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Pomyen, Yotsawat. "Exploring microRNA biology using integrative bioinformatics." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/24774.
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Deregulation of energy metabolism is one of the emerging hallmarks of cancer required for proliferation and metastasis. MicroRNAs are small RNA molecules that have crucial roles in the regulation of biological processes in organisms, including metabolism. Due to recent discovery of miRNAs in humans, roles of miRNAs in metabolism of tumour cells, and effects these have on cancer patients, are still obscure and in need of expansion. Currently, experimental and computational data on the miRNAs are being analysed by a wide range of statistical methods; however, these methods in their original forms posses many limitations. Therefore, new ways of utilising these statistical methods are needed in order to unravel the roles of miRNAs in cancer metabolism. In this thesis, the roles of a specific miRNA, miR-22, and the three metabolic target genes were investigated through the use of classical statistical methods, revealed that miR-22, the metabolic target genes, and the interactions between them, were beneficial to survival outcome of breast cancer patients. Furthermore, novel combinations of the conventional statistical methods were invented in order to investigate the global miRNA regulations on metabolic target genes. These new procedures were demonstrated by using publicly available data sets. In one analysis, it was found that miRNAs could be divided into six clusters according to the metabolic target genes through a novel combination of statistical methods. A new statistical method was also invented to provide a generalised means to test for clustering based on sets of correlations.
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Kaimal, Vivek. "Computational approaches to study microRNA networks." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1298041682.
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Adai, Alex Tamas. "Uncovering microRNA function through data integration." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3311333.
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Deo, Ameya. "Normalization of microRNA expression levels in Quantitative RT-PCR arrays." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Life Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-4133.
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<p><strong>Background:</strong> Real-time quantitative Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) is recently used for characterization and expression analysis of miRNAs. The data from such experiments need effective analysis methods to produce reliable and high-quality data. For the miRNA prostate cancer qRT-PCR data used in this study, standard housekeeping normalization method fails due to non-stability of endogenous controls used. Therefore, identifying appropriate normalization method(s) for data analysis based on other data driven principles is an important aspect of this study.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> In this study, different normalization methods were tested, which are available in the R packages <em>Affy</em> and <em>qpcrNorm</em> for normalization of the raw data. These methods reduce the technical variation and represent robust alternatives to the standard housekeeping normalization method. The performance of different normalization methods was evaluated statistically and compared against each other as well as with the standard housekeeping normalization method. The results suggest that <em>qpcrNorm</em> Quantile normalization method performs best for all methods tested.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The <em>qpcrNorm</em> Quantile normalization method outperforms the other normalization methods and standard housekeeping normalization method, thus proving the hypothesis of the study. The data driven methods used in this study can be applied as standard procedures in cases where endogenous controls are not stable.</p>
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Zichner, Thomas. "Building graph models of oncogenesis by using microRNA expression data." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-1167.
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<p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that control gene expression by targeting mRNAs and triggering either translation repression or RNA degradation. Several groups pointed out that miRNAs play a major role in several diseases, including cancer. This is assumed since the expression level of several miRNAs differs between normal and cancerous cells. Further, it has been shown that miRNAs are involved in cell proliferation and cell death.</p><p>Because of this role it is suspected that miRNAs could serve as biomarkers to improve tumor classification, therapy selection, or prediction of survival. In this context, it is questioned, among other things, whether miRNA deregulations in cancer cells occur according to some pattern or in a rather random order. With this work we contribute to answering this question by adapting two approaches (Beerenwinkel et al. (J Comput Biol, 2005) and Höglund et al. (Gene Chromosome Canc, 2001)), developed to derive graph models of oncogenesis for chromosomal imbalances, to miRNA expression data and applying them to a breast cancer data set. Further, we evaluated the results by comparing them to results derived from randomly altered versions of the used data set.</p><p>We could show that miRNA deregulations most likely follow a rough temporal order, i.e. some deregulations occur early and some occur late in cancer progression. Thus, it seems to be possible that the expression level of some miRNAs can be used as indicator for the stage of a tumor. Further, our results suggest that the over expression of mir-21 as well as mir-102 are initial events in breast cancer oncogenesis.</p><p>Additionally, we identified a set of miRNAs showing a cluster-like behavior, i.e. their deregulations often occur together in a tumor, but other deregulations are less frequently present. These miRNAs are let-7d, mir-10b, mir-125a, mir-125b, mir-145, mir-206, and mir-210.</p><p>Further, we could confirm the strong relationship between the expression of mir-125a and mir-125b.</p>
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Howe, Eleanor Arden. "MicroRNA expression and activity in high-grade serous ovarian cancer." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9d17590c-550b-4ae9-ac8d-15387cf70e5f.
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miRNAs are critical modulators in the development and progression of cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that they are drivers of ovarian cancer. A better understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the development, progression and chemoresistance of the disease is critical for the development of new, more effective therapies. Here we explore the expression patterns of miRNAs as they relate to gene expression, as they differ across molecular subtypes of the disease. We examine the correlation structure of miRNA expression with mRNA expression in two distinct genomic datasets and report on patterns in correlation structure in several subsets of the data. We find that the datasets show consistency in their correlation structure, and in the specific miRNA-mRNA pairs that are either highly positively or negatively correlated. The data include a larger number of strong positive and strong negative correlations than would be expected by chance, indicating that biological relationships between the types of data are detectable in these datasets. We further find an enrichment for positively-correlated miRNA-mRNA pairs in which the miRNA is encoded in close proximity to the mRNA. The correlation of miRNA and mRNA is apparently unaffected by miRNA and mRNA expression level; similarly the two molecular subtypes do not contain differences in their correlation. We find that the recently described poorer prognosis, or angiogenic, subtype has a generally lower miRNA activity than the second, non-angiogenic, subtype. The subtypes are characterized by a consistent pattern of differential miRNA expression. We also report on a switch-like relationship between the expression levels of certain miRNAs and the genes that are anticorrelated with them. We propose these miRNAs drive many of the differences in the subtypes both directly, by RISC-mediated repression of target messages and indirectly, by repressing transcription factors that regulate expression in the cell. We build models of patient survival and time-to-relapse based on these miRNA expression data and inferred miRNA activity scores, using several types of univariate and variable selection models. We find essentially no survival-predictive information provided by the RE score data. While the direct miRNA expression measurements may contain some predictive power, we find that a larger dataset and the segretation of that dataset into distinct molecular phenotypes is likely to be necessary to produce a useful model of survival in ovarian cancer.
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Leung, Wing-sze. "Filtering of false positive microRNA candidates by a clustering-based approach." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41633908.
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Leung, Wing-sze, and 梁穎思. "Filtering of false positive microRNA candidates by a clustering-based approach." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41633908.
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Hatem, Ayat. "Active Module Discovery: Integrated Approaches of Gene Co-Expression and PPI Networks and MicroRNA Data." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1398949621.
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Rose, Jarod. "An Investigation and Visualization of MicroRNA Targets and Gene Expressions and Their Use in Classifying Cancer Samples." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1302303717.
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Maragkakis, Emmanouil Verfasser], Ivo [Akademischer Betreuer] Grosse, Artemis-Geōrgia [Akademischer Betreuer] [Chatzēgeōrgiu, and Wojciech [Akademischer Betreuer] Makalowski. "Bioinformatics approach for microRNA target prediction and functional analysis / Emmanouil Maragkakis. Betreuer: Ivo Grosse ; Artemis Hatzigeorgiou ; Wojciech Makalowski." Halle, Saale : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1025202783/34.
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Vila, Casadesús Maria. "Design of bioinformatic tools for integrative analysis of microRNA-mRNA interactome applied to digestive cancers." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663087.
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En esta tesis se han desarrollado e implementado distintas herramientas bioinformáticas que permiten el estudio de las interacciones miRNA-mRNA en contextos celulares específicos. oncretamente se ha creado un paquete de R (miRComb) que calcula las interacciones miRNA-mRNA partiendo de expresión de miRNAs y mRNAs, y predicciones bloinformáticas de bases de datos preexistentes. Las interacciones miRNA-mRNA finales son aquellas que muestran una correlación negativa y han estado predichas por al meno una base de datos. Como valor añadido, el paquete miRComb realiza un resumen en pdf con los resultados básicos del análisis (número de interacciones, número de mRNAs target por miRNA, análisis funcional, etc.), que permite comparar los datos de distintos estudios.
Hemos aplicado esta metodología en el contexto de cánceres digestivos. En un primer estudio hemos utilizado datos públicos de 5 cánceres digestivos (colon, recto, esófago, stómago e hígado) y hemos determinado las interacciones miRNA-mRNA comunes entre ellos y específicas de cada uno.
En un segundo estudio, hemos utilizado la misma metodología para analizar datos de IRNA-mRNA en biopsias de pacientes del Hospital Clínic de Barcelona con cáncer de páncreas. En este estudio hemos descrito interacciones miRNA-mRNA en el contexto de cáncer pancreático y hemos podido validar dos de ellas a nivel experimental.
En resumen, podemos concluir que el paquete miRComb es una herramienta útil para el estudio del interactoma de miRNA-mRNA, y que ha servido para establecer hipótesis biológicas que luego se han podido comprobar en el laboratorio.
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Showalter, Christian A. "Mechanistic Insights into the Regulation of the E-selectin Ligand Activities of Breast Cancer Cells by microRNA-200c, Notch Signaling, and Exosomal microRNAs." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1596205855702326.
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Anzola, Lagos Juan Manuel. "Computational identification and evolutionaty enalysis of metazoan micrornas." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3115.
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Weaver, Danielle. "A Multifaceted Approach Identifies ErbB2 and ErbB3 proteins and microRNA-125b as Key Contributors to Prostate Cancer Progression." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2726.
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Prostate cancer is the most common cancer affecting men today. Therefore, there is a strong need for accurate biomarkers and successful therapeutic treatments. A novel approach combining a computationally built protein-protein interaction network of proven microRNA protein targets with high throughput proteomics identified ErbB2 and ErbB3 as key proteins in prostate cancer. These results coupled with microRNA array screening of an androgen-independent prostate cancer progression model, substantiated by single microRNA analysis, suggested miR125b as a key tumor suppressor contributing to prostate cancer progression. miR125b expression was shown to be substantially increased in the non-tumorigenic P69 cell line compared to its highly tumorigenic, metastatic M12 variant. Luciferase reporter gene assays including the entire 3’UTR of either ErbB2 or ErbB3 revealed a 2.8- and 2.4-fold decrease (respectively) compared to control vector. Thus, this combinatorial approach has suggested an additional microRNA and its target involved in prostate tumor progression.
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Limbu, Sarita. "Identifying Differentially Expressed Human Lung MicroRNAs and Their Molecular Functions." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1259543051.
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Selvaraja, Sudarshan. "Microarray Data Analysis Tool (MAT)." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1227467806.
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Moss, Tiffanie. "CHARACTERIZATION OF STRUCTURAL VARIANTS AND ASSOCIATED MICRORNAS IN FLAX FIBER AND LINSEED GENOTYPES BY BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS AND HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1333648149.
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Schlackow, Margarita. "Bioinformatical and experimental analysis of gene expression regulation through RNAi and alternative polyadenylation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eba14f91-7c12-4530-84ca-90ddd75fee58.
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Polyadenylation signals in yeast are not very well defined and are believed to be largely degenerate. Here, we present a computational and experimental genome-wide analysis of polyadenylation signals in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. pombe), identifying the canonical AATAAA motif as the most frequent and functional signal. RNA-Seq data from cells grown under various physiological conditions were used to map 3’UTRs, which classify as commonly heterogenic. We have shown that many genes have alternative 3’UTRs. Our results are summarised and can be accessed in a user-friendly online database Pomb(A). It has been shown that convergent genes require trans elements, like Cohesin, for efficient transcription termination. We demonstrate that convergent genes lacking Cohesin are generally associated with longer overlapping transcripts. Furthermore, we analysed ChIP-chip data of Rad21 and Mis4 as well as other Cohesin and loading complex subunits and show that regions of Rad21/Mis4 co-localisation are generally associated with highly transcribed genes. They are also cohesive, while sites with Rad21 only are less cohesive. Rad21/Mis4 co-localisation sites are in close proximity to annotated origins of replication, suggesting that cohesive sites may facilitate replication. microRNAs (miRNAs) are well studies in higher eukaryotes and participate on post-transcriptional gene silencing by degrading target mRNA or blocking translation. It is believed that miRNAs do not exist in yeast. We reanalyzed miRNA presence in yeast using recently available small RNA data sets. Potential miRNA genes and targets in S. pombe were computationally predicted based on the described alternative 3’UTR data and further experimentally tested. Dicer is an enzyme, which recognizes long dsRNA substrates and cleaves them into siRNA e↵ector molecules, essential for gene silencing. Dicer has been thought to be a purely cytoplasmic protein. However, we employed ChIP-Seq and dsRNA RNA-Seq data to show that Dicer localises in the nucleus of mammalian cells and associates with the chromatin on numerous loci. Furthermore, we present evidence that Dicer processes long dsRNA into siRNA in the nucleus and the lack of Dicer causes the accumulation of long dsRNA. This consequently induces the interferon response pathway, which ultimately leads to apoptosis and cell death.
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Weinstein, Earl G. 1974. "MicroRNA cloning and bioinformatic analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8390.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology, 2002.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Part I. Two gene-regulatory noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), let-7 RNA and lin-4 RNA, were previously discovered in the C. elegans genome. The let-7 gene is conserved across a wide range of genomes, suggesting that these ncRNAs represent a wider class of gene-regulatory RNAs. Both lin-4 and let-7 RNAs are generated from stem-loop precursor RNAs, and share a common biochemical signature, namely 5'-terminal phosphate and 3'-terminal hydroxyl groups. We refer to ncRNAs that share the characteristic size, biochemical signature, and precursor structures of let-7 and lin-4 as microRNAs (miRNAs). The size of this class of genes, and its prevalence in other genomes, are unknown. Therefore, we developed an experimental and bioinformatics strategy to identify novel miRNA genes. We discovered a total of 75 miRNA genes in the C. elegans genome, and orthologues for a majority of these were computationally identified in the C. briggsae, D. melanogaster or H. sapiens genomes. Northern analysis was used to confirm and analyze the expression of these miRNAs. The data set has implications for understanding miRNA gene regulation, miRNA processing, and regulation of miRNA genes. Part II. Directed molecular evolution has previously been applied to generate RNAs with novel structures and functions. This method works because nucleic acids can be selected, randomized, amplified and characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. Here we present a novel method for extending directed molecular evolution to the realm of peptide selections by linking a peptide to its encoding mRNA.<br>(cont.) A proof of principle selection for two different peptides indicates that this tRNA should prove useful in discovering more complex protein molecules using directed molecular evolution.<br>by Earl G. Weinstein.<br>Ph.D.
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Hassan, Aamir Ul. "Integration of Genome Scale Data for Identifying New Biomarkers in Colon Cancer: Integrated Analysis of Transcriptomics and Epigenomics Data from High Throughput Technologies in Order to Identifying New Biomarkers Genes for Personalised Targeted Therapies for Patients Suffering from Colon Cancer." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17419.
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Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in Western industrialised countries. Despite recent advances in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of colorectal cancer, an estimated 608,000 people die every year due to colon cancer. Our current knowledge of colorectal carcinogenesis indicates a multifactorial and multi-step process that involves various genetic alterations and several biological pathways. The identification of molecular markers with early diagnostic and precise clinical outcome in colon cancer is a challenging task because of tumour heterogeneity.
This Ph.D.-thesis presents the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to colorectal cancer. A systematical review of the literature is conducted on Microarray Gene expression profiling, gene ontology enrichment analysis, microRNA and system Biology and various bioinformatics tools.
We aimed this study to stratify a colon tumour into molecular distinct subtypes, identification of novel diagnostic targets and prediction of reliable prognostic signatures for clinical practice using microarray expression datasets. We performed an integrated analysis of gene expression data based on genetic, epigenetic and extensive clinical information using unsupervised learning, correlation and functional network analysis. As results, we identified 267-gene and 124-gene signatures that can distinguish normal, primary and metastatic tissues, and also involved in important regulatory functions such as immune-response, lipid metabolism and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) signalling pathways.
For the first time, we also identify miRNAs that can differentiate between primary colon from metastatic and a prognostic signature of grade and stage levels, which can be a major contributor to complex transcriptional phenotypes in a colon tumour.
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Sakaram, Suraj. "Delineating ΔNp63α's function in epithelial cells". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1484411625682248.
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Ahmed, Nazad Zina. "MicroRNAs as biomarkers in some cardiovascular diseases : A bioinformatics and review study." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Farmakologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-132251.
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Ahmed, Rina [Verfasser]. "Bioinformatic Analysis of microRNA Genes in Free-Living and Parasitic Nematodes / Rina Ahmed." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1068504803/34.
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Wucher, Valentin. "Modélisation d'un réseau de régulation d'ARN pour prédire des fonctions de gènes impliqués dans le mode de reproduction du puceron du pois." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S076/document.
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Cette thèse cherche à discriminer au niveau génomique entre le développement d'embryons vers un mode de reproduction sexué et le développement vers un mode asexué chez le puceron du pois, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Cette discrimination passe par la création du réseau de régulation post-transcriptionnelle des microARN et des ARNm qui possèdent des cinétiques d'expression différentes entre ces deux embryogenèses ainsi que par l'analyse des modules d'interactions de ce réseau par l'utilisation de l'analyse de concepts formels. Pour ce faire, une stratégie en plusieurs étapes a été mise en place : la création d'un réseau d'interactions entre les microARN et les ARNm du puceron du pois ; l'extraction et la réduction du réseau aux microARN et ARNm qui possèdent des cinétiques différentes entre les deux embryogenèses à partir des données d'expression tirées du séquençage haut-débit ; l'analyse du réseau d'interactions réduit aux éléments d’intérêt par l'analyse de concepts formels. L'analyse du réseau a permis l'identification de différentes fonctions potentiellement importantes comme l'ovogenèse, la régulation transcriptionnelle ou encore le système neuroendocrinien. En plus de l'analyse du réseau, l'analyse de concepts formels a été utilisée pour définir une méthode de réparation de graphe biparti basée sur une topologie en "concepts" ainsi qu'une méthode de visualisation de graphes bipartis par ses concepts<br>This thesis aims to discriminate between embryos development towards either sexual or asexual reproduction types in pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, at the genomic level. This discrimination involves the creation of a post-transcriptional regulation network between microRNAs and mRNAs whose kinetic expressions change depending on the embryogenesis. It also involves a study of this network's interaction modules using formal concept analysis. To do so, a three-step strategy was set up. First the creation of an interaction network between the pea aphid's microRNAs and mRNAs. The network is then reduced by keeping only microRNAs and mRNAs which possess differential kinetics between the two embryogeneses, these are obtained using high-throughput sequencing data. Finally the remaining network is analysed using formal concept analysis. Analysing the network allowed for the identification of several functions of potential interest such as oogenesis, transcriptional regulation or even neuroendocrine system. In addition to network analysis, formal concept analysis was used to create a new method to repair a bipartite graph based on its topology and a method to visualise a bipartite graph using its formal concepts
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Tan, Jennifer Yihong. "Intergenic long noncoding RNAs provide a novel layer of post-transcriptional regulation in development and disease." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:708df26b-6e5b-4f6f-a0d7-6e3c8b1466ee.
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Recent genome-wide sequencing projects revealed the pervasive transcription of intergenic long noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) in eukaryotic genomes (reviewed in Ponting et al. 2009). For the vast majority of lincRNAs, their mechanisms of function remain largely unrecognized. However, the genome-wide signatures of functionality associated with many lincRNAs, including apparent evolutionary sequence conservation, spatial and temporal-restricted expression patterns, strong associations with epigenetic marks, and reported molecular and cellular functions, reinforce their biological relevance. My work investigates lincRNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene abundance by competing for the binding of common microRNAs (miRNAs) with protein-coding transcripts, termed competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) acting lincRNAs (lnceRNAs). First, I examine the biological relevance of this post-transcriptional regulation of gene abundance by ceRNAs. Next, I estimate the genome-wide prevalence of lnceRNAs in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and characterize their properties. Finally, using two specific examples of lnceRNAs, I show the contributions of lnceRNAs to human monogenic and complex trait diseases. Collectively, these results illustrate that lnceRNAs provide a novel layer of post-transcriptional regulation via a miRNA-mediated mechanism that contributes to organismal and cellular biology.
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Williamson, Vernell. "Using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to identify and predict microRNAs (miRNAs) potentially affecting Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2880.
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The last decade has seen considerable research focusing on understanding the factors underlying schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. A major challenge encountered in studying these disorders, however, has been the contribution of genetic, or etiological, heterogeneity to the so-called “missing heritability” [1-6]. Further, recent successes of large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have nonetheless seen only limited advancements in the delineation of the specific roles of implicated genes in disease pathophysiology. The study of microRNAs (miRNAs), given their ability to alter the transcription of hundreds of targeted genes, has the potential to expand our understanding of how certain genes relate to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Indeed, the strongest finding of one recent mega-analysis by the Psychiatric GWAS consortium (PGC) was for a miRNA, though little can be said presently about its particular role in the etiologies of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder [52]. Next generation sequencing (NGS) is a versatile technology that can be used to directly sequence either DNA or RNA, thus providing valuable information on variation in the genome and in the transcriptome. A variation of NGS, MicroSeq, focuses on small RNAs and can be used to detect novel, as well as known, miRNAs [26,125, 126]. The following thesis describes the role of miRNAs in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in various experimental settings. As an index of the interaction between multiple genes and between the genome and the environment, miRNAs are great potential biomarkers for complex disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Roy, Indranil. "Algorithmic techniques for the micron automata processor." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53845.
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Our research is the first in-depth study in the use of the Micron Automata Processor, a novel re-configurable streaming co-processor which is purpose-built to execute thousands of Non-deterministic Finite Automata (NFA) in parallel. By design, this processor is well-suited to accelerate applications which need to find all occurrences of thousands of complex string-patterns in the input data. We have validated this by implementing two such applications, one from network security and the other from bioinformatics, both of which are significantly faster than their state-of-art counterparts. Our research has also widened the scope of the applications which can be accelerated through this processor by finding ways to quickly program any generic graph into it and then search for hard to find features like maximal-cliques and Hamiltonian paths. These applications and algorithms have yielded valuable design-inputs for next generation of the chip which is currently in design phase. We hope that this work paves the way to the early adoption of this upcoming architecture and to efficient solution of some of the currently computationally challenging problems.
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França, Gustavo Starvaggi. "Estudos sobre a organização genômica, evolução e expressão de microRNAs." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-05042016-135626/.
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Os microRNAs (miRNAs) são pequenos RNAs não codificadores de proteínas presentes na maioria dos eucariotos. Esses RNAs regulam a expressão gênica em nível pós-transcricional através do silenciamento de mRNAs-alvo que possuem sítios complementares às suas sequências, atuando em praticamente todos os processos celulares. Embora a estrutura e função dos miRNAs estejam bem caracterizadas, aspectos relacionados à sua organização genômica, evolução e atuação em doenças são tópicos que apresentam enormes lacunas. Nesta tese, utilizamos abordagens computacionais para investigar estes temas em três trabalhos. No primeiro, processamos e integramos um vasto volume de dados publicamente disponíveis referentes aos miRNAs e genes codificadores de proteínas para cinco espécies de vertebrados. Com isso, construimos uma ferramenta web que permite a fácil inspeção da organização genômica dos miRNAs em regiões inter e intragênicas, o acesso a dados de expressão de miRNAs e de genes codificadores de proteínas (classificados em genes hospedeiros e não hospedeiros de miRNAs), além de outras informações pertinentes. Verificamos que a ferramenta tem sido amplamente utilizada pela comunidade científica e acreditamos que ela possa facilitar a geração de hipóteses associadas à regulação dos miRNAs, principalmente quando estão inseridos em genes hospedeiros. No segundo estudo, buscamos compreender como o contexto genômico e a origem evolutiva dos genes hospedeiros influenciam a expressão e evolução dos miRNAs humanos. Nossos achados mostraram que os miRNAs intragênicos surgem preferencialmente em genes antigos (origem anterior à divergência de vertebrados). Observamos que os miRNAs inseridos em genes antigos têm maior abrangência de expressão do que os inseridos em genes novos. Surpreendentemente, miRNAs jovens localizados em genes antigos são expressos em um maior número de tecidos do que os intergênicos de mesma idade, sugerindo uma vantagem adaptativa inicial que pode estar relacionada com o controle da expressão dos genes hospedeiros, e como consequência, expondo-os a contextos celulares e conjuntos de alvos diversos. Na evolução a longo prazo, vimos que genes antigos conferem maior restrição nos padrões de expressão (menor divergência de expressão) para miRNAs intragênicos, quando comparados aos intergênicos. Também mostramos possíveis associações funcionais relacionadas ao contexto genômico, tais como o enriquecimento da expressão de miRNAs intergênicos em testículo e dos intragênicos em tecidos neurais. Propomos que o contexto genômico e a idade dos genes hospedeiros são fatores-chave para a evolução e expressão dos miRNAs. Por fim, buscamos estabelecer associações entre a expressão diferencial de miRNAs e a quimioresistência em câncer colorretal utilizando linhagens celulares sensíveis e resistentes às drogas 5-Fluoruracil e Oxaliplatina. Dentre os miRNAs identificados, o miR-342 apresentou níveis elevados de expressão nas linhagens sensíveis à Oxaliplatina. Com base na análise dos alvos preditos, detectamos uma significativa associação de miR-342 com a apoptose. A superexpressão de miR-342 na linhagem resistente SW620 evidenciou alterações na expressão de genes da via apoptótica, notavelmente a diminuição da expressão do fator de crescimento PDGFB, um alvo predito possivelmente sujeito à regulação direta pelo miR-342.<br>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs found in most eukaryotic species. These RNAs regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level by silencing target mRNAs through base-pairing of complementary sequences, thus acting on virtually all cellular processes. Although the structure and function of miRNAs are well understood, several aspects related to their genomic organization, evolution and involvement with diseases are largely underexplored. In this thesis, we employed computational methods to investigate such issues in three different studies. In the first one, we have processed and integrated a large amount of public data related to miRNAs and coding genes for five vertebrate species. Then, we developed a webtool to allow the analysis of the miRNA genomic context in inter and intragenic regions, the access of miRNA and gene expression data (classified as host and non-host genes), as well as other relevant information. We noticed that the webtool has been largely used by the scientific community, and we believe that it can facilitate hypothesis generation related to miRNA regulation, especially when they are within host genes. In the following study, we sought to understand how the genomic context and the evolutionary origin of host genes can affect the expression and evolution of human miRNAs. Our findings showed that intragenic miRNAs are preferentially embedded within old host genes (originated before the split of vertebrates). We observed that miRNAs within old genes are more broadly expressed than those within young genes. Surprisingly, young miRNAs within old genes were expressed in more tissues than their intergenic counterparts, suggesting an initial adaptive advantage which might be related to their hosts expression control, and as a consequence, exposing them to a more diverse cellular contexts and target genes. In the long run, we found that old host genes lead to expression constraints (lower expression divergence) between species for intragenic miRNAs, in respect to intergenic ones. We also showed possible functional associations related to miRNA genomic context, such as the enrichment of young intergenic miRNAs in testis, while young intragenic miRNAs were enriched in neural tissues. Thus, we propose that the genomic context and the age of the host genes are key factors in shaping the expression and evolution of miRNAs. Finally, we sought to establish associations between differential expression of miRNAs and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer using resistant and sensitive cell lines to 5-Fluoruracil and Oxaliplatin. Among differentially expressed miRNAs, miR-342 was highly expressed in sensitive cell lines to Oxaliplatin. Based on target prediction analysis, miR-342 is likely associated with apoptosis. The induced overexpression of miR-342 in SW620, a cell line resistant to Oxaliplatin, changed the expression levels of genes linked to the apoptosis pathway, notably the downregulation of PDGFB growth factor, which is a predicted target possibly subjected to direct regulation by miR-342.
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Lombe, Chipampe Patricia. "Identification of microRNAs as a class of biomarkers for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer : an in silico and molecular approach." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4863.
Full textAbstract:
>Magister Scientiae - MSc<br>Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common form of cancer in men around
the world. In many parts of Africa, data on prostate cancer is sparse. This is
attributed to poor access to testing and diagnostics. The International Agency for
Research on Cancer (GLOBOCAN) estimated that 28,000 deaths occurred as a
result of PCa in Africa in 2008, 4500 of which were in South Africa. This figure
(28,000) is predicated a rise to 57,000 over the next two decades. Currently, the
most commonly used diagnostic tests for PCa are the DRE and PSA tests. The
former is highly invasive and both have low specificity and poor sensitivity.
Therefore, the need for a less invasive early detection method with the ability to
overcome the lack of specificity and sensitivity is required. Biomarkers have
recently been identified as a viable option for early detection of disease.
Examples of biological indicators for disease are miRNAs. miRNAs are small
non-coding RNA molecules which play a key role in controlling gene expression
and certain biological processes. Studies have shown that aberrantly expressed
miRNAs are a hallmark of several diseases like cancer. miRNA expression has
been shown to be associated with tumour development, progression and response
to therapy, suggesting their possible use as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive
biomarkers. The study aimed to investigate the potential of miRNAs implicated in prostate cancer as putative biomarkers for the disease and evaluating these miRNAs in a panel of prostate as well as several other cancer cell lines using qRT-PCR. An in silico approach was used to identify 13 putative miRNAs implicated in prostate cancer of which 8 were further analysed in a parallel study and 5 in this study. Two publicly available target prediction software were used for target gene
prediction of the 5 identified miRNAs. The target genes were subjected to
functional analysis using web-based software, DAVID. Functions which were
clustered with an enrichment score of 1.3 and greater were considered significant.
Targets with gene ontologies linked to “transcription regulation”, “regulation of
“apopotosis”, “extracellular region” and “metal ion binding” were considered for
further analyses. Protein gene interaction analysis was performed to determine the
pathways the target genes are involved in using STRING. Expression profile
analysis of the genes in various tissues was also carried out using in silico methods through the TiGER and GeneHub-GEPIS databases. Analysis using DAVID resulted in 9 gene targets for the 5 miRNAs. It was found that miR3 seemed the most promising miRNA for biomarker validation based on the in silico analyses. Its target gene MNT was found to be abundantly expressed in prostate tissue from the TiGER results. The GeneHub-GEPIS results also indicated that the gene’s expression is up-regulated during prostate cancer. The expression levels of the miRNAs analysed using qRT-PCR indicated that miR3 is significantly over-expressed in prostate cancer cells when compared to the other cancer cell lines used in this study, corroborating the results observed from the in silico analyses. Another miRNA with interesting results was miR5. It was predicted to target two genes, YWHAZ and TNFSF13B. In TiGER, both were found to be expressed in prostate tissue. The genes were also found to be up regulated during prostate cancer in GeneHub-GEPIS. The expression level of miR5 in LNCaP was 15.32; it was significantly up-regulated in the cell line using qRT-PCR. However, miR5 was also present in HEPG2-7.06, MCF7-0.79, HT29-1.61 and H157-3.59. Thus, it was concluded it can be used as a biomarker in combination with other miRNAs. The miRNA miR2 was found to target the actin filament protein encoding gene AFAP1. The gene was predicted to be upregulated with a DEU of 33.25 in GeneHuB-GEPIS. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression ratio in LNcaP was 8.79. However, miR2 expression was up-regulated in MCF7-0.85 and HT29-1.09 as well. The expression level of miR1 in BHP1 was found to be 4.85. It can be considered as an indicator for
benign prostate hyperplasia. Future work would include investigating the expression of miR3 in a larger panel of cancer cells as well as in patient samples. In addition, analysis of the UTR sequences of the miRNAs targets experimentally to prove that the target genes identified using in silico methods, are indeed regulated by these miRNAs. Furthermore, performing gene “knock-out” studies on the genes that code for the miRNAs to study their roles in prostate cancer development.
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Vail, Daniel Joseph. "Mapping the Way Toward an Engineered Articular Cartilage:A Complete Transcriptional Characterization of Native and MSC-Derived Cartilage." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case162644731682198.
Full text
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Le, Priol Christophe. "Variance de l'expression des microARN et des ARN messagers dans le cancer." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS023.
Full textAbstract:
La majorité des études sur l’expression des gènes cherchent à identifier des gènes présentant des différences de moyenne d’expression entre plusieurs populations d’échantillons. Dans ce cadre, la variance est considérée comme un paramètre à contrôler. Cependant, à l’instar d’une différence de moyenne, une différence de variance d’expression de gènes entre populations d’échantillons peut avoir un sens biologique et physiologique.Les microARN (miARN) sont d’importants régulateurs de l’expression des gènes. Le nombre important de leurs cibles et leur mode d’action confèrent aux miARN un rôle tampon. L’objectif de ma thèse est d’étudier la variance d’expression des miARN et des ARN messagers (ARNm), en particulier ceux ciblés par des miARN, durant la cancérogénèse. Nous espérons que cette approche permettra d’identifier des gènes qui ne peuvent pas être détectés par l’analyse classique de différence de moyenne d’expression et qui pourraient servir de biomarqueurs potentiels ou de cibles thérapeutiques. En outre, en combinant l’expression de miARN et d’ARNm et en analysant leur variance à une échelle systémique, nous espérons pouvoir mieux caractériser le rôle tampon des miARN.Plusieur méthodes incluant des tests statistiques d’égalité de variance et des modèles basés sur la distribution binomiale négative ont été évaluées. Les performances de ces méthodes ont été étudiées en détails à l’aide de jeux de données simulées. Par la suite, elles ont été appliquées aux jeux de données The Cancer Genome Atlas dans le but d’identifier des gènes ayant une différence de variance d’expression entre échantillons sains et tumoraux. De nombreux miARN et ARNm présentant une augmentation de leur variance d’expression dans les tumeurs ont été détectés. Pour la plupart des cancers, certaines fonctions biologiques importantes telles que le catabolisme ou l’autophagie sont sur-représentées parmi ces ARNm. Ainsi, analyser des gènes différentiellement variants semble être une approche pertinente pour avoir une meilleure compréhension de la progression tumorale et devrait être prise en compte dans le cadre de la recherche de nouveaux biomarqueurs et cibles thérapeutiques potentiels<br>The majority of gene expression studies focus on looking for genes whose mean expression is different when comparing two or more populations of samples. In this context, the variance is treated as a parameter to be controlled. However, similarly to a difference of mean, a difference of variance in gene expression between sample populations may also be biologically and physiologically relevant.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key gene expression regulators. The large number of their targets and the fine tuning of their regulation confer to miRNAs a buffering role. The objective of my thesis is to study the variance in expression of miRNAs and messenger RNAs (ARNm), especially those targeted by miRNAs, in particular during cancerogenesis. We hope that this approach can identify genes which cannot be identified by the tradional differential expression analysis and yet serve as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets. Furthermore, by combining both miRNA and mRNA expression and analyzing their variance at a system level, we aim at better characterize the buffering role of miRNAs.Several methods including statistical tests of equality of variance and models based on the negative binomial distribution were evaluated. The performances of these methods were thoroughly tested on simulated datasets. Then, they were applied to The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets in order to identify genes with a differential expression variance when comparing normal and tumor samples. Many miRNAs and mRNAs with an increase of expression variance in tumors were detected. Interestingly, among these mRNAs, some key biological functions such as catabolism or autophagy are over-represented in most cancers. Thus, analyzing genes having a differential expression variance is relevant to gain knowledge in tumor progression and opens a new space for the discovery of new potential biomarkers and therapeutic avenues
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Daniel, Rhonda W. "Dysregulation of microRNAs in Blood as Biomarkers for Diagnosing Prostate Cancer." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3975.
Full textAbstract:
Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer among men, yet current diagnostic methods are insufficient and more reliable diagnostic markers need to be developed. The answer that can bridge this gap and enable more efficient diagnoses may lie in microRNAs. These small, single stranded RNA molecules impact protein expression at the translational level and regulate important cellular pathways. Dysregulation of these small RNA molecules can have tumorigenic effects on cells and lead to many types of cancers.
Currently the Prostate-Stimulating Antigen (PSA) is used as a diagnostic marker for prostate cancer. However, many factors can elevate PSA levels such as infections and certain medications, consequently leading to false positive diagnoses and unnecessary concern and over treatment with dire outcomes for the patient. Even worse, are the chances of false negative diagnoses, which result in prostate cancer not being diagnosed until its later stages. Therefore, although the use of the PSA level has had its uses in the clinic, it has failed to sufficiently bridge the gap or to distinguish indolent from aggressive disease.
It has long been suggested in the literature that microRNAs are drastically altered throughout the course of cancer progression. Here, RNA sequencing was used to identify changes in miR expression profiles diagnostic for prostate cancer patients compared to non-patient controls. The RNA sequencing results were also used to identify normalization miRs to be used as endogenous controls. Confirmatory qRT-PCR was then used to corroborate these results for the top seven dysregulated miRs found from the RNA sequencing data. Data analysis of the Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Curves (ROC) of the selected miRs exhibited a better correlation with prostate cancer (AUC Range= 0.819- 0.950) than PSA (AUC of PSA=0.667). In summary, a panel of seven miRs are proposed, many of which have prostate specific targets, which would represent a significant improvement over current testing methods.
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Bhajun, Ricky. "Une approche réseau pour l’inférence du rôle des microARN dans la corégulation des processus biologiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAS045/document.
Full textAbstract:
L'interférence par l'ARN est un processus selon lequel un petit ARN non codant se lie à un ARN messager cible dans la cellule pour moduler son expression. Ce mécanisme a été conservé au cours de l'évolution : il est retrouvé aussi bien chez les animaux que chez les végétaux. Nous savons aujourd'hui que le rôle de l'interférence par l'ARN est fondamental, dans le développement embryonnaire comme dans la progression tumorale. Les microARN (miARN) sont des ARN non codant endogènes dont l'une des particularités est leur capacité à réguler tout un ensemble de gènes par interférence avec les ARN messagers. Il est ainsi prédit qu'un seul miARN serait capable de réguler plusieurs centaines de gènes différents. La thèse a consisté en l'analyse de la corégulation médiée par les miARN grâce à l'inférence de réseau basée sur le partage de gènes cibles. La corégulation est un phénomène où plusieurs miARN différents interviennent sur les mêmes familles de gènes et donc sur les mêmes processus biologiques. Le travail a plus spécifiquement consisté en la mise en place d'un réseau de miARN, en son analyse topologique mais également en son interprétation biologique. Le but final était de proposer de nouvelles hypothèses biologiques à tester afin de mieux comprendre la corégulation des processus biologiques par les miARN. Au travers de ces travaux, deux groupes de miARN ont pu être mis en évidence, dont l'un impliqué dans la régulation de la signalisation par les petites GTPases – hypothèse par la suite validée par plusieurs expériences in vitro. Dans un second temps, une communauté de miARN impliquée dans le maintien de la pluripotence des cellules souches a pu également être mise en évidence. Pour compléter ces analyses, une étude systémique de la topologie des réseaux de miARN a été menée afin de mieux comprendre leur intégration dans les réseaux biologiques et leur rôle dans le devenir cellulaire<br>RNA interference is a process in which a small non-coding RNA will bind to a specific messenger RNA and regulate its expression. This evolutionary conserved mechanism is found in all superior eukaryotes from plants to mammals. Nowadays, we know that RNA interference is a major regulatory process involved in developmental biology and tumor progression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous (coded in and produced by the cell) non-coding RNAs which are able to regulate a whole set of genes, typically hundreds of genes. This doctoral thesis consisted in the analysis of the miRNA mediated coregulation through a network approach based on target sharing. Coregulation is the process where many different miRNAs will regulate the same set of genes and thus the same biological process. In particular, the work consisted in the inference of a miRNA network, in its topological analysis and also its biological interpretation. Indeed, the final aim of the work was to generate new biological hypothesis. As such, two different groups of miRNAs were first retrieved. One of them was predicted to be involved in the small GTPase signaling and was further validated in vitro. Moreover, a miRNA community involved in the maintenance of stem cells pluripotency was also discovered. Finally, a systemic analysis of the target-based miRNAs network was conducted to better understand their integration with biologic networks and their role in cell fate
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Figueredo, Diego de Siqueira. "Estudo de microRNAs relacionados a ritmos circadianos: identificação e validação de candidatos, perfil transcriptômico e impacto na normalização de ensaios de expressão gênica." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2018. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/3540.
Full textAbstract:
FAPEAL - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas<br>Estima-se que 50% dos genes codificadores de proteínas possuem oscilação rítmica em diferentes tecidos de mamíferos. Curiosamente, metade das proteínas desses genes possuem seus RNAm correspondentes com expressão constitutiva (arrítmica), ressaltando a relevância de eventos pós-transcricionais para a oscilação de proteínas. Os “High throughput Assays” (HTA) circadianos são extremamente importantes, pois fornecem informações acerca da expressão de milhares de transcritos e de proteínas, uma rica coleção cronobiológica que pode ajudar na resolução de diferentes problemas científicos, não apenas os abordados nas pesquisas originais. Embora altamente reprodutivos e informativos, ensaios de biologia molecular circadiana apresentam algumas divergências em seus resultados, ressaltando a necessidade do aprimoramento de métodos de normalização e análise dos diferentes ensaios de expressão. Até o momento, não se conhecem os impactos da normalização do RNA em ensaios de expressão de pequenos RNAs, como miRNAs. Este estudo objetivou: (1) analisar a co-expressão de miRNAs e RNAm e proteínas de genes alvos; (2) identificar e validar miRNAs candidatos ao sistema molecular circadiano; (3) analisar o impacto da normalização do RNA total em estudos circadianos de miRNAs. Através da sistematização de diferentes dados circadianos de HTA (RNA-seq, small RNA-seq, Chip-seq e proteoma), de bioinformática e de interações miRNA:RNAm validadas, identificamos uma lista de 152 microRNAs (miRNAs) candidatos ao controle pós-transcricional dos ritmos moleculares. Desses, os dois mais relevantes, miR29b-3p e miR-23b-3p, foram experimentalmente validados como importantes para a manutenção do período dos ritmos das células U2OS PER2:LUC. Análises de HTA também permitiram a identificação de diferenças nas fases de expressão de miRNAs 3p e 5p, com genes alvos divergentes. Interessantemente, a identificação de padrões de expressão de RNAm e proteínas de genes alvos de miRNAs, permite sugerir um mecanismo de ajuste das amplitudes dos ritmos das proteínas dependente da fase do RNAm. Por fim, através do controle de etapas experimentais, demonstramos oscilação circadiana na concentração do RNA total de diferentes regiões de cérebros de camundongos. A normalização desse ritmo, durante a síntese de cDNA, afeta o perfil de expressão de transcritos, incluindo os dos genes relógio Per1-2 e Bmal1. Ademais, através de análises com RNA exógeno, ou spike-ins, demonstramos que o ajuste da concentração do RNA compromete a análise de miRNAs, possivelmente por interferências nos rendimentos de extração e nas reações de síntese de cDNA. Este estudo apresenta dois novos miRNAs importantes para a manutenção da ritmicidade circadiana e uma nova estratégia de análise de qPCR para estudos cronobiológicos de miRNAs.
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Gómez, González Soledad. "Tumores del Desarrollo, Epigenética y miRNAs." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457765.
Full textAbstract:
Evidencias recientes han mostrado que los tumores sólidos pediátricos, incluidos el neuroblastoma y el meduloblastoma, albergan una baja cantidad de mutaciones genéticas recurrentes, pero presentan una proporción significativa de alteraciones recurrentes en los mecanismos epigenéticos. Además, la epigenética es un mecanismo regulatorio fundamental durante el desarrollo en mamíferos.
En este proyecto hemos estudiado los cambios epigenéticos que afectan a dos tumores neuronales pediátricos prototípicos, el neuroblastoma y meduloblastoma. Mediante el estudio de los cambios de metilación del ADN, los miRNA y la expresión génica, hemos identificado modificaciones genéticas y epigenéticas que subyacen a la base molecular de la patogénesis y tienen implicación clínica en la evolución de estos tumores neurales. El objetivo principal de nuestro proyecto era identificar marcadores moleculares y posibles dianas de interés para el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas.
Este proyecto fue el primer estudio completo de metilación del ADN en neuroblastoma empleando microarrays de alta densidad. Detectamos por primera vez en neuroblastoma la presencia de metilación del ADN en citosinas no-CpG, asociada a tumores de bajo riesgo clínico. El estado de metilación detectado en el contexto no-CpG indica un papel potencial de esta metilación en la diferenciación y regulación transcripcional de genes clave el en desarrollo, como por ejemplo ALK. Observamos que la metilación del ADN en el neuroblastoma afecta no sólo a los promotores, sino también a las regiones intragénicas e intergénicas tanto en sitios CpG como no-CpG en dominios funcionales de la cromatina de genes implicados en desarrollo y cáncer.
Los cambios de metilación del ADN en sitos CpG y no-CpG tanto dentro como fuera de islas CpG (CGI) y localizados en el cuerpo del gen podian estar asociados con el comportamiento clínico del neuroblastoma. Detectamos cambios en contexto no-CpG que sugieren que el neuroblastoma puede ser epigenéticamente diferente a lo largo de la terapia. Además, analizando citosinas fuera de las regiones promotoras, en el cuerpo del gen y de las regiones intergénicas, en sitios CpG asociados a CGI y en sitios no-CpG dentro y fuera de CGIs observamos una asociación de la metilación con el comportamiento clínico en neuroblastoma.
La segunda parte del proyecto se centró en tratar de dar respuesta a la creciente necesidad de aplicar en la práctica clínica el sistema de clasificación del meduloblastoma en los subgrupos moleculares WNT, SHH, Grupo 3 y Grupo 4, recientemente identificados y propuestos mediante análisis (epi)genómicos. El reconocimiento de los subgrupos consenso ha cambiado la forma en que se estudia el meduloblastoma en el contexto de la investigación y cómo se diagnostica y trata en el contexto clínico. Estos subgrupos moleculares se definen actualmente mediante robustos sistemas de clasificación basados técnicas difícilmente incorporables a la rutina clínica de la mayoría de hospitales que tratan tumores cerebrales infantiles.
Hemos desarrollado una metodología clínicamente aplicable, robusta, rápida y reproducible para la predicción exacta de subgrupos de meduloblastoma de muestras individuales en base a dos paneles compuestos por conjuntos reducidos de biomarcadores epigenéticos, y por tanto, potencialmente incorporables en la rutina de diagnóstico. Los biomarcadores epigenéticos identificados podían aplicarse a muestras individuales de ADN de meduloblastoma obtenidas a partir de tejido congelado o FFPE. El patrón bimodal de los paneles permitía el análisis mediante diversas técnicas moleculares, tanto cuantitativas como cualitativas. Nuestro enfoque era técnicamente más simple, rápido y coste efectivo en comparación con las actuales técnicas estándar de clasificación de subgrupos de meduloblastoma.<br>Recent evidence has shown that pediatric solid tumors harbor a paucity of recurrent genetic mutations as compared to other tumors from adults, suggesting that additional mechanisms such as epigenetic alterations may play an important role in the molecular pathogenesis of developmental tumors.
So far the great majority of studies that have investigated DNA methylation in developmental tumors were biased towards CpG sites and promoter regions. Recent genome- wide studies are starting to reveal a role for DNA methylation outside such genomic contexts. Furthermore, it has recently been described that cytosine methylation also occurs in sites other than CpG dinucleotides (mCHG and mCHH) in embryonic stem cells and during brain development. However, DNA methylation at non-CpG contexts has rarely been described in cancer.
We have analyzed the DNA methylome of two prototypical developmental neural tumors, neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma, using high-density microarrays with the aim of detecting epigenetic modifications at a genome-wide level that may have clinical relevance in the pathogenesis of these pediatric tumors, to identify molecular markers and potential targets of interest for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Our DNA methylation studies in neuroblastoma using high-density microarrays have defined the epigenetic landscape of this pediatric tumor and its potential clinicopathological impact. Our results reveal that:
- DNA methylation changes in neuroblastoma affect not only promoters but also intragenic and intergenic regions at CpG sites and, for the first time in neuroblastoma, at non-CpG sites.
- These epigenetic changes show a non-random distribution relative to functional chromatin states, and frequently target development and cancer-related genes relevant for neuroblastoma, such as CCND1 and ALK.
- DNA methylation patterns in non-CpG sites provide new insights into the differentiation stage of high and low-risk neuroblastomas.
- DNA methylation changes at CpG and non-CpG sites are strongly associated with clinicopathological features of neuroblastoma and with patient outcome.
Furthermore, we have developed a simplified and reproducible approach to classify medulloblastoma tumors into clinically relevant subgroups applying epigenetic markers. Using this strategy, MB patients can be accurately classified into the three consensus subgroups WNT, SHH and non-WNT/non-SHH. In addition, we propose a similar approach for the specific classification of Group 3 and Group 4 medulloblastoma tumors. The proposed strategies allows for classification of single DNA samples from biopsies both frozen as well as FFPE of primary, metastasis or relapse compartments, using diverse molecular approaches. Our results show that the proposed strategy is robust, accurate, and cost-effective, making it adequate for molecular subgrouping of medulloblastoma in daily diagnostic practice of most centers treating children with brain tumors.
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ARAÚJO, Emily Vanessa Nascimento. "Repercussões das análises de bioinformática nos resultados da expressão diferencial de genes e seus reguladores miRNAs no câncer gástrico." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2018. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/10340.
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Previous issue date: 2018-09-13<br>CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>O câncer, de acordo com a Globocan, 2018, foi responsável por uma taxa de 8,2 milhões de mortes e 14,1 milhões de casos novos. No que diz respeito especificamente à incidência de câncer gástrico (CG), para o estado do Pará, estima-se no ano de2018 um número de homens afetados de 23,30 e 11,45 de mulheres. No desenvolvimento do adenocarcinoma gástrico foram identificadas alterações moleculares significativamente aumentadas em vias metabólicas. Um desses elementos são os miRNAS, pequenos RNAs não codificantes que atuam na regulação da expressão gênica e podem agir como oncogenes ou supressores tumorais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a possibilidade de genes das amostras tumorais depositadas no banco de dados Atlas Genômico do Câncer (TCGA) de serem modificados por miRNAs diferencialmente expressos. A análise foi realizada por plataforma de sequenciamento, RNA-Seq, e utilizou o software R-peridot na análise de expressão diferencial de microRNAs, o resultado identificou seis miRNAs alterados significativamente. Em seguida a plataforma miRTargetLink Human foi empregada e identificou oito genes alvos desses miRNAs entre amostras tumorais e seus correspondentes tecidos adjacentes no CG. As análises funcionais mostraram genes que participam de três vias metabólicas importantes associadas ao câncer: adesão focal, via de sinalização RAP1 e pela via de sinalização de cálcio. Por fim, a utilização do cálculo Z-Score confirmou os achados significantes.<br>The cancer, according to Globocan, in 2018, was responsible for a rate of 8.2 million deaths and about 14.1 million new cases. Regarding the analysis of gastric cancer (GC), in the state of Pará, it was estimated that for the year 2018 the number of affected men would be 23.30 and 11.45 for women. In the development of gastric adenocarcinoma, several significantly increased molecular alterations were identified when compared to non-cancerous tissues. One of these elements are miRNAS, small non-coding RNAs that act on the regulation of gene expression and can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of genes from tumor samples (deposited in The Cancer Genome Atlas - TCGA database) to be modified by differentially expressed miRNAs. The analysis was performed by sequencing platform, RNA-Seq, and used the software R-peridot in differential expression analysis, whose result identified six miRNAs. Next, the miRTargetLink Human platform identified eight miRNA target genes between tumor samples and their corresponding adjacent CG tissues. Functional analyzes identified important genes that can be enriched by three pathways associated with cancer: focal adhesion, RAP1 signaling pathway and calcium signaling pathway. Finally, the use of the Z-Score calculation confirmed significant findings.
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Abrouk, Michael. "Génomique comparée et évolutive chez les graminées : Cas particulier des micro-ARN." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF22327.
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Les Poaceae aussi appelées Graminées forment une importante famille botanique regroupant près de 12 000 espèces en plus de 700 genres dont les céréales. Cette famille présente un intérêt économique majeur car elle est importante dans la nutrition humaine et animale. De ce fait, cette famille a été très étudiée en génomique comparée depuis les années 1990 révélant une grande conservation de la structure de leur génome depuis leur divergence d’un ancêtre commun. Avec le séquençage de Brachypodium distachyon en 2009, nous avons réalisé l’analyse de son génome par l’identification de douze blocs de synténie avec les génomes séquencés du riz, du sorgho et du maïs ainsi que sept blocs de duplications partagées entre ces graminées. Ces données nous ont permis de suggérer que les cinq chromosomes modernes de Brachypodium sont issus de l’ancêtre commun des graminées constitué de douze chromosomes et ayant subi sept fusions au cours de l’évolution. Ces travaux nous ont permis de confirmer un possible génome ancêtre des graminées constitué de cinq chromosomes porteurs de près de 10 000 gènes et d’une taille minimale de près de 35Mb. Ensuite, sur la base des résultats de génomique comparée, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’évolution des différentes familles de micro-ARN (miARN). La comparaison de ces ARN non-codants réalisée pour le riz, le sorgho, le maïs et Brachypodium montre une conservation de cette famille chez les graminées avec 50% d’orthologues et 20% de paralogues. Sur la base des résultats de paléogénomique, nous avons proposé une modélisation de l’évolution des miARN qui corrobore l’hypothèse d’une origine très ancienne de ce mécanisme de « gene silencing ». Au-delà des nouvelles connaissances fondamentales générées au cours de ce travail de thèse sur l’évolution des génomes de graminées, les résultats que nous avons obtenus ont des applications potentielles dans le domaine de l’amélioration variétale, comme avec par exemple la possibilité de définir des marqueurs moléculaires de type COS (Conserved Orthologous Set). Ces marqueurs COS ont été mis en oeuvre pour l’étude de caractères agronomiques d’intérêt dans des espèces dont le génome n’est pas encore complètement séquencé comme le blé<br>Poaceae also called Grasses are an important botanical family consisting in nearly 12,000 species in over 700 genres including cereals. This family is of major economic interest because it comprises cereals that are among the most important crops for human and animal nutrition. This family has been extensively studied in comparative genomics since the 1990s and showed a high degree of gene conservation among species since they diverged from a common ancestor. With the sequencing of Brachypodium distachyon in 2009, we performed an analysis of its genome by the identification of twelve synteny blocks with the sequenced genomes of rice, sorghum and maize and seven duplications blocks shared with these last grass species. These data allowed us to suggest the five chromosomes of Brachypodium are from the common ancestor composed of twelve chromosomes and having undergone seven fusions during the evolution. This work allowed us to confirm a possible grass ancestor with five chromosomes carrying almost 10,000 genes with a size of 35Mb. Then, based on these comparative genomics results, we studied more particularly the evolution of different families of microRNAs (miRNAs). The comparison of non-coding RNA from rice, sorghum, maize and Brachypodium showed conservation into this family for the grass species with 50% of orthologs and 20% of paralogs. Based on the paleogenomics results, we proposed an evolutionary scenario of miRNA genes, which supports the hypothesis of an ancient origin of this gene silencing mechanism in plants. Beyond the fundamental knowledge generated on the evolution of grass genomes during this PhD, these results have potential applications in breeding, for example with the possibility to identify COS (Conserved Orthologous Set) molecular markers. Such COS markers have been used for the study of agronomic traits in species not completely sequenced as wheat
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Gapihan, Guillaume. "Etude du cluster oncogénique miR17-92 dans les lymphomes B agressifs humains." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC321.
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Les lymphomes à grandes cellules B primitifs du médiastin (PMBL) partagent des caractéristiques pathologiques avec les lymphomes diffus à grandes cellules B (DLBCL), et des caractéristiques moléculaires communes aux lymphomes de Hodgkin classiques (cHL). Le cluster oncogénique miR-17-92, localisé au niveau du chromosome 13q31, est un gène amplifié dans les DLBCL. Dans notre étude, nous avons comparé le niveau d’expression de chaque membre du clustermiR-17-92 dans une série de prélèvements de patients de 40 PMBL, 20 DLBCL et 20 cHL, et étudié les gènes cibles liés aux microARN dérégulés dans les PMBL. Nous avons montré un niveau plus élevé de miR-92a dans les PMBL que dans les DLBCL, mais pas dans les cHL. La combinaison d’une analyse in silico prédictive des cibles de miR-92a et d’une analyse transcriptomique nous a permis d’identifier FOXP1 comme la cible principale de miR-92a dans les PMBL, un résultats qui n’avait jusqu’alors pas été établi. Cette observation a été confirmée par le test 3’UTR, le niveau d’expression ARN et protéique dans les lignées cellulaires transduites. Les études in vivo sur les souris à partir des cellules transduites nous a permis de démontrer l’effet tumeur suppresseur de de miR-92a et l’effet oncogénique de FOXP1. L’expression plus élevée de miR-92a et la sous-expression de FOXP1 au niveau ARN et protéique a également été retrouvé dans les prélèvements humains de PMBL, alors que le niveau d’expression de miR-92a était bas et FOXP1 était haut dans les DLBCL. Nous en avons conclu à une régulation post-transcriptionnelle de FOXP1 par miR-92a dans les PMBL, avec une relevance clinico-pathologique pour mieux caractériser les PMBL<br>Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) shares pathological features with diffuselarge B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and molecular features with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). The miR-17-92 oncogenic cluster, located at chromosome 13q31, is a region that is amplified in DLBCL. Here we compared the expression of each member of the miR-17-92 oncogenic cluster insamples from 40 PMBL patients versus 20 DLBCL and 20 cHL patients, and studied the target genes linked to deregulated miRNA in PMBL. We found a higher level of miR-92a in PMBL than in DLBCL, but not in cHL. Acombination of in silico prediction and transcriptomic analyses enabled us to identify FOXP1 as a main miR-92a target gene in PMBL, a result so far not established. This was confirmed by 3’UTR, and RNA and protein expressions in transduced cell lines. In vivo studies using the transduced cell lines in mice enabled us to demonstrate a tumor suppressor effect of miR-92aand an oncogenic effect of FOXP1. The higher expression of miR-92a and the down regulation of FOXP1 mRNA and proteinwere also found in human samples of PMBL, while miR-92a expression was low and FOXP1was high in DLBCL. We concluded to a post-transcriptional regulation by miR-92a through FOXP1 targeting in PMBL, with a clinico-pathological relevance for better characterisation of PMBL
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Hertel, Jana, and Peter F. Stadler. "Hairpins in a Haystack: recognizing microRNA precursors in comparative genomics data." 2006. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32110.
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Recently, genome-wide surveys for non-coding RNAs have provided evidence for tens of thousands of previously undescribed evolutionary conserved RNAs with distinctive secondary structures. The annotation of these putative ncRNAs, however, remains a difficult problem. Here we describe an SVM-based approach that, in conjunction with a non-stringent filter for consensus secondary structures, is capable of efficiently recognizing microRNA precursors in multiple sequence alignments. The software was applied to recent genome-wide RNAz surveys of mammals, urochordates, and nematodes.
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Kaczkowski, Bogumił, Elfar Torarinsson, Kristin Reiche, Jakob Hull Havgaard, Peter F. Stadler, and Jan Gorodkin. "Structural profiles of human miRNA families from pairwise clustering." 2009. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32114.
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small, ∼21 nt long, riboreg-ulators inhibiting gene expression at a post-transcriptional level. Their most distinctive structural feature is the foldback hairpin of their precursor pre-miRNAs. Even though each pre-miRNA deposited in miRBase has its secondary structure already predicted, little is known about the patterns of structural conservation among pre-miRNAs. We address this issue by clustering the human pre-miRNA sequences based on pairwise, sequence and secondary structure alignment using FOLDALIGN, followed by global multiple alignment of obtained clusters by WAR. As a result, the common secondary structure was successfully determined for four FOLDALIGN clusters: the RF00027 structural family of the Rfam database and three clusters with previously undescribed consensus structures.
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DeLeo, Annina. "Transcriptional States and microRNA Regulation of Adult Neural Stem Cells." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D88W3CM7.
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Adult neural stem cells are specialized astrocytes that generate neurons in restricted regions of the mammalian brain. The largest neurogenic region is the ventricular-subventricular zone, which lines the lateral ventricles and generates olfactory bulb neurons. Stem cell astrocytes give rise to new neurons in both homeostatic and regenerative conditions, suggesting that they can potentially be harnessed for regenerating the brain after injury, stroke, or neurodegenerative disease. Previous work has shown that stem cell astrocytes exist in both quiescent and activated states, but due to a lack of markers, it was not feasible to purify them. Using a novel fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) strategy that allows quiescent neural stem cells (qNSCs) and activated neural stem cells (aNSCs) to be purified for the first time, we performed transcriptome profiling to illuminate the molecular pathways active in each population. This analysis revealed that qNSCs are enriched in signaling pathways, especially G-protein coupled receptors, as well as for adhesion molecules, which facilitate interactions with the niche. qNSCs and aNSCs utilize different metabolic pathways. qNSCs are enriched for lipid and glycolytic metabolism, while aNSCs are enriched for DNA, RNA, and protein metabolism. Many receptors and ligands are reciprocally distributed between qNSCs and aNSCs, suggesting that they may regulate each other. Finally, comparison of the transcriptomes of qNSCs and aNSCs with their counterparts in other organs revealed that pathways underlying stem cell quiescence are shared across diverse tissues.
A key step in recruiting adult neural stem cells for brain repair is to define the molecular pathways regulating their switch from a quiescent to an activated state. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that simultaneously target hundreds of mRNAs for degradation and translational repression. MicroRNAs have been implicated in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. However, their role in adult neural stem cell activation is unknown. We performed miRNA profiling of FACS-purified quiescent and activated adult neural stem cells to define their miRNA signatures.
Bioinformatic analysis identified the miR-17~92 cluster as highly upregulated in activated (actively dividing) stem cells in comparison to their quiescent counterparts. Conditional deletion of the miR-17~92 cluster in FACS purified neural stem cells in vitro reduced adult neural stem cell activation, proliferation, and self-renewal. In addition, miR-17~92 deletion led to a selective decrease in neuronal differentiation. Using an in vivo conditional deletion model, we showed that loss of miR-17~92 led to an increase in the proportion of GFAP+ cells and decrease in MCM2+ cells, as well as decreased neurogenesis. Finally, I identify Sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor 1 (S1pr1) as a computationally predicted target of the miR-17~92 cluster. S1pr1 is highly enriched in quiescent neural stem cells. Treatment of quiescent neural stem cells with S1P, the ligand for S1PR1, reduced their activation and proliferation. In vivo deletion of miR-17~92 lead to an increase in S1PR1+ cells, even among MCM2+ cells. Together, these data reveal that the miR-17~92 cluster is a key regulator of adult neural stem cell activation from the quiescent state and subsequent proliferation.
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Hong, Hsiao-Chin, and 洪曉琴. "Using bioinformatics to explore the application of microRNA in triple-negative breast cancer." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4kf82g.
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Tong, Shiao-Shang, and 童曉翔. "Identification of Clinically Relevant MicroRNA-Gene Interactions in Lung Adenocarcinoma through Integrative Bioinformatics Approaches." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zn8avp.
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Chung, Wei-Jen. "Identification of microRNA Biogenesis Regulators and Activity Modulators." Thesis, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7916/D89Z92Z8.
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MicroRNAs play a key role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. They regulate target gene expression with mRNA degradation or translation repression. Each miRNA is estimated to regulate dozens of genes in human, and dysregulation of miRNA leads to various diseases, such as cancer, heart disease and depression. Therefore, it is critical to understand the mechanism of miRNA biogenesis and targeting. This work integrated gene and miRNA expression profile from various cancer projects to screen for potential miRNA biogenesis regulators and activity modulators. In this analysis, we identified several genes that regulate miRNA pathway and found their association with tumor progression and clinical outcome.
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Gerrein, Joseph. "Using gene and microRNA expression in the human airway for lung cancer diagnosis." Thesis, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/14145.
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Lung cancer surpasses all other causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Gene-expression microarrays have shown that differences in the cytologically normal bronchial airway can distinguish between patients with and without lung cancer. In research reported here, we have used microRNA expression in bronchial epithelium and gene expression in nasal epithelium to advance biological understanding of the lung-cancer "field of injury" and develop new biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis.
MicroRNAs are known to mediate the airway response to tobacco smoke exposure but their role in the lung-cancer-associated field of injury was previously unknown. Microarrays can measure microRNA expression; however, they are probe-based and limited to detecting annotated microRNAs. MicroRNA sequencing, on the other hand, allows the identification of novel microRNAs that may play important biological roles. We have used microRNA sequencing to discover novel microRNAs in the bronchial epithelium. One of the predicted microRNAs, now known as miR-4423, is associated with lung cancer and airway development. This finding demonstrates for the first time a microRNA expression change associated with the lung-cancer field of injury and microRNA mediation of gene expression changes within that field.
The National Lung Screening Trial showed that screening high-risk smokers using CT scans decreases lung-cancer-associated mortality. Nodules were detected in over 20% of participants; however, the overwhelming majority of screening-detected nodules were non-malignant. We therefore need biomarkers to determine which screening-detected nodules are benign and do not require further invasive testing. Given that the lung-cancer-associated field of injury extends to the bronchial epithelium, our group hypothesized that the field of injury may extend farther up in the airway. Using gene expression microarrays, we have identified a nasal epithelium gene-expression signature associated with lung cancer. Using samples from the bronchial epithelium and the nasal epithelium, we have established that there is a common lung-cancer-associated gene-expression signature throughout the airway. In addition, we have developed a nasal epithelium gene-expression biomarker for lung cancer together with a clinico-genomic classifier that includes both clinical factors and gene expression. Our data suggests that gene expression profiling in nasal epithelium might serve as a non-invasive approach for lung cancer diagnosis and screening
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Chiu, Hua-Sheng. "Aberrantly Expressed CeRNAs Account for Missing Genomic Variability of Cancer Genes via MicroRNA-Mediated Interactions." Thesis, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8610XBW.
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There is growing evidence that RNAs compete for binding and regulation by a finite pool of microRNAs (miRs), thus regulating each other through a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism. My dissertation work focused on systematically studying ceRNA interactions in cancer by reverse-engineering context-specific miR-RNA interactions and ceRNA regulatory interactions across multiple tumor types and study the effects of these interactions in cancer. I attempted to use ceRNA interactions to explain how genetic and epigenetic alterations are propagated to target established drivers of tumorigenesis. Using bioinformatics analysis of primary tumor samples and experimental validation in cell lines, I have investigated the roles that mRNAs and noncoding RNAs can play in tumorigenesis via ceRNA interactions. Specifically, I studied how RNAs target tumor-suppressors and oncogenes as ceRNAs, and attempted to accounting for some of the missing genomic variability in tumors.
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Lekprasert, Parawee. "MicroRNA Target Prediction via Duplex Formation Features and Direct Binding Evidence." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/6175.
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<p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that have important roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation in a wide range of species. This regulation is controlled by having miRNAs directly bind to a target messenger RNA (mRNA), causing it to be destabilized and degraded, or translationally repressed. Identifying miRNA targets has been a large area of focus for study; however, a lack of generally high-throughput experiments to validate direct miRNA targeting has been a limiting factor. To overcome these limitations, computational methods have become crucial for understanding and predicting miRNA-gene target interactions.</p><p>While a variety of computational tools exist for predicting miRNA targets, many of them are focused on a similar feature set for their prediction. These commonly used features are complementarity to 5'seed of miRNAs and evolutionary conservation. Unfortunately, not all miRNA target sites are conserved or adhere to canonical seed complementarity. Seeking to address these limitations, several studies have included energy features of mRNA:miRNA duplex formation as alternative features. However, different independent evaluations reported conflicting results on the reliability of energy-based predictions. Here, we reassess the usefulness of energy features for mammalian target prediction, aiming to relax or eliminate the need for perfect seed matches and conservation requirement.</p><p>We detect significant differences of energy features at experimentally supported human miRNA target sites and at genome-wide interaction sites to Argonaute (AGO) protein family members, which are essential parts of the miRNA machinery complex. This trend is confirmed on data sets that assay the effect of miRNAs on mRNA and protein expression changes, where a statistically significant change in expression is noted when compared to the control. Furthermore, our method also allows for prediction of strictly imperfect sites, as well as non-conserved targets.</p><p>Recently, new methods for identifying direct miRNA binding have been developed, which provides us with additional sources of information for miRNA target prediction. While some computational target predictions tools have begun to incorporate this information, they still rely on the presence of a seed match in the AGO-bound windows without accounting for the possibility of variations. </p><p>We investigate the usefulness of the site level direct binding evidence in miRNA target identification and propose a model that incorporates multiple different features along with the AGO-interaction data. Our method outperforms both an ad hoc strategy of seed match searches as well as an existing target prediction tool, while still allowing for predictions of sites other than a long perfect seed match. Additionally, we show supporting evidence for a class of non-canonical sites as bound targets. Our model can be extended to predict additional types of imperfect sites, and can also be readily modified to include additional features that may produce additional improvements.</p><br>Dissertation
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Pavel, Ana Brandusa. "Multi-omics data integration for the detection and characterization of smoking related lung diseases." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/24073.
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Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer in the world. First, we hypothesized that microRNA expression is altered in the bronchial epithelium of patients with lung cancer and that incorporating microRNA expression into an existing mRNA biomarker may improve its performance.
Using bronchial brushings collected from current and former smokers, we profiled microRNA expression via small RNA sequencing for 347 patients with available mRNA data. We found that four microRNAs were under-expressed in cancer patients compared to controls (p<0.002, FDR<0.2). We explored the role of these microRNAs and their gene targets in cancer. In addition, we found that adding a microRNA feature to an existing 23-gene biomarker significantly improves its performance (AUC) in a test set (p<0.05).
Next, we generalized the biomarker discovery process, and developed a visualization tool for biomarker selection. We built upon an existing biomarker discovery pipeline and created a web-based interface to visualize the performance of multiple predictors. The “visualization” component is the key to sorting through a thousand potential biomarkers, and developing clinically useful molecular predictors.
Finally, we explored the molecular events leading to the development of COPD and ILD, two heterogeneous diseases with high mortality. We hypothesized that integrative genetic and expression networks can help identify drivers and elucidate mechanisms of genetic susceptibility.
We utilized 262 lung tissue specimens profiled with microRNA sequencing, microarray gene expression and SNP chip genotyping. Next, we built condition specific integrative networks using a causality inference test for predicting SNP-microRNA-mRNA associations, where the microRNA is a predicted mediator of the SNP’s effect on gene expression. We identified the microRNAs predicted to affect the most genes within each network. Members of miR-34/449 family, known to promote airway differentiation by repressing the Notch pathway, were among the top ranked microRNAs in COPD and ILD networks, but not in the non-disease network. In addition, the miR-34/449 gene module was enriched among genes that increase in expression over time when airway basal cells are differentiated at an air-liquid interface and among genes that increase in expression with the airway wall thickening in patients with emphysema.<br>2019-07-31T00:00:00Z
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Maxwell, Evan Kyle. "Decoding function through comparative genomics: from animal evolution to human disease." Thesis, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/15433.
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Deciphering the functionality encoded in the genome constitutes an essential first step to understanding the context through which mutations can cause human disease. In this dissertation, I present multiple studies based on the use or development of comparative genomics techniques to elucidate function (or lack of function) from the genomes of humans and other animal species. Collectively, these studies focus on two biological entities encoded in the human genome: genes related to human disease susceptibility and those that encode microRNAs - small RNAs that have important gene-regulatory roles in normal biological function and in human disease. Extending this work, I investigated the evolution of these biological entities within animals to shed light on how their underlying functions arose and how they can be modeled in non-human species. Additionally, I present a new tool that uses large-scale clinical genomic data to identify human mutations that may affect microRNA regulatory functions, thereby providing a method by which state-of-the-art genomic technologies can be fully utilized in the search for new disease mechanisms and potential drug targets.
The scientific contributions made in this dissertation utilize current data sets generated using high-throughput sequencing technologies. For example, recent whole-genome sequencing studies of the most distant animal lineages have effectively restructured the animal tree of life as we understand it. The first two chapters utilize data from this new high-confidence animal phylogeny - in addition to data generated in the course of my work - to demonstrate that (1) certain classes of human disease have uncommonly large proportions of genes that evolved with the earliest animals and/or vertebrates, and (2) that canonical microRNA functionality - absent in at least two of the early branching animal lineages - likely evolved after the first animals. In the third chapter, I expand upon recent research in predicting microRNA target sites, describing a novel tool for predicting clinically significant microRNA target site variants and demonstrating its applicability to the analysis of clinical genomic data. Thus, the studies detailed in this dissertation represent significant advances in our understanding of the functions of disease genes and microRNAs from both an evolutionary and a clinical perspective.