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Journal articles on the topic 'Biologia animale'
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1
Tibaldeo, Roberto Franzini. "Animale, "transanimale" e umano nel pensiero di Hans Jonas." Pensando - Revista de Filosofia 6, no. 11 (July 27, 2015): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.26694/pensando.v6i11.3606.
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Il pensiero di Hans Jonas, specie per quel che riguarda la cosiddetta “biologia filosofica”, tratta indirettamente del rapporto tra essere umano e animale. A questo riguardo, Jonas rifiuta sia l’approccio dualistico, sia quello monistico-riduzionistico e propende al contrario per una complessiva reinterpretazione del fenomeno della vita nei termini di quel che egli definisce una “rivoluzione ontologica”. In virtù di ciò, il pensatore rintraccia lo specifico del fenomeno della vita e individua nelle forme viventi una scala naturae di complessità, auto-trascendimento e libertà via via crescenti, le cui tappe significative sono la vita organica, quella animale e quella umana. Per quel che concerne la forma animale, varie specie presentano “potenzialità trans-animali”, che evidenziano un ponte biologico e ontologico verso l’essere umano. In altre parole, l’animale è in qualche modo in grado di prefigurare la forma di vita specificamente umana. Tuttavia, sostiene Jonas, non appena quest’ultima fa la propria comparsa, essa è tale per cui se ne evidenzia al tempo stesso anche lo “iato metafisico” rispetto alla vita animale. La specificità umana si manifesta nella propria capacità di essere responsabile e di preservare le condizioni basilari per una vita autentica sul pianeta.
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Canadelli, Elena. "La morte di Filippo De Filippi a Hong Kong (1867). Il racconto inedito di un missionario." Natural History Sciences 153, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2012.85.
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Il saggio si concentra sulla morte dello zoologo Filippo De Filippi, avvenuta il 9 febbraio 1867 a Hong Kong durante la circumnavigazione del globo della corvetta a elica italiana Magenta. Viene proposta integralmente una lettera del 29 agosto 1867 spedita da Bernardo Viganò, il missionario del Seminario Lombardo delle Missioni Estere di Milano che assistette De Filippi nelle ultime settimane di vita, al direttore del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Emilio Cornalia. Questo documento, fino a oggi inedito, costituisce una preziosa testimonianza della morte di uno degli zoologi italiani più noti dell’Ottocento, tra i primi in Italia ad aderire alla teoria dell’evoluzione con la conferenza<em> L’uomo e le scimie</em> del 1864. L’articolo ricostruisce inoltre le polemiche e le poco note vicende testamentarie che seguirono alla morte di De Filippi. Il lavoro si serve di molti documenti inediti provenienti per la maggior parte dal carteggio di Emilio Cornalia, conservato nella Biblioteca del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, dall’Archivio Storico dell’Università di Torino e dalla Biblioteca del Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell’Uomo della stessa Università.
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Anggoro, Florencia, Sandra Waxman, and Douglas Medin. "Language and Experience Influence Children's Biological Induction." Journal of Cognition and Culture 10, no. 1-2 (2010): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853710x497220.
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AbstractChildren's reasoning about biological concepts is influenced not only by their experiences in the natural world and in their classrooms, but also by the way that these concepts are named. In English, 'animal' can refer either to (a) exclusively non-human animals, or (b) all animate beings (human and non-human animals). In Indonesian, this category of animate beings has no dedicated name. Here, we ask whether this difference in naming has consequences for children's reasoning about humans and non-human animals. Results from English- and Indonesian-speaking children reveals differences in reasoning at age 6, differences that become attenuated by age 9. These results suggest that not only naming practices, but also biologically-relevant formal and informal learning experiences, influence children's reasoning about biological concepts.
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Hemsworth, P. H. "The biological basis of animals’ responses to man." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600021577.
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With the exception of the immediate family, many humans interact more with domesticated animals than they do with other humans. These interactions are often frequent and intense and consequently complex and strong social relationships can be formed between humans and domesticated animals. Results of recent research on the interactions between humans and farm animals indicate some surprising and substantial consequences for the animals and the objective of this paper is to review some of this recent research, particularly that concerned with the biological basis of the response of farm animals to humans. The results of recent research by my colleagues and I, particularly on commercial pigs, will be utilized heavily in this paper.In intensive animal production the animal frequently has to respond to the presence of humans and to handling by humans. One of the main motivations of the animal which will determine the animal's response to humans is fear. Although there is debate concerning the concept and measurement of fear, we have adopted a functional approach in studying the behavioural responses of farm animals to humans.
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Boivin, X., J. Lensink, C. Tallet, and I. Veissier. "Stockmanship and Farm Animal Welfare." Animal Welfare 12, no. 4 (November 2003): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600026075.
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AbstractHuman factors (attitudes, personality traits, self-esteem, job satisfaction) strongly determine our behaviour towards animals, animal production and animal welfare. Recent studies have emphasised positive human contacts as indicators of a stockperson's positive attitude towards animals and towards animal welfare in general. Stockmanship can be improved by careful selection of people and/or by training. However, little is known of the biological basis of the effect of stock handling procedures on the welfare of animals. The animal's perception of the stockperson (based both on emotional responses and cognitive aspects such as anticipation, recognition and categorisation), and the existence of sensitive periods in an animal's life, need to be explored in more depth, especially under farm conditions. We need to consider the complexity of human behaviour (eg husbandry practices, balance between positive and negative interactions, predictability, controllability) and its effect on animal welfare from the animal's point of view throughout its whole life. This paper identifies the importance of positive human contacts for both animals and stockpeople, and highlights the challenge to maintain such positive contacts despite the trend in modern agriculture to increase the number of animals per stockperson. This requires better knowledge of animal genetics, socialisation to humans during sensitive periods, and management of the social group. We emphasise the ethical importance of the human-animal relationship in the context of farm animal welfare and productivity.
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Bayanati, Shiva, and Ida Toivonen. "Humans, Animals, Things and Animacy." Open Linguistics 5, no. 1 (June 15, 2019): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2019-0010.
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AbstractAnimacy influences the patterns of subject-verb agreement marking in many languages, including Persian and Inari Saami. In Persian, animate plural subjects trigger plural agreement on the verb, whereas inanimate subjects may or may not trigger agreement. The variation is governed by factors such as personification, agency and distributivity. In Inari Saami, verbs fully agree with human subjects and verbs partially agree with inanimate subjects. Verbs may or may not agree with subjects referring to animals. We argue that the intricate interaction between biological animacy and grammatical agreement in these two languages warrants careful consideration of the tripartite distinction between biological animacy in the world, our conceptualization of animacy and formal animacy features in the grammar.
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Attebery, Stina. "Coshaping Digital and Biological Animals." Humanimalia 6, no. 2 (March 6, 2015): 56–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.9912.
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This paper considers how video games featuring animals as biological resources are simulating the types of “messy coshapings” that Donna Haraway values in companion species relationships, despite relocating these coshapings to a digital environment. The two game franchises that I am using for this argument—Pikmin and Pokémon—feature animal-like digital creatures who can be situated alongside biological animals through their imbrication in similar biopolitical structures of pet ownership, breeding and genetic manipulation, and animal training. I argue that embodied relationships of dominance and biopower become recoded in these digital spaces through a process similar to Eugene Thacker’s “biological exchanges,” where biology becomes both material and immaterial through processes like bioinformatics. In these two game worlds, biological exchanges occur through the tension between the player’s instrumentalization of animal biopower and the depiction of these creatures as affective and vulnerable. By emphasizing the vulnerability of digital animals under a system of biopower, Pikmin and Pokémon invite the player to decode her experiences managing immaterial, digital animal populations in order to rethink her relationships with embodied, biological animals.
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Hernik, Mikołaj, Pasco Fearon, and Gergely Csibra. "Action anticipation in human infants reveals assumptions about anteroposterior body-structure and action." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1781 (April 22, 2014): 20133205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3205.
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Animal actions are almost universally constrained by the bilateral body-plan. For example, the direction of travel tends to be constrained by the orientation of the animal's anteroposterior axis. Hence, an animal's behaviour can reliably guide the identification of its front and back, and its orientation can reliably guide action prediction. We examine the hypothesis that the evolutionarily ancient relation between anteroposterior body-structure and behaviour guides our cognitive processing of agents and their actions. In a series of studies, we demonstrate that, after limited exposure, human infants as young as six months of age spontaneously encode a novel agent as having a certain axial direction with respect to its actions and rely on it when anticipating the agent's further behaviour. We found that such encoding is restricted to objects exhibiting cues of agency and does not depend on generalization from features of familiar animals. Our research offers a new tool for investigating the perception of animate agency and supports the proposal that the underlying cognitive mechanisms have been shaped by basic biological adaptations in humans.
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Pinheiro, Michele Da Costa, Priscilla Maria Peixoto Patrício, Kátia Maria Famadas, and Elizabete Captivo Lourenço. "MORCEGOS (MAMMALIA: CHIROPTERA) NA PERCEPÇÃO DE ALUNOS DO ENSINO MÉDIO DO MUNICÍPIO DO RIO DE JANEIRO – A IMPORTÂNCIA DO ENSINO DE CIÊNCIAS/ BIOLOGIA NA CONSERVAÇÃO DOS MORCEGOS." REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EXTENSÃO UNIVERSITÁRIA 9, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24317/2358-0399.2018v9i1.6801.
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Chiroptera é um grupo diverso em relação a seus hábitos alimentares e refúgios, além de apresentarem importante papel ecológico no ecossistema. No entanto, a grande parte da população não conhece sobre a biologia e ecologia desses animais e os temem por serem associados a animais maléficos. O presente trabalho objetivou apresentar a percepção dos alunos do Ensino Médio de duas escolas no município do Rio de Janeiro a respeito dos morcegos e as mudanças decorrentes no conhecimento desses animais após um trabalho de educação ambiental. Para isso foram utilizados questionários abertos antes da aula expositiva e prática e outro após o trabalho de educação ambiental. Nas aulas os alunos puderam conhecer um pouco da biologia, diversidade e curiosidades sobre os morcegos, além de tocar em exemplares taxidermizados e tirar dúvidas sobre a ecologia desses animais. Foram analisados questionários de 122 alunos e pôde-se perceber que, após as aulas, o conhecimento da biologia dos morcegos aumentou, com maior número de itens assinalados a respeito da alimentação e refúgio. Além do aumento de referências de afetividade/ajuda e de entendimento sobre a importância dos morcegos nos ecossistemas. Pode-se concluir através desse estudo que a escola é uma ótima ferramenta para expandir o acesso ao conhecimento na realização de atividades extracurriculares, de modo a auxiliar na consolidação de atividades em prol da conservação dos morcegos.
Palavras-chave: Educação Ambiental, Concepções Prévias, Mitos, Crendices, Etnozoologia
Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in the perception of high school students in the city of Rio de Janeiro - an importance of the Science / Biology class in bats conservation
Abstract: Chiroptera is a diverse group in relation to their eating habits and refuges, besides presenting an important ecological role in the ecosystem. However, much of the population does not know about the biology and ecology of these animals and fear them for being associated with malefic animals. The present work aimed to present the perception of the high school students of two schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro regarding bats and the resulting changes in the knowledge of these animals after an environmental education work. For that, we used open questionnaires before the lecture and practice class and another after the environmental education work. In the classes, the students were able to get to know some of the biology, diversity and curiosities about bats, as well as playing on taxidermized specimens and doubting the ecology of these animals. A total of 122 questionnaires were analyzed and it was possible to observe that, after classes, knowledge of bats biology increased, with a greater number of items related to food and shelter. In addition to increasing references to affection/ help and understanding about the importance of bats in ecosystems. It can be concluded from this study that the school is a great tool to expand access to knowledge in the accomplishment of extracurricular activities, in order to help consolidate activities for the conservation of bats.
Keywords: Environmental Education, Previous Concepts, Myths, Creeds, Ethnozoology
Murciélagos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) en la percepción de alumnos de la Escuela Secundaria del municipio de Río de Janeiro - la importancia de la enseñanza de Ciencias / Biología en la conservación de los murciélagos
Resumen: Chiroptera es un grupo diverso en relación a sus hábitos alimenticios y refugios, además de presentar un importante papel ecológico en el ecosistema. Sin embargo, la gran parte de la población no conoce sobre la biología y la ecología de estos animales y los temen por estar asociados a animales maléficos. El presente trabajo objetivó presentar la percepción de los alumnos de la Enseñanza Media de dos escuelas en el municipio de Río de Janeiro respecto a los murciélagos y los cambios que se derivan del conocimiento de estos animales tras un trabajo de educación ambiental. Para ello se utilizaron cuestionarios abiertos antes de la clase expositiva y práctica y otro después del trabajo de educación ambiental. En las clases los alumnos pudieron conocer un poco de la biología, diversidad y curiosidades sobre los murciélagos, además de tocar en ejemplares taxidermizados y sacar dudas sobre la ecología de esos animales. Se analizaron cuestionarios de 122 alumnos y se pudo percibir que, después de las clases, el conocimiento de la biología de los murciélagos aumentó, con mayor número de ítems señalados respecto a la alimentación y refugio. Además del aumento de referencias de afectividad / ayuda y de entendimiento sobre la importancia de los murciélagos en los ecosistemas. Se puede concluir a través de este estudio que la escuela es una óptima herramienta para expandir el acceso al conocimiento en la realización de actividades extracurriculares, para auxiliar en la consolidación de actividades en favor de la conservación de los murciélagos.
Palabras-clave: Educación Ambiental, Conceptos anteriores, Mitos, Creencias, Etnozoología
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DUCROT, C., B. BED’HOM, V. BERINGUE, J. B. COULON, C. FOURICHON, J. L. GUERIN, S. KREBS, et al. "Enjeux et spécificités de la recherche en santé animale." INRAE Productions Animales 23, no. 4 (November 14, 2010): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2010.23.4.3314.
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Dans le contexte très évolutif de la recherche en santé animale, une réflexion sur ses enjeux, ses spécificités et ses synergies avec la recherche biomédicale, a été conduite à l’initiative de l’INRA. Affirmés au premier chef par l’OMS, la FAO et l’OIE, les enjeux en santé animale, hors des maladies transmissibles à l’Homme, sont énormes et touchent à la sécurité alimentaire, l’économie de l’agriculture et l’ensemble des activités économiques qui en découlent. S’y ajoutent les enjeux de santé publique (zoonoses, xénobiotiques, antibiorésistance), environnementaux et de bien-être animal. La recherche en santé animale présente des spécificités d’ordre méthodologique et scientifique, liées notamment aux particularités biologiques des espèces domestiques et aux pratiques d’élevage. Elle n’a pas les mêmes questionnements scientifiques qu’en biologie humaine même lorsqu’elle traite des mêmes agents pathogènes et, connectée aux autres sciences animales (génétique, physiologie, zootechnie), elle s’enracine dans une réalité agricole et économique très spécifique. Des synergies génériques et méthodologiques existent néanmoins avec la recherche biomédicale, en particulier autour des outils et des modèles biologiques. Certaines espèces domestiques (tel le porc) présentent en outre des similitudes fonctionnelles avec l’Homme, plus que le rongeur de laboratoire. Ainsi la singularité de la recherche en santé animale par rapport à la recherche en biologie humaine devrait être prise en compte dans son organisation, son évaluation et son financement, via une politique de reconnaissance des enjeux spécifiques. Simultanément, l’approche one health devrait faciliter une collaboration approfondie entre recherche en biologie humaine et recherche en santé animale, à l’échelle des équipes ou des programmes.
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Konstantinou, Loukas. "Animal abuse – Child abuse. There is no biological necessity." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 76, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2019/0922.
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Kominsky, Jonathan F., Patrick Shafto, and Elizabeth Bonawitz. "“There’s something inside”: Children’s intuitions about animate agents." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): e0251081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251081.
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From infancy, humans have the ability to distinguish animate agents from inert objects, and preschoolers map biological and mechanical insides to their appropriate kinds. However, less is known about how identifying something as an animate agent shapes specific inferences about its internal properties. Here, we test whether preschool children (N = 92; North American population) have specifically biological expectations about animate agents, or if they have more general expectations that animate agents should have an internal source of motion. We presented preschoolers with videos of two puppets: a “self-propelled” fur-covered puppet, and a fur-covered puppet that is seen to be moved by a human actor. In addition, we presented preschoolers with images of a familiar artifact (motorcycle) and familiar animal (sheep). For each item, we asked them to choose what they thought was inside each of these entities: nothing, biological insides, or mechanical insides. Preschoolers were less likely to say that a self-propelled fur-covered object was empty, compared to a fur-covered object that was moved by a human actor, which converges with past work with infants. However, preschoolers showed no specifically biological expectations about these objects, despite being able to accurately match biological insides to familiar animals and mechanical insides to familiar artifacts on the follow-up measure. These results suggest that preschoolers do not have specifically biological expectations about animate agents as a category, but rather general expectations that such agents should not be empty inside.
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Seryogin, I. G., L. P. Mikhaleva, and V. E. Nikitchenko. "Animal care assessment of meat producers of animal and animals used for control of biological." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries, no. 2 (2014): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2014-2-66-72.
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Bento, MHL, AC Ouwehand, K. Tiihonen, S. Lahtinen, P. Nurminen, MT Saarinen, H. Schulze, T. Mygind, and J. Fischer. "Essential oils and their use in animal feeds for monogastric animals – Effects on feed quality, gut microbiota, growth performance and food safety: a review." Veterinární Medicína 58, No. 9 (October 29, 2013): 449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7029-vetmed.
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Essential oils (EOs) are important aromatic components of herbs and spices and their biological activities have been known and utilised since ancient times in perfumery, food preservation, flavouring, and medicine. Some of their biological activities include antibacterial, antifungal, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects amongst others. EOs have received attention in recent years as potential ‘natural’ alternatives for replacing antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in animal diets due to their positive impact on growth performance, gut microbiota and welfare. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of our own published and unpublished data on the antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activity of thymol and cinnamaldehyde (TC blend), and to describe the effects of this specific EO blend on gut microbiota, growth performance and welfare, carcass characteristics and food safety. The possible modes of action of EOs are discussed and areas for future research are proposed.
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Bianchi, M. A. F., R. H. Mello, H. Bianchi, J. L. Bermond Júnior, and P. A. F. Ibrahim. "Restrain of birds with bottles of polyethylene terephthalate, tested in red-browed from the Atlantic Forest." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 68, no. 1 (February 2016): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-8604.
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In wild animals, containment is the moment of greatest stress caused by the investigator to the animal due to its natural resistance to the moment of capture, handling, containment and transport, attitudes frankly contrary to his nature. In birds, the restraint must meet certain criteria in order to control the animal's movements, avoiding trauma at the same time that you need to keep your breathing amplitude. The high risk of death during the restraint of these animals raised the need to design a device, from bottles of poly ethylene terephthalate (PET), for containing parrots-browed Amazon (Amazona rhodocorytha), a parrot endemic to the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil, and endangered with extinction, which allowed the observation of respiration, the reduction of handling time of birds for collection of biological material, and consequent reduction of stress and risk of death during the evaluation of several biological data and health of the bird. The PET bottle container can be used as a model for any bird, provided it suits the size of the animal.
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VEISSIER, I. "Expérimentation animale : biologie, éthique, réglementation." INRAE Productions Animales 12, no. 5 (July 1, 1999): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.1999.12.5.3897.
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L’expérimentation sur des animaux, êtres vivants sensibles, reçoit souvent des critiques car elle peut entraîner des souffrances qui, aux yeux de certains, sont injustifiées. Cet article a pour objectif d’apporter des éléments de biologie, d’éthique et de réglementation à la réflexion sur la légitimité de l’expérimentation animale. Les réactions de stress et les symptômes de la douleur sont décrits. Etant donné que ces réactions peuvent avoir des conséquences sur le fonctionnement de l’organisme, il apparaît nécessaire de limiter le stress lors des expériences (à moins que cela soit le sujet d’étude). La réflexion éthique renvoie à ce qu’il est recevable ou non de faire. Bien que le statut de l’animal ait évolué de celui d’objet au service de l’Homme vers celui d’être sensible motivé pour vivre, les philosophes accordent généralement une place à l’expérimentation animale, arguant d’une certaine différence entre l’Homme et l’animal. De leur côté, certains biologistes proposent des règles de conduites (3 R : remplacement, réduction, raffinement) ou des modes d’évaluation de la recherche permettant de peser d’une part l’intérêt d’une expérimentation et d’autre part les contraintes imposées aux animaux. La réglementation française en matière d’expérimentation animale repose sur l’autorisation des chercheurs. Dans d’autres pays, les projets d’expérimentation doivent faire l’objet d’une autorisation après évaluation par un comité composé à la fois de chercheurs et de personnes n’expérimentant pas sur animaux.
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Costa-Neto, Eraldo M. "Animal-based medicines: biological prospection and the sustainable use of zootherapeutic resources." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 77, no. 1 (March 2005): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652005000100004.
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Animals have been used as medicinal resources for the treatment and relieve of a myriad of illnesses and diseases in practically every human culture. Although considered by many as superstition, the pertinence of traditional medicine based on animals cannot be denied since they have been methodically tested by pharmaceutical companies as sources of drugs to the modern medical science. The phenomenon of zootherapy represents a strong evidence of the medicinal use of animal resources. Indeed, drug companies and agribusiness firms have been evaluating animals for decades without paying anything to the countries from where these genetic resources are found. The use of animals' body parts as folk medicines is relevant because it implies additional pressure over critical wild populations. It is argued that many animal species have been overexploited as sources of medicines for the traditional trade. Additionally, animal populations have become depleted or endangered as a result of their use as experimental subjects or animal models. Research on zootherapy should be compatible with the welfare of the medicinal animals, and the use of their by-products should be done in a sustainable way. It is discussed that sustainability is now required as the guiding principle for biological conservation.
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Fish, F. E. "ACTIVELY ANIMATED ANIMALS: Animal Locomotion." Journal of Experimental Biology 207, no. 4 (February 1, 2004): 568–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00815.
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MUNRO, LYLE. "Future Animal: Environmental and Animal Welfare Perspectives on the Genetic Engineering of Animals." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 10, no. 3 (June 29, 2001): 314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180101003115.
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Genetic engineering is a social invention as much as a biological one. Ordinary citizens interested in the well-being of life on the planet should therefore be involved in the ethical debates concerning the future of nonhuman animals. The creations of genetic engineers ought to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis by what the American philosopher R. G. Frey calls “a jury of concerned individuals.” Frey is an advocate for putting animals in perspective, which means that animals matter, but not as much as humans. He therefore supports the prevailing moral orthodoxy, which currently in the West means that animals can be eaten, dissected, hunted, and exhibited, provided that these things are done humanely and that the benefits to humans outweigh the harms to the animals. The “concerned individual,” he suggests, would have no objection to humans killing animals as long as the animals do not suffer. In the present paper, my aim is to raise some of the ethical, welfare, and social issues from an animal-protectionist perspective which ordinary citizens would need to consider if they were ever asked to vote on the benefits or otherwise of the impact of genetic engineering on animal welfare.
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Lozon, J. D., and H. J. MacIsaac. "Biological invasions: are they dependent on disturbance?" Environmental Reviews 5, no. 2 (June 2, 1997): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a97-007.
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We utilize literature surveys to examine the relationship between establishment of exotic species and human or natural disturbances of ecosystems. Of the 133 papers published in 10 ecological journals between 1993 and 1995, 63 reported on field studies involving 299 and 103 successful, nonredundant plant and animal introductions, respectively. Invasions of terrestrial ecosystems dominated (>>97%) the surveyed literature. Disturbance was associated with establishment of exotic species in 56% of these studies, though its importance differed among papers describing plants (68%) and animals (28%). Plants species (86%) were significantly more dependent on disturbance for establishment than were animals (12%). However, animals and plants that were dependent on disturbance for establishment were almost equally dependent (58 versus 68%) on it for range expansion. In a second survey, 402 plant and 103 animal taxa were identified that explicitly linked establishment of exotic species to disturbance. Human activities were attributed with establishment of species in 97 and 57% of these cases, respectively. Common mechanisms associated with establishment of exotic animals included ballast water discharge, intentional releases, and residential development. Establishment of exotic plants was associated with animal activities (e.g., grazing, seed introduction), soil disturbance, forestry, fire, agriculture, and human activities. In contrast to invasions theory, our survey indicates that the association between establishment and spread of exotic species and disturbance ought not be assumed a priori. Some animals repeatedly invade new habitats once geographic barriers are circumvented, indicating that communities may be more receptive to exotic species than previously acknowledged. By contrast, introduced plants established most often in disturbed habitats.
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Johnson, Susan C. "Folk taxonomies and folk theories: The case of Williams syndrome." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 4 (August 1998): 578–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98321275.
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Work with people with Williams syndrome is reviewed relative to Atran's claim that the universality of taxonomic rank in the animal and plant domains derives from a biological construal of generic species. From this work it is argued that a biological construal of animals is not necessary for the construction of the adult taxonomy of animals and therefore that the existence of an animal (or plant) taxonomy cannot be taken as evidence of a biological domain.
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Wemelsfelder, F. "How animals communicate quality of life: the qualitative assessment of behaviour." Animal Welfare 16, S1 (May 2007): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600031699.
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AbstractThe notion ‘quality of life’ (QoL) suggests that welfare in animals encompasses more than just an absence of suffering; it concerns the quality of an animal's entire relationship with its environment, of how it lives its life. Judgements of such quality are based on the integration of perceived details of how animals behave over time in different contexts. The scientific status of such judgements has long been ambiguous, but in recent decades has begun to be addressed by animal scientists. This paper starts with a brief review of qualitative approaches to the study of animal behaviour, which tend to address characteristics such as individuality, personality, and emotionality. The question then arises whether such characteristics involve a subjective, experiential aspect, and identify animals as sentient beings. The second half of this paper argues that taking the integrative nature of qualitative judgements seriously enables a ‘whole animal’ perspective, through which it becomes possible to view behaviour as a dynamic, expressive body language that provides a basis for assessing the quality of an animal's experience (eg contented, anxious). Judging this quality is a skill that requires knowledge of species-specific behaviour, experience in observing and interacting with animals in different contexts, and a willingness to communicate with animals as sentient beings. A substantial body of research indicates that this skill can function reliably in a scientific context, and can be applied usefully as a practical welfare assessment tool. Thus qualitative approaches to the study of animal behaviour should make an important contribution to the growing interest in animal QoL.
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Nur, Indriyani. "Biological Characteristics of the Wedge Sea Hare (Dolabella auricularia)." International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 6, no. 1 (2023): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000441.
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Dolabella auricularia, also known as the wedge sea hare, is a marine species which belongs to the gastropods. Dolabella is called the sea hare because it has rhinophores, the two rabbit-ears-like tentacles on the top of their head. These animals have secondary metabolites which are important in biomedical research. In addition, this animal is also known as an algae cropper, so that it is utilized in aquaculture to clean seawater systems. This short article describes the biological properties of it so that it becomes a marine biota that can be utilized in biomedicine and aquaculture.
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Kostecká, Z., and J. Blahovec. "Animal insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and their biological functions." Veterinární Medicína 47, No. 2 - 3 (March 30, 2012): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5807-vetmed.
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Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I, IGF-II) action is influenced by until today known eight forms of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs). They have been obtained not only from some human and animal tissues and body fluids but also from conditioned medium of cell cultures. An important biological property of the IGFBPs is their ability to increase the circulating half-life of the IGFs. They are able to act as potentiators of cell proliferation. As IGFBPs bind to cell surfaces, they may act either to deliver the IGFs to those surfaces for activation of specific receptors or to activate cell responses independently of receptor activation. Phosphorylation, glycosylation and proteolysis of IGFBPs influence their affinity to IGFs. The IGFBPs in the role of inhibitors may block the activity of the IGFs and be used for antimitogenic therapy. In the last time measuring of IGFBPs levels can be used for diagnosis determination of some endocrine diseases or in differential diagnostics.
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Caicedo M., Oscar David. "El concepto biológico de cultura. Las raíces animales de la cultura humana." Thémata Revista de Filosofía, no. 53 (2016): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/themata.2016.i53.06.
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Mayer, Martin F. "Aristotelische Biologie. Eine Synopsis." Peitho. Examina Antiqua 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 83–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pea.2020.1.4.
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In no field of knowledge did Aristotle leave more writings than in biology. He conducted research for longer and more intensively in zoology than in any other field. In these writings he mentions a good 550 animal and 60 plant species. While this includes the internal anatomy of around 110 animals, he dissected 60 species himself. The present contribution deals with the epistemic motifs and the meaning of Aristotelian biology in the context of his scientific curriculum. It is thus demonstrated that in De anima Aristotle’s actual explanations are preceded by an investigation of the principles, which aims to differentiate living objects from inanimate ones, and to develop a method of explanation based on the species-specific vital functions of living beings. This article provides an overview of the four main disciplines of Aristotelian biology: comparative anatomy, physiology, genetics and behavioral research. The text offers tabular overviews of the animals and plants dealt with by Aristotle.
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Iskra, R., V. Vlislo, and R. Fedoruk. "Biological efficiency of citrates of microelements in animal breeding." Agricultural Science and Practice 4, no. 3 (December 15, 2017): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp4.03.028.
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To ensure normal functioning of the organism of animals, the maintenance of their vital functions, the growth and development of the young animals, their productive and reproductive capacities, it is necessary to ensure their full nutrition. Unbalanced mineral nutrition in the diet of the animals leads to the impairments of mineral metabolism in their body. One of the most promising way of obtaining micronutrients with guaranteed safety and bioticity is the use of the achievements of nanotechnology and bioorganic chemistry for the synthesis of organometallic biocomplexes, in particular, citrates. The Institute of Animal Biology of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine conducts studies to fi nd out the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of the action of nanoaquacitrate minerals in the organism of animals in different periods of ontogenetic devel- opment and productive use. It has been established that the trace elements of microelements are biologically active and safe for health, and their use in livestock breeding leads to increased animal vitality and productivity.
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Wang, Wan Fu, Fa Si Wu, Ai Hong Ji, and Hu Yuan Feng. "Advancement and Prospect of Bionic Techniques in the Conservation of the Cultural Heritage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 461 (November 2013): 469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.461.469.
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The ancient wall paintings and earthen architecture ruins are the most important part of cultural heritage. Inhabitation and locomotion of animals are major factors that lead to biodegradation and biodeterioration at the cultural heritage sites. In this miniview, based on our team work of cultural relics conservation in recent years, the latest findings domestic and overseas in fields of ethology and bionics were summarized, focusing on the correlated methods and techniques that can be used into cross-over study of cultural relics conservation. Animal's biting, nesting, cocooning, crawling, and scratching are all behavioral process that easily bring damage to cultural heritage, such as ancient murals, architectures, earth ruins and so on. Both modern video record techniques and animal motion trajectory analysis may be taken use to improve the analytic accuracy of gait information for animals that crawling on the surface of cultural relics, which promoted the related study of motor pattern, behavior process, and damage pattern of animals to cultural relics. The three dimensional tiny force sensor with high resolution can be used for measuring normal adhesive force and tangential friction force of animals that contacted the surface of fragile cultural relics, which make animal adhesion modeling and historical relics mechanical model constructing possible, and provide newly evidence for biomechanics process illumination of animals locomotion. Totally, the application of the bionic techniques to the study of animals behavioral characteristics will provide new opportunity to better clarify the biological damaging mechanisms of cultural relics and control animal bioderioration, which will drive the development of cultural relics conservation technology in the near future.
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Sántha, Miklós. "Biologia futura: animal testing in drug development—the past, the present and the future." Biologia Futura 71, no. 4 (October 21, 2020): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42977-020-00050-4.
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AbstractAnimal experiments have served to improve our knowledge on diseases and treatment approaches since ancient times. Today, animal experiments are widely used in medical, biomedical and veterinary research, and are essential means of drug development and preclinical testing, including toxicology and safety studies. Recently, great efforts have been made to replace animal experiments with in vitro organoid culture methods and in silico predictions, in agreement with the 3R strategy to “reduce, refine and replace” animals in experimental testing, as outlined by the European Commission. Here we present a mini-review on the development of animal testing, as well as on alternative in vitro and in silico methods, that may at least partly replace animal experiments in the near future.
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Denniston, James C., Ralph R. Miller, and Helena Matute. "Biological Significance as a Determinant of Cue Competition." Psychological Science 7, no. 6 (November 1996): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00383.x.
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Many researchers have noted the similarities between causal judgment in humans and Pavlovian conditioning in animals One recently noted discrepancy between these two forms of learning is the absence of backward blocking in animals, in contrast with its occurrence in human causality judgment Here we report two experiments that investigated the role of biological significance in backward blocking as a potential explanation of this discrepancy With rats as subjects, we used sensory preconditioning and second-order conditioning procedures, which allowed the to-be-blocked cue to retain low biological significance during training for some animals, but not for others Backward blocking was observed only when the target cue was of low biological significance during training These results suggest that the apparent discrepancy between human causal judgment and animal Pavlovian conditioning arises not because of a species difference, but because human causality studies ordinarily use stimuli of low biological significance, whereas animal Pavlovian studies ordinarily use stimuli of high biological significance, which are apparently protected against cue competition
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Stuart-Fox, Devi, Elizabeth Newton, and Susana Clusella-Trullas. "Thermal consequences of colour and near-infrared reflectance." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1724 (May 22, 2017): 20160345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0345.
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The importance of colour for temperature regulation in animals remains controversial. Colour can affect an animal's temperature because all else being equal, dark surfaces absorb more solar energy than do light surfaces, and that energy is converted into heat. However, in reality, the relationship between colour and thermoregulation is complex and varied because it depends on environmental conditions and the physical properties, behaviour and physiology of the animal. Furthermore, the thermal effects of colour depend as much on absorptance of near-infrared ((NIR), 700–2500 nm) as visible (300–700 nm) wavelengths of direct sunlight; yet the NIR is very rarely considered or measured. The few available data on NIR reflectance in animals indicate that the visible reflectance is often a poor predictor of NIR reflectance. Adaptive variation in animal coloration (visible reflectance) reflects a compromise between multiple competing functions such as camouflage, signalling and thermoregulation. By contrast, adaptive variation in NIR reflectance should primarily reflect thermoregulatory requirements because animal visual systems are generally insensitive to NIR wavelengths. Here, we assess evidence and identify key research questions regarding the thermoregulatory function of animal coloration, and specifically consider evidence for adaptive variation in NIR reflectance. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application’.
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Fascetti, Andrea J. "Nutritional management and disease prevention in healthy dogs and cats." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, suppl spe (July 2010): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001300006.
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Healthy animals normally eat sufficient food to satisfy their energy requirements. It is one of the jobs of the nutritionist to ensure that all other nutrient needs have been met when animals stop eating because they have met their energy needs. While dogs and cats are members of the biological order Carnivora, scientific observation and research support that differences in their metabolism and nutritional requirements exist. However, the goal in feeding both species is the same; to optimize the health and well-being of the individual. This approach results in dietary recommendations that will vary from individual animal to animal, based on a variety of factors that include the animal's signalment, occupation and environment. Feeding approaches vary between the two species and within the same species during different physiological life stages. However, the practice of feeding to maintain a lean body condition is a common goal. The maintenance of a lean body condition has been proven to increase both the quantity and quality of life in dogs. Currently, similar data does not exist in cats but is suspected to hold true. Each dog and cat's feeding program should be assessed routinely and adjustments made as indicated based on the animal's body condition, life stage and general health.
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Fraser, D., D. M. Weary, E. A. Pajor, and B. N. Milligan. "A Scientific Conception of Animal Welfare that Reflects Ethical Concerns." Animal Welfare 6, no. 3 (August 1997): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600019795.
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AbstractScientific research on ‘animal welfare’ began because of ethical concerns over the quality of life of animals, and the public looks to animal welfare research for guidance regarding these concerns. The conception of animal welfare used by scientists must relate closely to these ethical concerns if the orientation of the research and the interpretation of the findings is to address them successfully.At least three overlapping ethical concerns are commonly expressed regarding the quality of life of animals: (1) that animals should lead natural lives through the development and use of their natural adaptations and capabilities, (2) that animals should feel well by being free from prolonged and intense fear, pain, and other negative states, and by experiencing normal pleasures, and (3) that animals should function well, in the sense of satisfactory health, growth and normal functioning of physiological and behavioural systems. Various scientists have proposed restricted conceptions of animal welfare that relate to only one or other of these three concerns. Some such conceptions are based on value positions about what is truly important for the quality of life of animals or about the nature of human responsibility for animals in their care. Others are operational claims: (1) that animal welfare research must focus on the functioning of animals because subjective experiences fall outside the realm of scientific enquiry, or (2) that studying the functioning of animals is sufficient because subjective experiences and functioning are closely correlated. We argue that none of these positions provides fully satisfactory guidance for animal welfare research.We suggest instead that ethical concerns about the quality of life of animals can be better captured by recognizing three classes of problems that may arise when the adaptations possessed by an animal do not fully correspond to the challenges posed by its current environment. (I) If animals possess adaptations that no longer serve a significant function in the new environment, then unpleasant subjective experiences may arise, yet these may not be accompanied by significant disruption to biological functioning. Thus, a bucket-fed calf may experience a strong, frustrated desire to suck, even though it obtains adequate milk. (2) If the environment poses challenges for which the animal has no corresponding adaptation, then functional problems may arise, yet these may not be accompanied by significant effects on subjective feelings. Thus, a pig breathing polluted air may develop lung damage without appearing to notice or mind the problem. (3) Where animals have adaptations corresponding to the kinds of environmental challenges they face, problems may still arise if the adaptations prove inadequate. For example, an animal's thermoregulatory adaptations may be insufficient in a very cold environment such that the animal both feels poorly and functions poorly. We propose that all three types of problems are causes of ethical concern over the quality of life of animals and that they together define the subject matter of animal welfare science.
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Hemery, Lenaïg G., Andrea E. Copping, and Dorian M. Overhus. "Biological Consequences of Marine Energy Development on Marine Animals." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 8460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248460.
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Marine energy devices harness power from attributes of ocean water to form a sustainable energy source. Knowledge gaps remain about whether marine energy systems can affect the environment, adding another threat to animal populations and habitats already under pressure from climate change and anthropogenic activities. To date, potential environmental effects have been studied under the scope of stressor–receptor interactions, where moving parts of, or emissions from, a system could harm the animals, habitats, and natural processes. While crucial for understanding effects and identifying knowledge gaps, this approach misses a holistic view of what animals may experience in the presence of marine energy systems. We look at six biological consequences and forces that drive the health of an animal population and the effects expected from marine energy development: success of early life stages; changes in competitive capabilities; growth and survival based on food availability; susceptibility to predators; injury or death; and reproductive success. We use case studies to develop this approach, focusing on a variety of marine animals. An approximate level of risk is assigned for each interaction based on the biological consequences. This work highlights the need to examine the effects of marine energy development on animal populations within their natural habitats.
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Bellefeuille, Anne, and Jocelyn Faubert. "Independence of Contour and Biological-Motion Cues for Motion-Defined Animal Shapes." Perception 27, no. 2 (February 1998): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p270225.
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The effects of different kinds of cues on the perception of second-order motion-defined animal shapes were assessed. In the first experiment discrimination thresholds for motion-defined animals without biological motion (non-BioM) were compared with motion-defined animals with biological motion (BioM). The results show no significant difference between the two conditions, suggesting that BioM does not interact with simple contour motion. In order to isolate the relative strength and interaction between the motion cues a second experiment was conducted where four conditions were used. The first condition consisted of animal contours with non-BioM, the second condition consisted of animal contours with BioM, the third condition was composed of dots present at the joints of the animals with non-BioM, and the fourth condition was composed of dots with BioM. In all cases the animal shapes traveled across the screen for a given number of frames. As in the first experiment, the results of the second study show no interaction between cues. Furthermore, the data show that the thresholds are similar whether BioM or contour cues are presented. The only condition which is significantly different is the condition without either contour or BioM cues. It is concluded that the form representation generated from these cues in motion-defined animal shapes consists of separate mechanisms which appear equally efficient for discrimination and which do not interact with one another.
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Argent, Gala. "Turns, tropes and terminology. Toward an interspecies ‘(inter)social’." Archaeological Dialogues 20, no. 2 (November 8, 2013): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203813000160.
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All living creatures exist with others in relationships – networks of ecological, biological, psychological and social interactions – that are ongoing and meaningful, and at some level affect their animate neighbours. This point seems so self-evident that it should not need stating. Yet in many instances both archaeologists and scholars within other disciplines remain mired within an anthropocentric metanarrative which serves the purpose of limiting the study of these relationships either to the human use, or to the (human) cultural construction, of non-human animals. That is changing. In arguing that a ‘shift . . . of emphasis to the live animal as an autonomous being with its own agency and even its known perspective on other species is long overdue’ (p. 116), Nick Overton and Yannis Hamiliakis offer a valuable contribution toward refining the ongoing archaeological re-examination of the potential gestalt of the human–animal social interface.
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Yatsenko, I. V. "Subject of forensic veterinary examination and its significance in the theory and practice of forensic examination." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 73 (December 15, 2022): 154–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.73.55.
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The article covers the issue of the forensic veterinary examination subject and reveals its significance in the theory and practice of forensic examination. It has been established that the subject of forensic veterinary examination is a set of factual data and circumstances of the case (proceedings) related to the harm caused to the health and life of the animal, in particular, the nature, mechanism, order, sequence, severity, lifetime or postmortem and the longevity of the formation of bodily injuries, the occurrence and spread of animal diseases, the occurrence of their injury or the cause of death, defective provision of veterinary care, safety and quality of animal feed and feed additives established by a forensic veterinary expert on the basis of using special knowledge, by using appropriate means (methods) based on the results of a comprehensive study of material and materialized objects, as carriers of information, in order to solve identification, diagnostic and situational tasks of forensic veterinary examination.
It is shown that the actual data and circumstances that constitute the subject of complex forensic veterinary-biological, veterinary-molecular-genetic, veterinary-ballistic, veterinary-art, etc., are carried out by integrating special knowledge, in particular, in veterinary medicine, animal biology, molecular genetics, ballistics, art history are: species, group, age, sex and organic-tissue belonging of biological material of animal origin the presence or absence of poisons in the body of animals and their poisoning (mammals, animal hydrobionts, bees, etc.); damage and pestilence of animal hydrobionts caused by electro trauma, damage and death of animals from the action of firearms, explosive or projectiles.
It is argued that the criterion for distinguishing closely related types of forensic examinations, in particular: forensic-veterinary, forensic-biological, forensic molecular-genetic, etc. are the properties of material objects of research and the direct subject of forensic-expert research. It is shown that the exact definition of the subject of forensic veterinary examination allowed: to develop and formulate typical issues, which are both tasks made for solving the forensic expert; outline the range of evidence that can be established during forensic veterinary examination; determine the nature of special knowledge of the forensic veterinary expert, which follows from the subject of forensic veterinary examination; conduct forensic veterinary examination of only those material objects that are material carriers of information within the subject of this examination or complex forensic examination by integrating special knowledge, in particular, in veterinary medicine and other sciences, in particular animal biology, toxicology, chemistry, ballistics, art criticism, etc.; to supplement part 2 of article 242 of the CPC with paragraph 6 on the obligatory appointment of a forensic veterinary examination to clarify the severity and nature of damage caused to the animal's health, as well as to determine the cause of death of animals; include recommendations on the appointment of a forensic veterinary examination in the content of methods for investigating certain types of offenses against animals; dissociate forensic veterinary examination from forensic examinations of related genera or species, in particular, forensic biological, forensic molecular genetics, etc.; develop methods and separate methods of forensic veterinary examination to study the properties of its specific material objects in order to obtain the information contained in them in order to solve typical expert tasks; initiate complex forensic veterinary and biological, veterinary-molecular-genetic, veterinary-ballistic, veterinary-art expertise, etc., by integrating special knowledge, in particular, in veterinary medicine, animal biology, molecular genetics, ballistics, art criticism, etc.; organize an effective forensic veterinary examination in a specialized expert institution; identify promising areas of research work in the field of forensic expertise in general and forensic veterinary expertise in particular.
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Zanini, Chiara, Rosa Rugani, Dunia Giomo, Francesca Peressotti, and Francesca Franzon. "Effects of animacy on the processing of morphological Number: a cognitive inheritance?" Word Structure 13, no. 1 (March 2020): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2020.0158.
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Language encodes into morphology part of the information present in the referential world. Some features are marked in the great majority of languages, such as the numerosity of the referents that is encoded in morphological Number. Other features do not surface as frequently in morphological markings, yet they are pervasive in natural languages. This is the case of animacy, that can ground Gender systems as well as constrain the surfacing of Number. The diffusion of numerosity and animacy could mirror their biological salience at the extra-linguistic cognitive level. Human extra-linguistic numerical abilities are phylogenetically ancient and are observed in non-human animal species, especially when counting salient animate entities such as social companions. Does the saliency of animacy influence the morphological encoding of Number in language processing? We designed an experiment to test the encoding of morphological Number in language processing in relation to animacy. In Italian, Gender and Number are mandatorily expressed in a fusional morpheme. In some nouns denoting animate referents, Gender encodes the sex of referents and is semantically interpretable. In some other animate nouns and in inanimate nouns, Gender is uninterpretable at the semantic level. We found that it is easier to inflect for Number nouns when the inflectional morpheme is interpretable with respect to a semantic feature related to animacy. We discuss the possibility that the primacy of animacy in counting is mirrored in morphological processing and that morphology is designed to easily express information that is salient from a cognitive point of view.
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Tilbrook, A. J., and C. R. Ralph. "Neurophysiological assessment of animal welfare." Animal Production Science 57, no. 12 (2017): 2370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17312.
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Livestock industries such as the pork industry are striving to continuously improve the welfare of animals. Inherent to the success of this is the ability to rigorously assess the welfare of animals in the field. While much progress has been made towards the development of methodology to assess the welfare of animals, there have been major challenges to establishing practical and definitive procedures to assess the welfare of animals. These include, but are not limited to, establishing a universally accepted definition of animal welfare and the choice of measures that are taken from the animal to assess its welfare. Measures of biological functioning and affective (emotional) state of the animal have been common, but there have been many limitations in terms of practical application. Some of the reasons for this include the choice of physiological measures, which are often restrictive in providing information about welfare, affective measures being restricted to specific behavioural measures and the biological-functioning and affective-states approaches being undertaken in isolation. Biological and affective functioning are integrated and controlled by the brain. Many of the regions of the brain involved in the regulation of biological and emotional functioning have been identified. Furthermore, there is considerable knowledge about the roles and interactions among the neurophysiological systems in these brain regions. We propose a strategy to use this knowledge to develop procedures to assess animal welfare. The initial phase is to identify the neural pathways that regulate the physiological and emotional processes that allow animals to adapt and cope. The next phase is to determine the activity of these pathways in conscious animals in the field. This requires the identification of biomarkers of specific neuronal activity that can be measured in the conscious animal in the field. Emerging technologies are offering promise in the identification of such biomarkers and some of these are already applicable to the pig. There is now the opportunity to apply this strategy within the pork industry to assess the welfare of pigs throughout the value chain.
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Bodó, Imre. "Preservation of Biological Diversity of Domestic Animals in Hungary." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 9 (December 10, 2002): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/9/3557.
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Since the 1992 Rio de Janeiro UNO Congress domestic animals belong also officially to the genetic diversity of the world. Non commercial domestic animal breeds should be maintained for many cultural and technical reasons. Conservation and preservation of living beings is nowadays in the programme of many regional, national and international organizations.The preservation of domestic animals is possible in situ (at the original place and conditions) and ex situ (by cryogenic methods).There are three era in the history of preservation of domestic animals: the epoch of spontaneous maintenance, the period of sporadic national activities and the era of international programme.Some of the questions to be solved by scientific research: the principles of selection of the candidate populations for maintenance, the different degrees of endangeredness, the necessary population size to be subsidized, the problem of inbreeding, the best mating systems etc.In Hungary the maintenance of endangered domestic animal breeds is based upon the low.The following breeds are on the list of protected breeds:− the Hungarian Grey cattle,− the Lipizzan, Shagya, Nonius, Gidran, Furioso,Kisbér Halfbred, Murinsulaner and Hucul horses,− the Racka, Tsigai and Cikta sheep,− the Mangalitsa pig,− the Hungarian yellow, white, speckled and the Transsylvanian naked necked hen,− the Bronze Turkey,− the Frizzle Feathered goose.Hopefully in the near future the breeders of traditional domestic animal breeds will find the possible niches for their special products.
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Polupan, Yu P., D. M. Basovskiy, N. L. Rieznykova, and Yu M. Reznikova. "PROBLEM OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF FARM ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES." Animal Breeding and Genetics 54 (November 29, 2017): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.54.26.
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The ratification by Ukraine of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1994, the approval of the Interlaken Declaration in 2007, the Global Plan of Action on Farm Animal Genetic Resources and the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Benefit-Sharing, signed in 2012, imposes certain obligations to our country, especially concerning farm animal breed conservation. Indigenous breeds have considerable store of variability, high cultural, aesthetic and ecological value and should therefore be unequivocally preserved. The state of this issue in Ukraine and the place of Zubets Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics of NAAS in the solution of the issue are covered in this article. The research was conducted using methodological approaches that are consistent with the Global Action Plan on Animal Genetic Resources, EU Directives, the current legislative framework for livestock in Ukraine, programs and plans of breeding of specific breeds and herds of farm animals. The degree of inbreeding was determined using the method of S. Wright in the modification of D. A. Kislovsky. Conservation of farm animal gene pool is a global issue and affair of certain international organizations, in particular FAO. In Ukraine M.V.Zubets Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics has been actively engaged in the issue of conservation of biodiversity of farm animals during 1996–2017. By the decision of the Bureau of the Presidium of the UAAS on March 11, 2004 (protocol No. 3), the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics assigned to be the main institution for the organization and implementation of a new scientific and technical program "Preservation of farm animal gene pool". In 2004 there was prepared a "Report on the Status of Genetic Resources of Livestock in Ukraine: Materials for FAO" (authors: M. V. Zubets, V. P. Burkat, D. O. Melnychuk, O. I. Kostenko, Yu. F. Melnyk, I. V. Guzev, R. M. Schmidt, G. G. Omelyanenko, V. I. Drobot, V. A. Pidzhelkova, A.F. Gordin, M. V. Stompel) with the participation of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics of the NAAS. To fulfill stated tasks, in 2006 the technology and methodology of breeding resources survey holding, breeding resources’ integrated assessment and identification of their economic and genetic specificity were proposed. According to the developed technology, in 2006–2010, 208 breeding herds of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and poultry were surveyed. In the next year (2007), the Institute held a creative discussion "Problems of farm animal gene pool conservation." In the same year, the Institute workers (I. V. Guzev) took part in the International Scientific Conference "Conservation of Animal Genetic Resources in Poland and Europe" (Krakow, Poland), in 2009 – at the International Congress "On the Traces of Grey Podolic Cattle" (Matera, Italy), 2012 (S. I. Kovtun, N. L. Rieznykova) – in the workshop of the ERFP working group on the conservation ex situ "Legal and institutional arrangements for ex situ conservation at national level" (Zagreb, Croatia), 2016 (N. L. Rieznykova) – in a seminar on the conservation in situ and ex situ (Godöllo, Hungary). M. V. Zubets Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics of NAAS in 2017 formed the request for the participation in the international project of FAO on the conservation and rational use of the Brown Carpathian cattle gene pool. The monitoring of the status of local small-scale and endangered farm animal breeds of different species on their number and number of breeding farms in Ukraine (2011–2017), according to the State Breeding Registry, revealed a tendency to the annual reduction of both the number of subjects of the breeding business in the relevant livestock sector and the general number of animals in breeds. According to the results of the analysis conducted amongst a large number of small-scale farm animal breeds in Ukraine, the most vulnerable populations were chosen on the basis of the number of females and breeding farms. In Ukraine Grey Ukrainian, Ukrainian Whiteheaded, Brown Carpathian, Lebedyn cattle breeds, Hutsul horse breed, Sokil sheep breed, Mirgorodian, Ukrainian Steppe Black-and-White and Ukrainian Steppe White pig breeds are going to disappear. Taking into account the above mentioned, the Program of conservation of local and endangered breeds of farm animals in Ukraine for 2017–2025, based on the initiative and direct participation of Zubets Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, has been developed. It requires the annual budget subsidy at the level of 22.01–42.85 mln. UAH. One of the methods of rational use and conservation of local, small-scale and indigenous farm animal breeds’ gene pool is the establishment of banks for long-term storage of biological material. Inventory of available resources of local cattle sperm was carried out. The bulls' sperm is stored at the Bank of Genetic Resources of Animals at M.V.Zubets Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics of NAAS and nine enterprises of Ukraine. The level of inbreeding among local and endangered breeds was studied. It was established that the highest level of inbreeding is observed among the bulls of the Brown Carpathian breed. Amonst promising further scientific research directions are the next: expeditionary research on the availability of pure-blood animals in gene pool herds, identification of biological characteristics of indigenous animals’ products, estimation of cultural and aesthetic value, resistance level, adaptive ability, and the search for genetic markers of local, small-scale and disappearing breeds.
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Schlottmann, Anne, and Elizabeth Ray. "Goal attribution to schematic animals: do 6-month-olds perceive biological motion as animate?" Developmental Science 13, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00854.x.
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Driessen, Bart. "Fundamental Animal Rights in European Law." European Public Law 23, Issue 3 (August 1, 2017): 547–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2017032.
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Law is fundamentally anthropocentric. However, the philosophical and scientific assumptions underpinning this assume that animals lack any capacity for moral choices, identity or even sentience. In Europe there is a considerable body of animal welfare law, but the current standards of animal welfare legislation do not bridge the gap between those assumptions and scientific reality. This article explores the philosophical concepts underlying the status of animals in law in Europe and the United States and compares them to current biological science. The conclusion is drawn that there is a discrepancy between the assumptions underlying legal systems and recent biological findings. The article suggests that a modern legal approach to the relationship between man and sentient animals should depart from the idea that animals have certain fundamental rights. It then proposes an approach to fundamental rights for animals in Europe and argues why such an approach has to be treaty based.
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Kasharnaya, Olga Vladislavovna, Emil Aflatun oglu Salimzade, Tatiana Sergeevna Ermilova, and Margarita Aleksandrovna Samburova. "BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SELENIUM." Chronos 6, no. 12(62) (December 13, 2021): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-7556-62-12-2.
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The article describes the involvement of selenium in the biophysical, metabolic, and energetic processes of humans and animals, its biological functions in the living systems. The authors mention the importance of the opening and further study of the microelement for living organisms and their protection from pathology and viruses. The content of the microelement in food products and plants are discussed as well as the necessity in an increase in agricultural crops and farm animal production efficiency.
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Kasharnaya, Olga Vladislavovna, Emil Aflatun oglu Salimzade, Tatiana Sergeevna Ermilova, and Margarita Aleksandrovna Samburova. "BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SELENIUM." Chronos 7, no. 10(72) (November 13, 2022): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-7556-72-10-1.
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The article describes the involvement of selenium in the biophysical, metabolic, and energetic processes of humans and animals, its biological functions in the living systems. The authors mention the importance of the opening and further study of the microelement for living organisms and their protection from pathology and viruses. The content of the microelement in food products and plants are discussed as well as the necessity in an increase in agricultural crops and farm animal production efficiency.
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Lima, Kênio Erithon Cavalcante. "PROBLEMATIZAÇÃO COMO ESTRATÉGIA PARA DISCUSSÃO SOBRE BIOÉTICA E BIOSSEGURANÇA NO ENSINO DE ZOOLOGIA: UMA EXPERIÊNCIA ENTRE LICENCIANDOS EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS." Ensaio Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências (Belo Horizonte) 13, no. 3 (December 2011): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21172011130306.
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A preocupação com o bem estar animal determina mudanças de atitude nas atividades de ensino e pesquisa envolvendo animais. Isto levou ao desenvolvimento de recursos didáticos alternativos para reduzir o sofrimento imposto a animais. Este trabalho investigou concepções de alunos de Ciências Biológicas sobre conceitos de Bioética e Biossegurança no manuseio de animais na UFPE. Observou-se que a maioria dos estudantes ignora aspectos da senciência e bem estar animal e também os riscos à saúde decorrentes da manipulação de animais. Faltam situações formais (disciplinas) e atividades extracurriculares que estimulem a percepção da Bioética e da Biossegurança no ensino de Biologia.
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Abu Baker, Mohammad A., Sara E. Emerson, and Joel S. Brown. "Studying Behavioral Ecology on High School & College Campuses." American Biology Teacher 77, no. 6 (August 1, 2015): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2015.77.6.432.
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We present a practical field exercise for ecology and animal behavior classes that can be carried out on campus, using urban wildlife. Students document an animal's feeding behavior to study its interactions with the surrounding environment. In this approach, an animal's feeding behavior is quantified at experimental food patches placed within its habitat. Following a lecture on foraging ecology and an outdoor discussion about the animals on campus, students formulate questions and hypotheses. Simple statistical analyses are used to construct results and draw conclusions.
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Cuba M., María del Carmen. "LA BIOLOGÍA EN LA TOPONIMIA DE PALLASCA." Arqueología y Sociedad, no. 28 (December 31, 2014): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/arqueolsoc.2014n28.e12219.
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Las especies biológicas se desarrollan en pisos ecológicos determinados. Las personas, al comunicarse procesan cognitivamente la relación biología-medio geográfico, y la fijan en su lengua a través de nombres propios o topónimos. El propósito del presente estudio es mostrar que estos topónimos, por un lado, reflejan las entidades biológicas acordes a los pisos ecológicos y, por otro, constituyen un testimonio de lenguas y prácticas de pueblos desaparecidos en la provincia de Pallasca (Áncash). Los datos son parte de un corpus vasto recopilado in situ, en el 2012; obtenido de varios informantes de diferente nivel social y grado de estudios; básicamente mayores. Luego estos fueron seleccionados y clasificados según fuera su referente una entidad biológica: animal o planta y según su ubicación en alguna de las «cuatro» regiones naturales que posee la zona de estudio. Los resultados muestran un total de 136 topónimos, de los cuales 100 (73,53%) aluden a nombres de plantas y 36 (26,47%), a aquellos de animales. La región que contiene mayor cantidad de topónimos con referencia a entidades biológicas; e. i, con nombres de plantas o de animales, es la región quechua: 44 (32,35%) de plantas y 13 (9,56%), de animales. Le sigue la suni o jalca: 26 (19,12%) de plantas y 26 (19,12%), de animales. Después la yunga: 29 (21,32%) de plantas y el 1 (0,74%), de animales. Por último, la región ruparupa: 8 (5,88%) de plantas solamente. En cuanto a su etimología: 35 (25,74%) nombres son de origen castellano, 65 (47,79%), quechua; 11 (8,09%), culle y 25 (18,38%), de origen incierto.
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Santos, Luís Henrique Sacchi dos, and Dandara Rodrigues Dorneles. "CORPO HUMANO – CORPO ANIMAL OU “O QUE A IMPORTÂNCIA DADA AOS ANIMAIS NOS REVELA SOBRE AS PESSOAS?”." Revista Contrapontos 22, no. 1 (May 24, 2022): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/contrapontos.v22n1.p45-60.
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Este ensaio discorre acerca da aproximação de dois biólogos, atuantes como professores no âmbito do ensino de ciências e biologia, ao campo de estudos da animalidade, aqui compreendido, não apenas no sentido de se problematizar a centralidade dos animais nas relações conosco – animais humanos –, mas, sobretudo, no sentido de se enfatizar que a forma como tratamos os animais expõe múltiplas camadas de problematização acerca da forma como tratamos outros humanos. Neste sentido, uma parte das discussões propostas por esse campo de estudos se preocupa, precisamente, com isso, com o outro na relação de animais humanos entre si e, especialmente, desses com os animais não-humanos, procurando tensionar as diferentes hierarquizações aí constituídas. Nessa primeira aproximação, fazemos mais perguntas e justaposições com o campo da biologia, do ensino de ciências e de biologia, com o corpo (humano e animal) e, também, com a biopolítica e a necropolítica do que oferecemos respostas, mesmo que provisórias. Isso, no sentido de traçarmos um possível percurso teórico-metodológico que nos permita, nos próximos passos, incorporar o tema animalidade à formação de professores de ciências e biologia e, quiçá, mapearmos alguns de seus efeitos. O texto Uma aglomeração inquieta: prisioneiros, animais, crianças requerentes de asilo e empacotamento pós-humano, de Jane Bone e Mindy Blaise (2015) é apresentado de modo mais extenso no sentido de estabelecermos alguns pontos possíveis para tal aproximação. Baseados nisso, traçamos alguns possíveis tensionamentos do contexto sócio-político brasileiro atual.
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Zhdanova, Olga Borisovna, RASSOKHIN Dmitri Vladimirovich, OKULOVA Iraida Ivanovna, and Chasovskih Olga Vladimirovna. "Biological activity of Melatonin and Some Unexpected Effects of Dynamization." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 15, no. 4 (August 18, 2021): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v15i4.834.
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Melatonin was found in animals, plants and bacteria. In animals, it is a
hormone that anticipates the daily onset of darkness. In animals, melatonin is the hormone of regulation of the circadian rhythms and physiological functions such as sleep timing, blood pressure regulation, seasonal reproduction and many others. Melatonin is known to aid in reducing the effects of jet lag Melatonin appears also to have some use against the sleep problems of people who work rotating or night shifts. Melatonin has many protective properties, such as converting cholesterol to bile, preventing oxidative stress, may help reduce some types of headaches and protect against radiation-induces cellular damage. Melatonin in comparison to placebo is effective for reducing preoperative anxiety in adults when given as premedication. Melatonin may also reduce postoperative anxiety. It appears to cause few side-effects as tested in the short term, up to three months, at low doses. Two systematic reviews in 2005 and 2006 showed that there were no adverse effects of exogenous melatonin in several clinical trials and those comparative trials found that the adverse effects headaches, dizziness, nausea and drowsiness were reported about equally for both melatonin and placebo. Prolonged-release melatonin is safe with long-term use of up to 12 months. However, «natural» melatonin does not mean the best. Melatonin is made of the animal tissue can be contaminated with viruses or proteins that may be dangerous. Mad cow disease may cause changes in supplements made from animal brain tissue. One of the ways of adverse reaction elimination is applying a dynamicizing form of melatonin.
Materials and methods. Melatonin (Mel 3ch) was prepared and presented to us
with pleasure by Pralnilov A. I. The main aim of the study is to examine the influence of dynamicizing form of melatonin on hair structure in white
laboratory mice and rats, Chinese hamsters, 2 years old.
During the experiment the following tasks were solved:
1) To examine normal hair structure in white laboratory mice and rats, Chinese hamsters and to study the influence of dynamicizing form of melatonin on animal hair structure.
2) To examine animal behaviour and appearance
3)To estimate mice strength before and after taking
melatonin
White laboratory mice which belong to the vivarium of Kirov State Medical Academy and rats which belong to the vivarium of Kirov State Agricultural Academy are taking dynamicizing form of melatonin (mel-3CH) in the dose of 5 drops per 20 ml of water during 14 days. After two groups of the animals are organized: control group (7 animals) and the experimental group (7 animals). The experimental animals were injected subcutaneously in the interscapular region by melatonin-retard in the dose of 1 mg per 1 animal. In the control group, this drug is not injected. Hair is held on the subject glass in the 15 % solution NaOH during 5 min.
The first swimming of animals was conducted with the aim to randomize resistance to physical exercises of animals. Every male, one by one, is taken to cylinder with water d = 18 cm, h = 40 cm for free swimming. Temperature of water maintains is in the range 29-30 C.
Results. The investigation has shown that the hair structure,
fleece and activity of the rodents taking mel 3ch from the 5th to the 14th
days are being improved. The animal hair becomes bright, healthy and
thick. The microscopic examination showed perfect adhering of the cuticle to the cortical layer and that the bottom and the cortical layer had become
dense. In the control groups the hair remained faint and tousled. The
microscopic examination showed delamination of the cortical layer from the bottom and the cuticle; the bottom had broken structure. The study showed that white laboratory mice taking dynamicizing form of melatonin in the dose of 5 drops per 20 ml of water during 14 days had improved their hair structure and fleece quality. Compulsory swimming method confirmed that dynamicizing form of melatonin increased adaptability of the animals. The time of swimming was 2,5 times more in comparison with the control group.