Academic literature on the topic 'Biologia animale'
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Journal articles on the topic "Biologia animale"
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Tibaldeo, Roberto Franzini. "Animale, "transanimale" e umano nel pensiero di Hans Jonas." Pensando - Revista de Filosofia 6, no. 11 (July 27, 2015): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.26694/pensando.v6i11.3606.
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Il pensiero di Hans Jonas, specie per quel che riguarda la cosiddetta “biologia filosofica”, tratta indirettamente del rapporto tra essere umano e animale. A questo riguardo, Jonas rifiuta sia l’approccio dualistico, sia quello monistico-riduzionistico e propende al contrario per una complessiva reinterpretazione del fenomeno della vita nei termini di quel che egli definisce una “rivoluzione ontologica”. In virtù di ciò, il pensatore rintraccia lo specifico del fenomeno della vita e individua nelle forme viventi una scala naturae di complessità, auto-trascendimento e libertà via via crescenti, le cui tappe significative sono la vita organica, quella animale e quella umana. Per quel che concerne la forma animale, varie specie presentano “potenzialità trans-animali”, che evidenziano un ponte biologico e ontologico verso l’essere umano. In altre parole, l’animale è in qualche modo in grado di prefigurare la forma di vita specificamente umana. Tuttavia, sostiene Jonas, non appena quest’ultima fa la propria comparsa, essa è tale per cui se ne evidenzia al tempo stesso anche lo “iato metafisico” rispetto alla vita animale. La specificità umana si manifesta nella propria capacità di essere responsabile e di preservare le condizioni basilari per una vita autentica sul pianeta.
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Canadelli, Elena. "La morte di Filippo De Filippi a Hong Kong (1867). Il racconto inedito di un missionario." Natural History Sciences 153, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2012.85.
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Il saggio si concentra sulla morte dello zoologo Filippo De Filippi, avvenuta il 9 febbraio 1867 a Hong Kong durante la circumnavigazione del globo della corvetta a elica italiana Magenta. Viene proposta integralmente una lettera del 29 agosto 1867 spedita da Bernardo Viganò, il missionario del Seminario Lombardo delle Missioni Estere di Milano che assistette De Filippi nelle ultime settimane di vita, al direttore del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Emilio Cornalia. Questo documento, fino a oggi inedito, costituisce una preziosa testimonianza della morte di uno degli zoologi italiani più noti dell’Ottocento, tra i primi in Italia ad aderire alla teoria dell’evoluzione con la conferenza<em> L’uomo e le scimie</em> del 1864. L’articolo ricostruisce inoltre le polemiche e le poco note vicende testamentarie che seguirono alla morte di De Filippi. Il lavoro si serve di molti documenti inediti provenienti per la maggior parte dal carteggio di Emilio Cornalia, conservato nella Biblioteca del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, dall’Archivio Storico dell’Università di Torino e dalla Biblioteca del Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell’Uomo della stessa Università.
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Anggoro, Florencia, Sandra Waxman, and Douglas Medin. "Language and Experience Influence Children's Biological Induction." Journal of Cognition and Culture 10, no. 1-2 (2010): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853710x497220.
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AbstractChildren's reasoning about biological concepts is influenced not only by their experiences in the natural world and in their classrooms, but also by the way that these concepts are named. In English, 'animal' can refer either to (a) exclusively non-human animals, or (b) all animate beings (human and non-human animals). In Indonesian, this category of animate beings has no dedicated name. Here, we ask whether this difference in naming has consequences for children's reasoning about humans and non-human animals. Results from English- and Indonesian-speaking children reveals differences in reasoning at age 6, differences that become attenuated by age 9. These results suggest that not only naming practices, but also biologically-relevant formal and informal learning experiences, influence children's reasoning about biological concepts.
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Hemsworth, P. H. "The biological basis of animals’ responses to man." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600021577.
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With the exception of the immediate family, many humans interact more with domesticated animals than they do with other humans. These interactions are often frequent and intense and consequently complex and strong social relationships can be formed between humans and domesticated animals. Results of recent research on the interactions between humans and farm animals indicate some surprising and substantial consequences for the animals and the objective of this paper is to review some of this recent research, particularly that concerned with the biological basis of the response of farm animals to humans. The results of recent research by my colleagues and I, particularly on commercial pigs, will be utilized heavily in this paper.In intensive animal production the animal frequently has to respond to the presence of humans and to handling by humans. One of the main motivations of the animal which will determine the animal's response to humans is fear. Although there is debate concerning the concept and measurement of fear, we have adopted a functional approach in studying the behavioural responses of farm animals to humans.
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Boivin, X., J. Lensink, C. Tallet, and I. Veissier. "Stockmanship and Farm Animal Welfare." Animal Welfare 12, no. 4 (November 2003): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600026075.
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AbstractHuman factors (attitudes, personality traits, self-esteem, job satisfaction) strongly determine our behaviour towards animals, animal production and animal welfare. Recent studies have emphasised positive human contacts as indicators of a stockperson's positive attitude towards animals and towards animal welfare in general. Stockmanship can be improved by careful selection of people and/or by training. However, little is known of the biological basis of the effect of stock handling procedures on the welfare of animals. The animal's perception of the stockperson (based both on emotional responses and cognitive aspects such as anticipation, recognition and categorisation), and the existence of sensitive periods in an animal's life, need to be explored in more depth, especially under farm conditions. We need to consider the complexity of human behaviour (eg husbandry practices, balance between positive and negative interactions, predictability, controllability) and its effect on animal welfare from the animal's point of view throughout its whole life. This paper identifies the importance of positive human contacts for both animals and stockpeople, and highlights the challenge to maintain such positive contacts despite the trend in modern agriculture to increase the number of animals per stockperson. This requires better knowledge of animal genetics, socialisation to humans during sensitive periods, and management of the social group. We emphasise the ethical importance of the human-animal relationship in the context of farm animal welfare and productivity.
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Bayanati, Shiva, and Ida Toivonen. "Humans, Animals, Things and Animacy." Open Linguistics 5, no. 1 (June 15, 2019): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2019-0010.
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AbstractAnimacy influences the patterns of subject-verb agreement marking in many languages, including Persian and Inari Saami. In Persian, animate plural subjects trigger plural agreement on the verb, whereas inanimate subjects may or may not trigger agreement. The variation is governed by factors such as personification, agency and distributivity. In Inari Saami, verbs fully agree with human subjects and verbs partially agree with inanimate subjects. Verbs may or may not agree with subjects referring to animals. We argue that the intricate interaction between biological animacy and grammatical agreement in these two languages warrants careful consideration of the tripartite distinction between biological animacy in the world, our conceptualization of animacy and formal animacy features in the grammar.
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Attebery, Stina. "Coshaping Digital and Biological Animals." Humanimalia 6, no. 2 (March 6, 2015): 56–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.9912.
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This paper considers how video games featuring animals as biological resources are simulating the types of “messy coshapings” that Donna Haraway values in companion species relationships, despite relocating these coshapings to a digital environment. The two game franchises that I am using for this argument—Pikmin and Pokémon—feature animal-like digital creatures who can be situated alongside biological animals through their imbrication in similar biopolitical structures of pet ownership, breeding and genetic manipulation, and animal training. I argue that embodied relationships of dominance and biopower become recoded in these digital spaces through a process similar to Eugene Thacker’s “biological exchanges,” where biology becomes both material and immaterial through processes like bioinformatics. In these two game worlds, biological exchanges occur through the tension between the player’s instrumentalization of animal biopower and the depiction of these creatures as affective and vulnerable. By emphasizing the vulnerability of digital animals under a system of biopower, Pikmin and Pokémon invite the player to decode her experiences managing immaterial, digital animal populations in order to rethink her relationships with embodied, biological animals.
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Hernik, Mikołaj, Pasco Fearon, and Gergely Csibra. "Action anticipation in human infants reveals assumptions about anteroposterior body-structure and action." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1781 (April 22, 2014): 20133205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3205.
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Animal actions are almost universally constrained by the bilateral body-plan. For example, the direction of travel tends to be constrained by the orientation of the animal's anteroposterior axis. Hence, an animal's behaviour can reliably guide the identification of its front and back, and its orientation can reliably guide action prediction. We examine the hypothesis that the evolutionarily ancient relation between anteroposterior body-structure and behaviour guides our cognitive processing of agents and their actions. In a series of studies, we demonstrate that, after limited exposure, human infants as young as six months of age spontaneously encode a novel agent as having a certain axial direction with respect to its actions and rely on it when anticipating the agent's further behaviour. We found that such encoding is restricted to objects exhibiting cues of agency and does not depend on generalization from features of familiar animals. Our research offers a new tool for investigating the perception of animate agency and supports the proposal that the underlying cognitive mechanisms have been shaped by basic biological adaptations in humans.
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Pinheiro, Michele Da Costa, Priscilla Maria Peixoto Patrício, Kátia Maria Famadas, and Elizabete Captivo Lourenço. "MORCEGOS (MAMMALIA: CHIROPTERA) NA PERCEPÇÃO DE ALUNOS DO ENSINO MÉDIO DO MUNICÍPIO DO RIO DE JANEIRO – A IMPORTÂNCIA DO ENSINO DE CIÊNCIAS/ BIOLOGIA NA CONSERVAÇÃO DOS MORCEGOS." REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EXTENSÃO UNIVERSITÁRIA 9, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24317/2358-0399.2018v9i1.6801.
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Chiroptera é um grupo diverso em relação a seus hábitos alimentares e refúgios, além de apresentarem importante papel ecológico no ecossistema. No entanto, a grande parte da população não conhece sobre a biologia e ecologia desses animais e os temem por serem associados a animais maléficos. O presente trabalho objetivou apresentar a percepção dos alunos do Ensino Médio de duas escolas no município do Rio de Janeiro a respeito dos morcegos e as mudanças decorrentes no conhecimento desses animais após um trabalho de educação ambiental. Para isso foram utilizados questionários abertos antes da aula expositiva e prática e outro após o trabalho de educação ambiental. Nas aulas os alunos puderam conhecer um pouco da biologia, diversidade e curiosidades sobre os morcegos, além de tocar em exemplares taxidermizados e tirar dúvidas sobre a ecologia desses animais. Foram analisados questionários de 122 alunos e pôde-se perceber que, após as aulas, o conhecimento da biologia dos morcegos aumentou, com maior número de itens assinalados a respeito da alimentação e refúgio. Além do aumento de referências de afetividade/ajuda e de entendimento sobre a importância dos morcegos nos ecossistemas. Pode-se concluir através desse estudo que a escola é uma ótima ferramenta para expandir o acesso ao conhecimento na realização de atividades extracurriculares, de modo a auxiliar na consolidação de atividades em prol da conservação dos morcegos.
Palavras-chave: Educação Ambiental, Concepções Prévias, Mitos, Crendices, Etnozoologia
Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in the perception of high school students in the city of Rio de Janeiro - an importance of the Science / Biology class in bats conservation
Abstract: Chiroptera is a diverse group in relation to their eating habits and refuges, besides presenting an important ecological role in the ecosystem. However, much of the population does not know about the biology and ecology of these animals and fear them for being associated with malefic animals. The present work aimed to present the perception of the high school students of two schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro regarding bats and the resulting changes in the knowledge of these animals after an environmental education work. For that, we used open questionnaires before the lecture and practice class and another after the environmental education work. In the classes, the students were able to get to know some of the biology, diversity and curiosities about bats, as well as playing on taxidermized specimens and doubting the ecology of these animals. A total of 122 questionnaires were analyzed and it was possible to observe that, after classes, knowledge of bats biology increased, with a greater number of items related to food and shelter. In addition to increasing references to affection/ help and understanding about the importance of bats in ecosystems. It can be concluded from this study that the school is a great tool to expand access to knowledge in the accomplishment of extracurricular activities, in order to help consolidate activities for the conservation of bats.
Keywords: Environmental Education, Previous Concepts, Myths, Creeds, Ethnozoology
Murciélagos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) en la percepción de alumnos de la Escuela Secundaria del municipio de Río de Janeiro - la importancia de la enseñanza de Ciencias / Biología en la conservación de los murciélagos
Resumen: Chiroptera es un grupo diverso en relación a sus hábitos alimenticios y refugios, además de presentar un importante papel ecológico en el ecosistema. Sin embargo, la gran parte de la población no conoce sobre la biología y la ecología de estos animales y los temen por estar asociados a animales maléficos. El presente trabajo objetivó presentar la percepción de los alumnos de la Enseñanza Media de dos escuelas en el municipio de Río de Janeiro respecto a los murciélagos y los cambios que se derivan del conocimiento de estos animales tras un trabajo de educación ambiental. Para ello se utilizaron cuestionarios abiertos antes de la clase expositiva y práctica y otro después del trabajo de educación ambiental. En las clases los alumnos pudieron conocer un poco de la biología, diversidad y curiosidades sobre los murciélagos, además de tocar en ejemplares taxidermizados y sacar dudas sobre la ecología de esos animales. Se analizaron cuestionarios de 122 alumnos y se pudo percibir que, después de las clases, el conocimiento de la biología de los murciélagos aumentó, con mayor número de ítems señalados respecto a la alimentación y refugio. Además del aumento de referencias de afectividad / ayuda y de entendimiento sobre la importancia de los murciélagos en los ecosistemas. Se puede concluir a través de este estudio que la escuela es una óptima herramienta para expandir el acceso al conocimiento en la realización de actividades extracurriculares, para auxiliar en la consolidación de actividades en favor de la conservación de los murciélagos.
Palabras-clave: Educación Ambiental, Conceptos anteriores, Mitos, Creencias, Etnozoología
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DUCROT, C., B. BED’HOM, V. BERINGUE, J. B. COULON, C. FOURICHON, J. L. GUERIN, S. KREBS, et al. "Enjeux et spécificités de la recherche en santé animale." INRAE Productions Animales 23, no. 4 (November 14, 2010): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2010.23.4.3314.
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Dans le contexte très évolutif de la recherche en santé animale, une réflexion sur ses enjeux, ses spécificités et ses synergies avec la recherche biomédicale, a été conduite à l’initiative de l’INRA. Affirmés au premier chef par l’OMS, la FAO et l’OIE, les enjeux en santé animale, hors des maladies transmissibles à l’Homme, sont énormes et touchent à la sécurité alimentaire, l’économie de l’agriculture et l’ensemble des activités économiques qui en découlent. S’y ajoutent les enjeux de santé publique (zoonoses, xénobiotiques, antibiorésistance), environnementaux et de bien-être animal. La recherche en santé animale présente des spécificités d’ordre méthodologique et scientifique, liées notamment aux particularités biologiques des espèces domestiques et aux pratiques d’élevage. Elle n’a pas les mêmes questionnements scientifiques qu’en biologie humaine même lorsqu’elle traite des mêmes agents pathogènes et, connectée aux autres sciences animales (génétique, physiologie, zootechnie), elle s’enracine dans une réalité agricole et économique très spécifique. Des synergies génériques et méthodologiques existent néanmoins avec la recherche biomédicale, en particulier autour des outils et des modèles biologiques. Certaines espèces domestiques (tel le porc) présentent en outre des similitudes fonctionnelles avec l’Homme, plus que le rongeur de laboratoire. Ainsi la singularité de la recherche en santé animale par rapport à la recherche en biologie humaine devrait être prise en compte dans son organisation, son évaluation et son financement, via une politique de reconnaissance des enjeux spécifiques. Simultanément, l’approche one health devrait faciliter une collaboration approfondie entre recherche en biologie humaine et recherche en santé animale, à l’échelle des équipes ou des programmes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biologia animale"
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Taglioli, Valentina <1990>. "Studio degli effetti di citochine a basso dosaggio (LOW DOSE) su cellule di origine animale (3T3-L1) ed umana (hASC)." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/10049/1/Tesi%20Taglioli%20Valentina.pdf.
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Nella sindrome metabolica l’insulino-resistenza e l’obesità rappresentano i fattori chiave nello sviluppo di tale patologia, ma il principale player risulta un’infiammazione cronica di basso grado (Chronic Low Grade Inflammation) a carico del tessuto adiposo.
Lo scopo di questo progetto di ricerca è quindi stato quello di testare citochine a basso dosaggio come possibile trattamento dell’infiammazione cronica. Le citochine utilizzate (GUNA®-Interleukin 4 (IL-4), GUNA®-Interleukin 10 (IL-10), GUNA®-Melatonin, GUNA®-Melatonin+GUNA®-IL-4.) sono state fornite dall’azienda GUNA S.p.a.
Poiché l’infiammazione cronica a basso grado inizia in seguito ad un aumento eccessivo del tessuto adiposo, inizialmente si è valutato l’effetto su una linea di preadipociti murini (3T3-L1). Questa prima parte dello studio ha messo in evidenza come le citochine a basso dosaggio non modificano la vitalità cellulare, anche se agiscono sull’espressione e la localizzazione di vimentina e E-caderina. Inoltre IL-4 e IL-10 sembrano avere una parziale attività inibitoria, non significativa, sull’adipogenesi ad eccezione dell’espressione dell’adiponectina che appare significativamente aumentata. In ultimo i trattamenti con IL-4 e IL-10 hanno mostrato una diminuzione del contenuto di ROS e una ridotta attività antiinfiammatoria dovuta alla diminuzione di IL-6 secreto.
Un’altra popolazione cellulare principale nel tessuto adiposo è rappresentata dalle ASC (Adipose Stem Cell). Per tale motivo si è proseguito valutando l’effetto che le citochine low-dose su questo citotipo, evidenziando che il trattamento con le citochine non risulta essere tossico, anche se sembrerebbe rallentare la crescita cellulare, e determina un’inibizione del processo adipogenico. Inoltre il trattamento con IL-10 sembra stimolare le ASC a produrre fattori che inducono una maggiore vasculogenesi e le induce a produrre fattori chemiotattici che determinano una maggiore capacità di rigenerazione tissutale da parte di MSC da derma. Infine, il trattamento con IL-4 e IL-10 stimola probabilmente una minore produzione di citochine pro-infiammatorie che inducono in maniera significativa una minore mobilità di cellule MSC.Despite insulin-resistance and obesity represent the key factors in onset and progression of the metabolic syndrome, the main player of related disorders seems to be chronic low-grade inflammation of the adipose tissue. There is evidence that cytokines are relevant regulatory factors of metabolism, in physiological as well as pathological conditions. The aim of our research was to verify if low-dose cytokine administration (lower than fg) could be a possible treatment to counteract chronic inflammation. The tested cytokines, purchased by GUNA S.p.a., were IL-4, IL-10, Melatonin, and a combination of Melatonin and IL-4. Given that chronic low-grade inflammation depends on excessive adipose tissue growth, the effects of cytokines were evaluated on a murine preadipocyte line (3T3-L1). Low-dose cytokines did not modify cell viability, even if they affected the expression and localization of Vimentin and E-cadherin. Furthermore, IL-4 and IL-10 seemed to have a partial inhibitory effect on adipogenesis, although, surprisingly, Adiponectin appeared significantly increased. Furthermore, treatments with IL-4 and IL-10 induced a decrease in ROS content and displayed an anti-inflammatory activity, probably due to the decrease of IL-6 secretion. Adipose tissue, as demonstrated by recent studies, contains a population of stem cells, namely ASCs (Adipose Stem Cells), with a prominent role in homeostatic regulation of the tissue itself. For this reason, the effect of low-dose cytokines on this cytotype has been evaluated, highlighting that the treatment with cytokines was not toxic, even if it seemed to slow down the cell growth, by determining an inhibition of the adipogenic process. In addition, ASCs treated with IL-10 secreted factors able to induce vasculogenesis in Huvec and cell migration in human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. On the contrary, treatments with IL-4 and IL-10 led to a lowering of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and a consequent decrease in MSC migratory responses.
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Prado, Ligia Pizzatto do. "Ecomorfologia e estrategias reprodutivas nos Boidae (Serpentes), com enfase nas especies neotropicais." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316156.
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Orientador: Otavio Augusto Vuolo MarquesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T10:14:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Prado_LigiaPizzattodo_D.pdf: 3835515 bytes, checksum: 7b2944c265d7bc36173b6191c53632b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: Síndromes morfológicas relacionadas ao uso do ambiente têm sido observadas em diversas serpentes. Entretanto, a morfologia corporal pode estar associada à linhagem filogenética dos organismos. Portanto, estudos eco-morfológicos podem ser melhor realizados utilizando-se métodos comparativos. Utilizando-se espécimes depositados em coleções, os Boidae (subfamílias Boinae e Pythoninae) foram comparados quanto à morfologia corporal e sua relação com o uso do ambiente. Espécies arborícolas apresentam maior compressão lateral do corpo e cauda relativamente maior quando comparadas àquelas terrícolas e aquáticas, mesmo quando removido o efeito filogenético. O dimorfismo sexual ocorreu em relação ao comprimento rostro-cloacal (CRC), tamanho relativo da cabeça, da cauda, circunferência corporal, compressão lateral do corpo e tamanho do esporão. Entretanto, dentre os Boinae, o dimorfismo de CRC não foi observado na maioria das espécies que apresentam combate (Epicrates spp.) e o de cauda não foi observado nas arborícolas. Na maioria dos casos o dimorfismo resulta de crescimento diferencial entre os sexos já que não estão presentes em recém-nascidos. A otimização dos caracteres morfológicos e de uso do ambiente nas hipóteses filogenéticas disponíveis sugere que os Boidae sofreram poucas modificações ao longo da evolução, muitas das quais representam autapomorfias das espécies ou subespécies. Duas hipóteses filogenéticas concordam que o ancestral dos Boinae possuía cauda curta, circunferência corporal moderada, cabeça pequena, baixo índice de dimorfismo sexual de CRC (SSD) e era semi-arborícola. Mas, não concordam em como seria o ancestral quanto ao tamanho corporal e compressão lateral do corpo. Informações sobre a biologia reprodutiva dos Boinae Neotropicais são restritas e referem-se basicamente a espécimes em cativeiro. Este trabalho apresenta informações sobre a ecologia reprodutiva dessas serpentes, a partir de exemplares preservados em coleções, e compara com as informações disponíveis na literatura para os Erycinae e Pythoninae. Com exceção de Corallus hortulanus e Eunectes murinus, todas as espécies apresentaram vitelogênese concentrada no outono-inverno, gestação do final do inverno até a primavera e nascimentos no final da primavera até o verão. Cópula foi observada em poucas espécies (Boa constrictor ssp. e Epicrates cenchria crassus) e ocorreu do outono até início do inverno. As espécies do gênero Corallus apresentaram vitelogênese mais prolongada. A gestação em C. hortulanus ocorreu desde o final do verão até início do inverno e os nascimentos no outono-inverno. Eunectes murinus apresentou vitelogênese na primavera, a gestação durante o verão e os nascimentos no outono-inverno. O ciclo testicular foi sazonal em B. c. constrictor (pico de espermatogênese no verão) e em E. c. crassus (pico de espermatogênese no verão-outono) e contínuo nas demais espécies analisadas (C. hotulanus, E. c. assisi e E. c. cenchria). O tamanho da ninhada variou de acordo com o tamanho das espécies. O padrão reprodutivo da maioria dos Boinae analisados parece diferir dos Boinae de Madagascar e dos Erycinae, assemelhando-se ao padrão da maioria dos Pythoninae. O tamanho da ninhada e dos recém-nascidos é semelhante nas sub-famílias Boinae e Pythoninae
Abstract: Morphological syndromes related to macrohabitat use have been detected in many snakes. However, body morphology can be also related to phylogenetic lineage and for this reason ecomorphological studies are better when using comparative methods. Body morphology and its relationship with macrohabitat use was compared among the Boidae snakes, using preserved specimens deposited in museum collections. Arboreal species are more flattened laterally and have relative longer tails, than terrestrial or aquatic species, even after removing phylogenetic effects. Sexual dimorphisms occurs in SVL, relative head size, tail length, body circumference, lateral flatness of the body and spur size. However, SVL dimorphism are absent in some species with ritual combat (Epicrates ssp.) and tail dimorphism is absent in arboreal species. In most cases sexual dimorphism results of diferential growth in sexes because it does not occur in newborn. Optimizations of morphological characters and microhabitat use on two phylogenetic hypotheses suggest that Boinae had little modifications during the evolution, and most of that represent autapomorphies in species or subspecies level. Both hypotheses agree that the ancestor of Boinae was a short-tailed snake, with medium-size body circumference, small head, low SSD and semi-arboreal, but they disagree how would be the ancestor in terms of body size and lateral flatness of the body. Data on the reproductive biology of Neotropical Boinae are mostly restricted to captive snakes. This work presents information on reproduction of these snakes, using preserved specimens from collections, and compares the results to those available in literature to the subfamilies Pythoninae and Erycinae. The Neotropical Boinae presented vitelogenesis mostly during the autumn and winter (except for Corallus hortulanus and Eunectes murinus), pregnancy from late winter to spring and birth from late spring to summer. Mating was only recorded to Boa constrictor spp. and Epicrates cenchria crassus, from autumn to early winter. Vitellogenis timing was more extended in Corallus hortulanus, the pregnancy was recorded from late summer to early winter, and birth from autumn to winter. In Eunectes murinus vitellogenesis occurred in the spring, pregnancy in the summer and birth from autumn to winter. Testicular cycles were seasonal in Boa c. constrictor (peak occurring in the summer) and in Epicrates c. crassus (peak occurring in the summer-autumn), but continuous in the other species (C. hotulanus, E. c. assisi e E. c. cenchria). Clutch size differs among species but it was related to SVL. The reproductive pattern in most Boinae species apparently differed from the Madagascan boas and Erycinae species but was very similar to the pattern recorded to most Pythoninae snakes. Clutch size and offspring size is similar among Boinae and Pythoninae snakes
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ecologia
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Jullien, Claire. "Rôle des sulfates en biologie animale." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P138.
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Grau, Bové Francesc Xavier. "L´origen de la multicel·lularitat en animals: una aproximació genòmica = The origin of multicellularity in animals: a genomic approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/406135.
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L’origen de la multicel·lularitat en animals és un esdeveniment clau en l’evolució que vingué acompanyat de canvis profunds en els genomes, la biologia cel·lular i el desenvolupament dels ancestres unicel·lulars dels animals. En aquesta tesi analitzo l’origen dels animals mitjançant genòmica comprada i filogenòmica, amb l’objectiu de reconstruir les innovacions que sustentaren la transició a la multicel·lularitat mitjançant anàlisis de genomes animals i els seus parents unicel·lulars dins del llinatge Holoza.
Els nostres anàlisis filogenòmics han establert quatre clades d’holozous: Teretosporea (Corallochytrium limacisporum i protistes ictiosporis), Filasterea (2 amebes, incloent-hi Capsaspora owczarzaki) i Choanoflagellata (protistes flagel·lats, ocasionalment colonials), a banda dels metazous multicel·lulars. Aquest marc filogenètic ens ha permès d’explotar la genòmica comparada per tal d’assenyalar els canvis genòmics concrets que ocorregueren a l’origen dels Metazoa. Hem reconstruït el contingut gènic ancestral de la via de senyalització de l’ubiquitina— famílies gèniques involucrades en el marcatge post-traduccional de proteïnes—, les miosines i factors de transcripció homeobox. Aquests anàlisis revelen un estat continuat d’innovació en aquests sets gènics, mitjançant origen de gens de novo, diversificació de dominis proteics i paralogia – la qual cosa suggereix que l’Urmetazoa fou un organisme genèticament complex i que la coopció de gens jugà un paper clau en l’origen de la multicel·lularitat.
En segon lloc, vàrem examinar l’evolució de l’arquitectura genòmica en els premetazous. Hem seqüenciat i analitzat els genomes de 6 ictiosporis (Creolimax fragrantissima, Chromosphaera perkinsii, Sphaeroforma arctica, Ichthyophonus hoferi, Abeoforma whisleri i Pirum gemmata) i C. limacisporum; i els hem comparat als altres holozous unicel·lulars (C. Owczarzaki i els coanoflagel·lats) i als animals. Anteriorment, s’havia establert l’origen premetazou de diversos gens amb funcions en la multicel·lularitat, com per exemple factors de transcripció relacionats amb el desenvolupament, o proteïnes d’adhesió cel·lular. En aquest estudi, expandim anteriors resultats i demostrem que l’arquitectura genòmica també passà per importants innovacions evolutives: a banda de la invenció i diversificació gènica a l’origen dels holozous, identifiquem processos de disrupció i establiment de sintènia, guany d’introns i expansions genòmiques en els llinatges uni i multicel·lulars. Finalment, correlacionem l’evolució de l’estructura gènica amb els modes de splicing alternatiu presents en animals i eucariotes. Identifiquem un codi de determinació dels patrons de splicing alternatiu que afecta la freqüència d’ús d’exons-casette, a la manera típica dels animals, en organismes unicel·lulars com els ictiosporis (amb genomes grans i densos en introns). En global, demostrem que la genòmica comparada i les reconstruccions ancestrals són una poderosa eina per als anàlisis evolutius: per un cantó permeten inferir la composició primària dels genomes ancestrals; i per l’altre permeten estudiar l’evolució d’altres fonts d’innovació genòmica com ara la regulació transcripcional.The origin of multicellularity in animals is a hallmark event in evolution, that was accompanied by profound changes in the genomes, development and cell biology processes of the animal ancestors. I analyze the origin of animals from the point of view of comparative genomics and phylogenomics, aiming to reconstruct the innovations behind the transition to multicellularity by analyzing animals and their closest unicellular relatives within Holozoa. Our initial phylogenomic analyses established four holozoan clades: Teretosporea (Corallochytrium limacisporum and ichthyosporean protists), Filasterea (2 amoebas, including Capsaspora owczarzaki) and Choanoflagellata (flagellated protists, sometimes colonial), as well as multicellular Metazoa. Then, we used this robust phylogenetic framework in combination with comparative genomics, aiming to pinpoint the specific changes underscoring the origin of Metazoa. We reconstructed the ancestral gene contents were focused of the ubiquitin signaling tool-kit—gene families involved in post-translational protein modification—, myosin molecular motors and homeobox transcription factors. In pre-metazoan lineages, we uncovered a continued state of innovation in terms of de novo gene origin, protein diversification and paralogy – thus suggesting a genetically complex Urmetazoa, and a prominent role of gene co-option at the origin of multicellularity. Next, we aimed to examine genome architecture evolution in premetazoans. Thus, we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of 6 ichthyosporeans (Creolimax fragrantissima, Chromosphaera perkinsii, Sphaeroforma arctica, Ichthyophonus hoferi, Abeoforma whisleri and Pirum gemmata) and C. limacisporum; and compared them to other unicellular holozoans (C. owczarzaki and choanoflagellates) and animals. We uncovered the premetazoan origin of many genes with multicellularity-related functions, e.g. developmental transcription factors or cell adhesion proteins. Here we show that genome architecture evolution was equally innovative: the early burst of gene diversity in the holozoans was followed by episodes of synteny disruption, intron gain, and genome expansions in unicellular and multicellular lineages. Finally, we correlated the evolution of alternative splicing- based transcriptome regulation with exon/intron gene structure in holozoans. We unraveled a universal code of alternative splicing that determines the frequency of animal-like exon skipping profile in large, intron-dense ichthyosporean genomes. We demonstrate that comparative genomics and ancestral reconstructions constitute a powerful tool for evolutionary analysis of ancestral eukaryotes: not only it allows to uncover the primary composition of ancestral genomes; it can also fuel inferences regarding their transcriptomic regulation and the role played by non-genomic sources of evolutionary innovation.
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Buzatto, Bruno Alves. "Biologia reprodutiva do opilião Acutisoma proximum (Arachnida: Opiliones) : estrategias alternativas de acasalamento em machos e cuidado parental em femeas." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316364.
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Orientador: Glauco MachadoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A presente dissertação investigou a biologia reprodutiva do opilião Acutisoma proximum no Parque Estadual Intervales, sul do estado de São Paulo. No Capítulo 1, o sistema de acasalamento da espécie é descrito em detalhes. Fêmeas depositam seus ovos sob folhas na vegetação que margeia riachos de interior de mata e utilizam preferencialmente determinadas espécies de plantas como sítio de oviposição. No começo da estação reprodutiva, machos lutam entre si pela posse de territórios na vegetação onde fêmeas se reproduzirão. Alguns meses mais tarde, na mesma estação reprodutiva, essa poliginia por defesa qe recursos muda para uma poliginia por defesa de fêmeas, e machos passam a guardar cada fêmea individualmente em seqüência. O opilião A. proximum é o primeiro aracnídeo não-acarino que apresenta uma mudança em seu sistema de acasalamento ao longo da estação reprodutiva. No Capítulo 2, são descritas duas estratégias alternativas de acasalamento entre os machos de A. proximum, e a morfologia.e o comportamento dos machos que adotam cada estratégia é investigado. Os machos de A. proximum se dividem em dois morfos distintos, de acordo com a relação alométrica do comprimento da perna lI, que é também mais longa nos machos do que nas fêmeas. A diferença na morfologia dos dois morfos só é detectável quando muitos machos são medidos e a relação entre o comprimento do segundo par de pernas e o tamanho do corpo são analisados, o que se encaixa na definição de dimorfismo intra-sexual críptico. Machos com pernas II longas defendem territórios na vegetação, brigando e repelindo outros machos que se aproximam das fêmeas dentro desses territórios. Machos com pernas II curtas nunca defendem territórios ou brigam. Eles se deslocam entre os territórios dos machos grandes, invadindo-os e copulando com as fêmeas que estão dentro deles. Este trabalho é o primeiro a descrever, com dados comportamentais e morfológicos, a existência de estratégias alternativas de acasalamento na ordem Opiliones. No Capítulo 3, o enfoque passa a ser as fêmeas e os custos e benefícios do cuidado maternal em A. proximum. Em um experimento de remoção de fêmeas guardiãs, os ovos desprotegidos sobreviveram 75,6% menos que os ovos protegidos pelas fêmeas, revelando a importância da proteção materna. Em outro experimento, as desovas de metade das fêmeas foram removidas e o sucesso reprodutivo delas foi monitorado por dois anos. Fêmeas impedidas de cuidar da prole produziram novas desovas mais frequentemente e tiveram um sucesso reprodutivo 18 % maior que o das fêmeas que cuidaram da prole. Adicionalmente, o estudo de captura-marcação-recaptura não demonstrou nenhuma diferença entre a sobrevivência de fêmeas que foram impedidas de cuidar da prole e fêmeas que cuidaram da prole. Pesando os custos e benefícios do comportamento de guarda de ovos, uma estratégia de abandono da prole implicaria em uma redução média de 73,3% no sucesso reprodutivo total das fêmeas. Apesar dos custos da guarda de ovos para a fecundidade das fêmeas, o cuidado maternal aumenta o seu sucesso reprodutivo devido à crucial proteção aos ovos fornecida pelas fêmeas
Abstract: Not informed.
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ecologia
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Santos, Lia Raquel de Souza [UNESP]. "Ciclo reprodutivo de machos de Dendropsophus minutus (Anura, Hylidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87598.
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santos_lrs_me_sjrp.pdf: 2514640 bytes, checksum: 8920d8cebd5e6c418cf59dcb095bf86b (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Poli(etilenoglicol) (PEG) é um polímero neutro hidrossolúvel, e brometo de dioctadecildimetilamônio (DODAB) e diododecildimetilamônio (DDAB) são surfactantes catiônicos dialquilados, C18 e C12, respectivamente, derivados da amônia quaternária, formadores de vesículas. As suas propriedades físicas, em solução aquosa, são bem conhecidas. No entanto, as propriedades de misturas desse polímero com esses surfactantes não o são. Investigamos a interação de PEG com DODAB e DDAB em solução aquosa, numa faixa de concentração total dos componentes até 1% em peso, e construímos diagramas de fases, com especial destaque para a fase vesicular. Utilizamos PEG com massa molecular entre 200 Da e 2 MDa e os diagramas de fases foram construídos a 25oC, isto é, acima da temperatura de transição gel-líquido cristal (Tm) de DDAB (Tm = 16oC) e abaixo da Tm de DODAB (Tm = 45oC). DODAB e DDAB têm a característica comum de formar vesículas unilamelares em baixas concentrações do surfactante e vesículas multilamelares em concentrações mais elevadas; em regiões intermediárias, vesículas uni e multilamelares coexistem em equilíbrio na solução. A fronteira entre essas regiões de vesículas não é muito bem definida e observamos, neste estudo, que o efeito de PEG na estrutura de agregados de DODAB e DDAB em água depende da massa molecular do polímero. Além disso, PEG favorece a formação de vesículas unilamelares em concentrações mais elevadas de DODAB e DDAB, quando predominam as vesículas multilamelares de DODAB puro (sem o polímero), possibilitando a formação de vesículas mistas de DODAB/PEG e DDAB/PEG em água e concentrações relativamente grandes desses surfactantes. Dentre os métodos experimentais empregados nesse estudo, destacamos, turbidimetria, fluorescência de estado estacionário, calorimetria diferencial...
Poly (ethyleneglycol) (PEG) is a water soluble neutral polymer, and dioctadecyldimethylammonium (DODAB) and diododecyldimethylammonium (DDAB) bromide are double chain cationic surfactants derived from the quaternary ammonium that have been widely investigated due to their high application potential in different areas of the science and technology. The physical properties of PEG, DODAB and DDAB in aqueous solution are well-known. However, the properties of mixtures of the polymer with those surfactants are not. We investigated the interaction of PEG with DODAB and DDAB in aqueous solution, within a range of total concentration of the components of 0-1 wt%, and the phase diagrams built up, with special interest for the vesicular phases. We used PEG with molecular mass between 200 Da and 2 MDa and the phase diagrams were built up at 25°C, that is, above the melting temperature (Tm) of DDAB (Tm = 16°C) and below Tm of DODAB (Tm = 45°C). DODAB and DDAB have the common characteristic of forming unilamellar vesicles at low surfactant concentrations and umultilamellar vesicles at higher concentrations; at intermediate concentrations, uni- and multilamellar vesicles coexist in solution. The borders of these different vesicle phases are not well defined. We observed in this Thesis that the effect of PEG on the structures of DODAB and DDAB aggregates in water depends on the molecular mass of the polymer. Besides, PEG stabilizes the unilamellar vesicles at high concentrations of DODAB, where the multilamellar vesicles are the dominant structures present in solution, thus allowing the formation of mixed DODAB/PEG and DDAB/PEG vesicles in water at relatively high concentrations of these surfactants. The experimental methods used in this investigation include turbidimetry, steady-state fluorescence, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), isothermal titration... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Togni, Olga Coutinho [UNESP]. "Biologia e ecologia comportamental da vespa eussocial primitiva Mischocyttarus (Megacanthopus) parallelogrammus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/121840.
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000814585.pdf: 2303852 bytes, checksum: 96ea5890c20a129b21ab1c33666fd55d (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
As vespas sociais do país estão representadas pelos Polistinae que abrangem 21 gêneros subdivididos nas tribos Mischocyttarini, Polistini e Epiponini. A tribo Mischocyttarini é formada pelo maior gênero de vespídeos sociais, Mischocyttarus, com 245 espécies distribuídas em nove subgêneros. As espécies de Mischocyttarus são consideradas eussociais primitivas, com fundação independente e sem diferenciação morfológica de castas. A espécie estudada, Mischocyttarus (Megacanthopus) parallelogrammus é endêmica do Brasil, sendo que objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um primeiro estudo envolvendo características da biologia de M. parallelogrammus, de forma a colaborar com as investigações sobre a evolução da eussocialidade nas vespas, analisando aspectos do ciclo colonial, da arquitetura do ninho, da divisão de tarefas, da atividade forrageadora, da hierarquia de dominância e da comunicação química e visual desta espécie. No total foram estudadas 96 colônias de março de 2010 a novembro de 2013. Assim como em outras espécies, M. parallelogrammus apresenta fundações e abandonos durante todo o ano. Os índices de abandono provavelmente estão relacionados com a grande variedade de inimigos naturais observados, sendo que apenas 13,89% do total das colônias estudadas atingiram o estágio de declínio natural. Do restante das colônias observadas, 31,94% foram abandonadas por motivos desconhecidos, 27,78% foram abandonados pela ocorrência de parasitas ou parasitóides, 12,50% foram contaminadas por fungos e 12,50% foram predadas. A fundação das colônias por haplometrose foi predominante (81,94%), mesmo as fundações por associação de fêmeas representando um maior sucesso. O intervalo de desenvolvimento dos imaturos de M. parallelogrammus foi maior que de outras espécies do gênero, sendo que o tempo médio total de desenvolvimento dos imaturos foi de 85,20 dias. As fundadoras de M. parallelogrammus apresentaram um...
The social wasps are represented in Brazil by Polistinae, which is arranged in 21 genera divided among the tribes Mischocyttarini, Polistini and Epiponini. The Mischocyttarini tribe represents the largest genus of social wasps, Mischocyttarus, with 245 species distributed in nine subgenres. The species of Mischocyttarus are considered primitive eusocial, of independent foundation and without morphological caste differentiation. The studied species, Mischocyttarus (Megacanthopus) parallelogrammus, is endemic to Brazil, being the objective of this study to conduct a preliminary study involving features of the biology of M. parallelogrammus, in order to cooperate with investigations into the evolution of the eusociality in wasps, by analyzing aspects of the colony cycle, the nest architecture, the labor division, the foraging activity, the dominance hierarchy and the chemical and visual communication of this species. Like in other species, M. parallelogrammus presents foundations and abandonments throughout the year. Abandonment rates are probably related to the wide variety of observed natural enemies, with only 13.89% of the total colonies studied reaching the stage of natural decline. Of the remaining colonies observed, 31.94% were abandoned for unknown reasons, 27.78% were abandoned by the occurrence of parasites or parasitoids, 12.50% were contaminated by fungi and 12.50% were predated. The foundation of the colonies by haplometrosis was predominant (81.94%), even with the foundations of females by association representing greater success. The interval of development of immature M. parallelogrammus appeared greater than other species of the genus, with the average total development time of immatures being 85.20 days. The founders of M. parallelogrammus had an average lifespan of 82.71 ± 53.32 days, 95.81 ± 62.25 days for subordinates and 191.86 ± 91.19 days for dominants. Nests of M. parallelogrammus are attached by a short peduncle...
FAPESP: 2009/13889-0
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Togni, Olga Coutinho. "Biologia e ecologia comportamental da vespa eussocial primitiva Mischocyttarus (Megacanthopus) parallelogrammus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) /." Rio Claro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/121840.
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Orientador: Edilberto GiannottiCoorientador: Fábio Santos do Nascimento
Banca: Fábio Prezoto
Banca: Maria Cláudia Guidetti Campos
Banca: William Fernando Antonialli Junior
Banca: Ivan Cesar Desuó
Resumo: As vespas sociais do país estão representadas pelos Polistinae que abrangem 21 gêneros subdivididos nas tribos Mischocyttarini, Polistini e Epiponini. A tribo Mischocyttarini é formada pelo maior gênero de vespídeos sociais, Mischocyttarus, com 245 espécies distribuídas em nove subgêneros. As espécies de Mischocyttarus são consideradas eussociais primitivas, com fundação independente e sem diferenciação morfológica de castas. A espécie estudada, Mischocyttarus (Megacanthopus) parallelogrammus é endêmica do Brasil, sendo que objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um primeiro estudo envolvendo características da biologia de M. parallelogrammus, de forma a colaborar com as investigações sobre a evolução da eussocialidade nas vespas, analisando aspectos do ciclo colonial, da arquitetura do ninho, da divisão de tarefas, da atividade forrageadora, da hierarquia de dominância e da comunicação química e visual desta espécie. No total foram estudadas 96 colônias de março de 2010 a novembro de 2013. Assim como em outras espécies, M. parallelogrammus apresenta fundações e abandonos durante todo o ano. Os índices de abandono provavelmente estão relacionados com a grande variedade de inimigos naturais observados, sendo que apenas 13,89% do total das colônias estudadas atingiram o estágio de declínio natural. Do restante das colônias observadas, 31,94% foram abandonadas por motivos desconhecidos, 27,78% foram abandonados pela ocorrência de parasitas ou parasitóides, 12,50% foram contaminadas por fungos e 12,50% foram predadas. A fundação das colônias por haplometrose foi predominante (81,94%), mesmo as fundações por associação de fêmeas representando um maior sucesso. O intervalo de desenvolvimento dos imaturos de M. parallelogrammus foi maior que de outras espécies do gênero, sendo que o tempo médio total de desenvolvimento dos imaturos foi de 85,20 dias. As fundadoras de M. parallelogrammus apresentaram um...
Abstract: The social wasps are represented in Brazil by Polistinae, which is arranged in 21 genera divided among the tribes Mischocyttarini, Polistini and Epiponini. The Mischocyttarini tribe represents the largest genus of social wasps, Mischocyttarus, with 245 species distributed in nine subgenres. The species of Mischocyttarus are considered primitive eusocial, of independent foundation and without morphological caste differentiation. The studied species, Mischocyttarus (Megacanthopus) parallelogrammus, is endemic to Brazil, being the objective of this study to conduct a preliminary study involving features of the biology of M. parallelogrammus, in order to cooperate with investigations into the evolution of the eusociality in wasps, by analyzing aspects of the colony cycle, the nest architecture, the labor division, the foraging activity, the dominance hierarchy and the chemical and visual communication of this species. Like in other species, M. parallelogrammus presents foundations and abandonments throughout the year. Abandonment rates are probably related to the wide variety of observed natural enemies, with only 13.89% of the total colonies studied reaching the stage of natural decline. Of the remaining colonies observed, 31.94% were abandoned for unknown reasons, 27.78% were abandoned by the occurrence of parasites or parasitoids, 12.50% were contaminated by fungi and 12.50% were predated. The foundation of the colonies by haplometrosis was predominant (81.94%), even with the foundations of females by association representing greater success. The interval of development of immature M. parallelogrammus appeared greater than other species of the genus, with the average total development time of immatures being 85.20 days. The founders of M. parallelogrammus had an average lifespan of 82.71 ± 53.32 days, 95.81 ± 62.25 days for subordinates and 191.86 ± 91.19 days for dominants. Nests of M. parallelogrammus are attached by a short peduncle...
Doutor
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Pascual, Sala Jordi. "About eating and not eaten. Vigilance and foraging strategies in wintering Eurasian siskins (Carduelis spinus) = Sobre menjar i no ser menjar: estratègies de vigilància i alimentació en lluers hivernants (Carduelis spinus)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/128917.
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Animals have to eat a certain amount of food every day to survive. Since trophic resources are usually found in exposed locations, animals are in risk of predation while feeding, and face the well known trade-off between predation and starvation risks.
Animals may reduce predation risk by scanning for predators. However, an increase in vigilance entails an increase in exposure time to predators. Therefore, animals may increase food intake to reduce foraging bouts at the cost of vigilance or may do the opposite. Animals may also reduce predation risk without increasing vigilance by joining groups. However, when food items are concentrated in some defendable patches, individuals will fight to access them, leading to interference competition.
Birds have developed different vigilance and foraging strategies to cope with all these trade-offs. These strategies can be adapted to the environmental conditions and type of predators, and will highly differ according to the genetic, phenotypic and ecological characters of the individuals.
In this thesis I investigated how wintering Eurasian siskins (Carduelis spinus) adjusted their vigilance and foraging behaviour to predation risk and competition, and how this adjustment varied according to conspicuousness, residence status and personality of focal birds. I also studied how resident and transient siskins regulated their body mass to predation risk.
In order to determine the differential effects of predation risk and competition on the behaviour of siskins, I designed an experiment with three feeders differing in predation risk and interference competition. I captured the siskins every week and marked them with aluminium rings (at first capture) and colour rings (if residents). From each bird, I measured body mass, wing length and plumage coloration cues. I filmed the siskins foraging at feeders from a hide. Then I analyzed the video recordings and selected a sample of birds at each feeder to study the effect of environmental factors, and selected pairs of birds belonging to different cohorts of sex, residence and personality to compare their vigilance and foraging behaviour. I also compared body mass of a large sample of residents and transients in two periods with and without avian predators.
I found that siskins adjusted their vigilance behaviour specifically to the environmental conditions. Vigilance to predators, achieved by reducing inter-scan durations, was less costly in terms of food intake rate than vigilance to flockmates, achieved by increasing scan durations.
Siskin males were more brightly coloured and detectable than females, and showed a vigilance system more oriented to predator detection, supporting (together with the correlation between coloration and vigilance in males) the view of a predation cost to conspicuousness.
Resident and transient siskins showed a different vigilance and foraging strategy. Residents were more confident in vigilance to reduce predation risk while transients preferred to reduce foraging bout lengths. Transient siskins were in higher predation risk because of their vigilance and foraging behaviour, and this was related both to their unfamiliarity with the area and their subordination to residents.
Proactive male siskins showed a vigilance system that improved their ability to detect predators as compared with reactive males, supporting the view of a behavioural compensation for their personality trait (and not the existence of behavioural carryovers).
Resident siskin males adjusted their body mass to the presence of predators at the foraging area, something that transients could not do because of their site unfamiliarity. In general, dominant individuals (whether males, residents or proactive birds) showed a foraging behaviour that prioritized the reduction in predation risk and not the increase in food intake rate, as compared to subordinates. Dominance alone cannot account for our results, although it probably had some effect in all the comparisons.En aquesta tesi vaig estudiar el comportament de vigilància i d'alimentació de lluers hivernants a tres menjadores que diferien en risc de depredació i competència. Vaig determinar com els ocells ajustaven la vigilància a aquestes variables, i vaig comparar el comportament dels ocells pertanyents a diferents classes de sexe, estatus de residència i personalitat, per veure si adoptaven diferents estratègies. Els lluers van ajustar de manera diferent el seu comportament al risc de depredació i la competència. La vigilància dirigida als depredadors, assolida tot reduint la durada dels intervals entre vigilàncies, va resultar ser menys costosa en termes d'ingesta d'aliment que la vigilància a companys d'estol, assolida mitjançant l'increment de la durada de les vigilàncies. Els mascles de lluer van ser més brillants i fàcils de detectar que les femelles, i van mostrar un comportament més orientat a la detecció de depredadors, cosa que dóna suport (junt amb la correlació entre coloració i vigilància en mascles) a l'existència d'un cost de depredació associat a la conspicuïtat del plomatge. Els lluers residents van adoptar un sistema de vigilància que els exposava a menor risc de depredació que els transeünts. A més, a diferència d'aquests, van confiar sobretot en la vigilància a l'hora de reduir el risc de depredació. Aquestes diferències estarien relacionades tant amb el grau de coneixement de la zona com amb la dominància. Els mascles proactius van mostrar un sistema de vigilància que millorava la seva capacitat per detectar aviat els depredadors en comparació amb els mascles reactius, cosa que dóna suport a la idea d'una compensació comportamental del tret de personalitat. Els mascles residents van ajustar la seva massa corporal a la presència d'un depredador aeri a la zona, cosa que no van fer els transeünts segurament pel seu desconeixement del risc de depredació. En general, els individus dominants (mascles, residents o individus proactius) van mostrar un comportament d'alimentació que prioritzava la reducció del risc de depredació i no l'increment en la ingesta d'aliment. La dominància per sí sola no pot explicar els resultats de les comparacions, malgrat que pot tenir un cert efecte en totes elles.
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Silva, Tiago Lucena da. "Análise morfológica e filogeográfica em jabutis brasileiros (Testudines) /." São José do Rio Preto, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/127752.
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Orientador: Claudia Regina Bonini DomingosBanca: André Luis da Silva Casas
Banca: Richard Carl Vogt
Banca: Lilian Castiglioni
Banca: Luis Henrique Florindo
Resumo: Esse estudo avaliou dados sobre: biogeografia, vocalização, morfologia, citogenética, perfil de hemoglobinas e do marcador molecular citocromo b em jabutis brasileiros, no intuito de explorar o potencial taxonômico discriminativo das metodologias avaliadas. Duas espécies de jabutis são descritas para o Brasil, sendo elas, C. denticulatus e C. carbonarius, entretanto, observou-se, inicialmente com base em caracteres morfológicos e de coloração, a existência de populações que não correspondiam ao padrão típico da espécie C. carbonarius, sendo classificados neste estudo como morfotipos 1 e 2. A hipótese proposta é que os morfotipos correspondam a espécies já diferenciadas, e que não devem ser consideradas como uma mesma unidade taxonômica que C. carbonarius. Foram avaliados jabutis depositados no Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) e no Museu Paraense "Emílio Goeldi", nos bosques municipais de São José do Rio Preto - SP e Araçatuba - SP e no Criatório de Animais Silvestres e Exóticos "Reginaldo Uvo Leone" em Tabapuã - SP. Com base nos dados obtidos pela avaliação biogeográfica dos espécimes na literatura, observou-se que, a distribuição da espécie C. carbonarius está associado à região Nordeste do país, não havendo no entanto, espécimes depositados nas coleções visitadas. No Brasil, C. denticulatus ocorre em todos os estados da Amazônia Legal, além de apresentar registros isolados para o domínio da Floresta Atlântica, nos estados do Espírito Santo e do Rio de Janeiro, e para a região Centro-Oeste, nos estados de Goiás, Mato Grosso e Mato Grosso do Sul. Na região Nordeste, apresenta ocorrência no estado da Bahia. O morfotipo 1, apresenta distribuição geográfica mais abrangente que C. carbonarius e possivelmente é atribuído a ele, os relatos de distribuição associados a C. carbonarius, indicando associação equivocada do morfotipo 1 como uma mesma unidade taxonômica...
Abstract: This study evaluated associated data on biogeography, vocalization, morphology, cytogenetics, hemoglobin and molecular profile using cytochrome b, from Brazilian tortoises in order to explore the discriminative potential of the evaluated taxonomic techniques. In Brazil, two species of tortoises are described, C. carbonarius and C. denticulatus, however, some animals initially recognized based on morphological characters and coloring did not correspond to the typical pattern of C. carbonarius, being classified as morphotypes 1 and 2. The proposed hypothesis in this study is that the morphotypes are already differentiated species and should not be considered as a single taxonomic unit with C. carbonarius. Tortoises from the National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), "Emilio Goeldi" Museum - PA, municipal zoos of São José do Rio Preto - SP and Araçatuba - SP and "Reginaldo Uvo Leone" breeding farm for Wild and Exotic Animals in Tabapuã - SP, were analyzed. Based on the data obtained by biogeographic evaluation of specimens in the literature, it was found that the distribution of C. carbonarius is associated with the Northeast region, with no animals deposited in the visited collections. In Brazil, C. denticulatus occurs in all states of the Amazonia Legal besides presenting isolated individual records for the domain of the Atlantic Forest in the states of Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, and in the Midwest region in the states of Goias, Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul. In the Northeast region, it occurrs in the state of Bahia. The morphotype 1 has a wider geographical distribution than C. carbonarius, and it is possibly attributed to several reports distribution associated with C. carbonarius, indicating erroneous association of morphotype 1 as a single taxonomic unit with C. carbonarius. The morphotype 2 was observed only in the states of Pará, Maranhão and Piauí. These data indicate that part of the allocated distribution..
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Books on the topic "Biologia animale"
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Tartabini, Angelo. Biologia ed evoluzione del comportamento animale e umano. Milano: F. Angeli, 1994.
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Vasiliu, George D. Biologi din România: Biologie animală. [Bacău]: Editura Ion Borcea, 2001.
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Es'kov, Evgeniy. Biological effects of electromagnetic fields. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1229809.
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The monograph, based on the use of literary information and research materials of the author, attempts to systematize the influence of natural and anthropogenic electric fields on biological objects of different levels of complexity. The origin of cosmic and terrestrial magnetism is described and the influence of this factor on the physiological state, viability and development of plant and animal objects is analyzed. The biological effects of magnetic storms are investigated. The mechanisms of generation, perception and use of electric fields in signaling and spatial orientation of animals are analyzed. Much attention is paid to the analysis of specific reactions of animals to electromagnetic fields. The prospects of using electromagnetic fields to control the behavior of animals and direct influence on the growth processes of plant objects are considered.
For a wide range of readers interested in the possibilities of controlling animal behavior and influencing plant growth.
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ill, Magnuson Diana, and Child's World (Firm), eds. Animal camouflage: Hide-and-seek animals. Chicago, Ill: Distributed by Childrens Press, 1990.
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Sowler, Sandie. Asombrosos animales miméticos. 2nd ed. Madrid: Editorial Bruño, 1994.
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John, Alcock. The kookaburras' song: Exploring animal behavior in Australia. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Biologia animale"
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Broom, Donald M. "One biology, ethics, sentience and sustainability." In Broom and Fraser’s domestic animal behaviour and welfare, 3–13. 6th ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249835.0001.
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Abstract This chapter discusses the concepts of one biology, sentience and animal protection, as well as ideas on genes, environment, ethics, attitudes to domestic and other animals, and on how to measure sustainability and number of domestic animals.
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Chrysostomou, Eleni, Febrimarsa, Timothy DuBuc, and Uri Frank. "Gene Manipulation in Hydractinia." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 419–36. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2172-1_22.
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AbstractThe ability to regenerate lost body parts is irregularly distributed among animals, with substantial differences in regenerative potential between and within metazoan phyla. It is widely believed that regenerative animal clades inherited some aspects of their capacity to regenerate from their common ancestors but have also evolved new mechanisms that are not shared with other regenerative animals. Therefore, to gain a broad understanding of animal regenerative mechanisms and evolution, a broad sampling approach is necessary. Unfortunately, only few regenerative animals have been established as laboratory models with protocols for functional gene studies. Here, we describe the methods to establish transgenic individuals of the marine cnidarian Hydractinia. We also provide methods for transient gene expression manipulation without modifying the genome of the animals.
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Meijer, Eva, and Bernice Bovenkerk. "Taking Animal Perspectives into Account in Animal Ethics." In The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics, 49–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63523-7_3.
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AbstractRecent years have seen an explosion of interest in nonhuman animal agency in different fields. In biology and ethology, new studies about animal languages, cultures, cognition and emotion are published weekly. In the broad field of animal studies, the symbolic and ontological human-animal distinction is challenged and other animals are presented as actors. These studies challenge existing approaches to animal ethics. Animals are no longer creatures to simply think about: they have their own perspectives on life, and humans can in some instances communicate with them about that. Animal ethics long determined individual moral rights and duties on the basis of nonhuman animal capacities, but this often measures them to human standards and does not take into account that nonhuman animals are a heterogeneous group in terms of capabilities as well as social relations to humans. The questions of whether animals have agency, and how we should morally evaluate their agency, are especially urgent because we live in an age in which humans dominate the lives of large numbers of other animals. The Anthropocene has shaped the knowledge and technology for humans to realize that animals have more agency than has been assumed, but ironically it is also an epoch where animal agency is increasingly curtailed. This leads to new conflicts and problems of justice. How should animal ethics deal with the new knowledge and challenges generated in the Anthropocene? In this chapter we defend a relational approach to animal ethics, viewing other animals as subjects capable of co-shaping relations.
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Buehrmann, Thomas, and Ezequiel Di Paolo. "Biological Actuators Are Not Just Springs." In From Animals to Animats 9, 89–100. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11840541_8.
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Ng, Yew-Kwang. "Animal Welfare: Beyond Human Happiness." In Happiness—Concept, Measurement and Promotion, 161–66. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4972-8_16.
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AbstractFor animals capable of affective feelings (enjoyment and suffering), we should also be concerned with their welfare. Welfare biology studies at least three basic questions: Which (species are capable of welfare)? Whether (their welfare is positive)? How (to increase their welfare? As affective feelings entail energy costs, species not capable of making flexible choices are not capable of affective feelings. The fact that members of most species either starve to death or are eaten before successful mating, their net welfare is likely negative. We could decrease animal suffering by banning pointless cruelty and making the living conditions of our farmed animals better (like increasing cage sizes of chicken farming). However, the widespread reduction of extensive animal suffering including wild animals will largely have to be left after our significant scientific/technological, economic, and moral advances. Excessively strict guidelines on animal experimentation that inhibit scientific/technological advances may thus be counter-productive in animal salvation in the long run.
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Egger, Bernhard. "Studying Xenacoelomorpha WBR Using Isodiametra pulchra." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 245–61. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2172-1_13.
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AbstractXenacoelomorpha are a phylogenetically and biologically interesting, but severely understudied group of worm-like animals. Among them, the acoel Isodiametra pulchra has been shown to be amenable to experimental work, including the study of stem cells and regeneration. The animal is capable of regenerating the posterior part of the body, but not its head. Here, methods such as nucleic acid extractions, in situ hybridisation, RNA interference, antibody and cytochemical stainings, and the general handling of the animals are presented.
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Reckendorf, Anja, Lars Seidelin, and Magnus Wahlberg. "Marine Mammal Acoustics." In Marine Mammals, 15–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06836-2_2.
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AbstractBioacoustics combines the fields of biology and acoustics to answer questions about hearing, sound production and sound communication in animals. Marine mammals have specialised hearing abilities and use sounds in different ways underwater. How do whales and seals use sound for communication and to find prey? How are they affected by human-made sounds from ships, oil exploration and windfarms? To answer such questions, you need to study marine mammals, be well-trained in natural sciences and know about animal anatomy, physiology and behaviour. You also need a thorough understanding of the fundamentals of acoustics, maths and physics. Bioacoustics is a truly interdisciplinary research field involving biologists, physicists and engineers trying to understand the world of biological sound, how sounds are produced and used by animals. Additionally, underwater acoustic recordings can reveal which areas animals use during different seasons. Bioacoustics can also be used to improve wildlife protection by regulating damaging sound sources in marine mammal habitats. Using the exercises at the end of this chapter, students learn about frequencies, decibels and their own hearing abilities, as well as how to build their own underwater microphone.
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El-Sayed, Ahmed F. "Animate (Biological) Debris." In Foreign Object Debris and Damage in Aviation, 247–303. New York: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003133087-6.
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Baum, Manuel, Lukas Schattenhofer, Theresa Rössler, Antonio Osuna-Mascaró, Alice Auersperg, Alex Kacelnik, and Oliver Brock. "Yoking-Based Identification of Learning Behavior in Artificial and Biological Agents." In From Animals to Animats 16, 67–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16770-6_6.
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Remondino, Marco, and Alessandro Cappellini. "An Evolutionary Selection Model Based on a Biological Phenomenon: The Periodical Magicicadas." In From Animals to Animats 9, 485–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11840541_40.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Biologia animale"
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EVDOKIMOV, Evgeniy, and Yuliya MALINA. "Molecular biological methods in animal breeding." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production 27 (75). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-27-75-152-157.
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The article describes three groups of methods used in animal breeding. These methods allow us to obtain important information about the primary DNA sequence of animals, on the basis of which it is possible to predict the productive qualities of the studied population and adjust the conduct of breeding activities.
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Lomskov, M. A., N. V. Pimenov, A. M. Konovalov, and R. F. Ivannikova. "Theory of zoocultures in veterinary and biological education." In III All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation "Science, technology, society: Environmental engineering for sustainable development of territories". Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/nto.3.2022.6.771-777.
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The article presents a brief retrospective of the experience of teaching the educational discipline "Zooculture" to students of the Veterinary and Biological Faculty of the Moscow Veterinary Academy (FSBEI V MGAVMiB - MBA named after K.I. Scriabin). This subject is extremely relevant in the system of higher veterinary and biological education, since it comprehensively examines the issues of animal cultivation in modern conditions of anthropogenic transformation of the environment. The theoretical basis of the course currently taught at the Faculty of Veterinary Biology is the work of scientists of the Academy Gabuzov O.S., Lebedev I.G., Alpatov V.V., Pimenov N.V., Lomskov M.A. The information of the educational discipline "Zooculture" contributes to the deepening of knowledge in the unified system of integrated veterinary and biological education and is consistent with classical and applied disciplines studied both before the beginning of the development of the considered educational course, and after. Also, in addition to analyzing the experience of teaching the discipline "Zooculture", the authors of the article indicate possible prospects for the development of the course under consideration, based primarily on modern genetic engineering methods of biotechnological science. Thus, "Zooculture", being an interdisciplinary educational course, combines theoretical knowledge of such biological disciplines as, for example, "Ecology and rational nature management", "Zoology", "General Biology" with relevant practical methods and skills of applied disciplines of veterinary and biological profile ("Fundamentals of Veterinary Medicine", "Genetics", "Model animals in biotechnology", "Applied immunology", etc.).
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MAGNOL, Laetitia, Magali SAGE, Karine VUILLIER, Anne DRUILHE, and Séverine NADAUD. "L’utilisation des animaux en sciences : pourquoi et comment ?" In Les journées de l'interdisciplinarité 2022. Limoges: Université de Limoges, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25965/lji.213.
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Pour progresser, la recherche en biologie animale s’appuie sur des données obtenues à partir de prélèvements faits sur des êtres vivants et sur différents modèles complémentaires. Ces modèles miment tout ou partie de l’être vivant étudié et reposent sur la modèlisation informatique (approche in silico), sur l’analyse de molécules en « tubes » et la culture de cellules ou de tissus (in vitro) et sur le recours aux animaux (in vivo). Les modèles in silico et in vitro sont très utilisés mais ne permettent pas, à l’heure actuelle, de reproduire la complexité d’un organisme vivant. L’utilisation des animaux en sciences reste d’actualité, et est menée dans un cadre juridique et éthique qui protège les animaux et exige le respect de leur bien-être. Dans les pages qui suivent, sont présentés le cadre européen actuellement en vigueur et les justifications de l’utilisation des animaux à des fins scientifiques au niveau international et au sein de l’établissement utilisateur d’animaux qu’est l’Université de Limoges.
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Aslanyan, M. M. "PROBLEMS OF SPACE BIOLOGY AND GENETICS." In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-2-1.113-118.
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The article discusses the main problems and stages of the development of space biology, med-icine and genetics. Biological tests on different species of animals and plants, in the conditions of space flight, allowed scientists to predict the safety of human flight into space. The existence of a negative influence of space factors on biological processes and morphophysiological structure of organisms requires further research to ensure the biological safety of a long-term human stay in space.
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Barševskis, Arvīds. "BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF BEETLES IN RAIN FORESTS OF PHILIPPINES." In Zoology and Animal Ecology. Univrsity of Latvia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/zde.2021.01.
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Belaya, О. V. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF 2-5G BASE STATION ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD CHRONIC EXPOSURE NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECT TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES." In The 4th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» International Youth Forum (OHIYF-2022). FSBSI «IRIOH», 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-6-9-2022-1-20-24.
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Introduction: the new exposure to electromagnetic fields biological effect assessment is actual with respect to the expected of electromagnetic environment complication due to joint operation of various generation cellular communication systems. The character of biological reaction can be mediated by individual typological characteristics of the organism. The goal: to study the 2–5G base stations electromagnetic field chronic exposure effect to nervous system functional state of laboratory animals with regard to their typological features. Methods: the rats body weight registration and "open field" test were carried out before the start of exposure, after each month of 24-hour exposure (500 µW/cm2, 2-5G mobile standards, 4 months) and 1 month after the end of exposure with accounting of high-entropic and low-entropic animal subgroups. Results: the results indicate a multidirectional effect of rats’ nervous system in groups of various entropy types. According to behavioral parameters and body weight dynamics, there was an inhibition of research activity and functional state of the high-entropic animals after 2 months of exposure. Conclusion: Results can be assumed that used experimental exposure type had a suppression affect to central nervous system functional state with higher responsiveness of animals that initially have a predominance of excitation over inhibition processes.
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Shafer, Michael W., and Eric Morgan. "Energy Harvesting for Marine-Wildlife Monitoring." In ASME 2014 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2014-7630.
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Bio-logging devices are systems mounted to an animal that measure parameters associated with the animal or its environment. These devices date back to the 1930’s in their simplest form, while modern devices use suites of digital sensors, microcontrollers, and wireless data communication. Despite these advances, there has always been a fundamental relationship between power consumption and the amount of science that can be conducted. There are now a number of commercially available devices that use solar cells to supplement their daily energy budget, but supplemental solar power is not useful for species that are nocturnal, subterranean, aquatic, or spend significant time beneath dense forest canopies. As such, there have been calls from the marine biology community for devices that could harvest power from their environments. For these marine species, alternative energy harvesting techniques are required. Here we explore a new application for energy harvesting as a power source for marine wildlife bio-logging tags. Marine animals cover wide swaths of the ocean, making tracking and data collection challenging. Tagging these animals with devices that track their location and/or collect data about the animal or its surroundings require large batteries and have limited life spans due to high power requirements for satellite data relays. With limited solar irradiance at depth making solar power less attractive, we review and explore other forms of energy that could be harvested, such as energy from fluid flow and hydrostatic pressure cycles. We investigate the energy potential from a number of sources and compare these values with the requirements of current bio-logging systems to assess required transduction efficiencies. The application of energy harvesting on animal tags could result in nearly indefinite life systems allowing for data collection from a single animal over the course of many years.
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Penteado, Natália de Souza, NATHÁLIA CAROLINE CUNHA E. SILVA, and ANA CLÁUDIA DE ABREU SORG. "CAPACITAÇÃO DE SERVIDORES DO ZOOLÓGICO MUNICIPAL DE LIMEIRA: MINICURSO “PRINCÍPIOS BÁSICOS DE NUTRIÇÃO E MANEJO DE ANIMAIS SILVESTRES”." In III Congresso Brasileiro de Ciências Biologicas. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/iii-conbracib/6713.
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Introdução: O Zoológico é uma instituição que possui cerca de seis mil anos, sendo seu primeiro registro encontrado por arqueólogos no Egito. Inicialmente, esses locais tinham como única função o entretenimento a partir a exposição de animais silvestres; atualmente, segue a missão de conservação, educação ambiental, pesquisa e lazer. A nova concepção toma como prioridade o bem-estar animal, o que exige uma equipe multiprofissional e capacitada, fortemente sustentada pelo elo exercido pelos tratadores entre o animal e a equipe técnica. Objetivos: O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de atualizar e capacitar os servidores do Zoológico Municipal de Limeira quanto a execução dos serviços prestados de nutrição animal, hábitos alimentares, conservação, higienização e cortes de alimentos, bem como normas de segurança para o manejo de silvestres, incluindo controle de animais sinantrópicos, limpeza e higienização dos recintos. Material e métodos: O método adotado contemplou duas aulas expositivas, uma atividade prática, entrega de material didático confeccionado a partir de revisão bibliográfica e encerramento com a aplicação de questionários estruturados contendo quatro perguntas abertas sobre o curso e uma opcional, dando a liberdade de sugestões, elogios e críticas. Resultados: Foram contabilizados 9 participantes, os quais responderam de forma correta 97,23% das questões e 2,77% de forma incompleta. Sobretudo, na questão opcional, os funcionários ressaltaram a necessidade de obter maior aptidão quanto ao trabalho prestado, uma vez que esse sofre constantes atualizações. Conclusão: De modo geral, os resultados obtidos nos questionários demonstraram a eficácia do conteúdo aplicado e abrem oportunidades para o planejamento de novos projetos, uma vez que os zoológicos podem atrelar os pilares de conservação e educação ambiental para favorecer as práticas de bem-estar envolvendo tratadores e auxiliares, além de utilizar o material já produzido para formação profissional de novos servidores.
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Julio, Luma Gonçalves, Laís Andrade Barbosa, and Scheyla Cristina Vargas. "INFLUÊNCIA DOS MÉTODOS DE INSENSIBILIZAÇÃO PRÉ ABATE SOBRE INDICADORES DE ESTRESSE EM BIJUPIRÁ (RACHYCENTRON CANADUM)." In I Congresso On-line Brasileiro de Biologia Marinha e Oceanografia. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/3435.
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Introdução: A maricultura é uma alternativa mais sustentável de produção de proteína animal quando comparada as demais. Contudo, devido ao ambiente onde é realizada, elevado valor nutricional e comercial de seus produtos, requer práticas responsáveis. Além disso, os métodos de insensibilização pré-abate convencionais tornam o processo desumano e insustentável pelo sofrimento que é causado aos animais e pela alta demanda energética e hídrica. Objetivo: Comparar a influência de métodos de insensibilização pré abate nos indicadores de estresse de bijupirás. Materiais e Métodos: 24 bijupirás com peso médio de 2,02Kg (+ 0,21) obtidos em maricultura comercial em Ilha Grande - RJ, foram submetidos a hipotermia (H) e eletronarcose (E) – abate humanitário - como métodos de insensibilização pré abate. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue dos dois grupos (n=12) e avaliadas em níveis de glicose e lactato sanguíneo com o auxílio de Accuchek da marca Roche. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey com nível de 5% de significância. Resultados: Durante um manejo, independentemente do seu fim, há ocorrências de alterações biológicas e homeostáticas no organismo do indivíduo. Por isso, observa-se que animais submetidos a hipotermia apresentaram glicemia significativamente maior que os submetidos a eletronarcose (226,66 + 0,6; 189,16 + 0,2 mmol/L respectivamente) assim como foi observado com os níveis de lactato sanguíneo (H = 4,11 + 0,8; E = 2,31 + 0,12). Conclusão: As práticas de manejo pré abate influenciam nos indicadores de estresse fisiológico de bijupirás. Por isso, pela ascensão e valorização de alimentos da maricultura que contemplem a preservação ambiental e bem estar animal durante a sua produção, recomenda-se a utilização do método de insensibilização eletronarcose. Ademais, essa prática pode ser utilizada, também, como método de contenção por efeito das possibilidades de retorno integral da homeostasia do indivíduo, inclusive do sistema nervoso, que a insensibilização contempla. Dessa maneira, o estudo de reprodução, coleta de dados e até mesmo clínica médica de animais marinhos podem ser viabilizados por esse tratamento.
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Liang, Yun, Keith M. Stantz, Ganapathy Krishnamurthi, Laigao Chen, and Gary D. Hutchins. "Investigation of Contrast-Enhanced In-Vivo Animal Imaging With Micro-CT." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33053.
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Rapid progress in molecular biology, much sparked by the human Genome Project, is opening a new era in medicine and biology. The development of in-vivo micro-imaging technology for small animals (mice and rats) has generated unprecedented opportunities for studying the structural and physiologic properties exhibited by different genes in a cost-effective and low-risk means. This knowledge, in turn, will help guide the study in human genetic system. Micro-computed tomograph (microCT) with resolution on the scale of micrometer is a new technique for obtaining the 3D images of the internal structure of small objects [1,2]. Its biological and medical applications include noninvasively screening animals for genetic mutations and identification as well as monitoring of structural and physiology properties that are linked with specific genes. This paper reports on our preliminary investigation on two aspects of this new imaging technique: (1) an initial experience of instrumentation capability and limitation, and (2) the contrast enhancement strategy necessary for organ-specific anatomic and physiologic studies.
Reports on the topic "Biologia animale"
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Bylgaeva, A. A. BIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR PREVENTION OF MYCOTOXICOSIS ANIMALS IN YAKUTIA. Ljournal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/9785-6042744-2019-232233.
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Brosh, Arieh, Gordon Carstens, Kristen Johnson, Ariel Shabtay, Joshuah Miron, Yoav Aharoni, Luis Tedeschi, and Ilan Halachmi. Enhancing Sustainability of Cattle Production Systems through Discovery of Biomarkers for Feed Efficiency. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592644.bard.
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Feed inputs represent the largest variable cost of producing meat and milk from ruminant animals. Thus, strategies that improve the efficiency of feed utilization are needed to improve the global competitiveness of Israeli and U.S. cattle industries, and mitigate their environmental impact through reductions in nutrient excretions and greenhouse gas emissions. Implementation of innovative technologies that will enhance genetic merit for feed efficiency is arguably one of the most cost-effective strategies to meet future demands for animal-protein foods in an environmentally sustainable manner. While considerable genetic variation in feed efficiency exist within cattle populations, the expense of measuring individual-animal feed intake has precluded implementation of selection programs that target this trait. Residual feed intake (RFI) is a trait that quantifies between-animal variation in feed intake beyond that expected to meet energy requirements for maintenance and production, with efficient animals being those that eat less than expected for a given size and level of production. There remains a critical need to understand the biological drivers for genetic variation in RFI to facilitate development of effective selection programs in the future. Therefore, the aim of this project was to determine the biological basis for phenotypic variation in RFI of growing and lactating cattle, and discover metabolic biomarkers of RFI for early and more cost-effective selection of cattle for feed efficiency. Objectives were to: (1) Characterize the phenotypic relationships between RFI and production traits (growth or lactation), (2) Quantify inter-animal variation in residual HP, (3) Determine if divergent RFIphenotypes differ in HP, residual HP, recovered energy and digestibility, and (4) Determine if divergent RFI phenotypes differ in physical activity, feeding behavior traits, serum hormones and metabolites and hepatic mitochondrial traits. The major research findings from this project to date include: In lactating dairy cattle, substantial phenotypic variation in RFI was demonstrated as cows classified as having low RMEI consumed 17% less MEI than high-RMEI cows despite having similar body size and lactation productivity. Further, between-animal variation in RMEI was found to moderately associated with differences in RHP demonstrating that maintenance energy requirements contribute to observed differences in RFI. Quantifying energetic efficiency of dairy cows using RHP revealed that substantial changes occur as week of lactation advances—thus it will be critical to measure RMEI at a standardized stage of lactation. Finally, to determine RMEI in lactating dairy cows, individual DMI and production data should be collected for a minimum of 6 wk. We demonstrated that a favorably association exists between RFI in growing heifers and efficiency of forage utilization in pregnant cows. Therefore, results indicate that female progeny from parents selected for low RFI during postweaning development will also be efficient as mature females, which has positive implications for both dairy and beef cattle industries. Results from the beef cattle studies further extend our knowledge regarding the biological drivers of phenotypic variation in RFI of growing animals, and demonstrate that significant differences in feeding behavioral patterns, digestibility and heart rate exist between animals with divergent RFI. Feeding behavior traits may be an effective biomarker trait for RFI in beef and dairy cattle. There are differences in mitochondrial acceptor control and respiratory control ratios between calves with divergent RFI suggesting that variation in mitochondrial metabolism may be visible at the genome level. Multiple genes associated with mitochondrial energy processes are altered by RFI phenotype and some of these genes are associated with mitochondrial energy expenditure and major cellular pathways involved in regulation of immune responses and energy metabolism.
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MacInnes, M., M. R. Altherr, D. Ludwig, R. Pedersen, and C. Mold. The biology of novel animal genes: Mouse APEX gene knockout. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/505320.
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Cronin, Thomas W. Inspired Biological Engineering: Detection and Production of Polarized Light by Animals. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada499963.
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Ray, Gary L. Invasive Animal Species in Marine and Estuarine Environments: Biology and Ecology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada430308.
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Stepanyuk, Alla V., Liudmyla P. Mironets, Tetiana M. Olendr, Ivan M. Tsidylo, and Oksana B. Stoliar. Methodology of using mobile Internet devices in the process of biology school course studying. [б. в.], July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3887.
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This paper considers the problem of using mobile Internet devices in the process of biology studying in secondary schools. It has been examined how well the scientific problem is developed in pedagogical theory and educational practice. The methodology of using mobile Internet devices in the process of biology studying in a basic school, which involves the use of the Play Market server applications, Smart technologies and a website, has been created. After the analyses of the Play Market server content, there have been found several free of charge applications, which can be used while studying biology in a basic school. Among them are the following: Anatomy 4D, Animal 4D+, Augmented Reality Dinosaurs – my ARgalaxy, BioInc – Biomedical Plague, Plan+Net. Their choice is caused by the specifics of the object of biological cognition (life in all its manifestations) and the concept of bio(eco)centrism, which recognizes the life of any living system as the highest value. The paper suggests the original approach for homework checking, which involves besides computer control of students’ learning outcomes, the use of Miracast wireless technology. This demands the owning of a smartphone, a multimedia projector, and a Google Chromecast type adapter. The methodology of conducting a mobile front-line survey at the lesson on the learned or current material in biology in the test form, with the help of the free Plickers application, has been presented. The expediency of using the website builder Ucoz.ua for creation of a training website in biology has been substantiated. The methodology of organizing the educational process in biology in a basic school using the training website has been developed. Recommendations for using a biology training website have been summarized. According to the results of the forming experiment, the effectiveness of the proposed methodology of using mobile Internet devices in the process of biology studying in a basic school has been substantiated.
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Kiel, Johnathan L., Eric A. Holwitt, Veronica K. Sorola, Maomian Fan, Yvette B. Gonzalez, Ishmael I. Rosas, and David F. Vela. Methods for Collecting, Detecting and Identifying Biological Agents in Environmental and Animal Samples (Briefing Charts). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada541244.
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Zhou, Ting, Roni Shapira, Peter Pauls, Nachman Paster, and Mark Pines. Biological Detoxification of the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol (DON) to Improve Safety of Animal Feed and Food. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613885.bard.
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The trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), one of the most common mycotoxin contaminants of grains, is produced by members of the Fusarium genus. DON poses a health risk to consumers and impairs livestock performance because it causes feed refusal, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemolytic effects and cellular injury. The occurrence of trichothecenes contamination is global and they are very resistant to physical or chemical detoxification techniques. Trichothecenes are absorbed in the small intestine into the blood stream. The overall objective of this project was to develop a protecting system using probiotic bacteria that will express trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (Tri101) that convert T-2 to a less toxic intermediate to reduce ingested levels in-situ. The major obstacle that we had faced during the project is the absence of stable and efficient expression vectors in probiotics. Most of the project period was invested to screen and isolate strong promoter to express high amounts of the detoxify enzyme on one hand and to stabilize the expression vector on the other hand. In order to estimate the detoxification capacity of the isolated promoters we had developed two very sensitive bioassays.The first system was based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Human liver cells proliferation was used as the second bioassay system.Using both systems we were able to prove actual detoxification on living cells by probiotic bacteria expressing Tri101. The first step was the isolation of already discovered strong promoters from lactic acid bacteria, cloning them downstream the Tri101 gene and transformed vectors to E. coli, a lactic acid bacteria strain Lactococcuslactis MG1363, and a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus casei. All plasmid constructs transformed to L. casei were unstable. The promoter designated lacA found to be the most efficient in reducing T-2 from the growth media of E. coli and L. lactis. A prompter library was generated from L. casei in order to isolate authentic probiotic promoters. Seven promoters were isolated, cloned downstream Tri101, transformed to bacteria and their detoxification capability was compared. One of those prompters, designated P201 showed a relatively high efficiency in detoxification. Sequence analysis of the promoter region of P201 and another promoter, P41, revealed the consensus region recognized by the sigma factor. We further attempted to isolate an inducible, strong promoter by comparing the protein profiles of L. casei grown in the presence of 0.3% bile salt (mimicking intestine conditions). Six spots that were consistently overexpressed in the presence of bile salts were isolated and identified. Their promoter reigns are now under investigation and characterization.
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Gottlieb, Yuval, Bradley Mullens, and Richard Stouthamer. investigation of the role of bacterial symbionts in regulating the biology and vector competence of Culicoides vectors of animal viruses. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699865.bard.
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Symbiotic bacteria have been shown to influence host reproduction and defense against biotic and abiotic stressors, and this relates to possible development of a symbiont-based control strategy. This project was based on the hypothesis that symbionts have a significant impact on Culicoides fitness and vector competence for animal viruses. The original objectives in our proposal were: 1. Molecular identification and localization of the newly-discovered symbiotic bacteria within C. imicola and C. schultzei in Israel and C. sonorensis in California. 2. Determination of the prevalence of symbiotic bacteria within different vector Culicoides populations. 3. Documentation of specific symbiont effects on vector reproduction and defense: 3a) test for cytoplasmic incompatibility in Cardinium-infected species; 3b) experimentally evaluate the role of the symbiont on infection or parasitism by key Culicoides natural enemies (iridescent virus and mermithid nematode). 4. Testing the role(s) of the symbionts in possible protection against infection of vector Culicoides by BTV. According to preliminary findings and difficulties in performing experimental procedures performed in other insect symbiosis systems where insect host cultures are easily maintained, we modified the last two objectives as follows: Obj. 3, we tested how symbionts affected general fitness of Israeli Culicoides species, and thoroughly described and evaluated the correlation between American Culicoides and their bacterial communities in the field. We also tried alternative methods to test symbiont-Culicoides interactions and launched studies to characterize low-temperature stress tolerances of the main US vector, which may be related to symbionts. Obj. 4, we tested the correlation between EHDV (instead of BTV) aquisition and Cardinium infection. Culicoides-bornearboviral diseases are emerging or re-emerging worldwide, causing direct and indirect economic losses as well as reduction in animal welfare. One novel strategy to reduce insects’ vectorial capacity is by manipulating specific symbionts to affect vector fitness or performance of the disease agent within. Little was known on the bacterial tenants occupying various Culicoides species, and thus, this project was initiated with the above aims. During this project, we were able to describe the symbiont Cardinium and whole bacterial communities in Israeli and American Culicoides species respectively. We showed that Cardinium infection prevalence is determined by land surface temperature, and this may be important to the larval stage. We also showed no patent significant effect of Cardinium on adult fitness parameters. We showed that the bacterial community in C. sonorensis varies significantly with the host’s developmental stage, but it varies little across multiple wastewater pond environments. This may indicate some specific biological interactions and allowed us to describe a “core microbiome” for C. sonorensis. The final set of analyses that include habitat sample is currently done, in order to separate the more intimately-associated bacteria from those inhabiting the gut contents or cuticle surface (which also could be important). We were also able to carefully study other biological aspects of Culicoides and were able to discriminate two species in C. schultzei group in Israel, and to investigate low temperature tolerances of C. sonorensis that may be related to symbionts. Scientific implications include the establishment of bacterial identification and interactions in Culicoides (our work is cited in other bacteria-Culicoides studies), the development molecular identification of C. schultzei group, and the detailed description of the microbiome of the immature and matched adult stages of C. sonorensis. Agricultural implications include understanding of intrinsic factors that govern Culicoides biology and population regulation, which may be relevant for vector control or reduction in pathogen transmission. Being able to precisely identify Culicoides species is central to understanding Culicoides borne disease epidemiology.
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Samish, Michael, K. M. Kocan, and Itamar Glazer. Entomopathogenic Nematodes as Biological Control Agents of Ticks. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7568104.bard.
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This research project was aimed to create a basis for the use of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae an Heterorhabditidae) for biological control of ticks. The specific objectives were to determinate: 1) Nematode virulence to various. 2) Host-parasite interactions of nametodes and ticks. 3) Effect of environmental factors of tick habitats on nematode activity. 4) To test nematodes (anti tick activity) in defined field trials. Throughout the project 12 nematode strains from five species were tested in laboratory assays against all developmental stages of eight tick species. All tick species were found susceptible to nematode infection. The nematode strains the IS-5 and IS-12 of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were found to be the most virulent. Engorged adults, particularly females, were the most susceptible stages. Despite the high susceptibility, ticks are not suitable hosts for nematode development and propagation. Entomopathogenic namatodes enter ticks and kill them by releasing the symbiotic bacteria from their foregut. Under favorable conditions, i.e. moist soil, moderate temperature (22-27oC) and sandy soil, nematode efficacy against B. annulatus engorged females was very high (>5% w/w) and high animal manure concentration in soil adversely effect nematode efficacy. In field trails, nematodes were effective when soil moisture was maintained at high levels. The results indicate that under favorable conditions the nematodes show promise as a biological control method for ticks. However, we still face several potential obstacles to the use of nematodes under less favorable conditions.