospheres. Concentrations measured in the ambient air of the garages were in the ranges of 8.9–25 µg/m3 for benzene, 119–1156 µg/m3 for toluene, 9–70 µg/m3 for ethylbenzene, and 45–347 µg/m3 for xylenes. A total environmental daily dose of 1.46 10-3–2.52 10-3 mg/kg/day was determined for benzene. The estimated cancer risk due to the total environmental exposure to benzene was between 1.1 10-5 and 1.8 10-5 for the workers studied. A novel APCI-MS/MS method was also developed and validated for the direct analysis of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) in air and biogases. D4 and D5 are cyclic volatile siloxanes widely used in industrial processes and consumer products as replacement solvents for the tropospheric ozone forming VOCs, such as BTEX. Their ubiquitous presence in ambient air samples, due to the growing consumption, raises the need for toxicity studies which require qualitative and quantitative trace analysis of these compounds. Furthermore, the presence of trace amounts of these substances in a biogas hampers its use as a source of renewable energy by causing expensive damages to the equipment. Thus, siloxane analysis of the biogas is essential in determining if purification is needed before the use for energy production. The method developed in this study for these aims has good sensitivity (LOD 4–6 μg/m3), good precision (RSD < 10%), good accuracy (> 93%) and high selectivity. It was also shown that by using this method with hexamethyl-d18-disiloxane as an internal standard, detection and quantification of D4 and D5 in real biogas samples can be done with a better sensitivity (LOD ~ 2 μg/m3), high precision (RSD < 5%), and high accuracy (> 97%). Various biogas samples collected from the landfill site of the Complexe Environnemental de Saint-Michel in Montreal have been successfully analyzed by this new method. Concentrations measured were in the ranges of 131–1275 µg/m3 for D4 and 250–6226 µg/m3 for D5. These results represent the first primary-literature-reported data on siloxanes D4 and D5 contents of landfill-derived biogases as a function of the refuse age.

Biochar application to soil as an agricultural amendment, as well as a carbon sink, is a focus of increasing interest, despite the underlying factors determining its behaviour, toxicity and fate in soil remaining poorly understood. The main aim of this study was to integratively evaluate the ecotoxicological potential of a wood chip biochar in soil at representative application rates, through combining the responses of multiple soil organisms, and structural and functional parameters, at relevant spatial and temporal scales. To achieve this, the specific objectives were defined and addressed within four experimental chapters. The effects on soil biota of biochar alone and a biochar-compost mixture from a commercial vineyard in Central Portugal, were monitored with laboratory bioassays. Both fresh and field-aged biochar and biochar-compost were tested by evaluating the endpoints survival and reproduction of the collembolan Folsomia candida and food consumption and biomass change of terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus. Freshly-amended soil did not induce significant changes on organisms’ performance, while the organisms’ fitness was reduced when exposed to the field-aged soil and amended-soil, which was subjected to various climatic factors and conventional pesticides. The results suggested that bioavailability of potentially toxic compounds, like pesticides, might not decrease over time by the presence of biochar and biochar-compost in vineyards that receive conventional plant protection products. Subsequently, research was conducted on the potential inherent toxicity of biochar on biota, as influenced by particle size and application rates, where the experimental design was based on a preliminary earthworm (Eisenia andrei) avoidance behaviour assay. The main experiment was conducted over 28 days in greenhouse microcosms in which survival, weight losses and vertical distribution of E. andrei and bait-lamina consumption were assessed, and combined the evaluation of leachates toxicity looking into endpoints luminescence inhibition of bacterium Vibrio fischeri and immobilisation of the cladoceran Daphnia magna. In addition, a laboratory feeding experiment was performed to address the weight change and the possible link with polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)-type metabolites in the earthworms’ tissues. The results showed that smaller particles (<0.5 mm) of woodchip biochar might pose sub-lethal toxicity to soil biota, suggesting that there is a connection in behavioural (avoidance), individual (weight changes, naphthalene-type metabolites in earthworms’ tissue) and functional (bait-lamina consumption) endpoints. Next, the link was explored between the interaction of soil invertebrates from different functional groups, such as earthworms (E. andrei) and isopods (P. pruinosus), and activity of soil microbial enzymes in biochar-amended soil, alongside the main mechanisms of earthworm’ responses. The latter was investigated with biomarkers of effect. Microbial response was sampling time-, invertebrate presence-, and enzyme-dependent. Reproduction of E. andrei was not affected by the exposure to the woodchip biochar. Biomarkers responded as early warning tools, by showing an increase in lipid peroxidation and cellular energy allocation decrease in exposed earthworms. At last, higher tier testing was conducted in indoor small-scale terrestrial ecosystem models over 42 days, by assessing the effects of biochar, biochar-compost and inorganic fertilizer (NPK) and their combinations, on the earthworm E. andrei survival and weight loss, bait-lamina consumption and a morphological and production traits of rapid cycling plant Brassica rapa, as well as of their leachates on growth inhibition of aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor. The results revealed low-to-no effect on earthworms, and slight stimulations in production parameters in plants, namely in the treatment of combined biochar-compost with mineral fertilizer. L. minor growth was a sensitive endpoint. The study indicated that possibility of nutrients leaching stimulation might not be excluded, which could pose a hazard to aquatic systems. Together, the results demonstrate that biological responses to woodchip biochar varied from sub-lethal to neutral and/or stimulatory, depending on the test organism and endpoint, biochar treatment and application rate. Further, they highlight that for a comprehensive understanding of biochar effects on biota and associated mechanisms, it is paramount to evaluate various indicator species and endpoints, that include different exposure routes and levels of biological organisation and interactions, under representative exposure scenarios<br>A aplicação de biochar no solo como aditivo agrícola, bem como fonte de carbono, é um foco de crescente interesse, apesar de vários fatores subjacentes determinarem o seu comportamento, toxicidade e destino no solo, apesar de pouco compreendidos. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar de forma integrada o potencial ecotoxicológico de aplicações representativas de um biochar produzido de raspas e resíduos de madeira no solo, combinando respostas de vários organismos edáficos e parâmetros estruturais e funcionais, em escalas espaciais e temporais relevantes. Para isso, os objetivos específicos foram definidos e abordados em quatro capítulos experimentais. Os efeitos sobre a biota do solo deste biochar e de uma mistura de biochar com compostagem (biochar-composto) em vinhas com fins comerciais no centro de Portugal foram monitorizados em bioensaios de laboratório. O biochar e o biochar-composto foram testados através da avaliação da sobrevivência e reprodução do colêmbolo Folsomia candida e do consumo de alimento e biomassa do isópode terrestre Porcellionides pruinosus. O solo imediatamente modificado com a adição do biochar e biochar-composto não induziu mudanças significativas no desempenho dos organismos, enquanto a aptidão dos organismos foi reduzida quando expostos ao esse solo envelhecido em campo e ao solo retificado, que foi submetido a vários fatores climáticos e pesticidas convencionais. Os resultados sugerem que a biodisponibilidade de compostos potencialmente tóxicos, como pesticidas, pode não diminuir em termos temporais pela presença de biochar e biochar-composto em vinhas que recebem este tipo de produtos fitofarmacêuticos convencionais. Posteriormente, a toxicidade inerente do biochar foi avaliada na biota, tendo em conta a influência do tamanho das partículas e taxas de aplicação, onde o delineamento experimental foi baseado num ensaio preliminar de comportamento (evitamento) no lumbricídeo Eisenia andrei. A experiência principal foi conduzida durante 28 dias em microcosmos de estufas onde foram avaliadas a sobrevivência, perda de peso e distribuição vertical de E. andrei e o consumo de "bait-lamina", combinando a avaliação datoxicidade dos lixiviados com o objetivo de determinar a inibição de luminescência da bactéria Vibrio fischeri e a imobilização do cladócero Daphnia magna. Além disso, foi realizada uma experiência de alimentação em laboratório para abordar a alteração de peso e a possível ligação com m etabólitos de hidrocarbonetos poliaromáticos (HPAs) nos tecidos do s lumbricídeos. Os resultados mostraram que partículas pequenas (< 0.5 mm) de biochar de madeira podem causar toxicidade sub-letal no biota do solo, sugerindo que há uma relação com o comportamento (evitamento), ao nível individual (alterações de peso, metabólitos tipo naftaleno em tecido de lumbricídeos) e parâmetros funcionais (consumo de "bait-lamina"). Em seguida, explorou-se a interação entre invertebrados de solo de diferentes grupos funcionais, os lumbricídeos (E. andrei) e os isópodes (P pruinosus), e a sua relação com a atividade enzimática do solo, em solo biologicamente alterado, juntamente com os principais mecanismos de respostas dos lumbricídeos. Este último foi avaliado com biomarcadores de efeito. A resposta microbiana mostrou ser dependente do tempo de amostragem, da presença de invertebrados e da enzima em causa. A reprodução de E. andrei não foi afetada pela exposição ao biochar de madeira. Os biomarcadores responderam como ferramentas de alerta precoce, mostrando um aumento na peroxidação lipídica e diminuição da alocação de energia celular em lumbricídeos expostas. Finalmente, testes de complexidade mais elevada foram conduzidos em modelos de ecossistemas terrestres de pequena escala em 42 dias, avaliando os efeitos de biochar, biochar-composto e fertilizante inorgânico (NPK) e as suas combinações, na sobrevivência e perda de peso de E. andrei, consumo de "bait-lamina", assim como a componente morfológica e de produção da planta Brassica rapa (de ciclo de vida rápido), bem como a inibição do crescimento da macrófita aquática Lemna minor exposta aos respetivos lixiviados. Os resultados revelaram poucos ou nenhuns efeitos nos lumbricídeos e pequenas estimulações nos parâmetros de produção nas plantas, nomeadamente no tratamento de biochar-composto combinado com fertilizante mineral. O crescimento de L. minor foi um dos parâmetros sensível. O estudo indicou que a possibilidade de estímulo de lixiviação de nutrientes pode não ser excluída, o que pode representar um risco para os sistemas aquáticos. Assim sendo, os resultados demonstram que as respostas biológicas ao biochar de resíduos de madeira variaram de efeitos subletais a neutros e / ou de estímulo, dependendo do organismo e parâmetro do teste, do tratamento com biochar e da taxa de aplicação. Além disso, é de destacar que, para uma compreensão abrangente dos efeitos de biochar na biota e nos mecanismos associados, é fundamental avaliar várias espécies e parâmetros indicadores, que incluam diferentes vias de exposição e níveis de organização biológica e interações, sob cenários de exposição representativos<br>Programa Doutoral em Biologia

In the submitted diploma thesis the theoretical part is just an overview of basic information concerning anaerobic digestion, and thus about biogas production, principles of its origin, chemical composition, properties and requirements regarding the soil out of which the biogas comes into existence in fermenter biogas stations. The other part of the theoretical section deals with digestate and types of soil since the aim of my thesis is the monitoring of possibilities how to utilize the waste from BGS fermenters, digestate for composting and how to improve physical-chemical properties of heavy soils. It was proved in the experimental thesis itself that the digestate is not organic fertiliser, on the contrary it is weak mineral fertiliser, highly diluted, and it does not fulfil the role of organic fertiliser because its organic substance is too stable. However, it can be successfully used during the digestate application into the compost ? it is earth-friendly and airy substance, it prevents heat leakage and the compost has higher T-value. It is suitable for the application into soil ? not as an organic fertiliser but for the improvement of water-air mode of soils, especially those heavy ones.

Tese de mestrado integrado, Engenharia da Energia e Ambiente, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2019<br>As algas marinhas são uma fonte de biomassa marítima pouco explorada, com componentes bioativas de grande valor comercial e com capacidade de se aplicar em várias indústrias, como: farmacêutica, alimentar, cosmética, fertilizantes e adubos, produtos químicos e produção de bioenergia. Neste contexto, esta dissertação teve como objetivo, analisar a viabilidade de três sistemas de valorização comercial da macroalga Saccharina latissima no território marítimo português. Dois cenários de produção de bioenergia e um de venda direta de macroalgas secas ao consumidor. O primeiro cenário de bioenergia tem como produtos finais eletricidade, fertilizante líquido e composto sólido, através da utilização de tecnologia de digestão anaeróbia e, uma central de cogeração para produção de eletricidade e calor, através da queima do biogás produzido. O segundo cenário de bioenergia tem como produtos finais biometano, fertilizante líquido e composto sólido, utilizando as mesmas tecnologias que o primeiro cenário, mas também possui uma unidade de purificação de biogás (Upgrading Reactor). Para analisar a viabilidade de produção dos três cenários, utilizou-se dois métodos de análise de viabilidade. Uma análise de impactos ambientais através de uma análise de ciclo de vida (LCA), para a categoria ambiental de global warming potencial (GWP100anos), no qual se calculou as emissões de CO2eq. desde o cultivo de macroalgas offshore até à produção dos produtos finais. E, uma análise técnico-económica (TEA) para 30 anos de exploração, onde se calculou o valor atual líquido (VAL), o índice de rentabilidade (rácio B/C), a taxa interna de retorno (TIR) e o período de retorno (PAYBACK TIME). Por último, ainda dentro da análise económica, fez-se uma análise SWOT para entender quais são as forças, fraquezas, oportunidades e ameaças deste projeto. Através da análise ambiental, não considerando emissões incorporadas na manufatura dos materiais e infraestruturas, apenas emissões diretas, concluiu-se, que para o terceiro cenário de venda direta do recurso de algas ao consumidor emite menores kgCO2eq. (quando sem transporte terrestre) uma vez o carbono captado no processo de fotossíntese (-5722 kgCO2eq.) é utilizado como alimento, logo não emitido diretamente para a atmosfera. No primeiro cenário de biorrefinaria, todo o carbono captado na fotossíntese é transformado em biogás e todo o biogás utiliza-se em cogeração de eletricidade e calor, logo emite de volta todo o carbono captado. Adicionando as emissões do transporte marítimo e terrestre, as emissões serão sempre superiores à sua captação. No segundo cenário, uma vez que parte do biogás vai para cogeração (para autossustento da biorrefinaria) e o resto é purificado para biometano, como o método de purificação capta o CO2 presente no gás, este não é emitido na sua utilização como biocombustível. Equilibrando com a captação de CO2 pela fotossíntese, este obtém sempre resultados positivos, mesmo com transporte terrestre (utilizando biometano como combustível terrestre). Perante a análise técnico-económica, é viável a implementação dos três cenários considerando taxas de atualização de 5% e 10%. No entanto, o segundo cenário é o menos viável economicamente, uma vez que os custos de investimento inicias e de exploração são maiores e, as receitas anuais são menores que os obtidos no primeiro cenário. O melhor resultado económico foi o terceiro cenário (venda de algas secas), uma vez que atualmente, as macroalgas são um recurso muito valorizado e a sua venda direta encontra-se entre os 50€ e os 90 €/kg de alga seca. Acredita-se que esta atividade tem boas perspetivas de negócio por não existir grande concorrência a nível nacional, existindo várias aplicações comerciais para o mesmo recurso e, por Portugal possuir um grande espaço marítimo para produção de macroalgas offshore. É, no entanto, necessário mais I&D para obter dados nacionais e confirmação das características químicas e bioquímicas das nossas algas marinhas.<br>Seaweed is an underexploited source of marine biomass, with bioactive components of great commercial value and capable of being applied in various industries, such as pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, fertilizers and compost, chemicals and bioenergy. In this context, this dissertation aimed to analyse the viability of three commercial valuation systems of saccharina latissima macroalgae specie in the Portuguese marine territory. Two scenarios of bioenergy production and one of direct sale of dry macroalgae to the consumer. The first bioenergy scenario has as its end products electricity, liquid fertilizer and solid compost through the use of anaerobic digestion technology and a cogeneration plant to produce electricity and heat by burning the biogas produced. The second bioenergy scenario has as its end products biomethane, liquid fertilizer and solid compost, using the same technologies as the first scenario, but also has a biogas purification unit (Upgrading Reactor). To analyse the production viability of the three scenarios, two feasibility analysis methods were used. An environmental impact analysis through a life cycle assessment (LCA) using the global warming potential category (GWP100anos), in which CO2eq. emissions were calculated from offshore macroalgae cultivation to the production of final products. And a technical-economic analysis (TEA) for 30 years of operation which calculated the net present value (NPV), the profitability index (B/C ratio), the internal rate of return (IRR) and the return payback time period. Finally, within the economic analysis was made a SWOT analysis to understand wat are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of this project. Through environmental analysis, not considering emissions incorporated in the manufacture of infrastructure materials, only direct emissions, it was concluded that for the third scenario of direct sale of macroalgae resource to the consumer it emits less kgCO2eq. (when without land transport) once the carbon captured in the process of photosynthesis (-5722 kgCO2eq.) is used as food, therefore not emitted directly int othe atmosphere. In the first biorefinery scenario, all carbon captured in photosynthesis is transformed into biogas and all biogas is used in cogeneration of electricity and heat, and then emits all carbon captured. Adding emissions from sea and land transport, total emissions will be higher than their capture. In the second scenario, since part of biogas goes to CHP (for self-support of biorefinery) and the rest is purified for biomethane, as the purification process captures the most of the CO2 present in the gas, it is not emitted when used as biofuel. Balacing CO2 capture through photosynthesis, it always obtains positive results, even when included land transport (since biomethane is used as land transport fuel). For the technical-economic analysis, the three scenarios are feasible to be produced for the discount rates of 5% and 10%. However, the second scenario is the least economically viable as the initial investments and operating costs are higher and annual revenues lower when compared to the first scenario. The best economic result was the third scenario (direct sale of dry macroalgae), as macroalgae is a highly valued resource today and its direct sale is between 50€ and 90 €/kg of dried seaweed. It is believed that this activity has good business prospects because there is no great national competitiveness, there are so many commercial applications for the same resource and because Portugal has a large maritime space for offshore macroalgae production. However, more R&D is needed to obtain national data of macroalgae productivity and its characteristics.