Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biologia sanitarna'

L’uso di particelle cariche pesanti in radioterapia prende il nome di adroterapia. L’adroterapia permette l’irraggiamento di un volume bersaglio minimizzando il danno ai tessuti sani circostanti rispetto alla radioterapia tradizionale a raggi X. Le proprietà radiobiologiche degli ioni carbonio rappresentano un problema per i modelli radiobiologici a causa della non linearità della loro efficacia biologica. In questa tesi presenteremo gli algoritmi che possono essere usati per calcolare la dose fisica e biologica per un piano di trattamento del CNAO (Centro Nazionale Adroterapia Oncologica). Un caso di particolare interesse è l’eventualità che un piano di trattamento venga interrotto prima del dovuto. A causa della non linearità della sopravvivenza cellulare al variare della quantità di dose ricevuta giornalmente, è necessario studiare gli effetti degli irraggiamenti parziali utilizzando algoritmi che tengano conto delle tante variabili che caratterizzano sia i fasci di ioni che i tessuti irraggiati. Nell'ambito di questa tesi, appositi algoritmi in MATLAB sono stati sviluppati e implementati per confrontare la dose biologica e fisica assorbita nei casi di trattamento parziale.

Orientador: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil
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Resumo: No presente trabalho de pesquisa foi estudada uma alternativa de união de processos anaeróbios e aeróbios sob a forma de um reator compartimentado anaeróbio/aeróbio, no tratamento de esgoto sanitário. O reator era composto por quatro câmaras seqüenciais, sendo as três primeiras anaeróbias e a última aeróbia, totalizando um volume aproximado de 2,5 m3. O Iodo gerado pelo reator foi separado em um decantador laminar e recirculado à quarta câmara. O reator, localizado em uma E.T.E. da cidade de Limeira, SP, foi operado durante um período de 444 dias, divido em cinco fases, com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) total variando de 7 a 16 horas, alimentado com esgoto sanitário que havia recebido tratamento preliminar. As cinco fases de operação corresponderam a 10, 16, 12, 8 e 7 horas de TDH. Os valores de pH ao longo de todas as câmaras e decantador, variaram entre 5,7 e 8,3 e o valor médio foi de 6,8, não sendo necessário correção e pH durante o período de estudo. Os melhores valores de remoção de 0805 foram obtidos na Fase 4 (TDH=8 horas), 56,9 a 95,7%. Contudo o teste estatístico de comparação de médias de duas amostras, verificou não. haver diferença significativa entre as fases, exceto Fase 2, ao nível de P=O,05. O desempenho do reator quanto a remoção de DQOtotal e SST foi semelhante ao obtido para 0805, com valores de 31,4 a 95,6 e 21,0 a 97,3%, respectivamente, o mesmo ocorrendo para o teste estatístico realizado. Os valores encontrados para oxigênio dissolvido no interior da câmara 4 (aeróbia) foram satisfatórios na maior parte do tempo, de acordo com os valores citados na literatura, alcançando valor máximo de 4,70 e mínimo de O mg 02.L-1. A presença do decantador laminar foi importante na remoção de sólidos provenientes do reator. Após o 1070 dia de operação, o Iodo de recirculação apresentou uma sedimentabilidade de boa a ótima. A configuração do sistema em estudo, promove adequado tratamento do efluente aplicado aliado a uma produção de Iodo aeróbio de fácil gerenciamento
Abstract: The present research aimed to study an alternative route for union of aerobic and anaerobic processes, through the use of a baffled reactor, treating sanitary wastewater. The reactor is composed of four sequential chambers, being the first tree anaerobic chambers and the last one aerobic, composing a total volume of approximately 2.5 m3. The sludge generated in the reactor is separated in a laminar sedimentation tank and recycled into the forth chamber. The reactor - placed in a wastewater treating plan of Limeira city, S. P., 8razil -operated in a period of 444 days. This period was divided in five phases, with hydraulic detention times (HOT) varying from 7 to 16 hours. The reactor was fed with sanitary wastewater which had already suffered a preliminary treatment. The five phases of operation corresponded to 10, 16, 12,8 e 7 hours of HOT, respectively. The pH values in all chambers and in the sedimentation tank, varied between 5,7 e 8,3, with a mean value of 6,8; the correction of pH values was not necessary during all periods. The best value of 8005 removal was attained in the Phase 4 (HOT=8 hours), 56,9 to 95,7%. However, the statistic comparison of the means .of two samples showed that there was no significant difference between the phases, except in Phase 2, with P=0,05. The reactor performance, in relation to COOtotal removal and TSS, was similar to that obtained for the 8005, with values of 31,4 to 95,6 and 21,0 to 97,3%, respectively. The same occurred in the statistic test. In chamber 4, the oxygen dissolved values were satisfactory in most of the periods, reaching the maximum of 4,7 and of 0,0 mg 02.L-1. The laminar sedimentation tank was important for removal of solids produced in the sedimentation tank. After the 10ih operation day, the recycled sludge presented a sedimentation capability classified between good and very good. Thus, It is possible to affirm that the baffled reactor configuration of the present work promotes an useful effluent treatment, employed to the production of an aerobic sludge with easy management
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

The Monod or hyperbolic kinetic formulation became the de facto kinetic descriptor in activated sludge models in the '80s-'90s. It still plays a prominent role in activated sludge models; however, a dual hyperbolic formulation (with respect to both substrate and active biomass) that implicitly accommodates storage as well as more rationally describes metabolic kinetics is more prominent in governing metabolic functions in activated sludge models (ASMs) promulgated by working groups under the aegis of the International Water Association (IWA). There are other kinetic formulations used in the models of this group as well as models of the activated sludge process formulated by others. There is lack of consistency in the choice of kinetic formulations for various processes even within the IWA family of models. This thesis examined the basis for the common Monod and dual-hyperbolic formulations and puts forward theoretical justifications of them based on various considerations of mass transfer, storage and metabolic rate formulation. Other models were developed based on major governing principles. Models used in biological wastewater treatment are Eulerian gross descriptors of a process involving mass transfer, many substrates, and metabolic pathways and their enzymes, contained within many microorganisms. Any model at this level is merely a fit of mathematical formulations to data. As number of processes in biotreatment models increases along with mathematical descriptors and their associated coefficients, fitting an overall model improves to a point. But beyond this there has been little justification of the Monod or other kinetic expressions. Since a variety of formulations have been proposed for two of the primary metabolic processes which are hydrolysis of complex substrates and then metabolism of resulting readily degradable (or simple) substrates, the primary objective of this study was to examine these processes by experiment and determine the most appropriate models for each step. A chemostat was used in this study to culture active biomass acclimatized to a feed containing starch, a complex substrate requiring hydrolysis, and glucose which is readily biodegradable and also a product of starch hydrolysis. Active mass samples were taken from the chemostat and placed in batch reactors where varying concentrations of active mass were exposed to varying concentrations of either glucose or starch. Before adding any substrate to the batch reactors the active mass was aerated for a period of time until DO change was not observed to ensure that any stored or extraneous substrate was metabolized. After addition of one or the other substrate, the rate of dissolved oxygen (DO) uptake was monitored over the initial 15 minutes in the batch culture. Rapidly changing conditions dictated the necessity of using DO as a surrogate for either starch or glucose. Over 249 models were examined for their ability to describe glucose metabolism for 16 different batch experiments. The Monod model gave a good fit to the data. Other models that were equally applicable were too complex or made no scientific sense. Another series of batch tests were conducted using only starch as a substrate. Again substrate concentration and active mass concentration were varied in the batch tests in six different batch runs. The results from these experiments were again used to determine the adequacy of 249 starch hydrolysis models. The Monod type relationship and a dual hyperbolic relation again proved to be the most reasonable choices. Also a first-order model based on starch concentration was applicable. However no general set of coefficients that applied to all experiments was found for any model; it is necessary to calibrate either model to environmental conditions. All of these models are fairly simple in terms of concept as well as determination of parameters and have scientific sensibility in describing hydrolysis of SBCOD. Keywords: wastewater, activated sludge, dissolved oxygen, modeling

Doutoramento em Biologia - Biologia Marinha
European fisheries represent one of the leading economic activities in the world. Marine parasites with public health and industrial concern have become a key issue in major European markets, due to three main reasons: (1) the presence of a reported increasing number of allergic and gastrointestinal disorders caused by fish-borne parasitic infections, (2) the commercial impact and high economic losses due to fish rejections, and (3) the applicability of Regulation EC 178/2002, which states that “fish with visible parasites is unfit for human consumption”. Over the last few years, since the entry into force of European and Member States regulations on food and specifically fishery products, co-responsibility for food quality and safety has lain with food industry, which has introduced Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) programs in all its actions concerning the food chain. Consequently, significant progresses have been achieved regarding the prevention of parasites in seafood products. However, there is a lack of consensus and standardization for parasite inspection at fishing companies, and no efficient and accurate modus operandi exists to be implemented and accepted by the industry as a routine technique. The EU legal framework defined by zoosanitary regulations, scientific opinions from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as the European Hygiene Package among others, has provided a basis on which the fishing sector has focussed its activity. Accordingly, this dissertation has been driven by these considerations during the course of its execution. This context led us to carry out a meticulous horizon scanning under a multidisciplinary approach, as an overview tool in proactive risk management. This fundamental practice takes due account of the stringent requirements that new markets are demanding to fishing industry, and the lacks and needs of the fishing sector with regard to the impact of the most relevant parasites with public health and industrial concern. A comprehensive technical evaluation and laboratory testing of the official parasite detection methods evidenced low reliability within the two most commonly used qualitative inspection procedures in fish processing (i.e. candling, gross visual inspection). Consistent parallel research carried out, has given as a result innovative scientific developments for diagnostic purposes and for the optimization of the current detection procedures. These technological improvements have been presented in more accessible and manageable formats for their incorporation into self-control programs at the fishing industry. Furthermore, the huge amount of inspection work carried out in the most relevant fish species, has allowed reaching a deeper knowledge concerning three very important parasite groups that are impacting on fishing industry; microsporidians, anisakids and copepods. Finally, the design and application of two innovating tools for parasite management (a scoring system for predictive assessment of fish lots, and a transfer of knowledge model presented in web format), helpful for seafood producers, policy makers and general public, are good examples of how to contribute stimulating the exchanging of ideas among stakeholders and improving the inspection scheme. They are also the best approach for helping to convert scientific findings and technological advances into industrial and commercial success. Scientific excellence requires investment in R&D&I with regard to acquire and expand a sound scientific basis for policy and regulation on food safety, and also for helping fishing industry to achieve a preventing plan which provides added value products. The high national and international exporting activity carried out daily from the most important fishing ports of Portugal and from the fishing Port of Vigo, requires that strict control measures based on groundbreaking scientific advances, have to be incorporated into proactive selfinspections made by seafood companies. These measures must include effective preventing and corrective actions in the edible part of heavily infected fish species, thus guaranteeing products of the highest safety and quality to final consumers.
A indústria pesqueira Europeia é uma das principais atividades económicas do mundo. Os parasitas marinhos com relevância em termos de saúde pública e ao nível da indústria constituem uma questão crucial nos principais mercados Europeus, devido a três razões principais (1) a presença de um número crescente de perturbações alérgicas e gastrointestinais causadas por infecções parasitárias de origem alimentar, (2) o impacto comercial e as perdas económicas resultantes do elevado volume de rejeições, e (3) a aplicação do Regulamento (CE) 178/2002, segundo a qual “o pescado com parasitas visíveis é impróprio para consumo humano”. Durante os últimos anos, com a entrada em vigor dos regulamentos Europeus e dos Estados Membros sobre alimentos, e especificamente sobre os produtos da pesca, e uma vez que a corresponsabilidade da qualidade e da segurança dos alimentos compete à indústria, a indústria pesqueira incorporou os programas de Análise do Risco e Pontos de Controlo Críticos (HACCP) nas suas competências em relação à cadeia alimentar. Consequentemente, tudo isto permitiu alcançar progressos significativos relativos à prevenção dos parasitas nos produtos da pesca. No entanto, há uma falta de consenso e de normalização sobre o tipo de inspeção de parasitas nas companhias pesqueiras, e não existe um modus operandi preciso e eficiente que seja aceite e implementado como técnica de rotina pela indústria. O atual quadro jurídico da UE definido pelos regulamentos zoo sanitários, o parecer do painel científico da Autoridade Europeia para a Segurança dos Alimentos (AESA), bem como o pacote da Higiene Alimentar entre outros, proporcionaram uma base sobre a qual o sector das pescas centra a sua actividade. Por conseguinte, a presente dissertação foi direccionada por todas estas considerações no decurso da sua execução. Este contexto conduziu-nos a realizar uma prospecção meticulosa, inovadora e multidisciplinar, como ferramenta fundamental para uma abordagem integrativa e pró-activa de gestão de riscos, entrando em linha de conta com as principais exigências dos novos mercados em relação à indústria pesqueira, e com as carências e necessidades do sector da pesca em relação ao impacto dos parasitas mais relevantes aos níveis comercial e de saúde pública. A avaliação técnica e numerosos testes de laboratório exaustivos dos métodos qualitativos oficiais de detecção de parasitas mais utilizados no processamento do pescado (transiluminação, inspeção visual), demonstraram baixos níveis de fiabilidade. Trabalhos de investigação desenvolvidos em paralelo permitiram desenvolvimentos científicos inovadores, melhorias tecnológicas para fins de diagnóstico e a otimização dos procedimentos de detecção vigentes. Estas melhorias foram apresentadas num formato mais acessível, de mais fácil compreensão e manuseio para a sua inclusão nos programas de autocontrolo na indústria pesqueira. Por outro lado, o amplo trabalho de inspecção realizado nas espécies de peixe comerciais mais importantes permitiu chegar a um conhecimento mais aprofundado de três grupos importantíssimos de parasitas que estão a ter um impacto considerável sobre o sector das pescas; microsporídeos, anisaquídeos e copépodes. Finalmente, o desenvolvimento e aplicação prática de duas ferramentas inovadoras para a gestão de parasitoses (um sistema de avaliação preditiva em lotes de peixe, e um modelo de transmissão de conhecimento em formato web), úteis para as empresas pesqueiras, autoridades sanitárias e público em geral, revelaram-se bons exemplos de como se pode contribuir para estimular o intercâmbio de ideias entre as partes interessadas, como melhorar a eficácia dos sistemas de inspeção, e especialmente de como converter as descobertas científicas e os avanços tecnológicos em êxitos industriais e comerciais. A excelência científica requer investimentos em PD&I, a fim de adquirir e expandir uma base científica sólida para a política, vigilância e regulamentação da segurança dos alimentos, e também para ajudar as indústrias a alcançar um plano de prevenção de modo a que possam oferecer produtos de maior valor acrescentado. A intensa atividade diária de exportação nacional e internacional realizada nos mais importantes portos pesqueiros de Portugal e no porto de pesca de Vigo (Galiza), requer que medidas de controlo estritas, baseadas nos avanços tecnológicos e científicos mais recentes, sejam integradas nos programas pró-activos de auto-controlo das companhias pesqueiras. Ainda assim, estas medidas devem incluir ações corretivas eficazes e ações de prevenção, perante a detecção de infecções graves nas partes comestíveis dos peixes, garantindo assim aos consumidores finais produtos com o mais alto nível de qualidade e segurança.
La industria pesquera en Europa constituye una de las principales actividades económicas del mundo. Las parasitosis de origen marino con repercusiones comerciales e implicaciones en la salud pública se han convertido en un problema clave en los mercados europeos debido a tres motivos principales: (1) al incremento en el número de notificaciones de alergias y desórdenes gastrointestinales causados por infecciones parasitarias transmitidas tras el consumo de pescado, (2) al impacto comercial y las elevadas pérdidas económicas debidas a los rechazos por la presencia de parásitos visibles (y/o sus lesiones asociadas), y (3) a la aplicación del Reglamento CE 178/2002, el cual establece que “todo pescado visiblemente parasitado es considerado no apto para el consumo humano”. En los últimos años, a partir de la entrada en vigor de reglamentos específicos sobre los productos de la pesca (tanto a nivel europeo como a nivel de los Estados miembros), la corresponsabilidad de la calidad y seguridad alimentaria ha recaído sobre la industria alimentaria, que consecuentemente ha incorporado programas de Análisis de Peligros y Puntos Críticos de Control (APPCC) a todas sus actuaciones entorno a la cadena alimentaria. En consecuencia, todo ello ha comportado el logro de considerables avances concernientes a la prevención de los parásitos en productos marinos. Sin embargo, la ausencia de un modus operandi lo suficientemente eficiente y fiable en la inspección parasitaria como para ser implementado y aceptado por el sector pesquero como técnica de rutina, es fiel reflejo de la falta de consenso y estandarización existente entre las compañías pesqueras. El marco legal de la UE definido por los reglamentos zoosanitarios, las opiniones científicas de la Agencia Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria (AESA), y por el Paquete de Higiene Alimentaria entre otros, ha sentado las bases sobre las que el sector pesquero ha fundamentado su actividad, y en consecuencia, sobre las que el desarrollo de la presente tesis doctoral ha focalizado su atención. Este mismo contexto es el que nos ha llevado a realizar un meticuloso “horizon scanning” bajo un enfoque multidisciplinario y a modo de herramienta “radar”. Este instrumento resulta fundamental para la gestión proactiva de riesgos, y debe tener en cuenta las principales exigencias de los nuevos mercados de la industria pesquera, así como las carencias y necesidades del sector en relación al impacto de los parásitos con mayores implicaciones sanitarias y comerciales. La evaluación técnica y las exhaustivas pruebas de laboratorio realizadas en este trabajo para valorar la fiabilidad de los dos métodos cualitativos de detección oficiales más utilizados durante el procesado de pescado (candling e inspección visual) evidenciaron que estos procedimientos presentan un bajo nivel de fiabilidad. Las investigaciones ejecutadas en paralelo permitieron optimizar los métodos de detección de parásitos en productos de la pesca vigentes, así como desarrollar innovaciones tecnológicas con fines diagnósticos. Algunas de éstas han sido presentadas en un formato más accesible y manejable para facilitar su incorporación en los programas de autocontrol de las industrias pesqueras. Por otra parte, el amplio trabajo de inspección realizado con las especies de pescado de mayor interés comercial, permitió llegar a un conocimiento mucho más detallado de tres importantísimos grupos de parásitos que actualmente tienen un alto impacto sobre el sector; microsporidios, anisákidos y copépodos. Finalmente, el diseño, la creación y la aplicación práctica de dos herramientas innovadoras para la gestión de parasitosis (un sistema de evaluación predictiva en lotes de pescado, y un modelo de transferencia de conocimiento en formato web) útiles para las empresas pesqueras, las autoridades sanitarias, y los consumidores, han demostrado ser buenos ejemplos de cómo contribuir a estimular el intercambio de ideas entre las partes interesadas, a mejorar la eficacia del esquema de inspección, y sobre todo a convertir los hallazgos científicos y los avances tecnológicos en éxito industrial y comercial. La excelencia científica requiere inversión en I+D+i a fin de adquirir y expandir una base científica sólida para la normalización y vigilancia de la seguridad alimentaria, además de para ayudar a la industria pesquera a conseguir un plan de prevención que permita ofrecer productos de alto valor añadido. La intensa actividad diaria de exportación nacional e internacional que tiene lugar en el puerto pesquero de Vigo y en los puertos pesqueros más importantes de Portugal, requiere que las estrictas medidas de control basadas en los avances tecnológicos y científicos más recientes sean integradas en los programas proactivos de autocontrol de las empresas pesqueras. Asimismo, estas medidas deben incluir acciones preventivas y correctivas efectivas sobre la parte comestible de los peces gravemente parasitados, garantizando así, productos con e más alto nivel de calidad y seguridad para el consumidor final.

I materiali zirconiferi, in particolare i silicati di zirconio e l’ossido di zirconio, vengono ampiamente utilizzati in diverse applicazioni industriali: fra queste, l’industria delle piastrelle ceramiche e di produzione dei materiali refrattari ne consuma quantitativi consistenti. Misure di spettrometria gamma condotte su diversi campioni di materiale zirconifero (farine di zirconio e sabbie zirconifere) utilizzati nell’industria ceramica per la produzione del gres porcellanato e delle piastrelle smaltate, hanno messo in evidenza valori di concentrazione di attività superiori a quelli presenti mediamente sulla crosta terrestre (35, 30 Bqkg-1 per il 238U e il 232Th, rispettivamente [Unscear, 2000]). L’aggiunta del materiale zirconifero nella preparazione delle piastrelle ceramiche in particolare di quelle smaltate (in una percentuale in peso pari al 10-20%) del gres porcellanato (in una percentuale in peso di 1-10%) e delle lamine di gres porcellanato “sottile” (in una percentuale in peso dell’ordine del 30%), conferisce al prodotto finale un alto grado di bianco, buone caratteristiche meccaniche ed un elevato effetto opacizzante, ma comporta anche un arricchimento in radionuclidi naturali. L’obiettivo principale di questo lavoro di tesi è stato quello di mettere a punto una metodologia (teorica e sperimentale) per valutare l’incremento di esposizione che possono ricevere un lavoratore standard di una industria ceramica ed una persona del pubblico che soggiorna in un ambiente rivestito con piastrelle. Da un lato, la presenza di radioattività nelle sabbie zirconifere, utilizzate come materie prime per la produzione di piastrelle, porta a considerare il problema dell’incremento di esposizione che può subire un lavoratore impiegato in ambiente di lavoro dove sono stoccati e manipolati consistenti quantitativi di materiale, dall’altro il contenuto di radioattività nel prodotto finito porta a considerare l’esposizione per una persona della popolazione che soggiorna in una stanza rivestita con materiale ceramico. Le numerose misure effettuate, unitamente allo sviluppo dei modelli necessari per valutare le dosi di esposizione per le persone del pubblico e dei lavoratori impiegati nel processo di produzione di piastrelle ceramiche, hanno permesso di mettere a punto una procedura che fornisce le garanzie necessarie per dichiarare accettabili le condizioni di lavoro nelle industrie ceramiche e più in generale il rispetto delle norme radioprotezionistiche per gli occupanti di ambienti rivestiti con piastrelle italiane.

The discharge of a landfill leachate to a receiving water body can cause a serious pollution problem. One component of leachate that can have a severe impact on a receiving water body is ammonia and its oxidized form, nitrate. This study investigated the biological treatibility of a high ammonia leachate, with specific regard to nitriification and denitrification. A continuous-feed, single sludge denitrification system with recycle was used. Leachate ammonia concentrations of up to 288 mg/L-N were reduced to less than 1 mg/L. The ammonia was removed by nitrification and bacterial uptake. About 25% of the incoming ammonia was taken up by the bacteria in the anoxic reactor; the rest was subsequently nitrified in the aerobic reactor. The nitrates produced in the aerobic reactor were recycled back to the anoxic reactor to undergo denitrification. Glucose was added directly to the anoxic reactor to aid denitrification. The degree of denitrification was dependent on the glucose loading to the anoxic reactor; however, 100% denitrification was achieved on several occasions. The influent leachate COD removal was 20%; however after the addition of glucose to the system, a mean COD removal of 74% was obtained. Of the COD removed across the system, 85% was used in the anoxic reactor for denitrification, and the remaining 15% was used by the heterotrophs in the aerobic reactor. The four metals monitored regularly, zinc, manganese, nickel and iron were removed by the biomass, but not to the same extent During the latter part of the study, the system was first spiked with manganese, and then - zinc, to try and induce an inhibitory effect on the nitrification process. The manganese had no detectable effect on the system. However, total zinc (>95% soluble) levels of between 14.9 and 17.6 mg/L caused substantial inhibition of the nitrification process, resulting in approximately 70 mg/L ammonia in the effluent (feed = 216 mg/L). This inhibition was also evident from the lower percent nitrification values and the unit nitrification rates. This high influent zinc concentration also caused deflocculation, resulting in the loss of significant quantities of biomass with the effluent. The high zinc concentrations also inhibited the denitrifiers, resulting in a decrease in the ammonia uptake, as well as an increase in the COD (used)/Nitrate+Nitrite (NOT) (reduced) ratios in the anoxic reactor. The zinc levels were then lowered to allow the system to return to normal; after this state had been reached, the influent total zinc (>95% soluble) levels were again increased up to 19.5 mg/L. This concentration of zinc did not result in any ammonia appearing in the effluent; thus, it is possible that the bacteria had acclimatized to these high influent zinc concentrations.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

The first objective of this research was to evaluate oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) as an indicator of effective iron removal in a biological process and to determine its relationship to dissolved oxygen (DO) and residual iron in the filtered water. Biological removal of iron to produce drinking water was established on one full-scale and two pilot-scale plants at two sites in France. Results show that below a minimum DO concentration of approximately 0.3 mg/L, residual iron concentration was related to ORP in the filtered water. Above the minimum DO requirement, ORP on the order of approximately 500 mV consistently reflected effective iron treatment and residual iron concentrations less than the French norm for potable water of 0.2 mg/L.
Secondly, two catalytic materials of filtration known as Ferrolite MC2 and Purolite were investigated on pilot-scale for their capacity to oxidize iron and manganese. Results showed that both materials eliminated dissolved iron to below detection levels regardless of DO or filtration rates up to 15 m/h (Ferrolite MC2) and 20 m/h (Purolite). During the trial period where no filter regeneration was carried out, the elimination of dissolved iron and dissolved manganese, respectively, were 100% and 77% for Purolite and 100% and 65% for Ferrolite MC2 for a raw water with 3.47 mg/L of dissolved iron and 0.317 of dissolved manganese. Purolite filtered a total volume of 1127 L or 137 L/kg of catalytic material and Ferrolite MC2 filtered a total of 1457 L or 217 L/kg.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of biological treatment, using a trickling filter, on recycle water from a sulphide concentrator. Activated carbon (AC) treatment was studied for comparative purposes.
Both biological AC treatment increased the recovery of chalcopyrite in a single mineral microflotation test, from approximately 5.5% to 14.4% and 7.2% respectively. However, major differences were observed between various samples when comparing the number and types of bubbles produced during frothing tests. As expected, the number of bubbles produced per given volume decreased following AC treatment, approaching that of tap water. However, after biological treatment, the number of bubbles was increased. It is suspected that the changes produced by biological treatment in the recycle water might produce organic matter more surface active than that initially found in the wastewater.

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O consumo do oxigênio dissolvido nos corpos hídricos é um dos principais problemas resultantes da poluição nas águas por matéria orgânica. Outro ponto importante é a eutrofização, que é o crescimento excessivo das plantas devido ao excesso de nutrientes presentes nesse meio. As estações de tratamento de esgoto brasileiras costumam utilizar processos biológicos para a remoção da matéria orgânica e do nitrogênio. Nesse sentido visando a remoção simultânea da Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO) e de Nitrogênio Total (NT) do esgoto sanitário, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de um reator de leito estruturado com aeração intermitente, com períodos de aeração de 60 minutos seguidos de 120 minutos sem aeração, a cada ciclo de 180 minutos. O reator foi operado com Tempo de Detenção Hidráulica (TDH) de 8 horas, temperatura de 30 ± 1ºC, alimentação contínua e razão de recirculação igual a 2. Foram realizados 5 ensaios que se diferenciaram em a composição do afluente. Os afluentes foram compostos por uma combinação de parcelas de esgoto sanitário bruto da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) Verde e efluente de Reator Anaeróbio de Leito Fluidizado (RALF) da mesma ETE. As concentrações de cada parcela no afluente foram de 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100%. Como meio suporte para a fixação dos microrganismos foram utilizados 13 cilindros de espuma de poliuretano dispostos verticalmente no reator. Para avaliação da eficiência do processo, foram realizadas as análises de pH, alcalinidade, Nitrogênio Total Kjeldahl (NTK), nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH4+), nitrito (N-NO2-), nitrato (N-NO3-), Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO) e fósforo. A eficiência mínima de remoção de DQO obtida foi de 76% e a máxima de 95%, porém os resultados apontaram que não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os ensaios para esse parâmetro. A melhor eficiência de remoção de NT foi de 78%, com afluente composto apenas por efluente do RALF, que foi o ensaio 3. Nestas condições o efluente apresentou teores de DQO de 14 mg.L-1, de N-NH4+ de 3 mg.L-1, de N-NO3- de 2 mg.L-1 e de N-NO2- de 3 mg.L-1. Diante dos resultados foi possível concluir que o reator de leito estruturado e aeração intermitente é eficiente para a remoção simultânea da matéria orgânica carbonácea e nitrogenada com afluente contendo uma mistura do esgoto bruto e efluente de RALF nas mais diferentes proporções.
The consumption of dissolved oxygen in water bodies is one of the main problems resulting from water pollution by organic matter. Another important point is eutrophication, which is the excessive growth of plants due to the excess of nutrients present in this medium. Brazilian sewage treatment plants usually use biological processes for the removal of organic matter and nitrogen. In this sense, aiming at the simultaneous removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Nitrogen (TN) from sanitary sewage, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of a structured bed reactor with intermittent aeration, with aeration periods of 60 Minutes followed by 120 minutes without aeration, with each cycle of 180 minutes. The reactor was operated with Hydraulic Detention Time (HDT) of 8 hours, temperature of 30 ± 1ºC, continuous feed and recirculation ratio equal to 2. Five trials were performed that differed in the composition of the influent. The influente were composed of a combination of raw sewage plots from the Green Sewage Treatment Station (ETE) and the Fluidized Bed Anaerobic Reactor (RALF) effluent from the same ETE. The concentrations of each plot in the affluent were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. As a support medium for Microorganisms were used 13 polyurethane foam cylinders arranged vertically in the reactor. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the process, pH, alkalinity, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH4+), nitrite (N-NO2-), nitrate (N-NO3-), Chemical Demand Oxygen (COD) and phosphorus. The minimum COD removal efficiency obtained was 76% and the maximum of 95%, but the results showed that there was no significant statistical difference between the tests for this parameter. The best effluent removal efficiency was 78%, with an effluent composed only of RALF effluent, which was test 3. Under these conditions, the effluent had COD contents of 14 mg.L-1, 3 mg N-NH4+.L-1, N-NO3- of 2 mg.L-1 and N NO2- of 3 mg.L-1. In view of the results it was possible to conclude that the structured bed reactor and intermittent aeration is efficient for the simultaneous removal of carbonaceous and nitrogenous organic matter with a influent containing a mixture of crude sewage and RALF effluent in the most different proportions.

Orientador: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: O presente estudo visou verificar a tratabilidade de efluente sanitário contendo formaldeído por meio do sistema combinado de fluxo contínuo composto de um filtro anaeróbio (FA) seguido de biofiltro aerado submerso (BAS), com tempo de detenção hidráulica de 12 h em cada reator. As concentrações de formaldeído adicionado ao esgoto sanitário afluente foram 57 ± 59, 90 ± 55, 267 ± 53, 420 ± 137, 533 ± 174 e 946 ± 131 mg/L, sendo que o aumento da concentração se deu após estabilização do sistema em cada etapa. A carga máxima de formaldeído aplicada ao sistema combinado foi de 1,121 kg HCHO/m3.d e a removida foi 1,116 kg HCHO/m3.d. Neste período foi encontrada a máxima carga de DQO aplicada e removida no sistema de, respectivamente, 2,5 kg DQO/m3.d e de 2,2 kg DQO/ m3.d. Não foi atingida a carga máxima de redução da concentração de formaldeído e DQO do sistema combinado. Durante toda a operação do sistema com aplicação de formaldeído, a redução de concentração de formaldeído no sistema combinado foi de 94 ± 2 %, sendo que a concentração média de formaldeído no efluente do sistema combinado foi de 5 ± 2,4 mg/L. No entanto, a redução de DQO do sistema combinado em relação ao seu efluente decantado, foi de 84 ± 11 %. Foi constatada a importância do gerenciamento da biomassa nos reatores de modo a não interferir na qualidade dos efluentes tratados. A nitrificação no BAS atingiu seu máximo durante o período de aplicação de formaldeído de 90 ± 55 mg/L e durante este mesmo período iniciou seu declínio. Nos ensaios cinéticos, a biomassa aeróbia apresentou maiores velocidades de consumo de formaldeído e maior capacidade de redução da concentração de DQO que a biomassa anaeróbia. As reações de primeira ordem foram a que melhor representaram o consumo de formaldeído nestes ensaios, e sua taxa depende da concentração inicial de formaldeído, da localização da biomassa nos reatores, da concentração de formaldeído aplicada ao sistema e seu estágio de adaptação. A maior velocidade específica de consumo de formaldeído encontrada para a biomassa aeróbia foi de 0,457 mg HCHO/g STV.h, sendo sua média igual a 0,325 ± 0,120 mg HCHO/g STV.h. Para a biomassa anaeróbia, estes valores foram inferiores, sendo a maior velocidade encontrada de 0,360 mg HCHO/g STV.h e sua média para todos os experimentos de 0,135 ± 0,117 mg HCHO/g STV.h Foi possível verificar a adaptação da biomassa aeróbia frente ao efeito tóxico do formaldeído através de ensaio cinético com biomassa não adaptada, a qual sua velocidade de consumo de formaldeído após o período de adaptação foi de 0,42 mg HCHO/L.h. e sua velocidade específica de 0,404 mg HCHO/g STV.h.
Abstract: This study was developed with the intent to verify the treatability of domestic wastewater containing formaldehyde in a combined system formed by an Anaerobic Filter followed by a Biological Aerated Filter, each one with 12 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT). The reactor's performance was monitored by different influent formaldehyde concentration applied in the influent domestic wastewater, ranging from 57 ± 59, 90 ± 55, 267 ± 53, 420 ± 137, 533 ± 174 until 946 ± 131 mg/L, considering that the raising concentration was given after the wastewater treatment stabilization in each stage. The maximum formaldehyde rate applied in the combined system achieved 1,121 kg HCHO/m3.d and the maximum removed was 1,116 kg HCHO/ m3. d. During this stage there was also the maximum applied and removed COD loading rate, represented respectively by 2,5 kg COD/m3.d and 2,2 kg COD/m3.d. The maximum removed formaldehyde and COD rate were not reached. The removal average of the formaldehyde concentration in the combined system was 94 ± 2 %, and the average formaldehyde concentration in combined system effluent was 5 ± 2,4 mg/L. However, the average COD concentration reduction was 84 ± 11 %. The importance of controlling the biomass in the reactors was noticed for the quality treated effluent. The maximum BAS nitrification reached the maximum rate during the 90 ± 55 mg/L formaldehyde concentration in the influent and, in the same formaldehyde concentration, this rate started to decrease. In the tests for kinetics parameters, the formaldehyde consumption rates and COD concentration removal obtained for the aerobic biomass was higher than anaerobic biomass. The formaldehyde consumption was the first order reaction and it's rate depends on initial formaldehyde concentration, biomass localization in the reactors, formaldehyde concentration applied in the system and biomass adaptation stage. The maximum formaldehyde consumption specific rate was 0,457 mg HCHO/g STV.h for aerobic biomass.and your formaldehyde consumption rate was 0,325 ± 0,120 mg HCHO/g STV.h. For the anaerobic biomass, this values is less than it was for aerobic biomass and the maximum formaldehyde consumption specific rate was the 0,360 mg HCHO/g STV.h and the average was 0,135 ± 0,117 mg HCHO/g STV.h. It was possible to verify the aerobic biomass adaptation through the kinetics tests, after the adaptation its specific formaldehyde consumption specific rate was 0,404 mg HCHO/g STV.h..
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Up to date, sludge filterability has been characterized by the Ruth&rsquo
s classical filtration theory and quantified by the well-known parameter specific cake resistance (SCR). However, the complexity of the actual phenomenon is clearly underestimated by the classical filtration theory and SCR is often not satisfactory in describing filterability. Although many scientific studies were conducted for a better analysis and understanding of the filtration theory, still a practically applicable solution to replace the classical theory for a better description of filterability has not been proposed yet. In the present study, blocking filtration laws proposed by Hermans and Bredé
e, dating back to 1936, which have been extensively used in the membrane literature for the analysis of fouling phenomenon and the multiphase filtration theory developed by Willis and Tosun (1980) highlighting the importance of the cake-septum interface in determining the overall filtration rate have been adopted for the analysis of filterability of sludge systems. Firstly, the inadequacy of the classical filtration theory in characterizing the filterability of real sludge systems and also the lack of the currently used methodology in simulating filtration operation was highlighted. Secondly, to better understand the effect of slurry characteristics and operational conditions on filtration, model slurries of spherical and incompressible Meliodent particles were formed. Finally, a methodology was developed with the gathered filtration data to assess the filterability of the sludge systems by both theories. The results clearly show that both approaches were superior to the classical approach in terms of characterizing the filterability of sludge systems. While blocking laws yielded a slurry specific characterization parameter to replace the commonly used SCR, the multiphase theory provided a better understanding of the physical reality of the overall process.

Orientador: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: Este trabalho fundamentou-se na concepção, construção e operação de um sistema combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio, constituído de filtro anaeróbio (FA) e biofiltro aerado submerso (BAS), em escala de laboratório, aplicado ao tratamento de esgoto sanitário. Para atingir o objetivo principal de avaliar o desempenho global do sistema, o trabalho foi dividido em 3 etapas: estudo hidrodinâmico, avaliação da partida e avaliação da nitrificação em diferentes TDH. Baseado numa rotina de monitoramento dos parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos foi possível avaliar e adequar as condições requeridas para a nitrificação. Verificou-se o desempenho do sistema para diferentes taxas de carregamento volumétrico orgânico e de amônia, relacionando-o com as populações de bactérias nitrificadoras existentes. Constatou-se que remoção de matéria orgânica alcançada foi equivalente para os TDH de 8h (média de 86 ± 6 % para 1,89 ± 0,61 kg DQO/m3.dia com DQO efluente de 87 ± 46 mg O2/L) e 10h (média de 87 ± 4 % para 1,88 ± 0,83 kg DQO/m3 dia com DQO efluente de 89 ± 32 mg O2/L). Para TDH total de 8h (4h de aeração) e taxa de carregamento volumétrico de amônia de 0,33 ± 0,05 kg /m3.dia no BAS a remoção de amônia foi de 27 ± 14 % e a nitrificação completa foi de 20 ± 8 %, para 108 oxidadoras da amônia/g STV e 107 oxidadoras do nitrito/g STV. Para TDH total de 10h (5h de aeração) e taxa de carregamento volumétrico de amônia de 0,39 ± 0,10 kg /m3.dia no BAS a remoção de amônia foi de 47 ± 20 % e a nitrificação foi de 40 ± 19 %, para 1012 oxidadoras da amônia/g STV e 107 oxidadoras do nitrito/g STV. A concepção do sistema FA-BAS operando com TDH de 10 h foi adequada à nitrificação, quando aplicada ao tratamento de esgoto doméstico com média concentração de amônia (em torno de 30 mg/L). Indicou ainda ter grande potencial para tratar esgoto com maior concentração de amônia (acima de 50 mg/L)
Abstract: The present project was based on the conception, construction and operation of an anaerobic-aerobic combined system. This was formed by an anaerobic filter (AF) and an aerated submerged biofilter (ASB), in a laboratory scale, and used for sanitary wastewater. The main objective of this project was to analyze the general performance of the system, and for that, it was divided in 3 parts: hydrodynamic study, start-up evaluation and nitrification analysis in different HRT. Based on a frequent monitoring of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters, it was possible to evaluate and adequate the required conditions for nitrification. The performance of the system for different organic and ammonia volumetric loading rates were verified. Afterwards it was related to the populations of nitrifying bacteria. The system demonstrated organic matter removal not only for HRT of 8 h (average of 86 ± 6% for 1,89 ± 0,61 kg COD/m3.day, with effluent COD of 87 ± 46 mg O2/L) but also for HRT of 10 h (average of 87 ± 4 % for 1,88 ± 0,83 kg COD/m3.day, with effluent COD of 89 ± 32 mg O2/L). For total HRT of 8 h (4 h of aeration) and volumetric loading rates of ammonia of 0,33 ± 0,05 kg/m3.day at ASB, the ammonia removal was 27 ± 14% and the complete nitrification was 20 ± 8 %, for 108 ammonium oxidizers/g TSV and 107 nitrite oxidizers/g TSV. For total HRT of 10 h (5 h of aeration) and volumetric loading rates of ammonia of 0,39 ± 0,10 kg/m3.day at ASB, the ammonia removal was 47 ± 20 % and the complete nitrification was 40 ± 19 %, for 1012 ammonium oxidizers/g TSV and 107 nitrite oxidizers/g TSV. The system AF-ASB operated with HRT of 10 h demonstrated to be useful for nitrification if applied to sewage treatment with average concentration of ammonia (around 30 mg/L). It can also be pointed out that the system can be used to treat sewage with higher concentrations (over 50 mg/L)
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Neste trabalho foi realizada a caracterização microbiana, por meio de técnicas de Biologia Molecular, do lodo granular do processo de precipitação dos metais ferro, zinco e cobre por sulfeto gerado a partir de um reator biológico em batelada sequencial (ASBR) para redução de sulfato de drenagem ácida de minas (DAM) sintética em suas diferentes fases operacionais. O reator foi inoculado com lodo granular de reator UASB tratando efluente de abatedouro de aves, operando em relação DQO/sulfato 1,0. O etanol foi utilizado como doador de elétrons e o sulfato de sódio como receptor de elétrons. Para o presente estudo as amostragens de lodo foram realizadas em pH 5,0; pH 4,0; pH 4,0 + Fe2+, pH 4,0 + Fe2+; Zn2+; pH 4,0+Fe2+; Zn2+; Cu2+ sempre quando ocorria redução máxima de sulfato no reator, o inóculo também foi estudado para comparação. Após coleta de todas as amostras, realizou-se a extração do DNA, seguida de purificação e amplificação para o RNAr16S para os Domínios estudados e as sequencias foram separadas através de DGGE. A estrutura das comunidades foi analisada em função da composição e riqueza de bandas de DGGE nos consórcios microbianos. A análise do perfil de bandas do DGGE permitiu visualização da dinâmica da população microbiana presente em cada fase do tratamento biológico da DAM. Os resultados revelaram que ocorreu maior variação na diversidade de microrganismos do domínio Bacteria do que de Archaea nos tratamentos da DAM com os parâmetros operacionais estudados. Dentre essas observações, percebe-se que as sucessivas diminuições de pH foram menos influentes na diversidade do que foi a adição dos metais, principalmente quando houve adição do Fe. O Domínio Bacteria apresentou maiores reduções de bandas do que o domínio Archaea, que sofreu menores influências às condições operacionais. Comparando-se a diversidade de bactérias e arqueias neste estudo, observa-se que as bactérias foram 56,5% maior que as arqueias em termos de diversidade pelas bandas de DGGE apresentadas. Diminuições no pH e adição sucessiva dos metais Fe, Zn e Cu foram associados a alterações temporais na estrutura da comunidade bacteriana. Nas análises de sequenciamento para domínio Bacteria, apesar de baixa qualidade do sequenciamento das bandas recortadas, foi possível fazer uma comparação entre o BLAST e a base de sequências do NCBI. Uma das bandas apresentou similaridade de 88 e 87% com clones não cultivados de Geobacter e Clostridum, respectivamente. Estes microrganismos são relatados como sendo redutores de sulfato. Outras duas bandas apresentaram 91% de similaridade com clone não cultivado de bactérias. Já para o Domínio Archaea, a análise comparativa indicou similaridade de três das cinco bandas com os clones não cultivados de Methanomicrobiales archaeon F5OHPNU07IK8FO e duas das bandas com o gênero Methanosaeta sp. clone DI CO3, ambas arqueias relatadas como sendo presentes em lodo granular de diversos tratamentos anaeróbios. Conclui-se que a estimativa da diversidade permitiu inferir que as alterações nas composições das comunidades microbianas foram devidas as condições operacionais impostas.
The microbial characterization of this study was carried out by molecular biology techniques, of granular sludge samples from precipitation of the metals iron, zinc and copper in sulphide generated from a biological sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) to reduce the sulphate of synthetic acid drainage mines in its different operational phases. The reactor was inoculated with granular sludge from UASB reactor treating effluent from poultry slaughterhouse operating in ratio COD/sulphate 1.0. Ethanol was used as electron donor and sodium sulphate as electron acceptor. For this study, samples of sludge were taken on pH 5.0; pH 4.0; pH 4.0 + Fe2+, pH 4.0 + Fe2+; Zn2+; pH 4.0 + Fe2+; Zn2+; Cu2+ whenever maximum reduction of sulphate in the reactor occurred. The inoculums was also studied for comparison. After collecting all samples, the extraction of DNA was carried out, followed by purification and amplification to RNAr16S for the studied Domains and the sequences were separated by DGGE. The structure of the communities was analyzed in view of the composition and richness of DGGE bands in microbial consortia. The DGGE bands’ profile analysis allowed visualization of the dynamics of the microbial population present in each phases of the AMD biological treatment. Results showed that a higher variation occurred in diversity of microorganisms of the Bacteria domain than that in Archaea in treatment with the operating parameters studied. Among these observations, it is perceived that the successive decreases in pH were less influential in diversity than it was the metals additions, mainly when there was addition of Fe. The Bacteria domain presented higher reductions bands than the Archaea domain, which suffered lower influences from operational conditions. When comparing the diversity of Bacteria and Archaea in this study, it is observed that the bacteria were 56.5% higher than the Archaea in terms of diversity by DGGE bands presented. Diminishing in pH and successive addition of the metals Fe, Zn and Cu were associated with temporal changes in the structure of bacterial community. In sequencing analysis to Bacteria domain, although the low quality of the sequence of the cut bands, it was possible to make a comparison between BLAST and the base of sequence of the NCBI. One of the bands presented a similarity of 88% and 87 with uncultivated clones of Clostridum and Geobacter, respectively. These microorganisms are reported to be sulphate reducers. Two other bands presented 91% similarity with the uncultivated clone of bacteria. For the Archaea domain the comparative analysis indicated similarity of three of the five bands with the uncultivated clones of archaeon Methanomicrobiales F5OHPNU07IK8FO and two of the bands with the genus Methanosaeta sp. clone DI CO3, both of then reported as present in granular sludge of several anaerobic treatments. It is concluded that the estimate of diversity allowed inferring that the alterations in the composition of microbial communities occurred due the imposed operations conditions.

Orientador: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T03:49:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castagnato_Renata_M.pdf: 1224635 bytes, checksum: 513cfc1c14b5af1159379a00e5d00297 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: O formaldeído é um composto orgânico muito utilizado em diversos setores da indústria e serviços de saúde. Em hospitais e laboratórios de anatomia, ele é empregado em solução de 8 a 10 %, que ao se tornar imprópria para uso, necessita ser disposta adequadamente para não afetar os ecossistemas presentes nos corpos d¿água ou nos processos biológicos das estações de tratamento de esgotos. Pois, dependendo da concentração que o formaldeído se encontra, pode ser extremamente tóxico. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de verificar a tratabilidade de esgoto sanitário contendo formaldeído em um sistema combinado composto de um filtro anaeróbio (FA) seguido de um biofiltro aerado submerso (BAS). O volume útil de cada reator era de 17,6 L e o tempo de detenção hidráulica de 12 h. As concentrações de formaldeído aplicadas ao esgoto sanitário afluente ao sistema foram de 50, 100, 200 e 400 mg L-1, dividas em quatro fases de operação. Durante o monitoramento do sistema, foi verificado que a eficiência de remoção de formaldeído variou de 85,0 a 99,4 %, sendo que a partir do início da segunda fase (quando a concentração aplicada era de 100 mg L-1), a média de remoção foi de 98,0 ± 1,2 %. A média de remoção de DQO, durante as quatro fases de aplicação, foi de 84,4 ± 7,3 %, apesar do formaldeído não ter sido a única fonte de carbono. O valor máximo de carga de formaldeído removida no sistema foi de 0,407 kgm-3 d-1, quando sua aplicação no esgoto bruto era de 0,411 kg m-3 d-1 (concentração de 410,8 mg L-1). Foi observado também que a maior concentração de formaldeído encontrada no efluente tratado pelo sistema foi de 5,8 mg L-1, com valor médio de 1,9 ± 1,4 mg L-1. Houve inibição do processo de nitrificação no BAS a partir de 50 mg L-1 de formaldeído presente no esgoto afluente. Verificou-se que o sistema proposto foi adequado ao tratamento de esgoto sanitário com formaldeído, pois em todas as concentrações do composto aplicado (0 a 410,8 mg L-1), o seu desempenho se manteve estável, principalmente com relação à remoção de DQO e do próprio formaldeído. Palavras-chave: Formaldeído, sistema combinado anaeróbio/aeróbio, filtro anaeróbio, biofiltro aerado submerso, nitrificação, esgoto sanitário
Abstract: Formaldehyde is an organic compound largely used in several industrial sectors and health services, for example in hospitals and anatomy laboratories in a proportion of 8 to 10 %. When it becomes inadequate to be used, this solution must be properly disposed in order not to affect the ecosystems in water streams or in the biological process in the treatment sewage works, because depending on its concentration it can be extremely toxic. This study aims to verify the treatability of domestic wastewater containing formaldehyde in a combined system formed by an Anaerobic Filter followed by a Biological Aerated Filter. Each reactor presented a volume of 17,6 l and 12 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT). This type of system aggregates the advantages of these combined processes: anaerobic and aerobic. The concentration of formaldehyde used in domestic wastewater influent in the system was divided into 4 phases of operation, which corresponded to 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1. The efficacy of removal of formaldehyde in the system varied from 85,0 and 99,4 %, and it must be noted that from the beginning of the 2nd phase (100 mg L-1) the average of removal was 98,0 ± 1,2 %. The average of removal of COD, during the whole 4 phases of operation, was 84,4 ± 7,3 %. It must be said that formaldehyde was not the only carbon source. The removal rate of formaldehyde achieved a maximum of 0,407 kg m-3 d-1, when the applied rate in the system was 0,411 kg m-3 d-1. This fact happened when the concentration of aldehyde in the influent was 410,8 mg L-1. The maximum concentration verified of formaldehyde in the effluent of system was 5,8 mg L-1, with an average of 1,9 ± 1,4 mg L-1. The process of nitrification has been inhibited in the Biological Aerated Filter from 50 mg L-1 of formaldehyde present in the influent. The proposed system was adequate to the treatment of domestic wastewater plus formaldehyde because in all concentration of aldehyde applied (0 a 410,8 mg L-1) its performance was kept stable, mainly in relation to COD removal and formaldehyde itself. Key words: Formaldehyde, combined system anaerobic/aerobic, anaerobic filter, biological aerated filter, nitrification, domestic wastewater
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

To investigate the effect of fluid shear on uptake rates of low diffusivity macromolecular substrates by suspended cultures, I measured the radiolabel and oxygen uptake of two model compounds, bovine serum albumin and dextran, in pure cultures of Zoogloea ramigera and E. coli, respectively. Oxygen utilization rates of stirred samples grown on BSA and dextran were 2.3 and 2.9 times higher, respectively, than undisturbed (still) samples. Uptake rates of (3H) BSA and (3H) dextran by stirred samples were 12.6 and 6.2 times higher, respectively, than still samples. These experimentally obtained increases are larger than increases predicted using a mass transfer model. The mass transfer model predicts uptake rate will increase by a factor of 1.6 and 1.8 for BSA and dextran, respectively, as a result of stirring. Uptake rates of low-molecular-weight substrates with high diffusivities, such as leucine and glucose, were only slightly affected by fluid shear. Since macromolecules can comprise a major portion of bacterial substrate in engineered, laboratory, and natural systems, the demonstrated effect of fluid shear has wide implications for the evaluation of engineered bioreactors used for wastewater treatment as well as for kinetic studies performed in basic metabolic research.

Disposable diapers are a possible source of infectious enteric viruses that are disposed of in landfills. A total of 210 disposable diapers were collected from seven sites and ten depths at three landfills. Of these total, 110 diapers were processed with a 1.5% beef-extract-elution organic-flocculation-concentration method to recover viruses. The concentrated samples were assayed on BGM cell cultures for the detection of enteroviruses and with cDNA probes specific for poliovirus, hepatitis A virus and rotavirus. Enteroviruses were not detected in any sample assayed using cell culture techniques. Three samples were positive using nucleic acid probes for poliovirus. These results suggest that poliovirus RNA was present in some diapers but that the viruses were not viable after two years or longer in a landfill.

Recently, there has been increased concern about the potential impact of powerboating on freshwater ecosystems. In the case of Loch Lomond, such concern led to the commencement of a programme of boat counting surveys in 1989. In these surveys, it was found that maximum boat numbers are increasing in Loch Lomond. As a logical progression from these surveys, the present study examined the impact of powerboat chemical pollution on the water quality of Loch Lomond. In the first stage of this study, the scale of powerboat pollution was assessed. This was achieved by constructing a simple mathematical model to estimate the total annual discharge of hydrocarbons (HCs) from powerboat emissions into Loch Lomond. By using boat census data and published information about the emission rates of different types of powerboat engines, the total annual input for Loch Lomond was estimated at 25.50 tonnes in 1989 and this input has greatly increased since then. This indicates that there is real potential for hydrocarbon (HC) pollution of Loch Lomond from powerboat operation. Most of the HC material discharged emanated from speedboats powered by outboard motors. To identify and quantify HC pollutant compounds entering water from outboard engines, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed on water subject to a controlled pollution discharge from an outboard motor. Altogether, 47 compounds were detected in this exhaust-polluted water (EPW), with most of these being volatile aromatic HCs, such as benzene and alkylated benzenes. Water samples were also taken from three sites in Loch Lomond on two occasions: once in winter, during negligible boat activity and once in summer, at a time of high powerboat activity. No HCs were detected in winter, but some volatile aromatic HC compounds were clearly detectable in summer. These compounds were the same as those most abundant in EPW and found in similar relative proportions. Further experiments in this study involved the analysis of a large number of water samples. To enable this, it was necessary to develop an appropriate new method for the analysis of powerboat exhaust pollutants, which are mostly aromatic HC. All aromatic HCs fluoresce and the new method involved fluorescence spectroscopy analysis, following sample purification by normal-phase column chromatography. This technique is non-destructive allowing subsequent confirmatory analysis by GC-MS. It was found that the new method was fast, precise, highly sensitive and specific to volatile aromatic HCs. The capability of measuring HCs in a large number of samples allowed previously unfeasible experiments investigating: 1) The geographical distribution of powerboat exhaust HCs in Loch Lomond. 2) The depth profile of powerboat exhaust pollutants in the top 1.5 m of the water column. 3) Recovery of water quality, following peak weekend boat activity in summer. It was found that: 1) Volatile aromatic HCs from powerboat exhaust are detectable over much of Loch Lomond on days of heavy powerboat activity, with concentrations of up to 37 ug.l" occurring. 2) Pollutant HCs are found at depths of at least 1.5 m, and are not confined to the surface microlayer (100 urn), The HC distribution with depth was mostly uniform in the field and this was confirmed in controlled experiments in a tank. 3) Recovery of water quality was difficult to demonstrate in the field, possibly as pollution incidents occur continually during summer. 4) HC concentration declined in controlled experiments, in which water was subjected by a controlled pollution discharge from an outboard motor. The time taken for the HC concentration to reach 50 % of the initial HC loading varied but was approximately 7 - 9 days. The toxicity of EPW was investigated by performing 24 hour LC50 (Lethal Concentration for 50 % of test organisms) tests, using the water flea, Daphnia magna (an international standard test organism). The mean LC50 recorded in this study, expressed as the total concentrations ofHC compounds, was 3.72 mg.l". Previous studies suggest that multiplying the Le50 for D. magna by an application factor of 0.001 gives an approximate safe level of a pollutant. Using data collected in this study, a safe level of exhaust He compounds of 3.72 Jlg.r1 would result. In summer, during times of high powerboat activity, such levels are exceeded at many locations in Loch Lomond. The current study has shown that He pollution from a relatively small number of inefficient powered recreational craft using Loch Lomond poses a potential threat to the maintenance of water quality.

Due to legislative pressures and the recent ban of trybutyl tin, alternative environmentally acceptable ship hull antifouling systems are required. This thesis uses a multidisciplinary approach to combine two disparate areas of research namely marine biology and surface engineering, to develop a novel natural product (NP) based antifouling system. The overall objective of this thesis is to transfer a natural marine biological defence mechanism into an engineered antifouling coating system. By combining natural product extraction and incorporation into a trial coating an extensive test programme was able to investigate the antifouling performance and address the issues of bringing this active area of research to the next technological readiness level. By using a stepwise approach to the development of the engineered solution, a suite of techniques were used to fully characterise a NP based system. The biological and surface engineering techniques adapted and developed are described here and their future use to evaluate a novel NP based antifoulant system is critically assessed. After an extensive literature review, an ethanol extract from the red seaweed Chondrus crispus was selected as the natural product source. NP specimens were harvested locally and also purchased as industrially processed dried algae. The industrially processed algae showed good antifoulant activity ( ≤ 25 μg mL-1) in laboratory bioassays and had a greater efficacy than the locally harvested samples highlighting its potential as an economically viable solution. The direct incorporation of the NP into a commercial control depletion polymer binder, allowed for the rapid development of characterisation techniques to evaluate the effects this had on the performance of the NP-binder matrix. The feasibility of a range of electrochemical techniques to measure corrosion potential, impedance, resistance and water uptake in the NP coating was critically assessed. A combination of open-circuit potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy provided a unique and rapid means to non-destructively measure the contribution of incorporated NPs to the degradation and water uptake of the binder film. Studies of biofilm growth were used to successfully measure community viability and structure using fluorescent staining and differential interference contrast microscopy. These techniques were found to be very informative on Southampton water marine biofilm community structure and were cross correlated by fourier transform infrared measurements. Resistance to biofouling was determined through field trials, an important testing platform for an antifouling system, and specifically trials which test the entire coated system including any primers and substrate preparation requirements. An initial NP antifouling performance greater than the booster biocide (Chlorothalonil) control was documented for one field trial over a period of the first 6 weeks. A key aspect was to determine the potential efficacy of NPs and their viability in a coating system. To achieve this, a range of standard and non-standard techniques were used to assess this novel combination of crude NP extract and commercial binder system. This work has shown that a limited antifoulant activity is achievable. By evaluating the effect of a NP on both the fouling community and a binder system this unique approach helps define key techniques to assess future NP antifoulants and identifies the optimisation required to increase their functionality.

Contamination of aquatic environments via anthropogenic release of metals is an increasing global environmental concern. The greatest concerns exist within estuarine and harbour environments, where point and non-point metal sources are prevalent. Historically, monitoring programs were initially (and largely) based on chemical analyses; however, the identification of a number of shortcomings in this approach resulted in a shift towards the complementary use of biological monitoring (biomonitoring). The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the suitability of selected aquatic invertebrate taxa biomarker responses (by production of metallothionein- MT) for assessment of aquatic environmental conditions in three coastal estuaries in Southern England: Poole Harbour, the Fal estuary and the Solent. This was delivered through a critical review of the current status of metal contamination in biota, water and sediment within these estuaries; by investigation of the suitability of selected species’ metallothioneins to act as biomarkers by assessing their correlation with metal pollution; by assessment of the effectiveness of these organisms as bioindicators in biomonitoring studies; and though investigation of the potential use of MT concentrations in these species as biomarkers of metal exposure in monitoring programmes. Legislation has been established to facilitate the protection, and enhance the quality, of all water bodies, including coastal waters and estuaries to prevent their deterioration and to ensure they achieve ‘good’ ecological health; but examination of water and sediment samples showed that historical metal pollution has not been dispersed and still affects environmental quality. In Poole Harbour, metal contamination was detected in all environmental compartments. The enclosed nature of the harbour and its secondary embayments make it vulnerable to the effects of these metal sources which disperse extremely slowly due to restricted tidal exchange; and a significant part of the pollution load remains in coastal areas close to land based contamination sources. In Poole Harbour, water was polluted with As (ranged from 29.6 to 212.8 μg/l) and Hg (ranged from 0.368 μg/l to 11.06 μg/l) which are above the Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) set by the European Union dangerous substances directive (EUDSD). Sediment metals were mostly within “the possible effect range” at which adverse effects occasionally occur, according to the Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines (CSQG). Although cockles (Cerastoderma edule) had higher tissue concentrations of Ni, Ag and Hg in areas close to pollution sources, and sponges (Haliclona oculata) had accumulated Cu and Zn with a very high magnitude, the absence of EQS for metals in living organisms’ tissues makes it difficult to specify whether the metal concentrations reached a dangerous level or not in these organisms. The results confirmed the presence of a marked metal pollution gradient in the Fal Estuary between the ‘clean’ sites in the north and east of the estuary and the ‘polluted’ sites in the west of the estuary which were historically polluted by water from mines. Moreover, the concentrations of metals in almost all of the contaminated sites in the Fal and Solent estuaries have not changed significantly over the past few decades. This study investigated the potential of MT as biomarker of metal pollution in the following wild species: two well-studied bioindicators- common cockles (C. edule) from Poole Harbour, and mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the Fal estuary and the Solent; and tested the following novel bioindicators: sponges (H. oculata) from Poole Harbour, ragworms (Hediste diversicolor) From the Fal estuary, and limpets (Patella vulgata) from the Solent. The spectrophotometric method was used to measure MT in these species as it has been reported to be a sensitive, time saving, and low-cost technique able to detect MT content in the tissues of aquatic organisms. The results showed that MT concentration in these estuarine wild invertebrates vary between sites; however, these variations were not exclusively associated with metal concentrations and that other environmental factors may explain some of the MTs variability. The many uncertainties surrounding MT in wild organisms indicate that it may have limited potential as a biomarker in estuarine environments. It is also apparent that the importance of biotic and abiotic factors at polluted sites may limit its application. In this study, transplanted mussels (M. edulis) and Manila clams (Tapes philippinarum) were used as active biomonitoring tools in Poole Harbour. It was found that under extreme conditions of metal pollution, the relationship between metal concentrations and MT deviates from linearity: a threshold appears to be reached beyond which the physiological capacity of organisms introduced to polluted areas is exceeded. In the above transplanted animals, MT induction increased to peak levels with increased metal concentration, and then declined with further increases in the concentration.

This research addresses gaps in current knowledge regarding process issues associated with long term semi-continuous digestion of food waste as a sole substrate, and the role of trace elements and biomass retention in digestion of food wastes. Source segregated food wastes were collected from a university catering facility and found, in characterisation studies, to have a total solids (TS) content of 28.1±0.25 %, a volatile solids (VS) content of 95.5±0.06% of TS and a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 422±16 g kgwet weight -1. The total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total lipid content were 22±1% and 3.8±0.24% of TS, respectively. The substrate was then processed during a number of digestion trials using mesophilic continuously-stirred tank reactors (CSTRs), to establish the suitability of this substrate for CSTR digestion. It was found that although good specific methane production of 0.36 l gVSadded -1 was obtained from the substrate, the process was unstable at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 25 days, with methanogenic failure occurring after 80 days or when the organic loading rate (OLR) was increased. Further digestion trials were initiated, therefore, to investigate the effects of trace element supplementation and extending HRT on process stability, areas for which there is little information in existing literature. Reactors with hydraulic retention times of 25, 30, 50, 100, and 180 days supplemented with a trace element solution showed stable digestion for longer periods than duplicate control digesters without supplementation. The time points of failure in the control digesters were shown to be related to washout time, as calculated using the HRT. Trace element supplementation allowed stable operation at an OLR up to 3.5 gVS l-1d-1, with specific methane production ranging from 0.41-0.47 l gVSadded -1 and VS destruction of 63-77%. Supplementation with trace elements did not, however, guarantee indefinite stable operation, as digesters at the shortest (25 days) and longest (180 days) retention time eventually showed methanogenic failure. A slow methanogenic biomass growth rate and accumulation of inhibitory substances, respectively, were hypothesised as possible reasons for these failures. Analysis of metal concentrations in the digestate showed that cobalt was the metal most likely to be responsible for the observed benefits of the mixed trace metal supplementation as the concentration of this increased in the supplemented digester whilst decreasing in its non-supplemented control. The relative importance of the liquid and solid fractions in maintaining stability were investigated in novel digestion trials in which solid and liquid retention times were uncoupled. Digesters with SRT of 25 days and HRT of over 150 days exhibited methanogenic failure after approximately 45 days. In contrast, reactors with SRT of over 150 days and HRT of 25 days maintained stable digestion, with specific methane production of 0.53 l gVSadded -1, and also showed recovery from a thermal shock applied during the experiment. Inhibitory compounds such as VFA were kept low by flushing through the system while alkalinity was regenerated by the action of biomass kept in the system. The retention of solids may also have facilitated the retention of trace metals.

The potential for using the crop maize (Zea mays) for the production of biogas in simple anaerobic leach beds was evaluated. The results showed that leach beds coupled to high-rate methanogenic reactors performed better than other systems on a specific methane yield per gram of substrate added basis while their performance on a volumetric gas yield basis was poorer. Initial experiments using a single stage digester showed rapid acidification due to the low buffering capacity of the system. To overcome this problem, leach beds were used as part of a two-phase system in which the intermediate metabolic products were flushed out and used as substrate for a second stage methanogenic reactor. Further experiments simulated the effect of a hydraulic flush in the leach bed using clean water as the flush liquid. Methane potential of the leachate was estimated based on the cumulative soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) production. Under this operation mode, the effect of substrate to inoculum ratio, fresh substrate load (FSL), hydraulic retention time (HRT) and buffer and trace element addition was tested. The performance of the leach bed was found to be poor compared to conventional digesters where the methane yield is ~0.35 l CH4 g-1 VSadded and volatile solids (VS) destruction is ~85% and this was thought to be due to the low pH in the reactor. Increasing the FSL improved methane yield but the maximum value obtained was 0.12 l CH4 g-1 VS. Decreasing the HRT allowed the leach bed to operate at a slightly higher pH. In this case, a volatile solids destruction of ~50% and a methane yield of 0.17 l CH4 g-1 VS was achieved using a HRT of 2.6 days. The addition of buffer (NaHCO3) to maintain pH ~ 6.5 increased VS destruction to 89% and methane yield to 0.37 l CH4 g-1 VS at an HRT of 1.5 days. This performance was similar at a HRT of 28 days despite the high VFA concentrations. Acid production increased with the addition of buffer as 75-97% of SCOD was converted to this form. Buffering was also shown to increase the number of culturable anaerobic cellulolytic microorganisms. VS degradation and methane potential were further enhanced by the addition 0.5 mg l-1 of cobalt to the buffered flush medium giving an apparent VS destruction of 115% and a methane yield of 0.46 l CH4 g-1 VSadded, which indicated that a proportion of the inoculum was also degraded. In the final part of the research the leach beds were coupled to methanogenic reactors and trials were conducted using different feed cycle durations, in which all the digestate and leachate from the preceding run was used as inoculum, and only the solids destroyed were replaced with fresh feed material. The effect of the methanogenic reactor was multi-fold as it not only stripped out intermediate compounds, according to its primary design function, but also played an important role in stabilising pH, maintaining nutrients and retaining the microbial population in the system. The leach bed operated with a 7-day feed cycle showed higher substrate degradation and was able to receive a higher OLR of 2.4 gTS l-1reactor d-1 than the 14-day feed cycle at 1.7 gTS l-1reactor d-1 and the 28-day feed cycle at 1.3 gTS l-1reactor d-1. This provided a higher volumetric methane yield the shorter the feed cycle, 0.839 lCH4 l-1 d-1, 0.618 lCH4 l-1 d-1 and 0.482 lCH4 l-1 d-1 in the 7-day, 14-day and 28-day feed cycle, respectively. However, the specific methane yield obtained from the system was slightly higher in the 14-day and 28-day cycles at 0.434 l CH4 g-1 VSadded while in the 7-day cycle it was 0.418 l CH4 g-1 VSadded. The retention of the digestate and leachate over successive cycles for a period of ~160 days appeared, however, to cause an accumulation of suspended solids (SS) and total and soluble COD in the leachate. This was especially the case in the higher loaded 7-day feed cycle reactor and was probably the cause of the lower methane production. Initially the methanogenic reactors were responsible for most methane production but with progressive cycles the leach beds themselves became methanogenic and eventually accounted for more than 50% of the methane generated in the system. The methanogenic and cellulolytic bacteria were shown to be present in the leachate from both reactors and suggested a synergy between them in exchange of microbial consortia.

Wheat straw is a major potential source of waste biomass for renewable energy production, but its high salt content causes problems in combustion. Work was undertaken to evaluate straw washing as a means of reducing the alkali index of the straw by washing out light metal cations, primarily potassium. In addition to loss of salts, organic matter is also washed out of the straw and this is a potential source of energy through anaerobic biodegradation to produce methane as a fuel gas. The rate of washout of both potassium and organic carbon was dependent on the temperature of the washwater, although cold water washing could reduce the alkali index to a suitable level, after a long retention time. Using this technique an organically dilute washwater was produced with a chemical oxygen demand of around 2.0 g l-1, suitable for a short hydraulic retention time immobilised cell digester. An upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) was chosen for initial trials, but this was later compared with an anaerobic filter. As a control throughout the experiments digesters were also maintained on a synthetic wastewater which gave a performance baseline against which the activity and methane production potential of the UASB digesters could be judged. Initial trials showed an accumulation of potassium in the granular sludge bed and an initial apparent drop in the specific methane production and COD removal efficiency. This could be recovered and the potassium washed out of the bed by switching the feed from wheat straw washwater (WSW) to synthetic sewage. Repetitive cycling between these two substrates did not damage or disrupt the digestion process. When allowed to stabilise on WSW alone the COD removal was around 83% and the specific methane production was 0.216 l g-1 CODadded under pseudo steady state conditions. The accumulation of potassium also stabilised at around 11 mg g-1 granule wet weight. Under these conditions the organic loading rate could be increased to ~3 g COD l-1 day-1 without adversely affecting digester performance. Whilst operating on wheat straw washwater the conversion of COD to methane compared to the stoichiometric potential was less than that seen for the synthetic wastewater in the same digester with the same granular biomass. It is hypothesised that a proportion of the carbon converted is used in maintaining the osmotic integrity of the cells by a metabolically-linked potassium transport system. Evidence to show intracellular accumulation of potassium was provided by transmission electron microscopy coupled to EDX analysis of granular sections. Complementary studies were carried out to determine the resistance to salt toxicity of two different types of anaerobic inoculum, taken from a mesophilic municipal wastewater biosolids digester and a saline estuarine mud, for comparison with the UASB granules. Both of these inoculums had a higher tolerance to both Na and K than the granular material, and the wastewater plant digestate was used to further acclimate a dispersed growth inoculum to seed an anaerobic filter. In the acclimatisation, which was carried out in semi-continuous fed stirred tank digesters, the digestate successfully acclimated to 10 g l-1 of KCl, NaCl and a mixture of the two salts. When operated at the same loading on either synthetic wastewater or WSW there was no difference between performance of the UASB and anaerobic filter in either COD removal efficiency or specific methane production. A simple energy balance was conducted taking into account only the energy required for heating washwater to reduce the washing time necessary to meet the alkali index for the straw. This would, however, consume most of the energy produced by anaerobic digestion of the washwater even when other energy consuming activities were not considered.

Orientadors: Denis Miguel Roston
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: Este trabalho visou avaliar o comportamento de pneus picados como meio suporte em leitos cultivados, para o tratamento de esgoto sanitário doméstico. O experimento foi implantado após uma Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (E.T.E.), que atende cerca de 260 pessoas. A estrutura para os leitos cultivados foi construída com blocos de cimento, acima do nível do solo, apresentando uma divisão, que forma dois tanques com 10 m2 cada, com dimensões de 2 m de largura, 5 m de comprimento e 1 m de altura. Como meios suportes adotou-se pedra britada de granulometria nº 3 (de 55 a 90 mm de diâmetro), e pneu picado até a altura de 80 cm, mais pedra britada para completar a altura total (1 m). Foram plantadas 50 mudas de taboa (Typha sp.) em cada leito, distribuídas em 10 linhas no sentido do comprimento, sendo que o monitoramento do sistema começou após a sua estabilização. No total, foram retiradas 12 amostras de cada leito, sendo realizadas análises laboratoriais dos seguintes parâmetros: sólidos suspensos, turbidez, pH, DBO, DQO, PO43-, P e P2O5, NH4+, NH3, NH3 ¿N, NO3-, NO3-N, coliforme total, E. coli . Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à uma análise estatística, através de um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, a fim de verificar se existem diferenças significativas (a 1 % e 5 % de significância) entre a pedra britada (T1) e o pneu picado (T2) empregados como meio suporte nos leitos cultivados por meio da aplicação do teste F. Estatisticamente, comprovou-se que não existem diferenças significativas a 1% e a 5 % de significância para: DBO, NH3, NH3-N, NH4+, P, PO4-3, P2O5, Coliforme total, E. coli. Enquanto que para os parâmetros de sólidos suspensos, pH, NO3-, NO3-N, turbidez, encontraram-se diferenças significativas a 1% e 5% de significância. Para a DQO, encontrou-se significativa entre os tratamentos somente a 5 % de significância. A interpretação gráfica dos valores obtidos confirmou a tendência dos resultados, comprovados estatisticamente
Abstract: This work evaluated pricked tires as a medium for constructed wetlands, treating domestic wastewater. The experiment was conducted utilizing effluent of a Sewage Treatment Plant, assisting about 260 people. Two tanks with 10 m2 each, with dimensions: of 2 m wide, 5 m long and 1 m height were built above soil level using cement bricks. One of the tanks was filled out entirely with crushed stone (diameter 55 to 90 mm), while in the other tank the medium was pricked tires reaching the height of 0.80 m. Above the tires, a 0.10 m gravel layer to complete the total height (1 m) and avoid floating. The aquatic macrophytes utilized were from Typha species distributed uniformly over the beds. The following parameters were monitored: suspended solids, pH, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, total coliform, E. coli and turbidity. The results were submitted to a statistical analysis in order to verify if significant difference existed (to 1 % and 5% of significance) between the two treatments. The results demonstrate no significant differences for the parameters BOD, NH3, NH3-N, NH4+, P, PO4-, P2O5, total coliform, and E. coli. while for suspended solids, pH, NO3, NO3-N, turbidity, were found significant differences to 1% and 5% of significance. For COD was found significant difference to 5% of significance
Mestrado
Agua e Solo
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

The purpose of this study was to determine the removal efficiency of natural systems for the reduction of enteric protozoa (Giardia and Cryptosporidium), and enteric viruses in wastewater. The first part of the study used bench-scale soil columns to determine the potential effectiveness of Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) for the removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cyst from treated wastewater. Sand and sandy loam were used to pack 18 to 200-cm long columns. Results from this study showed that removal of oocysts increased as increasing length of the soil column. Although substantial removal of Cryptosporidium occurs (>99.99%) within 200 cm of soil, oocysts are likely to penetrate beyond this depth. Giardia was removed far below detectable levels, probably due to its larger size. The next phase of the project investigated the removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms from untreated wastewater by a surface flow wetland, the importance of plants in wetlands, as well as the potential for groundwater contamination passed by pathogens with the use of constructed wetlands. This small-scale study was conducted in a large tank divided into two cells. Both cells were filled with sand and one cell was planted with bulrushes and the other was unplanted. About 90 percent of all microorganisms were removed by either of the systems. Neither Giardia nor Cryptosporidium were found to penetrate through the 2-m of sand in either the planted or unplanted cells. Lower numbers of viruses and bacteria were transported through the sand in the planted wetland cell versus the unplanted cell. This could indicate that vegetated wetlands are more likely to prevent microbial transport to groundwater. The objective of the last part of this study was to determine the survival of Cryptosporidium oocysts in wastewater effluent applied to a constructed vegetated wetland, when exposed to and when protected from sunlight, and the effect of temperature during different seasons. Viability of Cryptosporidium oocysts was determined using the excystation technique. Results from this study indicated that sunlight and/or temperature play a significant role in the survival of Cryptosporidium. Thus, it was concluded that oocyst reduction in wastewater applied to wetlands can be enhanced by natural die-off due to the effects of temperature or UV irradiation in sunlight, and greater removal could be achieved if designing of wetland systems take into consideration such factors.

Bio-fuel cells are driven by diverse and abundant bio-fuels and biological catalysts. The production/consumption cycle of bio-fuels is considered to be carbon neutral and, in principle, more sustainable than that of conventional fuel cells. The cost benefits over traditional precious-metal catalysts, and the mild operating conditions represent further advantages. It is important that mathematical models are developed to reduce the burden on laboratory based testing and accelerate the development of practical systems. In this study, recent key developments in bio-fuel cell technology are reviewed and two different approaches to modelling biofuel cells are presented, a detailed physics-based approach, and a data-driven regression model. The current scientific and engineering challenges involved in developing practical bio-fuel cell systems are described, particularly in relation to a fundamental understanding of the reaction environment, the performance and stability requirements, modularity and scalability. New materials and methods for the immobilization of enzymes and mediators on electrodes are examined, in relation to performance characteristics and stability. Fuels, mediators and enzymes used (anode and cathode), as well as the cell configurations employed are discussed. New developments in microbial fuel cell technologies are reviewed in the context of fuel sources, electron transfer mechanisms, anode materials and enhanced O2 reduction. Multi-dimensional steady-state and dynamic models of two enzymatic glucose/air fuel cells are presented. Detailed mass and charge balances are combined with a model for the reaction mechanism in the electrodes. The models are validated against experimental results. The dynamic performance under different cell voltages is simulated and the evolution of the system is described. Parametric studies are performed to investigate the effect of various operating conditions. A data-driven model, based on a reduced-basis form of Gaussian process regression, is also presented and tested. The improved computational efficiency of data-driven models makes them better candidates for modelling large complex systems.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal.
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Dentre os manguezais existentes na ilha de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, o manguezal do Itacorubi é o que apresenta maior estado de degradação. O aterro de lixo da cidade de Florianópolis figura como um dos principais tensores antropogênicos sobre este ecossistema. Durante aproximadamente 33 anos, 75 milhões de toneladas de lixo urbano foram depositados em 12 ha de áreas de manguezal sem que tivessem sido tomadas medidas para evitar ou controlar o escoamento dos líquidos percolados e a conseqüente contaminação de áreas de mangue contíguas ao aterro. Após seu fechamento, em 1989, ainda hoje se observa em todo entorno do aterro um estado generalizado de degradação com a morte de grande quantidade de árvores de mangue adultas, provavelmente devido à contaminação pelos líquidos que ainda percolam e fluem livremente em direção ao manguezal. Objetivando avaliar, sob condições controladas, os efeitos destes efluentes na sobrevivência e desenvolvimento do componente principal da vegetação neste manguezal, Avicennia schaueriana. 120 plantas jovens desta espécie foram acomodadas em uma casa de vegetação, formando quatro blocos em linha, contendo cinco repetições de seis unidades amostrais (plantas) por tratamento. Os tratamentos consistiram de 5 diferentes diluições, em água destilada, dos líquidos percolados (LPs) coletados no aterro de lixo: T1- controle, 0% (apenas água destilada); T2, 25% de LPs; T3- 50% de LPs; T4-75% de LPs e T5-100% de LPs. Após um período de aproximadamente seis meses foram avaliadas e comparadas, variáveis biométricas e morfoanatômicas tais como: altura, diâmetro do caule, número de entre-nós, número de ramos laterais, número de folhas, área foliar e peso seco das partes aéreas e subterrâneas das plantas; espessura do mesofilo, número de glândulas de sal e número de estômatos. Análises de variância e testes Tukey indicaram haver diferenças significativas entre as plantas tratadas com os líquidos percolados e as plantas do controle. Na maioria das variáveis utilizadas, as plantas contaminadas apresentaram um padrão de crescimento significativamente maior e proporcional ao aumento das concentrações de LPs. Entretanto, apesar do maior crescimento, apresentado pelas plantas tratadas com o efluente, algumas variáveis importantes apresentaram reduções significativas nas médias em relação ao controle e também proporcionais ao aumento das concentrações de LPs. As significativas reduções verificadas nas médias do número de estômatos e de glândulas de sal, estruturas foliares diretamente relacionadas com o desenvolvimento e sobrevivência indicaram que os líquidos percolados do aterro de lixo de Florianópolis alteraram o desenvolvimento destas estruturas nas folhas de plantas contaminadas. Ainda foram observadas ocorrências de alterações morfoanatômicas, significativamente maiores, nas folhas de plantas contaminadas, que apresentavam diversos sintomas característicos do estresse químico vegetal, tais como: clorose, deformações, necrose de partes das folhas e aumento na susceptibilidade ao ataque de organismos agressores. Algumas destas alterações poderiam ser confundidas, no controle, com processos naturais intrínsecos, como predação ou senescência das folhas; porém nestas plantas, a proporção de folhas afetadas era significativamente menor e alguns sintomas estavam ausentes ou ocorriam em menor intensidade. Desta forma podemos concluir que os líquidos percolados do aterro de lixo afetaram o desenvolvimento das plantas tratadas de diferentes maneiras, porém sem causar efeitos negativos sobre o crescimento, durante o período avaliado. Excetuando-se apenas o diâmetro da base do caule, todos os parâmetros utilizados identificaram os efeitos dos tratamentos sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas. Tanto as variáveis que indicaram incremento no crescimento, como as que identificaram alterações no desenvolvimento de estruturas foliares, podem ser recomendadas como variáveis indicadoras dos efeitos destes líquidos sobre esta espécie.. Análises físico-químicas dos líquidos percolados, aparentemente indicaram, através dos valores relativamente baixos de pH e considerávelmente altos de condutividade elétrica que ainda ocorrerm processos anaeróbios facultativos, acidogênicos que fazem baixar o pH e propiciam a dissolução dos diversos componentes do lixo.

Anaerobic digestion of source segregated domestic food waste (SS-DFW) offers a sustainable management route for reclaiming potential energy in the form of a fuel gas, and nutrients which can be recycled back to land. However, the biochemical characteristics of SS-DFW can lead to free ammonia nitrogen (FAN) concentrations that are inhibitory to the digestion process causing unstable operation and in some cases complete process failure, particularly in thermophilic systems. With the purpose of reducing the total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) in the digester, side-stream and in situ biogas stripping technologies were tested. Mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures were evaluated under moderate and complete biogas mixing rates (0.4 l min-1 – 2.6 l min-1) in a batch system. Laboratory investigations showed that TAN reductions in an in situ bubbling reactor with moderate and complete gas mixing rates were non-existent at mesophilic temperatures and minimal at thermophilic temperatures. For this reason, it is unlikely that in situ biogas stripping would be adequate to prevent TAN concentrations greater than 2500 mg N l-1 in a food waste digester and thus will not mitigate ammonia inhibition in a thermophilic system. Semi-continuous trials carried out on SS-DFW in laboratory-scale digesters, fed daily at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 2 kg VS m-3 day-1 and coupled to stripping columns at low bleed rates (2 – 3.5 % digester volume per day treated in the stripping process) were effective in reducing ammonia concentrations to below thermophilic toxic levels (TAN concentration of 2500 – 3500 mg N l-1). The experiments also confirmed that removal of a proportion of the digester contents and their exposure to thermophilic conditions with pH adjustment to 10 had no adverse effects on performance in terms of biogas production (0.83 ± 0.03 l g-1 VS without stripping, 0.84 ± 0.05 l g-1 VS with stripping) or VS destruction (81.8 % without stripping, 88.5 % with stripping). The process required high pH and temperature (≥70 ⁰C) to achieve a TAN concentration below the toxic threshold for thermophilic digestion, and it is unlikely that stripping at 55 ⁰C and pH 10 would achieve the target reduction. The research showed the way forward for the application of side-stream stripping to prevent the build-up of ammonia under thermophilic conditions, if the digester is started up with a non-inhibitory FAN concentration in the inoculum.

This study was carried out to investigate performance of a Vacuum Rotating Membrane (VRM) type membrane bioreactor (MBR). During the study, the VRM plant was erected from scratch and operated in METU campus. The plant was composed of two tanks. First one was about 100 m3 and it was used for biological treatment
the second tank, about 30 m3, was used as filter chamber. The permeate flow rate was adjusted between 6 and 8.5 m3/h giving a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 18 hours during the study. In the aeration tank, dissolved oxygen (DO) was adjusted to between 4 and 0.1 mg/L to see the effect of the dissolved oxygen concentration on the process. In the filter chamber, total of 540 m2 flat sheet membrane surface were used for the separation of the treated wastewater from the activated sludge. During the 140 days of operation, MLSS concentration increased from 2.5 g/L to 20 g/L. A 99.99% BOD removal and above 95% COD removal were achieved most of the time during the study. At the time when organic loading rate was between 0.35 and 0.1 kg COD/ kgVSS-day, sludge production was very low. Therefore, sludge retention time (SRT) was taken as infinite. The turbidity in the effluent was less than 1 NTU at all the time, and was below that of the tap water. In the aeration tank, 100% Total-N removal was observed when DO was 2 mg/L and MLSS was 8.36 mg/L on 80th day of operation. This indicates that simultaneous nitrification and denitrification was taking place at these conditions. Later, N-removal decreased when DO was deliberately decreased to 0.1 mg/L in the aeration tank to prevent nitrification
for treated wastewaters were intended to be used for irrigation. Since the pores of the membrane were 0.038 &
#956
m, treated wastewaters were sterile with respect to bacteria

The fate and occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium were studied in the marine environment to assess their potential for transmission since their transmission to swimmers in fresh waters has been previously documented. The first part of this study was designed to determine the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium at bathing beaches within the vicinity of an outfall discharging primary treated sewage into Mamala Bay, Hawaii. Sites were monitored monthly and quarterly for parasites by passing 400 liters of marine water through a spun polyproplyene fiber filter. Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in primary treated sewage from the Sand Island sewage treatment plant which discharges into Mamala Bay at concentrations of 2,560 cysts and 216 oocysts/liter, respectively. Ala Wai Canal as well as the bathing beaches within the vicinity of the outfall were also found to contain the parasites. The survival of Giardia in marine water was studied in direct sunlight and the dark in marine waters (33- to 35-ppt salinity), canal water (28-ppt salinity) and in phosphate-buffered saline (8-ppt) at 18 to 28°C. Giardia muris was inactivated by 3-logs in the presence of sunlight in marine and canal waters. In comparison, Giardia survive up to 6 hours in PBS under the same conditions. Overall, it appears that salinity and sunlight quickly inactivate Giardia cysts. Thus, Giardia would pose a threat only if the cysts reach the bathing beaches within a few hours. The last phase of this project was designed to develop a more efficient method of collection of cysts and oocysts from water. Methods for the concentration of enteric viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium from water requires the use of two different types of filters. This study compared the efficiency of their concentration from tap water and tertiary treated wastewater with a polypropylene fiber cartridge, and the Filterite electronegative and the 1MDS Virosorb electropositive microporous filters. Results indicated that the overall efficiency was greatest for the Filterite filter for both Giardia and Cryptosporidium (p = 0.000762 and p = 0.067069, respectively); and in addition they are easier and faster to process than the polypropylene-wound parasite filter.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The composting process continues to be a promising technological alternative for the treatment of organic solid residues susceptible to fermentation, from the point of view technical, economic, social and environmental point of view, in order to allow the generation of by-product of aggregate value in the field of nutrient cycling for incorporation in soils And recovery of degraded areas. The efficiency of the composting process depends on the action and interaction of the microorganisms, which depend on favorable conditions such as temperature, humidity, aeration, pH, types of organic waste used, carbon / nitrogen ratio and granulometry. Among these parameters, it is possible to cite the granulometry, because the smaller the particle size, the larger the area available for the microorganisms. In some studies the interference of granulometry in the acceleration of biodegradation was observed, with the purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of granulometry in the process of composting of solid plant residues. As a methodology for this research, the experimental system consisted of six reactors with a unit capacity of 20 liters, with an experimental design of two treatments and three replicates. The solid wastes used in the composting process were ground and dried to 60% moisture and subsequently macerated, one for Treatment 1 and Treatment 2, with diameters of 7 mm and 5.5 mm, respectively. The parameters monitored were temperature, total volatile solids, moisture content, pH and total organic carbon. At the end of the composting the quality of the organic compounds for the macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn). The treatments with different granulometry presented significant differences (p <0.05) for the parameters of STV, pH and COT. Macronutrients (N, K, Ca and Mg) presented significant differences (p <0.05) in T1 and T2, except for P that did not present a significant difference (p> 0.05). Which presented values above the minimum value established for organic fertilizers that is 10 g kg -1. Among the micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn), only Cu presented a significant difference (p <0.05) in T1 and T2, however, Fe was the only one that presented values above the minimum value recommended for organic fertilizers , According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply.
O processo de compostagem continua sendo uma promissora alternativa tecnológica para tratamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos passíveis de fermentação, do ponto de vista técnico, econômico, social e ambiental, haja vista propiciar a geração de subproduto de agregado valor no campo da ciclagem de nutrientes para incorporação em solos agrícolas e recuperação de áreas degradas. A eficiência do processo de compostagem depende da ação e da interação dos microrganismos, os quais dependem de condições favoráveis, como de temperatura, umidade, aeração, pH, tipos de resíduos orgânicos utilizados, relação carbono/nitrogênio e da granulometria. Dentre esses parâmetros, pode-se citar a granulometria, pois quanto menor a granulometria das partículas, maior será a área disponível para os microrganismos. Em algumas pesquisas foi observada a interferência da granulometria na aceleração da biodegradação, com isso o objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em avaliar a influência da granulometria no processo de compostagem de resíduos sólidos vegetais. Como metodologia para esta pesquisa, o sistema experimental foi constituído de seis reatores com capacidade unitária de 20 litros, com delineamento experimental de dois tratamentos e três repetições. Os resíduos sólidos vegetais utilizados no processo da compostagem foram triturados e secos até umidade de 60%, e posteriormente, foram macerados, sendo um destinado ao Tratamento 1 e Tratamento 2, com diâmetros de 7 mm e 5,5 mm, respectivamente. Os parâmetros monitorados foram temperatura, sólidos totais voláteis, teor de umidade, pH e carbono orgânico total. Ao final da compostagem foi avaliado a qualidade dos compostos orgânicos quanto aos macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca e Mg) e os micronutrientes (Cu, Zn, Fe e Mn). Os tratamentos com granulometrias diferentes apresentaram diferenças significativas (p<0,05) para os parâmetros de STV, pH e COT. Os valores referentes aos macronutrientes (N, K, Ca e Mg) apresentaram diferenças significativas (p<0,05) em T1 e T2, com exceção de P que não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,05), sendo o Ca o único que apresentou valores acima do valor mínimo estabelecido para fertilizantes orgânicos que é 10 g kg . Dentre os micronutrientes (Cu, Zn, Fe e Mn), apenas o Cu apresentou diferença significativa (p<0,05) em T1 e T2, no entanto, o Fe foi o único que apresentou valores acima do valor mínimo recomendados para fertilizantes orgânicos, conforme o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
This study investigates a new treatment system of wastewater by anaerobic and aerobic biological filters for nitrogen modification. The main objective of this study was evaluate, on a pilot scale, quantitatively and qualitatively the bacterian nitrifying community in a experimental sewage treatment system made by aerobics biological filters in series, in search of figure out the dynamic of nitrogen modification process. It was collected and laboratorial analysed microbiologically, regarding NMP of Nitrosomonas e Nitrobacter, and physical-chemically considering nitrogen sequence. We conclude that: the association in aerobic biological filters under nutrition controlled conditions and oxygen level allows the appearance of bacterian community responsible for the nitrogen modification; the method used, despite its limitations, provided the selection of autotrophic nitrifying microorganisms, allowing the identification of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter; the flow direction tested in the experimental unit did not affect the nitrifying bacterial community, certainly because they were kept drowned and did not occur flow speed that could breake the formed biomass; the nitrification process happened in aerated biological filters in all phases of the research, comproved by microbiological tests; in the third phase of the research the increase of the oxygen rate was significant for the nitrificant bacterian community in the aerate biological filters, allowing its growth, occurring relation between the efficiency of nitrification system and the quantity of organisms responsible for this process; the conduit used in aerated biological filters showed satisfactory performance support material to the nitrifying bacteria development
Neste estudo foi pesquisado um novo sistema de tratamento de efluente com filtros biol?gicos anaer?bios e aer?bios, visando a transforma??o das formas de nitrog?nio. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, em escala piloto, quantitativamente e qualitativamente a comunidade bacteriana nitrificante em um sistema de tratamento de esgoto experimental composto por filtros biol?gicos submersos aerados em s?rie, para compreender a din?mica no processo de transforma??o de nitrog?nio. Para tal, foram feitas coletas e an?lises laboratoriais tanto microbiol?gicas, no que diz respeito ? NMP de Nitrosomonas e Nitrobacter, quanto f?sico-qu?micas, com rela??o ? seq??ncia nitrogenada. Diante dos resultados obtidos p?de-se concluir que: a associa??o em s?rie de filtros biol?gicos aer?bio sob condi??es controladas de nutri??o e n?vel de oxig?nio permitiu a forma??o da comunidade bacteriana respons?vel pela transforma??o de nitrog?nio; o m?todo utilizado, apesar de suas limita??es, propiciou a sele??o de microorganismos autotr?ficos nitrificantes, permitindo a identifica??o de Nitrosomonas e Nitrobacter; os sentidos de fluxo testados na unidade experimental n?o influenciaram a comunidade bacteriana nitrificante, certamente porque foram mantidos afogados e n?o ocorreu velocidade de fluxo capaz de cisalhar a biomassa formada; o processo de nitrifica??o ocorreu nos filtros biol?gicos aerados em todas as fases da pesquisa, tendo sido isto comprovado pelos exames microbiol?gicos; na terceira fase da pesquisa o aumento da taxa de oxigena??o foi significativo para a comunidade bacteriana nitrificante nos filtros biol?gicos aerados, favorecendo seu crescimento, havendo desta forma rela??o entre a efici?ncia do sistema na nitrifica??o e a quantidade de organismos respons?veis por esse processo; os an?is de eletroduto utilizado nos filtros biol?gicos aerados mostraram desempenho satisfat?rio como material suporte para o desenvolvimento bacteriano nitrificante

High costs for aeration, greenhouse-gas emissions and excess sludge disposal have entailed a paradigm shift in the wastewater treatment. Microalgal-bacterial-based wastewater treatments have gained increasing attention because of their potential in energy demand reduction and biomass resource recovery. In particular, photosynthetic oxygenation is combined with bacterial activity to treat wastewater avoiding external artificial aeration. To optimize the technology in order to become more competitive than activated sludge, an in-depth investigation about the treatment performance and the microbiology interactions under real operational condition is needed. This work focused on the study of wastewater-borne microalgal-bacterial consortia treating real municipal wastewater. The main objectives were to: (i) Understand the removal mechanisms and the influence of operational conditions to optimize the process; (ii) Analyze the microbial community. At first, a photo-sequencing batch reactor (PSBR), called Pilot, was started up and continuously monitored for two years to analyze the evolution of the treatment performance and of the biomass composition. At the same time, other two lab-scale PSBRs were installed to evaluate if microalgal inoculation is essential to start up a consortium. Samples of these consortia were collected over a period of one year and analyzed through microscopic observations, flow cytometry and metagenomics, to investigate the microbial structure and diversity.A second part of the research focused on the optimization of the Pilot to explore its limit in view of the scale-up of the system. In addition, respirometry was adapted to test microalgal-bacterial consortia to estimate the removal kinetic parameters for future modelling. To conclude, the research project addressed many aspects and lay the foundation to apply a methodological research approach to scale-up this promising technology.

Bacteriological data from 1980 to 1991 were reviewed to determine whether coliform bacteria occurred seasonally and spatially within a midwestern city's distribution system. Coliform bacteria are used as microbiological indicator organisms to determine if a public water supply is safe for consumption. The public water_ distribution system examined had at least a twelve year history of the presence of coliform bacteria. Previous investigations have described the occurrence of the coliform bacteria as sporadic because there were no apparent patterns to their presence. An analysis of bacteriological data has not previously been performed to specifically detect seasonal and spatial occurrences of coliform bacteria.This study attempted to determine if seasonal or spatial patterns of coliform occurrences exist within the in the dominant coliform species. Data indicate that the highest percentage of coliform positive samples occurred in the summer, followed by fall, then winter, with spring having the lowest percentage of coliform positive samples. While Enterobacter cloacae was the dominant coliform species during the spring, summer and fall, Klebsiella oxytoca was the dominant coliform during the winter. Coliform occurrence throughout the distribution system was variable among the 43 sample sites. The percentage of positive samples from the various sites ranged from 0% to 10.5%. The five sites with the highest percentage of coliform positive samples were at the extremities of the distribution system. E. cloacae was dominant at 88% of the sites. K. oxytoca was dominant at 9% sites, which typically had a low percentage of coliform positive samples.
Department of Biology

Manufacturers are under pressure to reformulate products to make healthier foods, without changing desirability or flavour. A better understanding of product breakdown under oral conditions is essential to structure novel products which are healthier without consumers noticing. In-vitro methods were developed to explore product behaviour when subject to a range of phenomena relevant to those in the mouth, with particular emphasis on lubrication behaviour. Polysaccharides common in food products were mainly used as model systems and salt release was studied in some systems. Three in-vitro systems were developed and used in this study. Firstly, a stirred vessel was developed to gather data of salt release from gelatin, gellan and alginate systems, under quiescent conditions. This was a reliable method of tracking diffusion of sodium ions through the gel structures into a surrounding liquid, showing that diffusion was unaffected by the differing structure of the gels. The second system introduced the effect of compression. Only when pressures are sufficient to rupture the gel samples did compressions affect salt release over that observed in the stirred vessel study. Samples released the majority of their contained salt up to nine times faster, as a result of greater surface areas being exposed. Finally, tribology equipment was developed, which explores the thin film, high shear behaviour of materials. An exploration of available equipment, processing parameters and configurations was carried out to determine optimum surfaces, normal forces and speed ranges which could be related to phenomena occurring in the mouth. The lubricating properties of inhomogeneous polysaccharides with different physical properties were studied. The mixing behaviour of the polysaccharide greatly affected the lubrication response; some mixed quickly so lubricated more efficiently and vice versa. Finally, the developed tribology equipment was used to study the ordering process of a series of fluid gel samples, indicating that lubrication tracks the ordering process, with a decrease in lubrication when structure forms. The pattern of this response is a result of polysaccharide and salt content of the materials, with increasing content enhancing the change in lubrication experienced as more rigid gel particles are produced. The work presented in this thesis shows that the use of in-vitro methods can provide repeatable information on structure behaviour under conditions relevant to the mouth. This information could then be used to develop and assess future food products for their expected performance when consumed.

CAPES
O processo de digestão anaeróbia é muito importante no tratamento dos esgotos sanitários, por ser eficiente, simples e de baixo custo de implantação, operação e manutenção. Embora o Brasil tenha à disposição processos anaeróbios consolidados, o saneamento básico ainda é deficiente no país, e a otimização de reatores anaeróbios tem o intuito de melhorar a viabilidade, efetividade e ampliação dos sistemas de tratamento dos esgotos sanitários. O objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar o desempenho através do comportamento dinâmico e hidrodinâmico de reator anaeróbio híbrido (UAHB), com variação do tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 4 a 12 h e da DQO (amostras brutas) de 250 a 1250 mgO2L-1. O reator, com volume útil de 22,1 L, foi operado com meio suporte de anéis corrugados de Policloreto de Polivinila (PVC) e mantido a temperatura ambiente, sendo o afluente de alimentação, sintético simulando o esgoto sanitário. Foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos: temperatura do líquido e do ar, pH, alcalinidade total (AT), alcalinidade a bicarbonato (AB), ácidos voláteis (AV), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO520), Turbidez, Sólidos Totais (ST), Sólidos Suspensos Totais (SST), nitrogênio total kjeldahl (N-NTK), nitrogênio amoniacal (Namon), nitrito(N-NO2-), nitrato (N-NO3-) e fósforo total (P). Foi avaliado o comportamento hidrodinâmico e verificada a existência de anomalias hidráulicas, pela técnica de estímulo-resposta tipo pulso com injeção do traçador eosina Y. Ao final dos experimentos, foi realizada a análise estatística para encontrar a condição operacional ótima, bem como os modelos estatísticos para validação dos experimentos. Em todas as condições operacionais foi possível observar que o reator UAHB entrou em equilíbrio dinâmico aparente (EEDA) com produção de alcalinidade para neutralizar os ácidos voláteis produzidos no processo de acidogênese e acetogênese da digestão anaeróbia. O aumento da carga orgânica volumétrica acarretou no aumento das eficiências de remoção em DQO (amostras brutas e filtradas), DBO520 e Turbidez, mas reduziu as remoções de Sólidos Totais e Sólidos Suspensos Totais. A diminuição do TDH reduziu as eficiências de remoção dos parâmetros DQO (amostras brutas e filtradas), DBO520, Sólidos Totais, Sólidos Suspensos Totais e Turbidez. Em relação à hidrodinâmica, em todas as condições operacionais foi observado o efeito de cauda longa, o regime de escoamento no interior do reator UAHB foi classificado como de tanques de mistura completa em série (NCSTR). Foi verificada a presença de zonas mortas no reator, a eficiência hidráulica foi em média 65% para as três condições e não foi possível observar a presença de curtos-circuitos para os três TDH testados. Pela análise estatística do delineamento composto central rotativo (DCCR), a condição ótima de operação para o reator foi para o TDH 12 h e DQO (amostras brutas) 553 mgO2.L-1.
The anaerobic digestion process is very important in the treatment of sewage, as it is an efficient, simple process and low cost of implementation, operation and maintenance. Although Brazil has provided consolidated anaerobic processes, sanitation is still poor in the country, and the optimization of anaerobic reactors aims to improve the viability, effectiveness and expansion of treatment systems for sewage. The aim of this research project is to evaluate the reactor's performance through dynamic and hydrodynamic behavior of hybrid anaerobic reactor (UAHB) with a range of hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 to 12 hours and COD (gross samples) 250 - 1250 mgO2L -1. The reactor, with a volume of 22.1 L was operated with support means corrugated rings of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and kept at room temperature, the influent feed, simulating the synthetic wastewater. the physicochemical parameters were analyzed: temperature of the liquid and air, pH, total alkalinity (TA), bicarbonate alkalinity (BA), volatile acids (VA), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD ), Turbidity, Total Solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen Total Kjeldahl (NTK-N), ammonia nitrogen (amon-N), nitrite (NO2-N), nitrate (NO3-N) and Total phosphorus (P). It evaluated the hydrodynamic behavior and the determination of hydraulic anomalies, the stimulus-response pulse technique with injection of the tracer eosin Y. At the end of the experiments, statistical analysis was performed to find the optimal operating condition as well as the statistical models for validation experiments. In all operating conditions it was observed that the UAHB Reactor became apparent dynamic equilibrium (ADE) with alkalinity production to neutralize the volatile acids produced in acetogenesis process of anaerobic digestion. The increased of organic loading rate resulted in increased efficiencies in the removal of COD (gross and filtered samples), BOD and Turbidity, but reduced removals of Total Solids and Total Suspended Solids. The decrease in HRT reduced the removal efficiencies of COD parameters (grosss and filtered samples), BOD, Total Solids, Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity. Regarding the hydrodynamic in all operating conditions was observed long tail effect, the flow regime inside the reactor UAHB was rated as complete mixing tanks in series (N-CSTR). The presence of dead zones in the reactor was checked, the hydraulic efficiency was averaged 65% for the three conditions and it was not possible to observe the presence of short circuits for the three HRT tested. For the statistical analysis of the central rotary compound design (CRCD), the optimum operating condition for the reactor was to HRT 12 h and COD (gross samples) 553 mgCOD.L-1.

Food and energy security are two key environmental challenges currently faced by mankind. The principles behind organic farming are to promote environmental sustainability; however within the organic standards the use of renewable energy is only a suggested method with which to achieve this. If organic farmers can successfully utilise anaerobic digesters, they could contribute towards the provision of both food and energy security using one holistic system. Within this thesis, the suitability of anaerobic digesters on organic farms was explored using methods from ecological, sociological and environmental sciences. This enabled both the practical and theoretical issues behind the question of whether it is suitable for anaerobic digesters to be used on organic farms to be addressed. Field and laboratory experiments were used to compare the effects digestate and slurry had on earthworms, grass and weeds. Digestate and slurry had species dependent effects on earthworms during both LD50 / LT50 experiments and behavioural bioassays; Lumbricus terrestris survived longer in slurry and showed a behavioural preference towards slurry over digestate, whereas Eisenia fetida showed the opposite responses. Fertiliser application rates over 170 kg N ha-1 were found to be harmful to both species of earthworm. Suppressed germination effects were seen on thistles treated with digestate compared with no treatment (F0.56,19.66 =4.66, P < 0.01), whilst grass fertilised with digestate had a greater total mass than grass fertilised with slurry or left unfertilised (F2,27 =17.92, P < 0.001). Questionnaires and interviews were used to obtain a better understanding of the opinions farmers had about anaerobic digesters. Organic farmers believed renewable energy generation fitted well within organic principles, but using an anaerobic digester on an organic farm was less practical than on a conventional farm. This was due to multiple reasons including lack of information, poor associated finances, and that existing digesters are currently unsuitable for small organic farms. There was also support for anaerobic digesters to be on dairy farms- this was regardless of whether the farm was organic or conventional. Two case-study farms were used to assess the impact an anaerobic digester would have on the farms total GHG emissions. An anaerobic digester on the dairy farm was calculated to reduce GHG emissions by up to 24%, while for the mixed farm, the maximum reduction was by 20%. This was primarily due to the fact that the dairy farm benefitted from a higher volume of feedstock and proposed to use the biogas in a more energy efficient manner by producing electricity rather than vehicle fuel. Due to the high emissions associated with keeping livestock, both case studies needed to import additional feedstock if the farms were to achieve zero net GHG emissions. The answer to whether anaerobic digesters can be suitable for organic farms was judged on how well they complimented or conflicted with IFOAM’s definition of organic farming. Three main aspects of their definition were chosen and evidence from each chapter used to address the main question of the thesis. In conclusion, anaerobic digesters are theoretically suitable for use on organic farms, but are generally more practical for use on conventional farm systems. Across both farm systems the most suitable enterprises to adopt anaerobic digesters are dairy farms. This highlights the need for suitability of new systems to be assessed on a case-by-case scenario when trying to maximise positive impacts from new technologies.

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Although the good performance in organic matter and suspended solids removal, the anaerobic reactors are unable to remove ammonia nitrogen from sewage, which makes indispensable to include a step of post-treatment for removal of ammonia or nitrate as necessary. This paper presents the performance of a new variant technology, where the nitrification unit, preceded by anaerobic units, is a submerged aerated biological filter, without continuous sludge discharge in their daily operation. The oxygenation system is very simple and inexpensive, consisting of perforated hoses and compressors. The anaerobic reactors are a septic tank with two chambers followed (8.82 m?) and two parallel anaerobic filters (36 m? each) filled with ceramic bricks and conics plastic parts. Both followed aerated filters were filled with cut corrugated conduit. The study evaluated the behavior of the system with constant domestic sewage flow (10 m?/d) and different aeration conditions, are these: stage 01, when applied air flow of 0.01 m? air/min in both aerated filter; stage 02, remained in the initial air flow rate in the second aerated filter and increased at the first to 0.05 m? air/min; at last, at last, in stage 03, the air flow rate of first aerated filter was 0.10 m? air/min and on the second remained at 0.01 m? air/min. The filter FA1 received load of 0.41 kg COD/m?.d, 0.37 kg COD/m?.d and 0.26 kg COD/m?.d on phases 01, 02 and 03, respectively. The FA2 received loads of 0.25 kg COD/m?.d, 0.18 kg COD/m?.d and 0.14 kg COD/m?.d on phases 01, 02 and 03, respectively. During stage 01, were found the following results: 98% removals of BODtotal and 92% of CODtotal, with effluent presenting 9 mg/L of BODtotal final average and 53 mg/L of CODtotal average; suspended solids removals of 93%, with a mean concentration of 10 mg/L in the final effluent; 47% reduction of ammonia of FA2 to FAN 's, presenting average of 28 mg NNH3/ L of ammonia in the effluent with; the dissolved oxygen levels always remained around 2.0 mg/L. During stage 02, were found removals of 97% and 95% to BODtotal and suspended solids, respectively, with average final concentrations of 8 and 7 mg/L, respectively; was removed 60% of ammonia, whose final concentration was 16.3 mg NNH3/ L, and nitrate was increased to a final average concentration of 16.55 mg N-NO3/L. Finally, the stage 03 provided 6 mg/L of DBOtotal (98% removal) and 23 mg/L of CODtotal (95% removal) of final effluent concentrations average. At this stage was identified the higher ammonia oxidation (86%), with final effluent showing average concentration of 6.1 mg N-NH3/L, reaching a minimum of 1.70 mg N-NH3/L. In some moments, during stage 03, there was a moderate denitrification process in the last aerated filter. The average turbidity in the effluent showed around 1.5 NTU, proving the good biomass physical stability. Therefore, the results demonstrate the submerged biological filters potential, filled with high void ratio material (98%), and aerated with hoses and compressor adoption, in the carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter oxidation, also generating an effluent with low concentration of solids
Apesar de bom desempenho no tocante ? remo??o de mat?ria org?nica e s?lidos suspensos, os reatores anaer?bios s?o incapazes de remover nitrog?nio amoniacal dos esgotos, o que torna indispens?vel a inclus?o de uma etapa de p?s-tratamento para a remo??o da am?nia ou do nitrato, sempre que necess?rio. Neste trabalho ? apresentado o desempenho de uma nova variante tecnol?gica, em que a unidade de nitrifica??o, precedida por unidades anaer?bias, ? um filtro biol?gico submerso aerado, sem cont?nuas descargas de lodo em sua opera??o cotidiana. O sistema de oxigena??o ? muito simples e de baixo custo, constitu?do por mangueiras perfuradas e compressores. Os reatores anaer?bios s?o um decanto-digestor de duas c?maras em s?rie (8,82 m?) e dois filtros anaer?bios em paralelo (cada um com 3,36 m?) preenchidos com tijolo cer?mico e pe?as pl?sticas c?nicas. Os dois filtros aerados, em s?rie, foram preenchidos com eletrodutos corrugados cortados. No estudo avaliou-se o comportamento do sistema com vaz?o de esgoto dom?stico constante (10 m?/d) e diferentes condi??es de aera??o, quais sejam: fase 01, quando se aplicou vaz?o de 0,01 m? ar/min nos dois filtros aerados; fase 02, manteve-se a vaz?o inicial no segundo filtro aerado e aumentou a do primeiro para 0,05 m? ar/min; por fim, na fase 03, a vaz?o do primeiro filtro aerado foi 0,10 m? ar/min e a do segundo permaneceu ainda em 0,01 m? ar/min. O filtro FA1 recebeu carga de 0,41 kg DQO/m?.d, 0,37 kg DQO/m?.d e 0,26 kg DQO/m?.d nas fases 0,1, 02 e 03, respectivamente. O FA2 recebeu cargas de 0,25 kg DQO/m?.d, 0,18 kg DQO/m?.d e 0,14 kg DQO/m?.d nas fases 01, 02 e 03, respectivamente. Durante a fase 01, foram observados os seguintes resultados: remo??es de 98% de DBOtotal e 92% de DQOtotal, com efluente apresentando DBOtotal m?dia final de 9 mg/L e DQOtotal m?dia de 53 mg/L; remo??o em torno de 93% de s?lidos suspensos, com concentra??o m?dia de 10 mg/L no efluente final; redu??o de 47% de am?nia do FA2/FAN s, apresentando am?nia no efluente final com m?dia de 28 mg N-NH3/L; os n?veis de oxig?nio dissolvido sempre mantiveram-se em torno de 2,0 mg/L. Durante a fase 02, foram verificados para DBOtotal e s?lidos suspensos remo??es de 97% e 95%, respectivamente, com concentra??es finais m?dias de 8 e 7 mg/L, respectivamente; o nitrog?nio amoniacal foi removido em 60%, cuja concentra??o final foi de 16,3 mg N-NH3/L, e o nitrato foi incrementado para uma concentra??o m?dia final de 16,55 mg N-NO3 -/L. Por fim, a fase 03 proporcionou efluente com concentra??es finais m?dias de 6 mg/L de DBOtotal (remo??o de 98%) e 23 mg/L de DQOtotal (remo??o de 95%). Nesta fase foi identificada a maior oxida??o de nitrog?nio amoniacal (86%), com efluente final apresentando concentra??o m?dia de 6,1 mg NNH3/ L, chegando a alcan?ar m?nimo de 1,70 mg N-NH3/L. Em alguns momentos, na fase 03, verificou-se um moderado processo de desnitrifica??o no ?ltimo filtro aerado. A turbidez m?dia no efluente final se mostrou da ordem de 1,5 NTU, comprovando a boa estabilidade f?sica da biomassa. Portanto, os resultados demonstram o potencial dos filtros biol?gicos submersos, preenchidos com material de elevado ?ndice de vazios (98%), e aerados com uso de mangueiras e compressor, na oxida??o de mat?ria carbon?cea e nitrogenada, gerando tamb?m um efluente com baixa concentra??o de s?lidos

A poluição do ar representa uma ameaça para o meio ambiente e para a saúde pública, e pode ser avaliada por medidas das concentrações ambientais dos poluentes, que permitem verificar se os limites estabelecidos pelos órgãos ambientais estão sendo respeitados. Estas medidas, no entanto, não indicam de imediato quais os impactos ocasionados aos seres vivos. Diante desta problemática, plantas vêm sendo investigadas como potenciais bioindicadoras de poluição atmosférica e, entre elas, se destacam bromélias do gênero Tillandsia que colonizam diversos substratos e obtêm água e nutrientes diretamente da atmosfera. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa avaliou o potencial da bromélia epífita Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L. presente em áreas urbanizadas do município de Curitiba – PR como bioindicadora da poluição atmosférica urbana. Cinco pontos de amostragem foram selecionados e classificados de acordo com o tráfego de veículos. Os pontos P1 e P2 foram classificados como de alto tráfego de veículos por apresentarem fluxo de caminhões e transporte urbano; o ponto P3 foi classificado como de moderado tráfego, pela predominância de veículos particulares e transporte urbano; e os pontos P4 e P5 foram classificados como de baixo tráfego, com circulação apenas de veículos particulares. Foram analisados a abundância de T. recurvata, parâmetros morfofisiológicos (área foliar, área específica foliar, índice de esclerofilia, proporção peso seco/peso fresco, clorofila (a+b), análise da organização estrutural do mesofilo) e o acúmulo de metais (Fe, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb e Zn). A análise de abundância e os resultados obtidos nas análises de metais apresentaram relação com a intensidade do tráfego de veículos, ordenando os pontos de amostragem em P1 > P2 = P3 > P4 = P5, demonstrando que a abundância de T. recurvata é maior em áreas impactadas pela poluição atmosférica urbana e indicando que T. recurvata absorve e acumula metais, podendo ser empregada no biomonitoramento da poluição atmosférica urbana em áreas impactadas pelo tráfego veicular. Os parâmetros morfofisiológicos analisados evidenciam que, em função das adaptações que T. recurvata possui, a estrutura interna não é impactada significativamente pela poluição atmosférica urbana. A presença das escamas absorvedoras, a via de metabolismo CAM e a capacidade de armazenar água, dentre outras características, evidenciam seu potencial bioindicador em áreas urbanas, principalmente em relação ao acúmulo de metais.
Air pollution can threat the environment and public health, and is assess by pollutant ́s concentration measurements in order to verify whether the limits set by environmental agencies are being respected. However, these measures do not indicate immediately the impacts to living beings. To faced this problem, plants are been investigated as potential bioindicators of air pollution and, among them, stand out bromeliads Tillandsia genus which colonize various substrates,. obtaining water and nutrients from the atmosphere directly. In this context, this research assessed the potential of epiphytic bromeliad Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L. found in urbanized areas of the city of Curitiba - PR as a bioindicator of urban air pollution. According to vehicle traffic, five sample points were selected and classified. Points P1 and P2 were classified as high-traffic vehicle due presenting trucks and urban transport; point P3 was classified as moderate traffic due the predominance of private vehicles and urban transport; and points P4 and P5 were classified as low-traffic, presenting circulation of private vehicles only. There were analyzed the abundance of T. recurvata, morphophysiological parameters (leaf area, leaf specific area, sclerophylly index, percentage dry weight / fresh weight, chlorophyll (a + b), analysis of structural mesophyll organization) and the heavy metals accumulation (Fe, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn). The abundance analysis and the results obtained for metals analysis were correlated with the intensity of vehicular traffic, directing the sampling points P1 > P2 = P3 > P4 = P5. This result demonstrate that the abundance of T. recurvata is greater in urban air pollution impacted areas, thus indicating that T. recurvata absorbs and accumulates metals and can be used in biomonitoring of urban air pollution in areas impacted by vehicular traffic. Morphophysiological parameters analyzed shows that the internal plant ́s structure is not significantly impacted by urban air pollution due plant ́s adptations. The presence of absorbing scales, the CAM metabolism pathway and it ́s store water ability, among other features, demonstrate their potential as bio-indicator in urban areas, especially regarding heavy metals accumulation .

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The objective of this research was to study the technical feasibility of using the solid wastes, biological sludge and cotton residues, generated by the textile mill, as raw material in the production of briquettes for energy generation. Initially, the study aimed to characterize the solids waste, in order to evaluate their potential as fuels in energy generation. Subsequently, the biological sludge was mixed with cotton residues in proportions of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%, to produce of the briquettes. Three pressures (900, 1200 and 1500 PSI) were used for waste compaction for five minutes and a temperature of 90ºC was maintained during the cooling time, of also five minutes. The calorific value, chemical analysis, apparent density, rupture load and hygroscopic moisture equilibrium were determined. In order to study the environmental effects of the solid waste combustion, the hazardousness of the waste and residual ashes was determined. According to the results, the biological sludge and cotton residues were classified as non-hazardous and non-inert wastes (Class II A). The physical and chemical properties of the solid waste showed that they have potential for energy production. The ashes were classified as hazardous wastes (Class I), thus they should be treated and disposed properly. The briquettes showed lower content of the volatile matter and, consequently, higher content of fixed carbon and ashes in relation to raw materials for this production, which demonstrates the effect of the briquetting process variables. The high calorific value of the briquettes did not differ to the raw materials commonly used. The compaction pressure of 1200 PSI proved ideal to the laboratory scale briquetting process. The best mixing proportion between the two residues for production of briquettes was that with 25% sludge. It was possible to conclude that waste from a textile mill can be considered as fuel in the combustion process for power generation.
Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de estudar a viabilidade técnica de utilizar os resíduos sólidos, lodo biológico e resíduo de algodão, gerados pela indústria têxtil, como matéria-prima para a produção de briquetes para a geração de energia. Buscou-se, inicialmente, caracterizar os resíduos, a fim de se avaliar o potencial destes como combustíveis na geração de energia. Posteriormente, o lodo biológico foi misturado com o resíduo de algodão, nas proporções de 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100%, para a fabricação dos briquetes. Foram utilizadas três pressões (900, 1.200 e 1.500 PSI) para a compactação dos resíduos, durante 5 minutos e tempo de resfriamento também de 5 minutos, à temperatura de 90 ºC. Determinaram-se o poder calorífico, a análise química imediata, a densidade aparente, a carga de ruptura máxima e a umidade de equilíbrio higroscópico dos briquetes. Para avaliar os efeitos ambientais da combustão destes resíduos, determinou-se a periculosidade dos resíduos e de suas cinzas residuais. De acordo com os resultados, o lodo biológico e o resíduo de algodão foram classificados como resíduos não perigosos e não inertes (Classe II A). As propriedades físicas e químicas dos resíduos demonstraram que os mesmos apresentam potencial para a produção de energia. As cinzas foram classificadas como resíduos perigosos (Classe I) e, sendo assim, devem ser tratadas e dispostas adequadamente. Os briquetes apresentaram menor teor de materiais voláteis e, consequentemente, maior teor de carbono fixo e cinzas, em relação às matérias-primas utilizadas para a sua produção, evidenciando efeito das variáveis do processo de briquetagem. O poder calorífico superior obtido nos briquetes não diferiu das matérias-primas utilizadas. A pressão de compactação de 1.200 PSI mostrou-se ideal para o processo de briquetagem em escala laboratorial. A melhor proporção de mistura entre os dois resíduos para a produção dos briquetes foi a 25% de lodo. Conclui-se que os resíduos da indústria têxtil podem ser considerados como combustível no processo de combustão para a geração de energia.

Fuels: Non-renewable fossil fuels are the largest man-made contributor to global warming. Biofuel market share will increase, promoted by renewability, inherent lower net CO\(_2\) emissions, and legislation. The environmental and human health impact of diesel exhaust emission particulate matter (PM) is a major concern. Fossil diesel PM aftertreatment systems exist. Near future fuel PM research and the evaluation of current aftertreatment technology, highlight a route for future development. Using a holistic approach this body of work studies the interdependence between the fuel, the CI engine and associated aftertreatment system. The overall objective of this thesis is the evaluation of current diesel aftertreatment using renewable near future fuels. Diesel blends with 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel fuels are viable. Carefully selected blends like B20G10 can make all round regulated emission improvements. Green additive dimethyl carbonate (DMC) enhances diesel combustion by oxygenation. Regulated emissions of THC, CO (>30% reduced) and PM (50% reduced) for 2% DMC in diesel. 1st generation biodiesel (RME) is widely available. Combustion produces significantly less solid PM than diesel (<50%) and slightly more liquid PM. RME produces less particulate at nearly all particle sizes, but more of the small nano sized liquid SOF. The potentially negative health effect of nano-sized SOF material raises questions. There is a case for more research into the health effects of nano-sized SOF material. Oxygenated fuel combustion PM contains more voids (facilitates DPF oxidation), plus unregulated carcinogenic compounds are reduced. ii Aftertreatment: The efficiency of the oxidation catalyst for the near future fuels was comparable to diesel and PM matter at all particulate sizes is reduced for all near future fuels tested. Aftertreatment total PM filtration levels are >90% by mass >98% by number, for all fuels. For synthetically produced 2nd generation gas to liquid (GTL) fuels there are potentially DPF regeneration implications. Current aftertreatment solutions are as effective for bio alternatives as they are for fossil diesel. Biodiesels, green additives and aftertreatment are effective clean emissions improvements, until the promise of true zero emission vehicles is realised.

A agricultura ocupa uma grande área do território brasileiro, interagindo com praticamente todos os grandes biomas. O manejo do solo, aliado ao uso de agrotóxicos e de fertilizantes, pode contribuir para o desequilíbrio da fauna edáfica, trazendo impactos que podem influenciar na harmonia do ecossistema do solo. O revolvimento do solo o expõe à radiação solar, que pode influenciar na abundância de espécies e os fertilizantes de base sintética desequilibram os níveis de nutrientes do solo, impactando na dinâmica dos organismos. Os agrotóxicos contaminam e causam mortalidade de diversos organismos. Na tentativa de melhor analisar esses impactos, foram escolhidos quatro diferentes sistemas de uso do solo: Olericultura Orgânica (OO), Olericultura Convencional (OC), Lavoura Convencional (LC) e uma região de fragmento de Floresta Nativa (FN), com repetições verdadeiras, na região metropolitana de Curitiba, no município de Quitandinha-PR, com os objetivos: avaliar o potencial dos enquitreídeos como bioindicadores em áreas de diferentes sistemas de uso do solo (SUS); identificar os fatores que influenciam a abundância e diversidade desses organismos nestes diferentes sistemas; avaliou-se o potencial reprodutivo destes organismos expondo-os em amostras de solos provenientes das áreas dos sistemas de uso do solo (SUS) estudados, em condições laboratoriais; foi também avaliado em ensaios laboratoriais com uso de solo artificial tropical (SAT) o impacto do glifosato na reprodução dos enquitreídeos sob concentrações baseadas nas recomendações do fabricante e das quantidades comumente utilizadas na região. Nossos resultados mostraram que houve diferença significativa na abundância entre FN e LC, e a riqueza de gêneros sofreu redução de seis para dois, respectivamente. Dentre os atributos do solo encontrados nas análises físico-químicas, as áreas de florestas (FN) apresentaram pH mais baixo, matéria orgânica e potássio mais altos que nos outros sistemas estudados, e menor quantidade de fósforo do que as áreas de plantio convencional (LC e OC). Os ensaios ecotoxicológicos em condições laboratoriais mostraram que o número de juvenis de Enchytraeus sp produzidos em solo das áreas estudadas foi maior em solo de FN do que LC, em concordância com os dados de abundância. Os ensaios ecotoxicológicos com glifosato em solo artificial tropical reduziu significativamente a reprodução, mesmo em concentrações no solo equivalentes a doses recomendadas, sugerindo que esse herbicida popular pode ser deletério aos enquitreídeos e, portanto, deve ser usado com cautela. Os resultados sugerem que a abundância e riqueza de enquitreídeos são bons indicadores do uso do solo na região estudada e que a espécie autóctone Enchytraeus sp respondeu satisfatoriamente em ensaios laboratoriais para avaliar a qualidade do solo.
Agriculture occupies a large area of the Brazilian territory, interacting with the major biomes. Soil management, the use of pesticides and fertilizers can contribute to the imbalance of the biota, the soil fauna, impacting the harmony of the whole soil ecosystem. The soil disturbance in plowing and disking exposes the soil fauna to the sun' radiation, which can be harmful to of species in this environment. Synthetic fertilizers can unbalance levels of soil nutrients, directly impacting the dynamics of organisms. The pesticides can be deleterious to the living organisms in the soil. This study aims to evaluate potential of the enchytraeids as soil management indicators in areas of horticulture and grain farming and to identify which factors influence the abundance and diversity of these worms in different land use systems (SUS); It also aims to assess the potential of the enchytraeids to respond to the natural soil quality of the areas of study and the toxicity of recommended doses of the most used pesticide (glyphosate) in laboratory tests; Four land use systems (SUS) in Quitandinha – PR were chosen for the present study: Organic Vegetable Crops (OO), Conventional Vegetable Crops (OC) and Conventional tillage (LC), Native Forest (FN) with true repetitions. The abundance of enchytraeids was statistically higher in FN than LC, while the richness of genera reduced from six to two, respectively. Among the soil attributes, forest areas had lower pH, organic matter, nitrogen and higher potassium than other SUS in the other SUS and lower amount of phosphorus than the areas of conventional tillage. In ecotoxicological tests under laboratory conditions the number of juveniles of Enchytraeus sp produced in soil of the areas studied for 21 days of incubation were higher in soils from FN than LC. in agreement to field abundance data. Ecotoxicological tests with gliphosate in concentrations based on doses used by the agricultures in the area sudied showed that in artficial soil, even concentrations equivalent to recommended doses may reduce reproduction significantly, suggesting this popular herbicide may be harmful to enchytraeids and should be used with caution. The results suggest the abundance and richness of genera are good indicators of soil use systems in the area studied and that the autochthonous enchytraeid Enchytraeus sp responded well to laboratory tests to evaluate soil quality.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp industry, one of the most important sectors of the Brazilian economy, is responsible for generating large volumes of effluent that contains high organic loads, part of which is recalcitrant to conventional (biological) treatment. Studies with model ecosystems have indicated a direct correlation between organic matter remaining after biological treatment and biological activity of effluents in the aquatic environment, with toxicity and endocrine disruption being the main expressions of this biological activity in aquatic organisms present in receiving waters. The objective of the present study was to quantify the biological activity in beached kraft pulp mill effluent using acute and chronic toxicity and endocrine disruption assays and to evaluate the effect of ozonation on removal of the biological activity. To this end, primary and secondary effluents were collected at a Brazilian bleached kraft pulp mill. The secondary effluent underwent a toxicity identification evaluation and was treated with 50 mgO3 L-1. The primary and secondary effluents presented no acute toxicity to the microcrustacean Daphnia similis, but presented chronic toxicity towards the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the microcrustacean Ceriodaphnia dúbia. In general, chronic toxicity was reduced during biological treatment in the mill´s activated sludge effluent tretament plant, although the secondary effluent still presented chronic toxicity. Toxicity was higher in the high molar mass effluent fractions that contain the recalcitrant organic matter. On some collection dates, the effluent dilution necessary to eliminate the chronic toxicity effect was higher than the dilution occurring through effluent discharge to the receiving waters. The primary and secondary effluents also presented estrogenic activity, as quantified in the YES assay. Through the toxicity identification evaluation study, it was found that the recalcitrant organic matter, that includes residual lignin, extractives and their byproducts, is responsible for the estrogenic activity. Ozone treatment of the secondary effluent reduced its toxicity and estrogenic activity.
A indústria de polpa kraft branqueada de eucalipto representa um dos setores mais importantes para a economia nacional, porém é responsável pela geração de grandes volumes de efluentes caracterizados pela presença significativa de matéria orgânica, parte dela recalcitrante. Estudos com ecossistemas modelos indicam uma correlação direta entre a matéria orgânica remanescente após o tratamento biológico e a atividade biológica dos efluentes no ambiente aquático, sendo a toxicidade e a atividade endócrina as principais expressões dessa atividade biológica em organismos aquáticos do corpo receptor. O presente estudo teve como objetivo quantificar a atividade biológica em um efluente de uma fábrica de celulose kraft branqueada através de ensaios de toxicidade aguda e crônica e do ensaio YES e, avaliar o efeito da ozonização na remoção da atividade biológica. Para a pesquisa foram coletados efluentes primários e secundários de uma fábrica brasileira de celulose kraft branqueada. O efluente secundário passou por um estudo de identificação da toxicidade e foi tratado com ozônio na dose de 50 mgO3 L-1. O efluente estudado não apresentou efeito tóxico agudo mediante ensaios realizados com o microcrustáceo Daphnia similis, mas apresentou efeito tóxico crônico através dos ensaios realizados com a alga verde Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata e com o microcrustáceo Ceriodaphnia dúbia. Em geral, os resultados apontam para uma remoção da toxicidade crônica após o tratamento biológico realizado na indústria, porém apesar do tratamento reduzir a toxicidade, o efluente secundário ainda apresentou efeito crônico. A toxicidade foi mais elevada para as frações de alta massa molar (AMM), nas quais se concentra a fração recalcitrante do efluente. Em alguns dias de coleta, a diluição do efluente que seria necessária para eliminar o efeito tóxico crônico era maior do que a diluição do efluente no corpo receptor. O efluente também apresentou atividade estrogênica, quantificada pelo ensaio YES. Por meio do estudo de identificação da toxicidade, foi identificada que a fração recalcitrante do efluente, que inclui lignina residual, extrativos e seus subprodutos, é responsável pela toxicidade e atividade estrogênica. A ozonização foi eficiente na remoção da atividade biológica, pois após o tratamento houve uma redução da toxidade e da atividade estrogênica do efluente secundário.

Este trabalho fundamentou-se na concepção e operação de um sistema combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio, constituído de reator UASB e Biofiltro Aerado Submerso (BAS) Multiestágio (anaeróbio-aeróbio-anóxico). Os sistemas foram operados em escala piloto e aplicado ao tratamento de esgoto sanitário, sendo testados três meios-suporte, nomeadamente tampas e gargalos de garrafas PET (Asup=160m²/m³), pedra britada n.4 (40m²/m³) e anéis Pall 1,5’’ (130m²/m³), sendo denominados de BAS 1, 2 e 3. O trabalho foi dividido em duas fases, compondo ao todo 6 etapas experimentais: 1ª fase, onde se buscou avaliar a remoção de matéria orgânica e obtenção de nitrificação em três regimes hidráulicos (TDH total: 4h, 8h e 12h); 2ª fase, onde se buscou obter a pré-desnitrificação utilizando-se o carbono presente no efluente do reator UASB (4ª etapa) e através de carbono externo dosado no afluente dos BAS (5ª etapa); e a pós-desnitrificação através da dosagem de carbono externo na câmara anóxica (6ª etapa). Foram operados paralelamente dois sistemas de CBR, preenchidos com os meiossuporte “tampas e gargalos de garrafas PET” (CBR 1) e anéis Pall 1’’ (CBR 2), nos TDH de 1,75; 3,5 e 5,25h, equivalentes aos TDH das câmaras aeróbias dos BAS. As cargas orgânicas aplicadas variaram de 0,27 a 1,19 kgDQOt/m³.d para os BAS e de 0,63 – 2,72 kgDQOt/m³.d para os CBR. As eficiências totais (UASB+BAS ou CBR) em termos de DQO total superaram 90% para os BAS 1 e 3 e para os CBR 1 e 2 (considerando-se a DQO decantada). A conformação empregada de BAS, quando utilizados materiais com elevados índices de vazios (tampas e gargalos de garrafas PET e anéis Pall), possibilitou elevadas remoções de SS (Cefl 30mgSS/L), tornando desnecessário uso o decantador secundário. O desenvolvimento da nitrificação e remoção carbonácea em conjunto limitaram as taxas de nitrificação e exigiram elevados TDH para os BAS. A nitrificação nos CBR foi superior a 90% para TDH de 3,5h, enquanto que os BAS requereram 5,25h na câmara aeróbia (TDH total: 12h) e a aplicação de recirculação para a obtenção de resultados similares. A influência da recirculação sobre a nitrificação nos BAS foi positiva, possibilitando as melhores taxas de nitrificação superficiais para os BAS (0,61; 1,29 e 0,70gN/m².d para os BAS 1, 2 e 3 respectivamente). Não foram verificadas interferências significativas de elevadas relações C/N ( 5,0) sobre a nitrificação dos BAS e CBR. Valores de pH abaixo do neutro não influenciaram de maneira adversa a nitrificação, observando-se, no entanto, provável limitação por deficiência de alcalinidade total. Observaram-se também inibições para valores de OD inferiores a 3,5mgO2/L na câmara aeróbia dos BAS. A oxidação do nitrogênio amoniacal a nitrato de mostrou ser a etapa crítica do processo biológico e remoção de nitrogênio total. Foram obtidas eficiências de pósdesnitrificação superiores a 90% (Nefl 4,5mgNT/L), com auxílio de carbono externo, a uma relação C/N de 1,46(mol/mol).
This work was based on the conception and operation of a combined anaerobic-aerobic system, consisting of an UASB reactor and a Multi-stage Biological Aerated Filter (BAF) (anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic) in pilot-scale and applied to the treatment of sanitary wastewater. Three different biofilter’s media were tested, namely “lids and bottlenecks of PET bottles” (160m²/m³), gravel no4 (40m²/m³) and Pall rings (130m²/m³), called BAF 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The experimental work was divided in two phases, comprising 6 experimental stages: The 1st phase was carried out to evaluate the effect of Hydraulic Retention Time (4, 8 and 12h) upon the removal of organic carbon and the attainment of nitrification. The 2nd phase evaluated different strategies to promote denitrification by using internal carbon source present in the UASB’s effluent (4th stage); by dosing external carbon source (Sodium Acetate) on the influent to the BAS aiming pre-denitrification (5th stage); and dosing external carbon (Sodium Acetate) at the inlet of the anoxic chamber aiming the post-denitrification (6th stage). Two RBC systems, filled with “lids and bottlenecks of PET bottles” (RBC 1) and Pall rings with 1'' diameter (RBC 2) were operated in parallel with the BAFs, adjusting the influent flow to obtain Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 1,75; 3,5 and 5,25h. These values corresponded to the HRT of the aerobic chambers of the BAFs. The applied organic loading rates varied between 0,27 and 1,19 kgCODt/m³.d for the BAS and between 0,63 – 2,72 kgCODt/m³.d for the RBC. The systems efficiencies (UASB+BAF and UASB+RBC) had surpassed 90% in terms of total COD for BAF 1 and 3 and for RBC 1 and 2 (considering decanted COD for RBC systems). The employed conformation of BAF, when using high void index media (lids and bottlenecks, Pall rings), allowed high SS removals (Cefl 30mgSS/L), making unnecessary the use of a secondary clarifier. The development of combined nitrification and organic carbon removal limited the nitrification rates and had demanded high HRT for the BAFs. The nitrification in the RBC systems was above 90% for HRT=3,5h, whereas the BAF had required TDH=5,25h in aerobic chamber (total HRT=12h) and the use of internal recirculation for the attainment of similar results. Internal recirculation in the BAF improved nitrification, making possible the best superficial nitrification rates for the BAF, reaching 0,61; 1,29 and 0,70gN/m².d for BAF 1, 2 and 3 respectively. High relations C/N ( 5,0) had no detrimental effect upon the nitrification on the BAF and the RBC. Values of pH below 7,0 had not adversely influenced the nitrification of both BAF and RBC. However, the low values of effluent alkalinity may have limited the rate of nitrification on the biological reactors. Values of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) below 3,5 mgO2/L in the aerobic chamber of the BAF clearly inhibited the nitrification rate. The ammonia nitrogen oxidation to nitrate was the critical step of the overall biological process and, as a consequence, to total nitrogen removal. Average efficiencies of post-denitrification was above 90% (Nefl 4,5 mg TN/L), when dosing external carbon source (C/N=1,46 mol/mol) to BAF 1.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The struvite precipitation in wastewater treatments plants offer advantages to obtaining a economically viable product, containing phosphorus, nitrogen and magnesium, in a bioavailable conditions to plants. The precipitation process requires ideal conditions, but all of these aspects are difficult to obtain and may result in resistance to collect crystals during the sedimentation process. Therefore, instead find the best conditions for precipitation, we propose the dissolved air flotation as another method to retrieve the crystals. The application of dissolved air flotation method to promote separation of struvite crystals from sewage supernatant, was evaluated in a precipitation-flotation reactor (flotatest) and were compared with the precipitation-sedimentation assays (jar test). Finally, were observed that the dissolved air flotation process was as feasible as sedimentation to promote struvite crystals separation, and the pH are the most influencer factor for an efficient separation
A precipita??o de estruvita em Esta??es de Tratamento de Esgoto oferece como vantagem a obten??o de um produto economicamente vi?vel, com f?sforo, nitrog?nio e magn?sio em sua composi??o e biologicamente dispon?vel para as plantas. Este processo necessita de condi??es ideais para que ocorra a precipita??o, por?m a dificuldade de atingir tais condi??es pode resultar em resist?ncia na coleta de cristais durante o processo de sedimenta??o. Assim, em vez de buscar as melhores condi??es de precipita??o, que em muitos casos n?o podem ser atingidas, propomos utilizar a flota??o por ar dissolvido (FAD) como uma alternativa ? sedimenta??o de part?culas. A avalia??o da aplicabilidade do processo de Flota??o por Ar Dissolvido (FAD) na separa??o de cristais de estruvita em percolado de lodo foi realizada em reator de precipita??o-flota??o (flotateste) e comparada com ensaios de precipita??o-sedimenta??o (jar teste). Por fim, foi observado que a flota??o por ar dissolvido ? vi?vel na separa??o de cristais de estruvita tanto quanto a sedimenta??o, sendo o pH o fator que exerceu maior influ?ncia sobre a efici?ncia de separa??o

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Essa pesquisa teve por objetivo principal avaliar o desempenho de um reator em escala piloto de leito empacotado e fluxo contínuo sob diferentes condições operacionais de aeração, na remoção biológica de matéria carbonácea e nitrogenada, de efluente sanitário. O reator possuía um volume total de 5,65 m³ e volume útil de 4,75 m³, devido ao volume ocupado pelo material suporte. O meio suporte utilizado para fixação de microrganismos foi o dispositivo denominado Biobob®, que consiste em uma matriz de espuma de poliuretano envolta por uma estrutura de polipropileno, com geometria cilíndrica de 45 mm de diâmetro e 60 mm de altura. O reator foi operado com um Tempo de Detenção Hidráulica (TDH) de 12 horas, razão de recirculação de 2 vezes vazão de alimentação e foi alimentado continuamente por afluente composto por mistura de esgoto sanitário não tratado e efluente de Reator Anaeróbio de Leito Fluidizado (RALF) na proporção de 1:1 (v:v). Foram explorados três ciclos de operação de 180 minutos: (10) aerando continuamente por 180 minutos, (2) aerando 60 minutos e não aerando 120 minutos, e (3) aerando 120 minutos e não aerando 60 minutos. Os resultados mostraram não haver diferença estatística nas eficiências de reduções de Demanda Química Oxigênio (DQO) entre as três condições estudadas, com eficiências médias de 76,34%, 75,32% e 79,80%, respectivamente, indicando que o tempo de aeração não influenciou na eficiência de redução. A DQO efluente do reator variou entre 31 mg.L-1 e 206 mg.L-1. A eficiência de nitrificação se mostrou fator limitante na remoção de NT. As condições (1) e (3) com maiores taxas de nitrificação, 75% e 70% respectivamente, obtiveram as melhores eficiências de remoção de NT, com taxas de 65% em ambas. A relação DQO/NTK durante as 3 etapas da pesquisa foi próxima a 9,59. A condição (3) apresentou diferença estatística significativa na remoção de NT devido a maior disponibilidade de doadores de elétrons, com relação DQO/NTK de 11,2. A desnitrificação apresentou médias de remoções de 87%, 89% e 94%, nas condições 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Pelos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o reator piloto de leito empacotado e aeração intermitente foi eficiente na remoção simultânea de matéria orgânica e nitrogenada, podendo ser considerado uma alternativa interessante a ser utilizada no tratamento combinado de efluente de UASB e esgoto bruto.
The main objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of a pilot scale reactor of packed bed and continuous flow, on different aeration operating conditions, in the biological removal of carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter from sanitary effluent. The reactor has a total volume of 5.65 m³, and a useful volume of 4.75 m³ due to the volume occupied by the structured bed. The medium used to fix microorganisms was the device called Biobob®, which consists of a polyurethane foam matrix enveloped by a polypropylene structure, with a cylindrical geometry of 45 mm in diameter and 60 mm in height. The reactor was operated with a 12 hour Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT), recirculation rate of 2 times feed rate and was continuously fed by a mixture of untreated sewage and effluent from an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) in the proportion of 1:1 (v:v). Three 180-minute cycles of operation were performed: (1) continuous aeration for 180 minutes, (2) aeration 60 minutes and no aeration for 120 minutes and (3) aeration for 120 minutes and no aeration for 60 minutes. The results showed that there was no statistical difference in the efficiency of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reductions between the three conditions studied, with mean efficiencies of 76.34%, 75.32% and 79.80%, respectively, indicating that the aeration did not influence the reduction efficiency. The COD concentrations effluent from the reactor varied between 31 mg.L-1 and 206 mg.L-1. The efficiency of nitrification was shown to be a limiting factor in NT removal. The conditions (1) and (3) with higher nitrification rates, 75% and 70%, respectively, obtained the best NT removal efficiencies, with rates of 65% in both. The COD / NTK ratio presented a high average during the 3 stages of the research, with an observed value of 9.59. Denitrification showed mean removals of 87% (1), 89% (2) and 94% (3). Condition (3) presented a statistically significant difference with the others due to the greater availability of electron donors, with a COD/NTK ratio of 11.2. From the results, we can conclude that the packed bed reactor and intermittent aeration is efficient in the simultaneous removal of organic matter and nitrogen and is an interesting alternative to be used in the treatment and post treatment of anaerobic reactors.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
Este trabalho avaliou a viabilidade dos processos biolÃgicos aerÃbios e oxidativos avanÃados (POAs) como pÃs-tratamento de lixiviados antigos provenientes de lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo em sÃrie. Paralelamente, desenvolveu-se uma metodologia analÃtica para detecÃÃo e quantificaÃÃo de compostos aromÃticos, organoclorados, Ãsteres ftalatos e hormÃnios, considerados como compostos recalcitrantes e raramente investigados em lixiviados tratados, principalmente nas ETEs localizadas no estado do CearÃ. Inicialmente foi realizada uma caracterizaÃÃo fÃsico-quÃmica e especiaÃÃo de metais sendo verificado que DQO e amÃnia estavam acima dos limites permitidos pelas normas ambientais, bem como alguns metais. No desenvolvimento da metodologia analÃtica para detecÃÃo e quantificaÃÃo por GC/FID verificou-se que a extraÃÃo em fase sÃlida empregando C-18 foi a melhor tÃcnica para extraÃÃo e prÃ-concentraÃÃo dos compostos recalcitrantes e que os melhores resultados de recuperaÃÃo dos compostos foram obtidos para os compostos aromÃticos e Ãsteres ftalatos. Nos experimentos de pÃs-tratamento empregando os reatores biolÃgicos, reator aerado submerso (RAS) e reator em batelada seqÃencial (RBS), todos foram eficientes na nitrificaÃÃo do lixiviado com percentuais superiores a 90% de remoÃÃo da amÃnia, contudo, nÃo foram eficazes na remoÃÃo de fÃsforo. Em termos de remoÃÃo dos compostos recalcitrantes, o RBS apresentou melhores resultados em relaÃÃo ao RAS para os compostos aromÃticos e Ãsteres ftalatos. No processo de oxidaÃÃo avanÃada UV/H2O2 foi obtida remoÃÃes de DQO, turbidez e descoloraÃÃo da amostra superior a 90%, a partir de 120 minutos de reaÃÃo, em sistema de batelada com recirculaÃÃo. O sistema UV/H2O2 foi eficiente na remoÃÃo dos compostos aromÃticos e, eficaz para os Ãsteres ftalatos benzil-butilftalato (BBP) e dietil-hexilftalato (DEHP) com 100% de remoÃÃo. O processo foto-Fenton com radiaÃÃo solar estudado com o lixiviado de Portugal apresentou-se como uma excelente opÃÃo no pÃs-tratamento do lixiviado em relaÃÃo aos outros sistemas estudados (UV/H2O2 e TiO2/UV) devido a mineralizaÃÃo dos compostos orgÃnicos terem sido de aproximadamente 80% de remoÃÃo do carbono orgÃnico dissolvido (COD), reduÃÃo da aromaticidade e descoloraÃÃo, alÃm de aumentar a biodegradabilidade do lixiviado. A concentraÃÃo Ãtima de ferro para o lixiviado estudado foi de 60 mg L-1 Fe+2, com consumo de H2O2 de 310, 6 mM e aproximadamente 110 kJ L-1 de energia acumulada., mas nÃo foi eficiente na remoÃÃo do Ãster dietil-hexil ftalato (DEHP), um dos principais ftalatos considerado como interferente endÃcrino. Os processos UV/H2O2 e TiO2/UV utilizando energia solar nÃo foram favorÃveis devido a reaÃÃo ser mais lenta em comparaÃÃo com o processo foto-Fenton e terem sido obtidos baixos valores de remoÃÃo de COD, indicando baixa mineralizaÃÃo dos compostos orgÃnicos presentes no lixiviado.
This work assessed the feasibility of using biological and advanced oxidation processes (AOP) as post-treatments for old leachate from stabilization ponds in series. Additionally, an analytical methodology for detection and quantification of aromatic compounds, organochlorides, phthalate esters and hormones, was developed. These compounds are considered as recalcitrant and rarely investigated in treated leachates, mainly in wastewater treatment plants located in the state of CearÃ. Initially, a physico-chemical characterization and a metal speciation was carried out, from which it was verified that COD and ammonia were above the limits permitted by environmental legislation, and also some metals. In the development of the analytical methodology for detection and quantification by GC/FID, the solid phase extraction using C-18 was the best technique for extraction and pre-concentration of the recalcitrant compounds and the best results in terms of recuperation were achieved for the aromatic compounds and phthalate esters. In the post-treatment experiments using biological reactors, aerated submerged reactor (ASR) and sequential batch reactor (SBR), both were efficient in the leachate nitrification reaching ammonia removal efficiencies above 90%. However, they were not efficient on phosphorus removal. In terms of recalcitrant compounds removal, SBR presented better results when compared with ASR for the aromatic compounds and phthalate esters. The advanced oxidation process UV/H2O2 reached turbidity and COD removal and decolourisation efficiencies above 90% from a reaction time of 120 minutes by using recirculation batch mode. The UV/H2O2 system was efficient in the removal of aromatic compounds and the phthalate esters benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP), achieving 100% removal. The photo-Fenton process with solar radiation assessed with the leachate from Portugal showed to be an excellent option for the leachate post-treatment when compared to the other systems studied (UV/H2O2 and TiO2/UV). Mineralization of organic compounds has reached approximately 80% reduction of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), beside aromaticity and decolourisation reductions and increasing leachate biodegradability. The optimal iron concentration for the leachate studied was 60 mg L-1 Fe+2, with H2O2 consumption of 310.6 mM and approximately 110 kJ L-1 of accumulated energy. However, it was not efficient in the removal the ester DEHP, one of most important phthalates, which is considered an endocrine disruptor. The UV/H2O2 and TiO2/UV processes using solar energy were slower than the photo-Fenton process and low COD removals were achieved, which indicated low mineralization of the organic compounds present in the leachate.

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The groundwater quality has been compromised as a result of the intensification of human activities over the years. Groundwater contamination by nitrate is one of the effects of this degradation, a socio-environmental problem that affects many regions of the world and particular the city of Natal (RN). Developing techniques for nitrate removal in water is intended to eliminate or reduce the concentration of this compound, and those that involve biological processes have produced economic and environmental advantages. This study proposes a technology for biological removal of nitrate in water supply for humans, using the endocarp s coconut as a carbon source and bacteria support. The experiments were performed in pilot scale anoxic, testing different areas of the substrate surface. Results showed high rates nitrate removal during the monitoring period, noting the occurrence of denitrification after the beginning of system operation. The best performance was achieved in the treatment system containing substrate surface area increased, indicating that the decrease in the endocarp size contributed to increased bacterial activity, improving the ability to remove nitrate. About the quality analyzed aspects of water, it was found that the proposed technology has the potential water use for human consumption
A qualidade da ?gua subterr?nea vem sendo cada vez mais comprometida como consequ?ncia da intensifica??o das a??es antr?picas ao longo dos anos. Um dos efeitos dessa degrada??o ? a contamina??o dos mananciais subterr?neos por nitrato, um problema s?cio-ambiental que atinge diversas regi?es do mundo e, em particular, a cidade do Natal (RN). T?cnicas para remo??o de nitrato em ?guas t?m sido desenvolvidas a fim de eliminar, ou reduzir, a concentra??o deste composto, sendo que, as que envolvem processos biol?gicos t?m apresentado vantagens econ?micas e ambientais. Esse estudo prop?e uma tecnologia de remo??o biol?gica do nitrato em ?gua de abastecimento humano, utilizando o endocarpo de coco como fonte de carbono e suporte bacteriano. Os experimentos foram realizados em c?maras an?xicas em escala piloto, testando diferentes ?reas superficiais do substrato. Os resultados mostraram elevadas taxas de remo??o de nitrato ao longo do per?odo de monitoramento, observando a ocorr?ncia da desnitrifica??o logo ap?s o in?cio do funcionamento do sistema. O melhor desempenho foi alcan?ado no sistema de tratamento contendo substrato de maior ?rea superficial, indicando que a diminui??o no tamanho do endocarpo contribuiu com o aumento da atividade bacteriana, melhorando a capacidade de remo??o de nitrato. Quanto ? qualidade da ?gua analisada, verificou-se que a tecnologia proposta tem potencialidade de uso da ?gua para consumo humano

O presente estudo objetiva avaliar a influência da substituição de areia natural por diferentes teores de Lodo de Estação de Tratamento de Água (Lodo de ETA) na produção de concretos ambientalmente amigáveis. O procedimento experimental abrangeu a coleta e caracterização das matérias-primas, o estudo de dosagem do concreto produzido com diferentes teores de substituição de Lodo Úmido (LU) e Lodo Calcinado (LC) e a avaliação das misturas produzidas no aspecto técnico, econômico e ambiental. As amostras de Lodo utilizadas foram coletadas na ETA Tamanduá, localizada em Foz do Iguaçu, PR, em três períodos distintos durante o ano de 2014. No estudo de dosagem fez-se a substituição de LU (in natura) por areia natural nos teores de 0, 5, 7 e 10% em concretos de relação água/cimento (a/c) 0,45, 0,55 e 0,65 e de LC (temperatura de 900 ºC) nos teores de 0, 5, 10 e 20% em misturas de a/c 0,55, avaliando-se as propriedades no estado fresco (trabalhabilidade) e no estado endurecido (resistência à compressão axial, resistência à tração, módulo de elasticidade, absorção de água e lixiviação). A partir dos resultados obtidos constatou-se que a adição de até 20% de LC propiciou aumento nas propriedades mecânicas do concreto, podendo ser empregado em concretos estruturais, desde que realizados estudos de durabilidade. Já a adição de lodo de ETA úmido reduziu significativamente a resistência do concreto, sendo indicado do ponto de vista técnico um teor de substituição de até 5% para aplicações em concretos, desde que não estruturais. Do ponto de vista econômico, em relação ao concreto de referência, concretos produzidos com LU resultaram em menor custo de produção enquanto que concretos com LC maior. Pela análise termogravimétrica o lodo poderá ser calcinado a menores temperaturas (de 300 a 500 oC), promovendo economia energética no processo de tratamento térmico, resultando num melhoramento no aspecto econômico e ambiental da aplicação do Lodo calcinado na produção de concretos. Por meio da viabilidade ambiental, os resultados demonstraram que os níveis de concentração das substâncias analisadas no ensaio de lixiviação atendem ao limite máximo permitido, assegurando a saúde humana e ambiental. A sustentabilidade do aproveitamento do lodo em concreto confirma-se pela redução na extração de recursos naturais, contribuindo principalmente, na diminuição do lançamento de lodo em corpos hídricos, e ao atendimento dos requisitos do sistema de gestão e legislação ambiental vigente. por teores mais elevados de lodo, analisando a viabilidade econômica e ambiental vinculada ao processo de calcinação.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of replacing natural sand by different levels of Water Treatment Plant Sludge (WTP sludge) in the production of environmentally friendly concrete. The experiment included the collection and characterization of raw materials, the concrete dosing study produced with different sludge replacement levels of Wet Sludge (WS) and Calcined Sludge (CS) and the evaluation of the produced mixtures with regards the technical, economic and environmental aspect. The sludge samples used in the study were collected from the Tamandua ETA, located in Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, in three different periods during the year 2014. In the dosage of study, WS (in natura) was substituted by natural sand in the levels of 0, 5, 7 and 10% in concrete with water/cement ratio (w/c) of 0.45, 0.55 and 0.65 and CS (temperature of 900 °C) in levels of 0, 5, 10 and 20% in mixtures with w/c of 0.55, evaluating the properties in the fresh state (workability) and in the hardened state (resistance to axial compression, tensile strength, elastic modulus, water absorption and leaching). From the results obtained it was found that the addition of CS up to 20% resulted in an increase in the mechanical properties of concrete, therefore it can be used in structural concrete, provided that durability studies are carried out. With regards WS, its addition significantly reduces the strength of concrete and is suitable, from a technical point of view, a replacement level up to 5% for applications in concrete, provided that not structural. From an economic point of view, in comparison to the reference concrete, concrete produced with WS resulted in lower production cost while concrete with CS the cost was higher. By thermogravimetric analysis, the sludge may be calcined at lower temperatures (300 to 500 °C), leading to energy saving in the heat treatment process, resulting in an improvement in the economic and environmental factor in the application of the calcinated sludge in the production of concrete. With regards the environmental viability, the results demonstrated that the levels of concentration of the substances analyzed in the leaching test meet the maximum allowed limit, ensuring environmental and human health. The sustainability of sludge use in concrete is confirmed by the reduction in the extraction of natural resources, contributing mainly to the decreas of sludge release in water bodies, and upon satisfying the requirements of the management and environmental legislation system. Further studies should be conducted to assess the effect of replacing sand for higher levels of sludge, analyzing the economic and environmental viability linked to the calcination process.