Dissertations / Theses: 'Biological anthropology'

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Anderson, Bruce Edward, and Bruce Edward Anderson. "Forensic anthropology as science: Is there a difference between academic and applied uses of biological anthropology?" Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282649.

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The central issued explored by this research is whether forensic anthropology can be characterized as being fundamentally different from academically-oriented biological anthropology. My view--and thesis statement--is that they are not two fundamentally-differing pursuits. While I recognize that important differences do exist between these fields, I argue that the differences are not sufficient to draw a stark line between academically-oriented biological anthropology and its medico-legal application. The principal source of data marshaled in support of this view is my dozen-plus years experience as a student. then practitioner, of forensic anthropology. One hundred forensic anthropology case reports of mine are utilized to illustrate an example of the product that forensic anthropologists routinely supply to medico-legal and governmental agencies. However, more important than this product are the processes behind the issuance of such reports. I argue that while the product may be different--a necessity because the intended audience certainly is--the conscientious forensic anthropologist employs the same analytical processes as when engaged in academic pursuits. Thus, it is my position that forensic anthropologists remain biological anthropologists while performing medico-legal services.

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Macbeth, H. M. "Biological variation in human migrants." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371698.

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Baliso, Athi. "Identification of the deceased: A retrospective review of forensic anthropology Cape Town casework." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33671.

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A serious issue faced in South Africa is the identification of unknown persons, particularly those who are decomposed, skeletonised or burnt. In this regard, Forensic Anthropology Cape Town (FACT), a service provider at the University of Cape Town (UCT), has assisted with identification. Data pertaining to anthropologically analysed cases in the Western Cape (WC) province is lacking and little is known about the contribution FACT has made to local forensic investigations. Thus, this study sought to identify the profile of FACT cases and evaluate their impact on police case resolution and identification. Cases referred to FACT between 2006 – 2018 from Forensic Pathology Services (FPS) were retrospectively reviewed (n = 208). Univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to find patterns in the data. Of these, 172 were of forensic relevance. There was a predominance of men (67%), and adults older than 35 years (54%). Regarding ancestry, 37% of decedents were of Mixed ancestry, 22% were of African ancestry and 3% were of European ancestry. Ante- and perimortem injuries were observed in 41% and 29% of decedents, respectively. Most decedents (51%) were discovered in high crime police precincts; however, a significant number were also found in low crime sparsely populated areas (47%), popular for recreational activities. These findings highlighted common areas for the discovery of decomposed bodies that may guide future forensic taphonomic research to better understand local decomposition rates. Positive identifications were reached for 37% of decedents, and of these, anthropological estimations were correct in 98% cases for sex, 84% for age-at-death, 80% for ancestry and 100% for stature. Communication issues between relevant stakeholders, the discretion of the authorities (when FACT would be consulted) and the availability of FACT members or resources (e.g., transport for the body to FACT laboratory) were among the main factors impacting FACT consultations and analysis; indicating that the legislation of forensic anthropology in South Africa is needed. Nevertheless, where identifications were subsequently made, the demographic estimations showed a high level of accuracy, suggesting that the anthropological techniques employed by FACT perform well in local forensic casework and FACT is assisting with social and criminal justice.

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Pennefather-O'Brien, Elizabeth. "Biological affinities among Middle Woodland populations associated with the Hopewell horizon." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3229573.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Anthropology, 2006.
"Title from dissertation home page (viewed July 3, 2007)." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-08, Section: A, page: 3047. Adviser: Della Cook.

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Graves, P. M. "The biological and the social in human evolution." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.256401.

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Edgar, Heather Joy Hecht. "Biological Distance and the African American Dentition." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1039193040.

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Schumann, Betsy Ann. "Biological evolution and population change in the European Upper Palaeolithic." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252068.

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McVeigh, Clare. "Variability in human tooth formation : a comparison of four groups of close biological affinity /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ66224.pdf.

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Muller, Samantha. "Shape analysis of the zygoma to assess ancestry and sex variation in modern South Africans." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78395.

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Skeletal remains exposed to an outdoor context are prone to post-mortem damage and fragmentation, making skeletal analysis difficult for the anthropologist. Research on ancestry and sex from isolated fragments of the cranium is necessary to improve identification of fragmented remains. The zygoma has proven to be more durable post skeletonization than other cranial bones, making research relevant into variation within the zygoma. Whilst the shape of the zygoma has been studied in a South African population using morphological, metric and geometric morphometric techniques, these studies did not include Indian South Africans. The Indian South African population comprises 2.6% of the total population but make up a larger proportion of the population in certain areas. For example, Indian South Africans comprise 7.4% of the population in Kwa-Zulu Natal and 2.9% in Gauteng. More specifically, Indian South Africans make up to 60% of the population in the suburb of Chatsworth with a further 91% of the population in sub-area of Arena Park, and 80% of the population in the Laudium suburb of Gauteng. Therefore, Indian South Africans must be included in anthropological studies attempting ancestry classifications. The purpose of the study was to assess the shape variation and projection of the zygoma attributable to sexual dimorphism and ancestral variation among South Africans, including Indian South Africans, using a geometric morphometric approach. A sample of 400 three-dimensionally (3D) reconstructed models from head CT scans of black, coloured, white, and Indian South Africans were used with an equal sex and ancestry distribution. Eleven landmarks previously described in the literature were used for the analysis. Each landmark was used to depict the most prominent points on the outline of the zygoma. Additionally, semi-landmarks were placed along the curves of the zygoma. The landmarks and semi-landmarks were tested for observer repeatability and reliability using dispersion analysis and revealed that all landmarks were repeatable. Procrustes ANOVA revealed significant differences among the population groups and between the sexes for all population groups, except between coloured South African males and females. A pairwise post-hoc test revealed that white and Indian South Africans had the most similarities except for males, where coloured and Indian South Africans had the most similarities for landmarks. Three interlandmark distances were created to assess the zygoma’s projection. The ANOVA for the projection of the zygoma revealed significant differences for both sex and ancestry except for white South African males and females and males overall for the zygomaticomaxillary length. The zygomaticomaxillary length (ZML) is defined as the maximum distance between the landmarks zygoorbitale and zygomaxilare. No significant differences were noted for female South Africans for the Superior Zygomatic Length which, is a measure of the maximum length of the superior margin of the zygoma (between porion and zygoorbitale; PorZygool). Further analysis of the zygoma’s projection involved creating angles between the interlandmark distances. The ANOVA for the angles of projection revealed significant differences between sexes and populations, except for white and Indian South African males and females at Angle1 (Angle at the intersection of ZML and PorZygoml) and Angle3 (the angle at the intersection of PorZygool and PorZygoml) and black, coloured and Indian South African males and females at Angle2 (the angle at the intersection of ZML and PorZygool). The large amount of overlap amongst ancestry groups demonstrated substantial group similarities; however, differences were noted at the zygomaxillary, zygomaticotemporal and frontomalar sutures. Overlap was also present between males and females, but on average, males were larger than females. Differences, such as a more inferior placement of the zygoorbitale landmark were noted at the inferior margin of the orbit specifically in females. Differences were also noted at the inferior margin of the orbit across all groups. Discriminant functions were created to assess the classifying ability of the shape of the zygoma. Results revealed low accuracies for ancestry classification for the shape and projection of the zygoma. However, higher accuracies were noted for sex classification for the shape and projection of the zygoma. While results demonstrate shape variation of the zygoma, the classifying ability of the zygoma is precarious at best, and the use of the zygoma in a forensic context may not be an option. However, the differences observed can be taken into consideration during medical procedures such as zygomatic and infraorbital implants. Although landmark placements were reliable and repeatable, further analysis of the zygoma using a semi-automatic surface registration method along with different imaging techniques (MicroCT and CBCT scans) may assist in the data collection procedure and may potentially increase the accuracy of the results. Furthermore, the results of the current study highlight the need for the assessment of the effects of diet, climate, age, edentulism and symmetry on the shape of the zygoma.
Dissertation (MSc (Anatomy))--University of Pretoria, 2020.
National Research Foundation (NRF)
Anatomy
MSc (Anatomy)
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McClelland, John Alan. "Refining the resolution of biological distance studies based on the analysis of dental morphology: Detecting subpopulations at Grasshopper Pueblo." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280433.

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The study of variation in dental morphology has long been an accepted method of assessing biological distance between human populations. Recently, greater emphasis has been placed on detecting biological differences within populations. The purpose of this dissertation is to determine if a refined method of dental morphological analysis is capable of detecting the presence of population subsets. A large collection of skeletal remains from Grasshopper Pueblo in east-central Arizona is the subject of the study. The pueblo was occupied from A.D. 1275 to 1400. Previously, researchers have demonstrated through the application of archaeological and chemical isotope evidence that there were population subsets at Grasshopper that had differing geographic origins within the region. Therefore, the efficacy of intrasite biodistance based on analysis of dental morphology may be tested against this independent source of information regarding population subdivisions. The principal refinement in method involves the measurement of tooth crown components through the use of digital imaging. More than 600 specimens were examined and a full suite of nonmetric and metric traits were recorded. Intra- and interobserver tests were conducted and some traits were excluded from further analyses because of questionable reliability. Replicability of the digital image measurements is encouraging. In general, univariate comparisons of trait frequencies among suspected population subdivisions were not conclusive. Multivariate analysis, using Gower's general coefficient of similarity with subsequent cluster analysis, proved more successful. The spatial distributions of the adult population subdivisions that are suggested by the chemical isotope study and this dental biodistance study are similar. This result tends to confirm the efficacy of dental morphology as a tool for intrasite biodistance investigation. The spatial patterns formed by cluster analysis of juveniles differ substantially from the adult patterns. Furthermore, the use of tooth crown component measurements proved more effective at detecting population subdivisions than the use of standard ordinal traits.

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Cunningham, Sarah L. "Biological and cultural stress in a South Appalachian Mississippian settlement: Town Creek Indian Mound, Mt. Gilead, NC." NCSU, 2010. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03302010-092340/.

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Town Creek Indian Mound was an important ceremonial center of the Pee Dee culture for approximately 200 years (A.D. 1150 - 1400) before it was abandoned. Biological indicators, such as the prevalence of diseases like cribra orbitalia, and decreases in stature attainment from previous generations will be presented. Often site abandonment will also be preceded by increases in cultural stress, such as trauma, as the population reacts to worsening conditions. These three indicators are used to determine if the Pee Dee population living at Town Creek was, in fact, experiencing biological or cultural stress at the end of their habitation of the site. Comparisons were made between an early habitation phase (Teal/Early Town Creek period) and a late phase (Late Town Creek/Leak period). MANOVA statistical analysis found that, of the long bone length measurements, only the female humerus was found to be variable between time phases, with the bone becoming longer in the late phase. Neither cribra nor trauma increased significantly in the late phase. Drought reconstructions have shown that, while the area has experienced extended periods of mild drought and even one intense drought, these periods corresponded with increased site activity, including the construction of monumental architecture. All skeletal indicators and contextual climate reconstructions point to a stable environment and associated population. Issues with nutrition or violence within the culture did not precede the Pee Dee's abandonment of Town Creek, so the cause must lie with other unknown factors.

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Peschard, Karine Eliane. "Biological dispossession: an ethnography of resistance to transgenic seeds among small farmers in Southern Brazil." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86636.

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For the past decade, seeds have been at the centre of a relentless global war. This is a war of rhetoric—fought in courts, in corporate publicity campaigns, and in international environment and trade negotiations; but it is also a "down-to-earth" struggle, fought in farmers' fields around the world. Indeed, with the advent of plant genetic engineering, seeds have undergone a formidable transformation. Formerly a common good, produced by peasants/farmers and exchanged freely among them, seeds are becoming a tradable commodity on the global marketplace covered by extensive patent rights. As the first link in the food chain and the basis of our food supply, seeds carry tremendous material and symbolic importance. Not surprisingly, these developments have proven highly controversial, and Brazil is one of the terrains where the global struggle over seeds is being played out. This dissertation combines an ethnographic analysis of how genetic engineering is transforming small farmers' seed practices in Southern Brazil with a broader analysis of the Brazilian transgenic seed landscape. It includes a discussion of the recent evolution of Brazilian seed industry, and intellectual property rights (IPRs) and seed legislation; a detailed account of the transgenics controversy in Brazil; and an examination of the role played by civil society in the transgenics debate. I argue that the right of farmers to save, use and exchange their seeds—and not genetic engineering per se—is at the heart of farmers' resistance to genetically engineered organisms in Southern Brazil. Small farmers' response to transgenic seeds does not reflect so much a distrust of a new technology as an acute awareness of the power relations intrinsic to the current biotechnological revolution. Indeed, small farmers are aware that recent technological developments open the way to the heightened commodification of seeds, and that, in this process, they are being dispossessed of the right to seeds, the mos
Depuis une décennie, les semences font l'objet d'une lutte acharnée au niveau international. C'est une guerre rhétorique, menée devant les tribunaux, à travers des campagnes de publicité et dans le cadre de négociations commerciales et environnementales au niveau international; mais c'est également une lutte « sur le terrain », menée dans les champs des agriculteurs à travers le monde. En effet, avec l'introduction de plantes issues de l'ingénierie génétique, les semences ont subi une formidable transformation. Auparavant un bien commun, produit par les paysans et agriculteurs et échangées librement entre eux, les semences sont devenues une marchandise sur le marché global, assujetties à des brevets étendus. En tant que premier maillon de la chaîne alimentaire et base de notre approvisionnement alimentaire, les semences revêtent une énorme importance matérielle et symbolique. Il n'est donc pas surprenant que ces développements soient hautement controversés, et le Brésil est l'un des terrains où se mène la lutte globale autour des semences. Cette thèse présente à la fois une analyse ethnographique de la façon dont le génie génétique transforme les pratiques semencières des petits agriculteurs au Sud du Brésil, et une analyse plus ample du paysage brésilien des semences transgéniques. Elle comprend un exposé de l'évolution récente de l'industrie semencière et de la législation en matière de droits de propriété intellectuelle et de semences; un compte-rendu détaillé de la controverse autour des semences transgéniques au Brésil; ainsi qu'une étude du rôle joué par la société civile dans le débat sur les semences transgéniques. Je soutiens dans cette thèse que le droit des agriculteurs de sauvegarder, utiliser et échanger les semences — et non le génie génétique en soi — est au coeur de la résistance opposée par les agriculteurs aux semences transgéniques dans le Sud du Brésil. En effet, leur réa

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Du, Toit Francesca. "Circulus arteriosus cerebri: Anatomical variations and their correlation to cerebral aneurysms." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16481.

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Includes bibliographical references
The anatomical structure of circulus arteriosus cerebri was first described by Thomas Willis in 1664. Many variations in the circulus arteriosus cerebri have since been reported. The extent to which anatomical variations within the circle influence aneurysm formation in a South African sample has not yet been established. The results of such a study would be of value to clinicians treating patients with vascular diseases. The aim of the study was to determine if there is a correlation between arterial variations in the circulus arteriosus cerebri and cerebral aneurysm formation. The brains of 39 cadavers at the Faculty of Health Sciences were removed and the circulus arteriosus dissected. In addition, 113 patients who underwent a MRI or MRA of the circulus arteriosus cerebri at the Department of Radiology at the Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town were included. For both of these samples the anatomical variations and any aneurysms present were documented. The external diameters of the arteries forming the circulus arteriosus cerebri were also measured. No aneurysms were found in the cadaver sample, thus the correlation could not be tested. In the sample of images from the 113 patients, 111 images showed one or more anatomical variation of the circulus arteriosus cerebri. Of these, 59 had one or more cerebral aneurysm and 52 had no aneurysms. Statistical analysis showed no significant correlation between cerebral aneurysms and anatomical variations in the circulus arteriosus cerebri for a South Africans ample. This is contradictory to what is seen in the literature. Further investigation is required to establish the reason why the results from this South African sample differ from the results reported in the international literature.

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Day, John Victor. "The proto-Indo-European homeland and biological anthropology : the methods of research and their results." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287437.

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Betsinger, Tracy Kay. "The biological consequences of urbanization in medieval Poland." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1185994864.

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Huffman, Michaela. "Biological Variation in South American Populations using Dental Non-Metric Traits: Assessment of Isolation by Time and Distance." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1407958702.

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Wilson, LaKalea JaVonne. "A Comparative Neuroanatomical Study on the Metabolic Components in Executive versus Motor Regions of the Basal Ganglia." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1430784517.

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Stricklin, Dawn Christine. "African American Mortality: A Biocultural Study of Missouri Cemetery Records." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1285.

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Recent reports reveal that a centuries-long trend in mortality has reversed, with post-1980 rural populations now being vulnerable to higher death rates than urban areas (Cossman et al. 2010). Scholars have also documented a post-1980 “return migration” of urban African Americans returning to rural regions (Stack 1996, Falk et al. 2004). The purpose of this research was: 1) to determine if the high urban mortality from 1900 to 1979 is related to the mass migration of rural African Americans to northern cities; 2) to discern if the high rural mortality post-1980 is related to the return migration of African Americans to southern rural regions; and 3) to test whether or not holistic and interdisciplinary research which incorporates the Racial Context of Origins will reveal discrepancies when compared to life table analyses. While the post-1980 “return migration” of urban African Americans to rural regions is of interest to scholars, the lack of death data needed to study them is often non-existent, often resulting in the exclusion of these marginalized populations from research (Sattenspiel and Stoops 2010:7). In order to test the above hypotheses, a replicable methodology that incorporates Read and Emerson’s (2005) call for the incorporation of a new theoretical concept in data collection and analysis, the Racial Context of Origins, was formulated in order to extract mortality data from these and other minority populations when archival data seemingly does not exist. Relying upon a fusion of biological and cultural anthropology and genealogical methods, this study’s main objectives were: 1) to collect vital statistics from and reconstruct three cemeteries that represent rural, semi-rural, and urban African American populations from 1880-2010 in order to document the mortality profiles through the use of life table analyses; 2) to compile narrative genealogies and migration histories through various archival records, integrating the Racial Context of Origins, by focusing on a semi-rural cemetery which represents a spectrum of both rural and urban lifestyles; and 3) to compare and contrast the statistical mortality profiles with the narrative genealogies and histories. The rural and semi-rural cemetery’s reconstructed burial registers resulted in 122 narrative genealogies that collectively revealed a migratory pattern where the rural and semi-rural populations in Missouri moved to urban cities prior to 1980, later returning to rural areas post-1980, findings confirmed by the life tables. Although only a single ethnic group was studied, the results indicated that post-1980 high rural mortality was at least in part affected by African American migration. Incorporating a methodology that included the Racial Context of Origins to reconstruct records from which to extract data provided more, and better, data with which to work. The methodology used to reconstruct archival records increased the sample size by 85%. As a result, there were no discrepancies in the life tables because those data were extracted from the reconstructed records.

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Temple, Daniel Howard. "Human biological variation during the agricultural transition in prehistoric Japan." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1179521050.

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Kenyhercz, Michael W. "Molar size and shape in the estimation of biological affinity| A comparison of relative cusp locations using geometric morphometrics and interlandmark distances." Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3670492.

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The study of teeth has been a central tenet in biological anthropology since the inception of the field. Teeth have been previously shown to have a high genetic component. The high heritability of teeth has allowed researchers to use them to answer a myriad of anthropological questions ranging from human origins to modern variation due to microevolution. Traditionally, teeth have been studied either morphologically, through the assignment of nonmetric character states, or metrically, through mesiodistal and buccolingual crown measures. Increasingly, geometric morphometric techniques are being used to answer anthropological questions, especially dentally. However, regardless of analytical technique utilized, the biological affinity of modern U.S. individuals has often been limited to examination under a forensic lens (classification of either American Asian, black, Hispanic, or white) without consideration of parent populations. The current study uses geometric morphometric techniques on human molars for two main goals: 1) to examine biological affinity of each of the four largest population groups in regard to population history; and 2) examine the variation within and among the four modern groups as a means of classification.

A total of 1,225 dentitions were digitized. Each of the four modern U.S. groups was compared to possible parental groups via discriminant function analysis (DFA). Additionally affinity was examined using Mahalanobis generalized distances (D²) wherein significance of distances between groups was calculated via permutation tests. Furthermore, the D² values were subjected to principal coordinate analysis, or classical multidimensional scaling, to visualize group similarity and dissimilarity. Each group demonstrated affinity with potential parental groups and geographically similar groups as expected given population histories; however, each was also significantly unique from the comparison groups. The four modern U.S. groups were then compared to one another using the same statistical tests. Total among-group correct classifications ranged from 33.9-55.5%, indicating a greater classification than random chance (25%). These classifications were negatively correlated with the reported intermarriage rates for each group: American whites and blacks have the lowest intermarriage rates, which resulted in the highest correct classifications. Conversely, American Asians and Hispanics have the highest intermarriage rates, which resulted in the lowest total correct classifications. Still, the DFA model created from the modern U.S. sample was able to accurately classify a holdout sample. Lastly, a comparison of the three most abundant groups in the U.S. (black, Hispanic, and white), achieved a total correct classification of 72.3%, which is comparable to other studies focusing on the same populations. Restricted gene flow through sociologically constructed barriers and positive assortative mating are the likely factors in the observed variation.

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Hubbard, Amelia R. "AN EXAMINATION OF POPULATION HISTORY, POPULATION STRUCTURE, AND BIOLOGICAL DISTANCE AMONG REGIONAL POPULATIONS OF THE KENYAN COAST USING GENETIC AND DENTAL DATA." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337195794.

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Mayus, Rebecca Claire. "Constructing Demographic Profiles in Commingled Collections: A Comparison of Methods for Determining Sex and Age-at-Death in a Byzantine Monastic Assemblage." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492454624374613.

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Adalian, Pascal. "Evaluation multiparamétrique de la croissance foetale - Applications à la détermination du sexe et de l'âge." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00009290.

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La détermination de l'âge et du sexe à partir de restes osseux est une problématique essentielle en anthropologie biologique et en anthropologie médico-légale. Les moyens existants sont anciens et font l'objet de nombreuses critiques méthodologiques. Nous avons donc étudié 3 séries : notre série (inédite) de 782 fœtus, les ossements de la collection Fazekas et Kosa, ainsi que les restes fœtaux de la fouille archéologique de la Chapelle St Jean (Hautes-Alpes). Au moyen de différentes méthodes et tests méthodologiques que nous avons préalablement validés, nous avons d'une part démontré les grandes difficultés de la détermination du sexe fœtal, et nous avons d'autres part amélioré et fiabilisé les estimations de l'âge à partir d'une méthodologie originale utilisant la mesure radiographique des os longs. Ces résultats sont comparés aux moyens de détermination de l'âge classiquement utilisés par les anthropologues et nous permettent de confirmer la grande fiabilité de la méthode que nous avons établie.

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Carvalho, Maira Bueno de 1979. "Biotecnologia, Estado e Poder na Amazonia : o caso CBA-Manaus." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279803.

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Orientador: Mauro William Barbosa de Almeida
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar os eventos associados à constituição do Programa Brasileiro de Ecologia Molecular para o Uso Sustentável da Biodiversidade da Amazônia (PROBEM) e do Centro de Biotecnologia da Amazônia (CBA) e a crise que se abateu sobre esses projetos. A nossa hipótese principal é que as práticas científicas relacionadas à informação genética e à biotecnologia são também práticas de poder e envolvem relações de poder. Mais especificamente, queremos com este trabalho entender os conflitos entre interesses regionais, nacionais e internacionais no uso da biodiversidade pela biotecnologia, abordando a disposição das hierarquias dentro do campo científico, numa relação entre centros mundiais e o Brasil, e entre Brasil e Amazônia. Procuramos mostrar, através de um estudo etnográfico da ciência, combinado ao estudo de documentos e entrevistas, como a política nacional de biotecnologia no país não apenas envolve disputas pelo capital científico, conectadas a uma rede científico-tecnológica em escala mundial, mas está subordinada a uma hierarquização que é parte integrante da universalização de um pensamento e de uma prática científica que estão intimamente ligados à mundialização do capitalismo
Abstract: The goal of this research is to study the events surrounding the creation of the Brazilian Molecular Ecology Program for the Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in the Amazonia (PROBEM) and the Center for Biotechnology in the Amazon (CBA), and the crisis that fell upon those projects. Our main hypothesis is that scientific practices related to genetical information and to biotechnology are also power practices and involve power relations. More specifically, we want to understand how conflicts between regional, national and international interests biotechnogical uses of biodiversity are inflected by hierarchies within the scientific field, relating on the one hand world centers and Brazil, and Brazil and Amazonia on the other hand. By means of an ethnographic study of science, combined to documental research and interviews with scientists, we propose to show how Brazilian biotechnology policies involve disputes over scientific capital and is connected to a world-wide scientific-technological network; we also want to show how they are part of a world-scale hierarchyzation of science which is part and parcel of the universalization of a mode of thought intimately linked to the universalization of capitalism
Mestrado
Natureza, Tecnologia e Cultura
Mestre em Antropologia

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Ashton, Victoria Clare. "Scientific Knowledge: the Impact on Conservation." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Social and Political Sciences, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7051.

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This thesis discusses the impact that paradigms of thought have on the construction of conservation programmes. Western scientific thinking represents a distinct way of looking at the world. It accepts a separation between nature and culture and thinks that knowledge about the world can best be discovered through the use of experiments that follow a specific set of rules, the scientific method. Scientific thinking is an integral part of the world view of scientists and extends to the way in which they interact with the world. Scientific researchers design their projects in accordance with how they view nature. This leads to particular construction of the role of primates. People in the network of a conservation project are involved in this paradigm to varying degrees. The purpose that scientific thinkers put behind conservation can be in direct contradiction with that of the local people. Although all groups involved may agree that conservation is a valuable goal, the ways in which they value nature and want to conserve it can be quite different. Scientists view themselves as experts on nature and how best to conserve it, and they attempt to spread their way of thinking about nature to local populations through education programmes. Not all groups accept the scientific paradigm to the same extent and this has a wider impact on the local community and forms new causes of tension as knowledge and power shift. I studied one particular field station, and explored how scientific thinking affected the outcomes of both scientific research and additional projects. I looked at how basing the conservation around scientific research has changed the dynamics created by a forest reserve. Finally I discussed with local people the ways in which the scientific paradigm had spread to them and how the field station was affecting them.

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Chapman, Charles Thomas. "Who Was Buried in James Madison's Grave?: A Study in Contextual Analysis." W&M ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626487.

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SCIANÒ, FILIPPO. "The Detection of Ambiguous Lesions in Biological Anthropology:Investigative Strategies for Human Skeletal Remains." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2487831.

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The study of lesions in ancient human remains is of growing interest in the field of paleo-pathology. However, some uncertainty persists in the diagnosis of several pathologies which left ambiguous markers on the bones. The principal issue is the absence of a clear diagnostic approach to the study of some problematic diseases in the past (e.g., infectious diseases, haematopoietic disorders, tumour lesions, traumatic evidences). The purpose of this dissertation is to propose a newly developed methodological approach to study in osteoarchaeological human remains, those lesions that are difficult to diagnose. Our studies were carried out using this approach on Italian human remains from Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy, in a time-frame from Prehistory to Renaissance. The methodological approach we implemented consisted of a preliminary macroscopic analysis followed by a series of radiological, endoscopic and microscopical/histological examination. The present dissertation is organized into six chapters. The first, introduction, presents the aims and the background of the thesis. The second aims to identify the eventual presence of the thalassaemic syndrome in ancient Italian populations, starting from multiple analyses of the dry bones. As a first step, we classified all the lesions associated with the thalassemia syndrome, found in literature, as ‘nonspecific’, ‘specific not-diagnostic’ and ‘diagnostic’ of the β-thalassaemia. Then, we applied the methodological approach described above to the individuals from the necropolis of San Mamiliano, Tuscany (15th - 16th centuries) and the Etruscan port of Spina on the Po Delta (6th- 3rd BCE), since the historical records confirmed both areas as a malaria environment - a condition, which may let presume the presence of individuals with β-thalassaemia. Whereas the cemetery of St. Biagio in Ravenna (17th-19th centuries) was used as a negative control. The principal result of this investigation was the development of a new evaluation form for the preliminary diagnosis of β-thalassaemia. The third deals with the investigation of neoplastic formations in human dry bones Two different osteolytic lesions were identified in two individuals of the necropolis of San Mamiliano. The differential diagnosis carried out with anthropological and histological methods has revealed an osteoma osteomata, a slow-growing benign osteogenic lesion and an osteoblastoma, a rare bone-forming tumour that accounts for less than 14% of all bone tumours. The diagnosis of the osteoblastoma could be useful in implementing modern oncological research to obtain new and additional information on the occurrence, spread and frequency of specific forms of cancer. The fourth and fifth focuse on those lesions of traumatic origin. As a rule, the definition of the lesion’s type and of its infliction time are of fundamental relevance in anthropological and forensic contexts since an accurate analysis allows a more reliable determination of the cause of death of the individual. We employed the same research strategy proposed for the paleopathological investigations and we developed an evaluation form as a general tool to facilitate trauma interpretation as well as timing of the injuries. We were able to discern each lesion, diversifying them as intentional, accidental, ante mortem, peri mortem and post mortem lesions. The last, the conclusion, sum up the objectives achieved in this thesis. We offer two solid evaluation forms. The first, useful for the preliminary diagnosis of β-thalassemia in dry human bone, can be particularly helpful in archaeological contexts, in which environmental conditions may hinder the employment of molecular analyses for diagnostic purposes. The second, may be used for both anthropological and forensic sciences, particularly for the assessment of the lesion’s timing.
Negli ultimi decenni lo studio delle lesioni in resti umani antichi è diventato un argomento di crescente interesse in ambito paleopatologico. Tuttavia c'è ancora molta incertezza nella diagnosi di molte patologie che lasciano un numero limitato di segni specifici sulle ossa. La principale problematica è l'assenza di un chiaro approccio diagnostico per lo studio di quelle patologie difficili da riconoscere e diagnosticare con assoluta certezza. L’interpretazione accurata delle lesioni ossee è una parte essenziale dell'esame paleopatologico; tuttavia questa parte sembra essere trascurata sia nella pratica che in letteratura.Lo scopo della tesi è quello di presentare un approccio metodologico allo studio di lesioni equivoche nei resti umani archeologici. Lo studio, condotto su campioni osteologici antichi provenienti della Toscana, dell'Emilia-Romagna e della Lombardia. In particolare si è cercato di diagnosticare accuratamente la β-talassemia, le lesioni tumorali e i traumi. Ogni individuo è stato analizzato tramite approccio metodologico che consiste in una accurata analisi macroscopica preliminare, un esame radiologico ed endoscopico e l'analisi microscopico/istologica. La tesi si articola in sei capitoli: Il capitolo introduttivo descrive il background degli studi e lo scopo della ricerca. Il secondo capitolo raccoglie, riassume ed elabora i dati della letteratura scientifica sulla presenza di talassemia su resti umani scheletrici per giungere alla proposta di una scheda diagnostica. Si propone di identificare la β-talassemia in popolazioni antiche a partire da analisi specifiche sulle ossa. Dopo aver classificato le lesioni come "non specifiche", "specifiche non diagnostiche" e "diagnostiche", abbiamo adottato l’approccio metodologico per confermare i dati ottenuti applicandolo sugli individui delle necropoli di San Mamiliano (Toscana XV - XVI secolo) e di Spina (VI - III secolo a.C), poiché le fonti storiche riconoscevano l'area come ambiente malarico. Il cimitero di San Biagio a Ravenna (XVII-XIX secolo) è stato utilizzato come sito di controllo negativo. Il principale risultato è stato la creazione di una scheda di valutazione per la diagnosi preliminare della β-talassemia, che ha evidenziato la probabile presenza nel campione di Sovana ma l’ha negata nei campioni di Spina. Il terzo capitolo affronta il tema delle lesioni tumorali rare in campioni osteologici. L’approccio sistematico ha rilevato due diverse lesioni osteolitiche nella necropoli di San Mamiliano, un osteoma osteomata e un osteoblastoma. Quest’ultimo è un raro tumore che rappresenta meno del 14% dei tumori ossei. La diagnosi dell'osteoblastoma non solo è di interesse storico, ma potrebbe essere utile nelle moderne ricerche oncologiche per ottenere informazioni sulla comparsa, diffusione e frequenza di tumori specifici. Il quarto capitolo affronta il tema della definizione delle lesioni traumatiche e mira a definire differenti tipi di lesioni e la loro tempistica di inflizione. Il quinto identifica le lesioni traumatiche per tipologia e tempo di inflizione. Abbiamo applicato una variante della metodologia proposta per l'indagine paleopatologica e abbiamo creato una scheda di valutazione per facilitare l’interpretazione e la tempistica dei traumi. Applicando la scheda sul nostro campione abbiamo diversificato le lesioni in intenzionali, accidentali, ante-, peri- e post mortem. Il capitolo conclusivo raccoglie e organizza i risultati ottenuti. La tesi offre come contributo pratico due solide schede di valutazione: la prima, utile per la diagnosi della β-talassemia in popolazioni antiche, adatta in quei contesti archeologici in cui la diagnosi di β-talassemia tramite approcci molecolari potrebbe non essere possibile. La seconda appropriata per la valutazione delle tempistiche inflittive, degli episodi di violenza accidentale e intenzionali sia in contesti archeoantropologici che forensi.

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Peck, Joshua J. "THE BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF CULTURE CONTACT: A BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF ROMAN COLONIALISM IN BRITAIN." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1237945824.

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Kelly, Gabrielle Gita. "Biological citizenship in Blikkiesdorp : the case of the disability grant." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71632.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis examines local understandings and use of the Disability Grant in The Symphony Way Temporary Relocation Area, locally referred to as Blikkiesdorp (tin can town). The study takes an ethnographic approach and focuses particularly on a group of people accessing or seeking to access Disability Grants who formed a support group as a result of the study. Findings reveal that in a context of social and economic marginalisation, there is a high reliance on government grants for survival and a particularly high demand for Disability Grants by the unemployed in Blikkiesdorp. As social assistance in South Africa is categorically targeted at particular vulnerable groups, the majority of the unemployed of working age are not eligible for social assistance. As a result, Disability Grant recipients face significant pressure from their households and the community at large to share their grants with those who cannot find unemployment but are not catered to by the social security system. It also means that disability or illness is often valued over health. Given the use of the Disability Grant as a livelihood strategy within households and the related importance of Disability Grants to individuals and families, those who receive their grants on a temporary basis engage in a struggle to reapply for grants through performances of disability and humanitarian appeals to medical doctors who, as a result, are not only burdened by high numbers of grant applications, but also pressured to make decisions that go beyond their role as medical professionals. The analysis draws on the concept of biological citizenship to explore the relationship created between illness or disability of the bodies of marginalised citizens and the potential to access to social citizenship rights, enabled through the receipt of the Disability Grant.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek aan die hand van ŉ etnografiese benadering plaaslike begrippe en gebruike van die Ongeskiktheidstoelaag in Die Simfonieweg Tydelike Hervestigingsgebied, plaaslik bekend as Blikkiesdorp. Die studie fokus op ŉ groep mense wat die Ongeskiktheidstoelaag ontvang of probeer om daartoe toegang te verkry en wat as gevolg van hul deelname aan die studie, ŉ ondersteuningsgroep gevorm het. Die bevindinge dui daarop dat in ŉ konteks van maatskaplike en ekonomiese marginalisering, daar vir oorlewing tot ŉ groot mate op staatstoelaes staatgemaak word en dat daar spesifiek onder werkloses in Blikkiesdorp ŉ groot aanvraag vir die Ongeskiktheidstoelaag is. Maatskaplike ondersteuning in Suid-Afrika word op spesifieke kategorieë kwesbare groepe gerig en die meerderheid werkloses kwalifiseer nie vir maatskaplike ondersteuning nie. Om die rede verkeer die ontvangers van die Ongeskiktheidstoelaag onder besondere druk van lede van hul huishouding en ook van ander gemeenskapslede om hul toelae te deel met werkloses wat nie deur die maatskaplike sekuriteitsisteem gedek word nie. In dié konteks gebeur dit dikwels dat ongeskiktheid of siekte bo gesondheid van waarde geag word. As gevolg van die belangrikheid van die Ongeskiktheidstoelaag vir individue en hul gesinne is diegene wat hierdie toelaag op ŉ tydelike basis ontvang, betrokke in ŉ stryd om heraansoek deur die voorstelling van ongeskiktheid teenoor en humanitêre beroepe op mediese beroepslui. Hierdie beroepslui word derhalwe nie slegs belas met ŉ groot aantal aansoeke nie, maar verkeer ook onder druk om besluite te neem wat verder as hul rol as medici strek. Die konsep biologiese burgerskap word gebruik om die verband wat geskep word tussen siekte of ongeskiktheid van die liggame van gemarginaliseerde burgers en die potensiaal vir toegang tot maatskaplike burgerskapsregte deur die ontvangs van die Ongeskiktheidstoelaag, te ontleed.

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Pagani, Luca. "Through the layers of the Ethiopian genome : a survey of human genetic variation based on genome-wide genotyping and re-sequencing data." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251330.

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Understanding our evolutionary history as a species has since long been one of the most attracting and controversial themes of the scientific investigation. From its geographical position, outstanding fossil record and richness of human diversity, the Horn of Africa and, particularly, the Ethiopian region offers an unmatched opportunity to investigate our origins from a genetic perspective. To carry out a genome-wide survey of this region, 13 out of the estimated 80 extant Ethiopian populations were typed on an Illumina Omni 1M SNP array. The results showed a good concordance between genetic and linguistic stratification and, overall, a complex population structure placing the Ethiopians in between North and Sub Saharan Africans, due to the recent non African gene flow which was dated at around 3000 years ago. Furthermore the SNP array data unveiled putative traces of the out of Africa migrations as well as, in two of the typed populations, signatures of genetic adaptation to high altitude. To obtain an unbiased, high resolution representation of the Ethiopian genetic landscape, 25 individuals from each of five populations were newly collected and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq platform. These populations were chosen, from among the ones typed on the SNP array, to represent the main components of Ethiopian genetic diversity. Of the 25 samples per population, 24 were sequenced at low depth to generate a broad list of genetic variants, while one sample from each was sequenced at high depth to provide a higher resolution list of variants peculiar to each analysed population. The 125 Ethiopian genomes thus sequenced, while overall consistent with the genotyping results, described the Ethiopian populations in a less biased way than the SNP array data. Furthermore estimation of past effective population size fluctuations from the individual genomes unveiled a unique pattern in the ancestry of the Ethiopian populations in the early stages of human evolution. These results provide a data resource which can be used in future analyses.

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Wanek, Veronica L. "A Qualitative Analysis for Sex Determination in Humans Utilizing Posterior and Medial Aspects of the Distal Humerus." PDXScholar, 2002. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3571.

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Visual and metric analysis both provide accepted methods for sex determination in humans. Visual ascertainment uses differing morphological traits in males and females to establish sex. Researchers have continually sought accurate methods of sexing long bones when skulls or pelves are absent or fragmented. These long bone elements may not have sexually distinct characteristics, but tend to survive in the field quite well. Metric analysis depends on size dimorphism between males and females to correctly assign sex. Metric methods fail where the sexes overlap or when skeletal elements cannot be assigned to their correct biological population. Under these conditions, visual ascertainment is extremely useful. It relies on descriptive features, not size, to interpret the shape variations between male and female elements. For example, physiological soft tissue variations in the "carrying angle'" of the arm at the humero-radioulnar junction are known to be sexually dimorphic; therefore, the hard tissue features of the distal humerus also should be sexually dimorphic. I observed six distinct visual characteristics of the distal humerus to determine sex in a blind study conducted on 649 individuals sampled from diverse biological populations. In addition to visual assessment, I collected four humeral measurements to determine whether quantitative analysis would be a better indicator of sex than non-metric analysis. I used nonparametric statistical methods to examine· the significance of each morphological feature and its relationship to known sex. All characteristics showed a high association with sex, and the relationships between sex and each characteristic were statistically strong. The final predictive quality of this method was 84% regardless of population; I concluded that my visual method is a dependable sex predictor among diverse populations. Every biological group varied considerably in size dimensions, but exhibited common morphological features of the distal humerus. This confirms that visual techniques provide accurate results regardless of biological affiliation. In many cases, visual assessment was as accurate or more accurate than metric analysis. Therefore, the distal humerus and its unique physical features provide an alternative method to previously used quantitative techniques in the determination of sex.

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Osterud, Erin Lee. "Gibbon classification : the issue of species and subspecies." PDXScholar, 1988. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3925.

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Gibbon classification at the species and subspecies levels has been hotly debated for the last 200 years. This thesis explores the reasons for this debate. Authorities agree that siamang, concolor, kloss and hoolock are species, while there is complete lack of agreement on lar, agile, moloch, Mueller's and pileated. The disagreement results from the use and emphasis of different character traits, and from debate on the occurrence and importance of gene flow.

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Cheverko, Colleen Mary. "The Biological Impact of Developmental Stress in the Past: Correlations between Growth Disruptions and Mortality Risk in Bioarchaeology." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1529317204138671.

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34

Powell, John Wellington. "Multiple Stain Histology of Skeletal Fractures: Healing and Microtaphonomy." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5835.

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The forensic examination of wounds is one of the key elements of analysis performed by forensic anthropologists and forensic pathologists. Gross examination and histological analysis can be used to determine the timing of the wound and its cause. While forensic pathologists are trained to analyze hard and soft tissue wounds, forensic anthropologists, bioarchaeologists, and paleopathologists, focus on hard tissue. Forensic anthropologists have the added benefit of potentially working with residual soft tissue and would benefit from the incorporation of microscopy techniques that take advantage of the soft tissue to better understand perimortem events. Little research has been published that examines if any healing processes, the defining characteristic of an antemortem wound that do not progress beyond the time of death, are preserved within the tissues beyond death and how long they may be visible. The objectives of this study were to examine if the use of multiple stains will allow earlier visualization of healing processes in skeletal fractures than gross examination and to observe the length of time microscopic healing structures remain visible after death. A total of 224 slides from 19 specimens representing both fractured and un-fractured bones for control samples were taken from nine autopsied individuals at the Hillsborough County Medical Examiner's Office and analyzed using four stains: Hemotoxylin and eosin (H&E), trichrome, Prussian blue, and elastin stain. Slides were analyzed using a set of 14 scored variables and evaluated with nonparametric statistical tests and cluster analyses. H&E, trichrome, and elastin stains were useful in examining wound age and survival time categories were significantly different for presence of elastin and presence of hemorrhage. H&E and trichrome stains proved useful for observing residual healing structures after death and time cohorts after time of autopsy were significantly different for 11 variables. Results from this study support further testing with larger sample sizes, including samples with a wider range of survival time, to better predict survival times of fractures and time since death.

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Kleckner, Jon Geoffrey. "A multivariate test of evolutionary stasis in Homo sapiens." PDXScholar, 1989. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3871.

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In the past, efforts to prove or disprove stasis in hominids have relied upon univariate tests such as Students's t-test. Severe methodological and interpretive problems arise from the misapplication of univariate statistics to questions concerning variation in shape through time. These are questions best addressed using the multivariate approach of morphometrics. Eighteen cranial dimensions drawn from 33 mid and late Pleistocene Homo sapiens were examined using principal component analysis (PCA). PCA divided the sample into two distinct morphologies. Archaic Homo sapiens of the mid Pleistocene clustered with Wurm I neanderthals and apart from post Gottweig early anatomically modern Homo sapiens. ANOVA and Cluster analysis confirm the groups represent two different morphologies rather than a single spectrum of morphological change. These results support stasis rather than phyletic gradualism during this period of hominid evolution.

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36

Peck, Joshua James. "The biological impact of culture contact a bioarchaeological study of Roman colonialism in Britain /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1237945824.

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37

Waterman, Anna Joy. "Marked in life and death: identifying biological markers of social differentiation in late prehistoric Portugal." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3007.

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This dissertation research is a bioarchaeological investigation of Late Neolithic through Early Bronze Age (3600-1800 BC) burial populations from the Portuguese Estremadura. In this project macroscopic and isotopic analyses of skeletal and dental materials are used to gather information pertaining to diet, health status, and inter-lifetime mobility patterns for individuals interred at different burials within a small geographic area with the goal of evaluating the level of social differentiation in the region. The archaeological record for the transition between the Late Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age in southwestern Portugal demonstrates clear evidence of the rise of a socially-complex, non-state society. During the Early Bronze Age, however, this region underwent a period of social `devolution' which cumulated in widespread settlement abandonment. To date, it is unclear to what extent sociopolitical or environmental factors contributed to this social collapse. This study seeks to expand our knowledge of social differentiation in the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age of the Estremadura region of Portugal and provide insight into social structure during the emergence and collapse of early complex societies in Iberia. The results of this study found that there were statistically significant differences in dietary, mobility and demographic patterns between burials that suggest socially distinct populations were interred at different sites. In particular, one burial site, Cova da Moura, diverged significantly from the other sampled burial populations. However, based upon the data presented here, it was not possible to tie these biological markers of differentiation to particular aspects of Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age social organization. Therefore, while this study successfully identified differences between burial populations, at this time, it is not possibly to relate these to particular hierarchical structures. It is suggested that aspects of burial practices in the region confound biologically-based investigations of social organization in a similar way that they have impeded researchers' abilities to identify elite versus non-elite individuals through grave goods alone. Nonetheless, despite these obstacles, this work provides strong evidence of population heterogeneity in the region, and has implications for our understanding of the evolution of complex societies in the Iberian Peninsula and elsewhere.

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Williams, Jennifer L. "ADVICE, INFLUENCE, AND INDEPENDENCE: ADOLESCENT NUTRITIONAL PRACTICES AND OUTCOMES IN BELFAST, NORTHERN IRELAND." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/anthro_etds/9.

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The goal of this dissertation is to discuss relationships between the sociocultural environment and nutritional status outcomes in an urban industrialized city with high rates of poverty. The purpose is to highlight the complex web of factors shaping nutritional status outcomes and move beyond cause and effect approaches to nutrition in an environment where obesity is a central nutritional concern. To accomplish this goal, I examine a range of factors that relate to adolescent nutritional practices and nutritional status outcomes in a sample population of adolescents living in Belfast, Northern Ireland. I discuss connections between social locations such as age, gender, geographic area, and socioeconomic status. I also highlight the range of nutritional status outcomes observed in the sample population, while examining broader social, political, and economic aspects of the lives of adolescents that differentially shape nutrition-related experiences in the city. Finally, I demonstrate that adolescents occupy a complex social location in which autonomy, advice, and influence from sociocultural and political-economic factors shape their diet and exercise practices and nutritional status outcomes in multi-faceted, and at times unexpected, ways. In doing so, I emphasize the benefits of a localized, rather than a globalized approach to nutritional concerns such as obesity.

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Allen, Kathryn Grow. "Migration, Conversion and the Creation of an Identity in Southeast Europe| A Biological Distance and Strontium Isotope Analysis of Ottoman Communities in Romania, Hungary and Croatia." Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10284711.

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There are long-standing debates regarding the history and identity of Ottoman communities that settled in Southeast Europe during the Ottoman period. As with any political expansion, individuals from Anatolia, the capital region of the empire, were likely to have migrated to newly acquired areas as soldiers, administrators, and political leaders. A mass migration of people is, however, not the only process that may have defined the Ottoman communities in Southeast Europe, as historic documents also record the conversion of Europeans to Islam for a variety of reasons. A consensus on whether migration or conversion practices more significantly impacted the biological makeup of Ottoman Europe has not been reached.

Thus far, the nature and impact of the Ottoman past in Europe have been predominately studied from the evidence and viewpoint of written history. Anthropological methods and theory have the potential to shed light on the population dynamics of this key period however. This dissertation employed advancements from both archaeology and biological anthropology to conduct a regional bioarchaeological analysis of the European Ottoman period, seeking a better understanding of identity in this historic context.

Two forms of analyses allowed for in-depth inquiry into biological aspects of identity in Ottoman Europe. First, the assessment of biological affinities from four European Ottoman period groups was done using biological distance analyses of craniometric and cranial non-metric morphological variation. These communities, today located in Hungary, Romania, and Croatia, were compared not only to each other, but also to other European and Anatolian populations. The European and Anatolian comparative populations were represented by four skeletal series from Hungary, Austria, Croatia, and Anatolia. The second method, utilized for one of the Ottoman period populations (from Romania), analyzed strontium isotopes from human and faunal dental enamel. Together, these methods provided a dynamic approach for highlighting markers of biological identity and affinity from human skeletal remains.

The use of biological distance and strontium isotope analyses highlighted a number of interesting patterns in the European Ottoman communities. The Ottoman populations appear diverse in terms of constituting a mix of peoples from different biological backgrounds. This is evident both within a single Ottoman community, as well as between communities located in different parts of the Ottoman territory. Evidence of this diversity was clear between males and females in different Ottoman period populations. Larger than expected between-sex biological differences within the Ottoman communities suggest distinct population histories for males and females.

The diversity found within and between the four Ottoman period populations analyzed in this research can be used to better understand different social and political processes influencing the demography of Ottoman Europe. With migration and conversion frequently cited as the two main processes contributing to population change in the region, this analysis allowed for the consideration of how unique trajectories of both impacted different individuals and different groups of people in these societies. The biological data highlighted in this study disagree with many simplistic historical conclusions that cite either migration or conversion as the singular process behind the creation of Ottoman communities and the European Ottoman identity.

Despite historic evidence that immigration from Anatolia and the conversion of Europeans to Islam impacted the demography of European Ottomans, these communities are at times treated as biologically homogeneous ethnic groups. The Ottoman-established Muslim populations in Southeast Europe are not only treated as a distinct group historically, the division between Muslims or ‘Turks’ and Europeans has been maintained in some modern communities as well. With Islamic relations in some regions of contemporary Europe continuing to deteriorate, long-held notions that European Muslims are the ‘other’, trespassers on Christian lands, are unlikely to be assuaged. The creation of the European Muslim identity descending from the Ottoman period includes a complex history that is still not fully understood. Many modern identities are created from a complex amalgamation of biological and cultural processes, both historical and modern in origin, committing diverse peoples into uniform categories. The bioarchaeology of this dynamic period provided new data on groups of people that influenced both the past and present in Southeast Europe.

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Noche-Dowdy, Liotta Desiree. "Multi-Isotope Analysis to Reconstruct Dietary and Migration Patterns of an Avar Population from Sajópetri, Hungary, AD 568-895." Scholar Commons, 2015. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5547.

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The Avar were nomadic people from Central Asia who migrated into the Carpathian Basin in Central-Eastern Europe during the mid to late Migration Period (AD 568 - 895). Archaeological evaluation of grave goods and documentation of mortuary practices have been the primary means of understanding the Avar. However, this approach has largely neglected skeletal and biochemical analysis, in particular as these approaches relate to the biological variation, ancestry, and dietary patterns of the Avar. There remains debate as to whether disparities existed among the socially stratified Avar population of ancient Hungary. It is argued by some that these disparities existed and were the result of differential access to nutritional resources. This hypothesis was tested using the unique properties of isotopes and their chemical signatures. In so doing, the qualitative work on the grave goods was augmented by an additional, quantifiable line of evidence. To investigate social stratification among the Avar population, the techniques of chemical multi-isotope and osteological analysis were employed. Multi-isotopic analyses can be done on stable isotopes (carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) and on the heavy isotopes (strontium and lead). The particular stable isotopes examined were carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15 N), and oxygen (δ18O). The heavy isotopes analyzed were strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and lead (206Pb/204Pb). Stable isotope analysis as well as ratio analysis of the heavy isotopes strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and lead (206Pb/204Pb) are well-established analytical chemistry methods for examining diverse aspects of diet and mobility through specific geographic regions. The analysis was performed on samples derived from well-preserved tooth enamel and bones. Reconstructing migration and dietary patterns at the Sajópetri cemetery site has helped estimate variability among social groups and between sexes in this population at the time of the Migration Period. Results of the heavy isotope analysis revealed that the Avar population were non-locals to the region, and the stable isotope analysis demonstrated that there was little variation between social groups with slightly higher variation between sexes. This research provides an empirical and analytical framework for further research into migration patterns and social class dynamics of late prehistoric Hungry. This study also adds existing research possibilities to the on-going biogeochemical studies conducted throughout Europe.

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Smith, Ross E. "Structural Bone Density of Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis): Taphonomic and Archaeological Implications." PDXScholar, 2008. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3355.

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Describing prehistoric human subsistence strategies and mobility patterns using archaeofaunal assemblages requires archaeologists to differentiate the effects of human behavior from natural taphonomic processes. Previous studies demonstrate that differences in bone density both within and between taxa contribute to variation in element representation in archaeofaunal assemblages. Measurements of contemporary Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and Pacific Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) skeletal elements using Dual Energy Absorptiometry (DEXA) and hydrostatic weighing revealed differences in bone volume density between elements and taxa. Density values were highest in Pacific cod and halibut jaw elements; the lowest bone volume densities were measured in Pacific cod and halibut basipterygia. While halibut and salmon often exhibited similar bone density values, the densities of Pacific cod elements were consistently higher than those from either salmon or halibut. These density data indicate that the remains of Pacific cod are more likely to persist in archaeological deposits. When combined with existing salmon bone density measurements, these data allow for the identification of density-mediated destruction in fish faunal assemblages from along the North Pacific rim. Analysis of cod, halibut and salmon faunal assemblages from the North Point, Cape Addington Rockshelter, Rice Ridge, Uyak and Amaknak Bridge sites revealed that density-mediated element attrition has not consistently affected cod, halibut and salmon element representation in these sites. Significant correlations identified in aggregate site assemblages were not present at finer scales of analysis; the effects of density-mediated element attrition varied between depositional contexts. This research demonstrates that bone density data can be used to differentiate the effects of density-mediated element attrition from the results of human decision-making. Once density-mediated element attrition is ruled out, archaeologists can examine the effects of human processing, transportation, preparation and disposal activities on the distribution of Pacific cod and halibut skeletal elements both within and between archaeological contexts.

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Stewart, Marissa Catherine. "Intraskeletal Variability of Relative Cortical Area." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1304547571.

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Gilmore, R. Grant. "Putting Flesh on the Bones: Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Butchery Analysis in Historical Archaeology." W&M ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626206.

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Lawrence, Nathan David. "Soil Chemistry Analysis as an Effective Cultural Resource Management Tool: A Magical Mystery Tour." W&M ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626532.

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Regan, Peter andrew. "Heavy Metal Archaeology: A n Examination of Lead's Significance for the Interpretation of Archaeological Bone." W&M ScholarWorks, 2010. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626623.

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BRONSARD, Nicolas. "Morphologie des articulations intervertébrales postérieures : Etude réalisée à partir de l'ostéothèque régionale LOMBONICE 2005." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01030771.

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But de l'étude: Nos connaissances anatomiques sur le rachis lombaire reposent sur des dissections cadavériques rares, comprenant peu de sujets, très agés. La précision du scanner fait référence pour la morphologie articulaire. Une base de données scannographique (Lombonice 2005) a été crée puis 400 patients ont été mesurés. L'objectif est d'élaborer un Atlas biométrique de référence. Nous chercherons également à décrire la forme afin de concevoir une prothèse anatomique. Enfin, nous espérons dégager un dimorphisme sexuel et ainsi prédire l'âge ou le sexe d'un sujet en se basant ses articulations lombaires. Patients et méthodes : Nous avons mesuré 217 hommes et 183 femmes d'âge moyen 59 ans. Les coupes natives font 1,25 mm d'épaisseur (de L1 à S1). Nous crérons chaque plan de coupe puis nous positionnons des points de repères sur ces plans. Les coordonnées de ces points nous permettront de calculer des distances, des angles et le rayon des cercles mécaniques. Nous comparons ensuite les mesures obtenues avec l'âge, le côté, le sexe ou le niveau étudié. Résultats : De L1 à S1, les articulaires se rapprochent du mur postérieur mais s'éloignent l'une de l'autre. L'angle d'étrave postérieure augmente vers la caudalité. Le rayon des cercles mécaniques droit et gauche ne sont symétriques que dans 50% des cas et se confondent dans moins de 10 % des cas. Les mesures réalisées ne permettent pas de déterminer le sexe ou l'âge du sujet. Les mesures centrées sur le corps vertébral semblent plus discriminantes. Conclusion: La forme en 3D des articulaires postérieures est plus complexe qu'un fragment de sphère.

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Tise, Meredith L. "Craniometric Ancestry Proportions among Groups Considered Hispanic: Genetic Biological Variation, Sex-Biased Asymmetry, and Forensic Applications." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5141.

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Today, groups considered Hispanic in the United States consist of populations whose complex genetic structures reflect intermixed diverse groups of people who came in contact during Spanish colonization in Latin America. After coming in contact and wiping out most of the Native Americans who occupied North and Latin America, the Spanish also introduced West African individuals for labor to begin developing crops to be shipped back to Europe, resulting in the Trans-Atlantic African slave trade. These migration events and differential gene flow among males and females that occurred throughout Latin America have led to populations that have been genetically transformed from what they were prior to Spanish arrival (Madrigal, 2006). Genetic research commonly refers to individuals considered Hispanic as "tri-hybrids" of Native American, European, and African ancestry (Bertoni et al., 2003; Gonz[aacute]lez-Andrade et al., 2007). This research focuses on populations from present-day Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Cuba, all of whom experienced various population histories as these three ancestral groups came in contact. Published genetic research demonstrates that individuals from Mexico tend to have the highest mean proportion of Native American ancestry, while Puerto Rican individuals have the highest mean proportion of European ancestry, and Cuban individuals have the highest mean proportion of African ancestry (Bonilla et al., 2005; Lisker et al., 1990; Mendizabal et al., 2008; Tang et al., 2007; Via et al., 2011). The present research utilizes craniometric data from these three groups to determine whether the cranial morphology reflects similar population relationships and mean ancestry proportions as found in genetic research through Mahalanobis distance (D2), canonical discriminant function, and normal mixture cluster analyses. Sex-biased ancestry asymmetry was also tested by separating each group by sex and running the same analyses. The results show that all three groups considered Hispanic (Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Cuba) are significantly different from each other; however, when proxy ancestral groups are included (Guatemalan Mayan, Indigenous Caribbean, Spanish, and West African), the Mexican and Guatemalan Mayan samples are the most similar, followed by the Mexican and Indigenous Caribbean samples and the Puerto Rican and Cuban samples. The results of the normal mixture analyses indicate that Mexico has the highest mean ancestry proportion of Native American (Guatemalan Mayan) (72.9%), while the Puerto Rican and Cuban samples both have a higher mean European ancestry proportion, with 81.34% and 73.6% respectively. While the Cuban sample is not reflective of the genetic research in regards to ancestry proportion results, with the highest proportion of African ancestry over European and Native American ancestry, it does have the highest proportion of African ancestry among the three groups (18.4%). When separated by sex, the results indicate that the Mexican and Puerto Rican samples may show some evidence in sex-biased ancestry proportions, with the male individuals having a larger proportion of European ancestry and the female individuals having a larger proportion of Native American or African ancestry. Cuba, on the other hand, does not follow this trend and instead displays a higher proportion of European ancestry in females and a higher proportion of Native American and African ancestry in the males. Techniques in the field of forensic anthropology in the United States are constantly being reanalyzed and restructured based on the changing demographics of the population, especially with the arrival of individuals from Latin America (Ennis et al., 2011). Recent samples of American Black and White individuals were included in the Mahalanobis distance (D2) and canonical discriminant function analyses in place of the ancestral proxy groups to determine the craniometric relationship of the groups within the United States. The results show that the Mexico and Guatemala samples are the most similar (D2=2.624), followed by the Cuba and American Black samples (D2=3.296) and the Puerto Rico and American White samples (D2=4.317), which each cluster together in pairs. These results reflect the population histories that took place during colonialism, with the largest amount of slave trade occurring in Cuba over the other two countries. From an applied perspective, clarification is needed in the biological definition of Hispanic and the degree of heterogeneity in each social group, as well as the relationship among groups, in order to accurately develop techniques in forensic anthropology for human identification.

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Pilloud, Marin Anna. "Community Structure at Neolithic Çatalhöyük: Biological Distance Analysis of Houshehold, Neighborhood, and Settlement." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1253574143.

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O'Neill, Kelsey. "Dietary Adaptations and Intra- and Interspecific Variation in Dental Occlusal Shape in Hominin and Non-hominin Primates." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4626.

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Dental morphology and tooth shape have been used to recreate the dietary adaptations for extinct species, and thus dental variation can provide information on the relationship between fossil species and their paleoenvironments. Variation in living species with known behaviors can provide a baseline for interpreting morphology, and behavior, in the fossil record. Tooth occlusal surface outlines in hominins and non-hominin primates, and other mammals, have been used for assessments of taxonomic significance, with variability often considered as being primarily phylogenetic. Few studies have attempted to assess how diet might influence the pattern of variability in closely related species. Here the occlusal surface shape variability in anterior and postcanine maxillary dentition in primates is measured to assess whether the relationship between diet and variability is consistent. Data were collected from five non-hominin primates in a range of dietary categories, as well as two hominin species, including the derived Paranthropus robustus and a gracile australopith. Mapping a series of 50 sliding semilandmarks based on 2-D photographs using tpsDig software, occlusal surfaces were outlined. Thereafter, outline shapes were quantified using Elliptical Fourier Functional Analysis, and principle components and multivariate analyses were preformed to explore the pattern of intra and interspecific variability in occlusal outlines.These results suggest that there is not a clear relationship between dietary feeding adaptations for all categories examined and selection for larger premolars and molars, as well as smaller incisors, led to less variation in both anterior and post-canine teeth of the fossil hominin Paranthropus robustus.

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Bradley, Hannah R. "Implications of Land Development on Nomadic Pastoralism: Ecological Relaxation and Biosocial Diversity in Human Populations." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/68.

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Nomadic pastoralism is an ancient subsistence strategy, historically balanced and in continuity with sedentary societies. Sedentarization of nomads occurs normally because of ecological disasters, economic opportunities, urbanization, and government policy. In this paper, I examine the effect of changing land use patterns on nomadic pastoral populations in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, using biogeographic methodology to further explore the contemporary relationship between humans and their environments. Nomadic population information gleaned from diverse ethnographic studies, and GIS data on anthropogenic biome distributions, were used to calculate changes in nomadic population, area of developed land, and nomadic/sedentary population density over the last century in seven countries. There was a significant decrease in the proportion of national populations practicing nomadic pastoralism (paired t-test, p=0.0038, n=7), but no significant overall change in total nomadic populations (paired t-test, p=0.41, n=7); nomadic population decreased in all countries but Sudan and Somalia. There was also no significant change in undeveloped land available for nomadic pastoralism (mean change -12.5%, S.D. ±15.8, paired t-test p=0.07, n=7), though the area of land available for nomadic pastoralism decreased in most countries. There was a negative linear correlation between land development and nomadic population when Somalia and Sudan were omitted (r2=0.84). Nomadic population density decreased in most countries, but increased in Somalia and Sudan. Some nomadic populations may be experiencing an extinction debt effect, where habitat loss combines with increased population density (Somalia, Sudan), but in most others where the population seemed to decrease more rapidly than would be expected due to habitat loss (Saudi Arabia, Mauritania, Iraq, and Afghanistan). The variable relationship between density and habitat loss implies that social factors often overshadow the ecological: though there is a correlation between habitat loss and nomadic population decline, causation is unclear. Despite the limitations of this study, nomadic populations do seem to have a natural balance with their cultural and biological environments that is disrupted by changes in social dynamics with sedentary populations and their subsequent environmental impacts. The loss of cultural diversity inherent in this disruption may decrease the flexibility and adaptability of the overall biosocial human ecosystem.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biological anthropology'

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