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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Biological Extinction

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Academic literature on the topic 'Biological Extinction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Biological Extinction"

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Huang Baokun, 黄宝锟, 胡以华 Hu Yihua, 顾有林 Gu Youlin, 赵义正 Zhao Yizheng, 李. 乐. Li Le, and 赵欣颖 Zhao Xinying. "Aerodynamic property of artificial biological extinction material." Infrared and Laser Engineering 47, no. 2 (2018): 204005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla201847.0204005.

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Collins, Catherine J., Nicolas J. Rawlence, Stefan Prost, Christian N. K. Anderson, Michael Knapp, R. Paul Scofield, Bruce C. Robertson, et al. "Extinction and recolonization of coastal megafauna following human arrival in New Zealand." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1786 (July 7, 2014): 20140097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0097.

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Extinctions can dramatically reshape biological communities. As a case in point, ancient mass extinction events apparently facilitated dramatic new evolutionary radiations of surviving lineages. However, scientists have yet to fully understand the consequences of more recent biological upheaval, such as the megafaunal extinctions that occurred globally over the past 50 kyr. New Zealand was the world's last large landmass to be colonized by humans, and its exceptional archaeological record documents a vast number of vertebrate extinctions in the immediate aftermath of Polynesian arrival approximately AD 1280. This recently colonized archipelago thus presents an outstanding opportunity to test for rapid biological responses to extinction. Here, we use ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis to show that extinction of an endemic sea lion lineage ( Phocarctos spp.) apparently facilitated a subsequent northward range expansion of a previously subantarctic-limited lineage. This finding parallels a similar extinction–replacement event in penguins ( Megadyptes spp.). In both cases, an endemic mainland clade was completely eliminated soon after human arrival, and then replaced by a genetically divergent clade from the remote subantarctic region, all within the space of a few centuries. These data suggest that ecological and demographic processes can play a role in constraining lineage distributions, even for highly dispersive species, and highlight the potential for dynamic biological responses to extinction.

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Li, Peter. "Biological Data Extinction." OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology 7, no. 1 (January 2003): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/153623103322006599.

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Turvey, Samuel T., and Susanne A. Fritz. "The ghosts of mammals past: biological and geographical patterns of global mammalian extinction across the Holocene." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1577 (September 12, 2011): 2564–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0020.

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Although the recent historical period is usually treated as a temporal base-line for understanding patterns of mammal extinction, mammalian biodiversity loss has also taken place throughout the Late Quaternary. We explore the spatial, taxonomic and phylogenetic patterns of 241 mammal species extinctions known to have occurred during the Holocene up to the present day. To assess whether our understanding of mammalian threat processes has been affected by excluding these taxa, we incorporate extinct species data into analyses of the impact of body mass on extinction risk. We find that Holocene extinctions have been phylogenetically and spatially concentrated in specific taxa and geographical regions, which are often not congruent with those disproportionately at risk today. Large-bodied mammals have also been more extinction-prone in most geographical regions across the Holocene. Our data support the extinction filter hypothesis, whereby regional faunas from which susceptible species have already become extinct now appear less threatened; they may also suggest that different processes are responsible for driving past and present extinctions. We also find overall incompleteness and inter-regional biases in extinction data from the recent fossil record. Although direct use of fossil data in future projections of extinction risk is therefore not straightforward, insights into extinction processes from the Holocene record are still useful in understanding mammalian threat.

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Finnegan, Seth, Christian M. Ø. Rasmussen, and David A. T. Harper. "Identifying the most surprising victims of mass extinction events: an example using Late Ordovician brachiopods." Biology Letters 13, no. 9 (September 2017): 20170400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0400.

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Mass extinction events are recognized by increases in extinction rate and magnitude and, often, by changes in the selectivity of extinction. When considering the selective fingerprint of a particular event, not all taxon extinctions are equally informative: some would be expected even under a ‘background’ selectivity regime, whereas others would not and thus require special explanation. When evaluating possible drivers for the extinction event, the latter group is of particular interest. Here, we introduce a simple method for identifying these most surprising victims of extinction events by training models on background extinction intervals and using these models to make per-taxon assessments of ‘expected’ risk during the extinction interval. As an example, we examine brachiopod genus extinctions during the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction and show that extinction of genera in the deep-water ‘ Foliomena fauna’ was particularly unexpected given preceding Late Ordovician extinction patterns.

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Bromham, Lindell, Robert Lanfear, Phillip Cassey, Gillian Gibb, and Marcel Cardillo. "Reconstructing past species assemblages reveals the changing patterns and drivers of extinction through time." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1744 (August 2012): 4024–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1437.

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Predicting future species extinctions from patterns of past extinctions or current threat status relies on the assumption that the taxonomic and biological selectivity of extinction is consistent through time. If the driving forces of extinction change through time, this assumption may be unrealistic. Testing the consistency of extinction patterns between the past and the present has been difficult, because the phylogenetically explicit methods used to model present-day extinction risk typically cannot be applied to the data from the fossil record. However, the detailed historical and fossil records of the New Zealand avifauna provide a unique opportunity to reconstruct a complete, large faunal assemblage for different periods in the past. Using the first complete phylogeny of all known native New Zealand bird species, both extant and extinct, we show how the taxonomic and phylogenetic selectivity of extinction, and biological correlates of extinction, change from the pre-human period through Polynesian and European occupation, to the present. These changes can be explained both by changes in primary threatening processes, and by the operation of extinction filter effects. The variable patterns of extinction through time may confound attempts to identify risk factors that apply across time periods, and to infer future species declines from past extinction patterns and current threat status.

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Smits, Peter D. "Expected time-invariant effects of biological traits on mammal species duration." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 42 (October 5, 2015): 13015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510482112.

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Determining which biological traits influence differences in extinction risk is vital for understanding the differential diversification of life and for making predictions about species’ vulnerability to anthropogenic impacts. Here I present a hierarchical Bayesian survival model of North American Cenozoic mammal species durations in relation to species-level ecological factors, time of origination, and phylogenetic relationships. I find support for the survival of the unspecialized as a time-invariant generalization of trait-based extinction risk. Furthermore, I find that phylogenetic and temporal effects are both substantial factors associated with differences in species durations. Finally, I find that the estimated effects of these factors are partially incongruous with how these factors are correlated with extinction risk of the extant species. These findings parallel previous observations that background extinction is a poor predictor of mass extinction events and suggest that attention should be focused on mass extinctions to gain insight into modern species loss.

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Egorov, Pavel, Evgeny Nesterov, Stanislav Dubrova, Konstantin Shmoylov, and Maria Markova. "Variability in biological diversity of dinosaurs and types of their diet." E3S Web of Conferences 371 (2023): 01087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337101087.

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Biodiversity analysis underlies macroevolutionary studies and allows to identify mass extinctions. Numerous studies of mass extinctions show that geological factors play a central role in determining the diversity dynamics. The late Cretaceous extinction is of interest to science as the closest to us extinction of the five mass extinctions that occurred in the Phanerozoic. There is currently no scientific consensus on the scenario in which the extinction occurred on land. In order to assess the features of superorder Dinosauria development during the Cretaceous-Paleogene, the authors have analysed the diversity of terrestrial taxa of Mesozoic dinosaurs. Based on data from the paleobiodb paleontological database using the Python programming language and its libraries, the features of the species diversity of Dinosauria have been studied. An attempt was made to quantify the species diversity of this group based on the ratio of predators to herbivores using data on dinosaur food types. The simulated diversity data were compared with observed patterns and existing estimates. It is likely that less than one-third of the dinosaurs that existed are currently known, as indicated by the geography of the fossils, and the proportions of dinosaurs by type of diet.

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Wagler, Ron. "The Anthropocene Mass Extinction: An Emerging Curriculum Theme for Science Educators." American Biology Teacher 73, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2011.73.2.5.

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There have been five past great mass extinctions during the history of Earth. There is an ever-growing consensus within the scientific community that we have entered a sixth mass extinction. Human activities are associated directly or indirectly with nearly every aspect of this extinction. This article presents an overview of the five past great mass extinctions; an overview of the current Anthropocene mass extinction; past and present human activities associated with the current Anthropocene mass extinction; current and future rates of species extinction; and broad science-curriculum topics associated with the current Anthropocene mass extinction that can be used by science educators. These broad topics are organized around the major global, anthropogenic direct drivers of habitat modification, fragmentation, and destruction; overexploitation of species; the spread of invasive species and genes; pollution; and climate change.

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Hanna, Emily, and Marcel Cardillo. "Predation selectively culls medium-sized species from island mammal faunas." Biology Letters 10, no. 4 (April 2014): 20131066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.1066.

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Globally, elevated extinction risk in mammals is strongly associated with large body size. However, in regions where introduced predators exert strong top-down pressure on mammal populations, the selectivity of extinctions may be skewed towards species of intermediate body size, leading to a hump-shaped relationship between size and extinction risk. The existence of this kind of extinction pattern, and its link to predation, has been contentious and difficult to demonstrate. Here, we test the hypothesis of a hump-shaped body size–extinction relationship, using a database of 927 island mammal populations. We show that the size-selectivity of extinctions on many islands has exceeded that expected under null models. On islands with introduced predators, extinctions are biased towards intermediate body sizes, but this bias does not occur on islands without predators. Hence, on islands with a large-bodied mammal fauna, predators are selectively culling species from the lower end of the size distribution, and on islands with a small-bodied fauna they are culling species from the upper end. These findings suggest that it will be difficult to use predictable generalizations about extinction patterns, such as a positive body size–extinction risk association, to anticipate future species declines and plan conservation strategies accordingly.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biological Extinction"

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Romagosa, Christina M. Guyer Craig. "United States commerce in live vertebrates patterns and contribution to biological invasions and homogenization /." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1711.

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Harmony, Zachary Robert. "EFFECTS OF NICOTINE EXPOSURE ON METHAMPHETAMINE ORAL SELF-ADMINISTRATION, EXTINCTION, AND REINSTATEMENT IN ADOLESCENT RATS." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/595.

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Adolescence is a vulnerable developmental period in regards to drug initiation and use. The gateway hypothesis suggests that adolescent cigarette smoking may result in a heightened risk for methamphetamine use. However, little is understood about the role of nicotine on adolescent methamphetamine addiction. The aim of the present study was to determine whether early, late, or continuous adolescent nicotine exposure would alter oral methamphetamine self-administration, extinction, or reinstatement. A total of 164 male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with saline or nicotine (0.16, or 0.64 mg/kg, sc) beginning on postnatal day (PD) 25 for 10 consecutive days. On PD 35, rats in the 0.16 and 0.64 mg/kg pretreatment groups were evenly divided and assigned to a group that either continued to receive the same nicotine dose they received as adolescents or saline. Rats that had received saline as adolescents were divided into three equal groups, where they received 0.16 or 0.64 mg/kg nicotine or continued to receive saline injections. Drug treatments starting on PD 35 continued until the end of the experiment. Thus, there were a total of 7 groups: SAL–SAL, 0.16–0.16, 0.16–SAL, SAL-0.16, 0.64–0.64, 0.64–SAL, SAL-0.64. On PD 35, all rats began nose poke training. Rats were exposed to a methamphetamine fade in, sucrose fade out procedure across 5 different methamphetamine-sucrose combinations. This procedure resulted in exposure to a 40 mg/l methamphetamine solution for 3 consecutive days on a FR2 schedule. Following the last day of methamphetamine self-administration, rats were exposed to extinction training. Once the extinction criteria were met, rats were given a priming injection of methamphetamine (1.0 mg/kg, ip). Data from the present investigation revealed two main important findings: a) acquisition of oral methamphetamine self-administration can be attained in adolescent rats; and b) adolescent nicotine exposure differentially alters oral methamphetamine self-administration. Exposure to a low dose of nicotine (0.16 mg/kg), but not a high dose of nicotine (0.64 mg/kg), attenuated consumption and responding for methamphetamine during self-administration. During the extinction and reinstatement periods, we found that nicotine (0.16 or 0.64 mg/kg) exposure did not alter consumption or responding for methamphetamine. Female rats showed augmented total active nose pokes and active nose pokes within the reinforcement period compared to male rats. Conversely, male rats showed augmented sucrose and methamphetamine solution consumption across methamphetamine acquisition sessions 1–6. These data suggest that for adolescents who already present moderate cigarette smoking behavior at the time of methamphetamine cessation treatment, total abstinence from both nicotine and methamphetamine may be a less effective form of treatment. It may be clinically beneficial to first treat the methamphetamine addiction, and subsequently treat the nicotine addiction. Regardless of the method of treatment for adolescent methamphetamine addiction, nicotine exposure should be closely monitored.

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Hall, Joanna Louise Ong. "Marine bivalve records of Antarctic seasonality and biological responses to environmental change over the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction interval." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20418/.

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The Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event occurred 66 million years ago and had a profound effect on the course of evolutionary history, with the extinction of up to 75% of life and larger effects on the broader Earth system. A number of studies posit that the severity of this extinction event may have been amplified by climate variability and destabilisation in the latest Cretaceous – immediately prior to the extinction event. The strong seasonal forcing in the polar high latitudes is likely to have enhanced any such effects during this time period; additionally, the historical mismatch between late Cretaceous proxy data and climate simulations is particularly pronounced at high latitudes and both the effects of a stronger seasonal cycle on proxy temperature conversions, and misrepresentation of seasonality in climate models have been suggested as factors in the mismatch. This makes the Antarctic an extremely valuable location to study with regards to seasonality from a proxy- and model- based perspective. Seymour Island is a rare and valuable Antarctic K-Pg boundary site with a good framework of fossil, stratigraphic and sedimentological study, which makes fossil material ideal for investigation of the effects and impacts of seasonality and environmental change across the mass extinction interval. This thesis presents a detailed study focusing on using fossil bivalve shell material from the Seymour Island section to reconstruct records of Antarctic climate and seasonality across the K-Pg mass extinction event. New data were obtained about the seasonal growth patterns of these bivalves to understand their growth and ontogenetic response to potential climate variability and the effects of the mass extinction. For the first time, sub-annual resolution stable carbon and oxygen isotopic data were produced from Seymour Island’s bivalve shells to show seasonal changes in temperatures and detect changes in biogeochemical cycling and methane influence through the section. These data were integrated with a series of oxygen isotope enabled climate simulations to address potential issues converting from isotopic to temperature data in a highly seasonal environment and provide further information regarding the influence of sea ice. Combining new proxy- and model- based knowledge in a series of sensitivity experiments, it was shown that both sets of data display good agreement under realistic sets of parameters, suggesting that seasonality was important for the development of polar ecosystems. Warm summer temperatures may have been key in permitting the ecological strategy in these bivalves of slow growth to large sizes, which in turn may have contributed to survivorship across the K-Pg boundary.

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Nilsson, Louise. "The biodiversity loss crisis in Southeast Asia." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24000.

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Denna kandidatuppsats gör en ansats till att belysa biodiversitetsproblematiken i Sydostasien, som är ett område med mycket hög artrikedom som samtidigt hotas av en intensifierad förlust av arter. Fyra ’biodiversitet hotspots’ omger Sydostasien, vilka indikerar platser med hög artrikedom vilka sammanfaller med hög förlust av habitat. Det största orsaken till förlust av biologisk mångfald i Sydostasien är omvandlingen utav artrika naturtyper till monokulturodlingar, och expansionen av jordbruk och urbana områden. För att undersöka den pågående biodiversitetsforskningen genomfördes en systematisk litteraturanalys av publicerade artiklar från 2010-2019. Vad litteraturanalysen kom fram till var att flera problem, socioekonomiska samt miljöproblem intensifierar varandra, liksom fattigdom och förlust av biologisk mångfald. Internationellt samarbete krävs för att stoppa exploateringen av de värdefulla arter och naturtyper som går förlorade till fördel för den globala handeln med produkter som kommer från området. Medel för att stoppa denna biodiversitetskatastrof måste riktas till forskning och organisationer som arbetar i området. Vi bör genast agera på ett globalt plan för att förhindra förlusten av biodiversitet samt dess tillhörande ekosystemtjänster, detta skulle kunna tacklas genom att vi rör oss ifrån den antropocentriska och emot den ekocentriska natursynen.
This bachelor thesis focuses on the biodiversity loss problematics in Southeast Asia, since it is one of the most species rich places on Earth, coupled with the highest rate of loss of species. Four biodiversity hotspots encompasses Southeast Asia which implies areas of high endemism coupled with high rates habitat loss. This thesis aim to understand what current research in the field focuses on and what ways of protecting biodiversity in the area that exists. The main driver of biodiversity loss in Southeast Asia as well as in the rest of the world, are land-use alterations; forests and natural habitat being converted to monoculture plantations, as well as agricultural- and urban expansions. Through a systematic literature review of scientific material from 2010-2019, the biodiversity research in Southeast Asia is reviewed. What the literature review concluded was that an array of environmental- as well as socioeconomic problems intensifies each other in the area, such as poverty and biodiversity loss. International cooperation to halt biodiversity loss and the global demand for products produced in the area which greatly damages ecosystems needs to be addressed urgently. Actions to halt the mass-extinction of species and their connected ecosystem services needs to be taken by providing means to organizations and to scientists that work in the area and could possibly be addressed by moving from anthropocentrism towards a biocentric nature view.

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Kucher, Kellie Lynn. "Effect of preweanling methylphenidate exposure on the induction, extinction and reinstatement of morphine-Induced conditioned place preference in rats." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2892.

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This study examined the effect of preweanling methyphenidate exposure on later drug reward. We examined the induction, extinction, and reinstatement of morphine induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats that received methylphenidate pretreatment during the preweanling period.

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Guillam, Elvis. "Les deux crises biologiques de la fin du Dévonien : les ostracodes marqueurs des variations paléoenvironnementales et des relations paléobiogéographiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS157.pdf.

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Au cours des temps géologiques, la vie s'est grandement complexifiée et a connu de nombreuses et importantes variations de biodiversité. Parmi les déclins du Phanérozoïque (-541.0 ± 1.0 Ma à actuel), cinq grandes crises sont considérées comme majeures. L'une d'elles, appelée événement Kellwasser, marque la limite entre le Frasnien et le Famennien (-372 ± 1.6 Ma). Elle est suivie à la transition Dévonien-Carbonifère par un second événement de premier ordre, appelé événement Hangenberg. Ces événements de nature anoxique auraient été déclenchés par les importants changements climatiques caractérisant le Dévonien supérieur et les variations eustatiques associées. Les ostracodes, microcrustacés essentiellement benthiques, sont connus pour leur registre fossile continu à travers tous les événements d'extinction ainsi que pour leurs capacités d'adaptation et sont de bons marqueurs des variations des paramètres environnementaux. Ce sont ainsi d'excellents outils pour comprendre les déclins de biodiversité lors des crises biologiques et la récupération des écosystèmes après ces déclins. L'important travail de taxinomie réalisée sur le matériel de la coupe de Blue Snake (Guizhou, Chine du Sud) a permis de quantifier de manière précise et pour la première fois les variations de diversité chez les ostracodes en lien avec l'événement Hangenberg et de caractériser le paléoenvironnement et ses variations à la transition Dévonien-Carbonifère. Sur cette coupe, le taux d'extinction spécifique est estimé à 44%. Sur cet intervalle, le paléoenvironnement correspondait à une plateforme continentale ayant subi une transgression, avec le passage d'un environnement littoral peu profond au Famennien à un milieu offshore au Tournaisien. Les révisions réalisées dans le cadre de cette thèse ont également permis de quantifier l'impact des événements Kellwasser et Hangenberg sur les ostracodes. Ces crustacés ont été grandement affectés à bas niveaux taxinomiques (espèces et genres) par ces deux événements avec des taux d'extinction spécifique estimé à 80% pour l'événement Kellwasser et 69% pour l'événement Hangenberg. Les niveaux supra-génériques ont été très peu touchés. Ces événements ont affecté la diversité de ces organismes dans divers paléoenvironnements (plateforme continentale interne et externe et milieux profonds) et dans de nombreuses zones paléogéographiques, démontrant le caractère global de ces extinctions. La récupération des faunes d'ostracodes à la suite de ces événements a certainement été influencée par les variations des paramètres environnementaux et climatiques. Elle est principalement caractérisée par la diversification de taxons cosmopolites, notamment au sein des Bairdiidae et des Bairdiocyprididae. Les Paraparchitidae se sont également diversifiés au cours du Tournaisien (Carbonifère inférieur). La distribution paléobiogéographique des ostracodes sur l'intervalle Frasnien-Tournaisien suggère que quatre facteurs principaux influencent leur répartition. Le climat, plus particulièrement la température, semble avoir influencé la distribution paléobiogéographique des ostracodes, la répartition des communautés identifiées suivant grossièrement la répartition latitudinale des climats. La circulation océanique pourrait expliquer les affinités observées entre les faunes provenant de zones paléogéographiques relativement éloignées. Le niveau marin et ses variations ainsi que la dynamique des plaques tectoniques semblent quant à eux avoir surtout influencé la connectivité globale entre les faunes des différentes zones paléogéographiques à l'échelle globale
Over geological time, life has greatly increased in complexity and has undergone many important variations in biodiversity. Among the declines occurring during the Phanerozoic (541.0 ± 1.0 Ma to present), five major crises are considered as major. One of them, called the Kellwasser event, marks the Frasnian-Famennian boundary (-372 ± 1.6 Ma). It is followed at the Devonian-Carboniferous transition by a second first-order event, called Hangenberg event. These anoxic events have been triggered by important climatic changes and the associated eustatic variations characterizing the Late Devonian. Ostracods, essentially benthic microcrustaceans, are known for their continuous fossil record through all extinction events as well as for their adaptive capacities and are good markers of environmental changes. They are thus excellent tools for understanding biodiversity declines during biological crises and the recovery of ecosystems after these declines. The important taxonomic work realized on the material from the Blue Snake section (Guizhou, South China) allowed to quantify precisely and for the first time the diversity variations among ostracods related to the Hangenberg event and to characterize the paleoenvironment and its variations at the Devonian-Carboniferous transition. In this section, the specific extinction rate is estimated at 44%. Over this interval, the paleoenvironment corresponded to a continental shelf that underwent transgression, with the transition from a nearshore shallow environment in the Famennian to a deeper and more open offshore environment in the Tournaisian. The revisions realized during this thesis also allowed to quantify the impact of both Kellwasser and Hangenberg events on ostracods. These crustaceans were greatly affected at low taxonomic levels (species and genera) by both events with specific extinction rates estimated at 80% for the Kellwasser event and 69% for the Hangenberg event. The supra-generic levels were only slightly affected. These events affected the diversity of these crustaceans in various paleoenvironments (nearshore and outer-shelf and bathyal environments) and in numerous geographic areas, demonstrating the global character of these extinctions. The recovery of ostracod faunas following these events was certainly influenced by variations in environmental and climatic parameters. It is mainly characterized by the diversification of cosmopolitan taxa, notably within the Bairdiidae and Bairdiocyprididae. The Paraparchitidae also diversified during the Tournaisian (Lower Carboniferous). The palaeobiogeographic distribution of ostracods over the Frasnian-Tournaisian interval suggests that four main factors influence their repartition. Climate, especially temperature, seems to have influenced the palaeobiogeographic distribution of ostracods, with the identified communities roughly following the latitudinal distribution of climates. Oceanic circulation could explain the affinities observed between faunas from relatively distant palaeogeographical areas. The sea level and its variations as well as the tectonic plates dynamic had mainly influenced the global connectivity between the faunas from the different palaeogeographical areas on a global scale

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Coste, Virginie. "Formation de domaines de type "rafts" dans des vésicules unilamellaires et mécanismes physico-chimiques de l'extraction de domaines membranaires." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00116250.

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Les membranes modèles représentent un outil indispensable pour l'étude des membranes biologiques, elles ont en effet grandement contribué à leur description. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'étude de la coexistence de phases liquide-ordonnée (lo) et liquide-désordonnée (ld) au sein de membranes modèles de type LUV (« Large Unilamellar Vesicle »). Nous avons cherché en premier lieu à mettre au point une méthodologie permettant de détecter la formation de la phase lo et d'estimer quantitativement la fraction membranaire Φo en phase lo dans des LUVs de composition ternaire PC/SM/Chol (phosphatidylcholine / sphingomyéline / cholestérol), capable d'induire une coexistence de phase. Pour cela, les propriétés d'auto-extinction de fluorescence et de distribution sélective en fonction de la phase lipidique d'une sonde fluorescente unique (C12NBD-PC) ont été mises à profit. La deuxième partie de notre travail a été consacrée à l'étude de la solubilisation par le détergent Triton X-100 des membranes de LUVs présentant une coexistence de phase lo/ld. Nous avons cherché à démontrer qu'il était possible d'extraire la fraction membranaire se trouvant strictement en phase lo. Pour cela, les transitions de structure induites par l'interaction du Triton X-100 avec des LUVs à 4°C ont été étudiées par une procédure de séparation par gradient de densité. Nous avons tenté d'évaluer le rapport effectif approprié détergent/lipides nous permettant d'isoler les fractions résistantes correspondant aux domaines en phase lo existant au niveau de la membrane des LUVs avant l'addition de détergent.

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Cavallari, Marcelo Mattos. "Estrutura genética de populações de Encholirium (Bromeliaceae) e implicações para sua conservação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-24012005-085130/.

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Encholirium é um gênero de Bromeliaceae de distribuição restrita ao território brasileiro, ocorrendo exclusivamente em afloramentos rochosos nos domínios do Cerrado, Caatinga e Floresta Atlântica, e com centro de diversidade na Cadeia do Espinhaço de Minas Gerais. Possui 23 espécies, das qua is 12 não estão protegidas por nenhuma Unidade de Conservação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi gerar informações úteis para a conservação de três espécies deste gênero, endêmicas da porção mineira da Cadeia do Espinhaço, através da análise da estrutura genética de suas populações. O conhecimento da distribuição da variabilidade genética existente em populações naturais de espécies ameaçadas é fundamental para o planejamento de sua conservação. E. pedicellatum e E. biflorum são espécies conhecidas por apenas uma população cada, ambas ocorrendo fora de Unidades de Conservação, e, desta forma, criticamente ameaçadas de extinção. E. subsecundum é mais bem distribuída, apresentando algumas populações protegidas. As três espécies apresentam propagação vegetativa e aparentemente o estabelecimento de plântulas nas populações é um evento raro. Foram amostradas quatro populações de E. subsecundum ao longo de 200 km, além das populações de E. biflorum e E. pedicellatum. Toda a amostragem foi estruturada em nível de agrupamentos de plantas dentro de populações, respeitando a distribuição espacial dos indivíduos. Utilizaram-se cinco primers RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) para gerar aproximadamente 60 bandas polimórficas para cada espécie. A técnica permitiu observar que cada indivíduo amostrado apresenta um genótipo diferente (com exceção de um clone encontrado para E. biflorum), evidenciando uma variabilidade anteriormente subestimada pelo hábito clonal das plantas, pela sua morfologia uniforme e pelo tamanho reduzido das populações. A porcentagem de bandas polimórficas, bem como o Índice de Diversidade de Shannon- Wiener, indicam que a espécie E. subsecundum, de distribuição mais ampla, apresenta maior diversidade genética molecular, seguida de E. biflorum. Através da Análise de Variância Molecular, AMOVA, observou-se que o padrão de distribuição da variabilidade genética molecular varia de espécie para espécie. Forte estruturação genética em nível de agrupamentos de plantas foi detectada para E. biflorum e E. pedicellatum. E. biflorum apresenta 16,06% da variância genética molecular entre agrupamentos (Fst= 0,16), que distam em média 11,6 m entre si, enquanto E. pedicellatum apresenta 8,44% da variância entre agrupamentos distando em média 88 m entre si (Fst = 0,08). Já a espécie E. subsecundum apresenta 14,52% da variância entre populações distantes em média 116,6 km umas das outras (Fst = 0,15). Nas três espécies, as diferenças genéticas moleculares existentes entre os indivíduos do mesmo agrupamento são responsáveis pela maior parte da variabilidade genética molecular total (maior do que 80% da variabilidade nos três casos). Tais resultados têm implicação direta para a conservação, sendo especialmente úteis para a otimização de coletas para a formação de bancos de germoplasma ex situ.
Encholirium is a Brazilian genus of Bromeliaceae which occurs exclusively in rocky landscapes in areas of Cerrado, Caatinga and Atlantic Forest. Its diversity center is located at Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Of the 23 species of Encholirium, 12 are not protected by any Conservation Unit, occurring only in non-protected territories. The aim of this work was to generate baseline information to the conservation of three Encholirium species, endemic to the rocky mountains of Cadeia do Espinhaço in Minas Gerais state, through its populations genetic analyses. Information on genetic diversity and its distribution has a great potential in devising conservation strategies. E. pedicellatum and E. biflorum are known by only one population, both occurring in non-protected territories, being critically endangered. E. subsecundum is more widespread, and some of its populations are protected by Conservation Units. These three species reproduces clonally and seedling recruitment is apparently a rare event in natural populations. Samples of E. subsecundum were collected in four populations along 200 km. E. biflorum and E. pedicellatum were collected in the only known populations. The sampling process was made carefully in order to respect the natural distribution of individuals in patches or colonies within populations. Five Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers generated approximately 60 polymorphic bands for each species. This technique demonstrated that there is a single genotype for every individual sampled (except for one clone found in E. biflorum). High levels of genetic variability were not expected, due to the clonal growth, homogeneous morphology of the plants, and small populations size. The percentage of polymorphic bands and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed that E. subsecundum has higher levels of genetic diversity, followed by E. biflorum. The results of an Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed that the populations of E. biflorum and E. pedicellatum are strongly struturated at the patches level. In E. biflorum, 16.06% (Fst= 0.16) of the total genetic diversity resided among the patches of the population, which are, on the average, 11.6 m separated, whereas in E. pedicellatum 8.44% (Fst = 0.08) of the total genetic diversity was attributable to the differences among patches, which are, on the average, 88 m apart. In E. subsecundum, 14.52% (Fst = 0.15) of the total genetic diversity resided among populations, which are, on the average, 116.6 km separated. The results are valuable to the development of conservation strategies, in particular to guide future samplings to compose germoplasm banks.

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Vasseur, Raphaël. "Extinctions et recouvrements de coraux au cours de la crise Pliensbachien - Toarcien." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0204/document.

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Le passage entre les étages géologiques du Pliensbachien et du Toarcien au Jurassique inférieur est suivi au Toarcien inférieur par un évènement anoxique d’importance planétaire (TOAE pour Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event). Dans les archives de l’histoire de la terre, ce moment correspond en bien des endroits à un temps de fossilisation massive de matière organique donnant ici où là des roches mères d’intérêt pétrolier. Si, en termes de fluctuation du niveau eustatique, ces évènements sont souvent situés dans une zone d’inondation maximale de 2ème ordre, ils sont aussi interprétés comme une perturbation globale du cycle du carbone avec acidification des océans, liée à la mise en place des provinces ignées du Karroo-Ferrar en Afrique du Sud et en Amérique du Sud, contrées jointives à ce moment-là. Il s’agit d’une période de réchauffement global faisant suite à une période particulièrement froide au Pliensbachien. Cette perturbation écologique globale a certainement affecté la biosphère dans une mesure qui reste aujourd’hui très mal connue. Nous connaissons des études par exemple sur des ammonites ou des bivalves dont la définition stratigraphique permet rarement de distinguer l’impact du passage de la limite entre les deux étages du passage au Toarcien inférieur de la TOAE et la seule étude disponible sur les coraux est une étude purement bibliographique (Lathuilière et Marchal 2009) qui laisse supposer une extinction significative sur la même période. Les coraux sont très généralement des marqueurs particulièrement précieux des perturbations écologiques majeures comme on peut le voir pour les cinq grandes extinctions et même pour la sixième extinction en cours. Cette extinction au Pliensbachien-Toarcien pour l’instant considérée de second ordre mérite donc d’être analysée de ce point de vue. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, des collectes de coraux ont été effectuées sur le terrain au Maroc et en Italie dans un contexte sédimentologique défini de part et d’autre de la limite Pliensbachien - Toarcien. Les prélèvements ont été réalisés de façon à pouvoir évaluer la diversité ainsi que, dans la mesure du possible, la variabilité intraspécifique. Le traitement statistique des données a été réalisé dans le souci d’assurer une bonne connaissance de la variabilité pour fournir une taxinomie fiable dans l’optique de comparer des populations comparables en termes d’analyse de la diversité, des extinctions et des apparitions de taxons. Au total, 107 espèces ont été décrites (dont au moins 19 nouvelles espèces) réparties parmi 60 genres (dont 5 nouveaux) dans au moins 22 familles (dont 1 nouvelle). Cette étude nous révèle pour les eaux froides et chargées en matière organique du Pliensbachien des assemblages de coraux présentant une grande part d’affinité avec les faunes du Trias (en termes de genres et familles). Ils partagent une partie de leurs niches écologiques sur les plateformes internes de l’ouest téthysien avec des bivalves constructeurs de récifs connaissant alors un succès évolutif fulgurant : les lithiotidés. Les données récoltées témoignent de conditions ayant contraint les coraux à s’adapter et à se diversifier pour se maintenir lors de cette période peu propice, au profit des formes solitaires et phacéloïdes et au détriment des formes de plus hauts niveaux d’intégration. Au Toarcien inférieur, le réchauffement global des eaux couplé à la disparition quasi-totale des concurrents des coraux a permis une explosion de diversité déterminante pour l’avenir de ce groupe avec la mise en place de faunes d’assemblages très similaires à celles du Jurassique moyen et supérieur (en terme de genres, familles et morphologies coloniales). Il s’agit d’un évènement d’extinction biphasé dont la première phase se produit au passage entre Pliensbachien et Toarcien, la seconde phase correspondant au passage du TOAE. L’évènement pris dans son ensemble amène à l’extinction de près de 97% des espèces de coraux présentes au Pliensbachien
The transition from the Pliensbachian to the Toarcian geological stages in Lower Jurassic is followed by a global oceanic anoxic event during the lower Toarcian (TOAE for Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event). This moment corresponds to a massive fossilization time for organic matter in the worldwide geological record that produced here and there source rocks of petroleum interest. Concerning the eustatic fluctuations, these events are associated to a second-order maximal flooding zone. They are also interpreted as the remains of a global carbon-cycle perturbation case associated with oceanic acidification and correlated with the setup of Karoo-Ferrar igneous provinces in the southern Pangea territories corresponding to present-day Southern Africa and Southern America. It corresponds to a period of global warming that directly follow a global cooling at the Pliensbachian. This worldwide ecological perturbation probably disturbed the biosphere in a degree that is still poorly quantified. For example, studies about ammonites and bivalvs are known but the stratigraphic definition generally do not allow to distinguish the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary itself to the TOAE effect on these fauna. One single available study about corals is purely bibliographic (Lathuiliere and Marchal 2009) and suggests a significant extinction event for this group at the same period. Corals are generally precious indicators for major ecological disruptions as it is testified in the case of the big-five major crisis and the current sixth one. The Pliensbachian-Toarcian extinction has been considered up-to-now as a second-order crisis event and require to be studied as such. In the context of this thesis, fossilized corals have been collected in the field in Morocco and Italy in a well-defined sedimentological context before and after the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary. Sampling has been in view to quantify the diversity and as far as possible, the intraspecific variability. The statistical treatment of the data has been realized in view to provide a satisfying quantification of the variability in order to supply a strong taxonomy and be able to compare comparable populations in analyses of diversity, extinctions and apparitions of taxons. In total, 107 species have been describes (including at least 19 new species) as part of 60 genera (including 5 new ones) among 22 families (including a new one). According to this study, the cold and highly concentrated in organic matter oceanic waters of the Pliensbachian contained corals faunas with an important affinity with Triassic faunas (in terms of genera and families). They shared the ecological niches of the western tethysian inner platforms with the lithiotids, a group of aberrants reefal bivalvs that demonstrated a stupendous evolutive success during the same period. Collected data attest of conditions that constrained corals to adapt and diversify in view to maintain during these unfavourable times, for the benefit of the solitary and phaceloid form but at the expense of the highly integrated forms. During the Lower Toarcian, global warming of oceanic waters associated with the almost total disparition of the competitors premised an explosion of diversity that is determinant for the future of the corals, with the apparition of faunal assemblages very similar to the typical Middle and Upper Jurassic ones (in terms of genera, families and colonial morphologies). It is a two-folded extinction event with a first phase during the Pliensbachian –Toarcian transition and a second phase at the onset of the TOAE. In the end, this pulsed event led to the extinction of approximately 97% of the Pliensbachian coral species

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Ferreira, Marcelo Alves. "Transformismo e extinção: de Lamarck a Darwin." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-24102007-150401/.

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A teoria da descendência com modificação de Darwin, que explica a origem de espécies através da seleção natural, é considerada um marco na história da ciência. A possibilidade de unificação de toda a biologia e a mudança que ela trouxe para nossos valores e para a nossa compreensão da posição da humanidade no universo ainda causam um grande impacto na sociedade e na relação entre ciência e filosofia. O objetivo do presente estudo é compreender alguns aspectos dos desenvolvimentos da ciência que antecederam essa teoria. Dois elementos foram estabelecidos como referências para essa análise: a teoria de Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, a mais importante a propor o conceito da transformação das espécies antes de Darwin e o problema científico da explicação da extinção. As várias teorias elaboradas para dar conta da diversidade de espécies na Terra, bem como para explicar o fenômeno da extinção são discutidas através das obras de Georges Cuvier, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire e Richard Owen. Nessas teorias, as questões da adaptação e das noções teleológicas são destacadas devido à sua relação com o problema da extinção. A abordagem de Darwin para o problema da extinção é discutida em sua relação com o conceito de seleção natural e com o conceito de adaptação defendido pela teologia natural britânica.
Darwin\'s theory of descent with modification, which explains the origin of species by natural selection, is considered a milestone in the history of science. The possibility of unification of the entire field of biology and the changes that it brought to our values and to our understanding of the position of mankind in the universe are still causing great impact in society and in the relationship between science and philosophy. The aim of this study is to understand some aspects of the developments of science that preceded this theory. Two elements were established as references for this analysis: the theory of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, the most important work proposing the concept of transformation of species before Darwin, and the scientific problem of the explanation of extinction. The several theories elaborated to account for the diversity of species on Earth as well as to explain the phenomenon of extinction are discussed through the works of Georges Cuvier, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Richard Owen. Within these theories, the issues of adaptation and teleological notions are stressed because of their connection to the problem of extinction. Darwin\'s approach to the problem of extinction is discussed for its relation to the concept of natural selection and to the concept of adaptation defended by the british natural theology.

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Books on the topic "Biological Extinction"

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Les, Kaufman, Mallory Kenneth, and New England Aquarium (Boston, Mass.), eds. The Last extinction. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1993.

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Eldridge, Niles. The miner's canary: Unravelling the mysteries of extinction. New York: Prentice Hall Press, 1991.

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M, Anderson John, ed. Towards Gondwana alive: Promoting biodiversity & stemming the sixth extinction. [Pretoria]: Gondwana Alive Society, 1999.

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Ward, Peter Douglas. The end of evolution: Dinosaurs, mass extinction and biodiversity. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1995.

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Howes, Chris. The spice of life: Biodiversity and the extinction crisis. London: Blandford, 1997.

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Patent, Dorothy Hinshaw. The challenge of extinction. Hillside, N.J., U.S.A: Enslow Publishers, 1991.

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Myers, Norman. Tackling mass extinction of species: A great creative challenge. [Berkeley]: University of California, College of Natural Resources, Dept. of Forestry and Resource Management, 1986.

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Pascal, Michel. Invasions biologiques et extinctions: 11000 ans d'histoire des vertébrés en France. Paris: Belin, 2006.

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Eldredge, Niles. The miner's canary: Unravelling the mysteries of extinction. London: Virgin Books, 1993.

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Eldredge, Niles. The miner's canary: Unraveling the mysteries of extinction. New York: Prentice Hall Press, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Biological Extinction"

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Strona, Giovanni. "Biological Invasions." In Hidden Pathways to Extinction, 203–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86764-5_12.

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Raven, Peter H. "Biological Extinction and Climate Change." In Health of People, Health of Planet and Our Responsibility, 11–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31125-4_2.

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Hamada, Takashi. "Biological Extinction in Terms of Overadaptation." In Evolution of Life, 21–25. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68302-5_2.

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Lotka, Alfred J. "Extinction of a Line of Descent." In Analytical Theory of Biological Populations, 181–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9176-1_12.

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Grasman, Johan, and Onno A. van Herwaarden. "Extinction in Systems of Interacting Biological Populations." In Springer Series in Synergetics, 118–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03857-4_7.

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Gabriel, W., R. Bürger, and M. Lynch. "Population Extinction by Mutational Load and Demographic Stochasticity." In Species Conservation: A Population-Biological Approach, 49–59. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-6426-8_4.

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Swanson, Timothy M. "The Global Conversion Process: The Fundamental Forces Driving the Decline of Biological Diversity." In The International Regulation of Extinction, 77–115. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12985-0_4.

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Swanson, Timothy M. "International Intervention in National Resource Management: The Instruments for Regulating Global Biological Diversity." In The International Regulation of Extinction, 179–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12985-0_7.

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Levey, Archie, Irene Martin, Robert Blizard, and Matthew Cobb. "Extinction Failure in Classical Conditioning as a Mechanism of Psychosomatic Illness." In Biological Psychiatry, Higher Nervous Activity, 871–77. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8329-1_130.

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Pyšek, Petr, Tim M. Blackburn, Emili García-Berthou, Irena Perglová, and Wolfgang Rabitsch. "Displacement and Local Extinction of Native and Endemic Species." In Impact of Biological Invasions on Ecosystem Services, 157–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45121-3_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Biological Extinction"

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Chen, Guolong, Youlin Gu, Yihua Hu, Wanying Ding, Hao Cao, Haihao He, Xi Zhang, Xinyu Wang, and Xi Chen. "Research progress of biological extinction materials." In Ninth Symposium on Novel Photoelectronic Detection Technology and Applications (NDTA2022), edited by Wenqing Liu, Hongxing Xu, and Junhao Chu. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2665147.

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"Sex differences and fear extinction." In International Conference on Medicine, Public Health and Biological Sciences. CASRP Publishing Company, Ltd. Uk, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/mphbs.2016.20.

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Schundler, Elizabeth, David Mansur, Michael Hilton, John Dixon, Stephanie Craig, and Julia Dupuis. "Multipath extinction detector for chemical sensing." In Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing XXIII, edited by Jason A. Guicheteau and Chris R. Howle. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2622464.

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Thomas, M. E., M. B. Airola, C. C. Carter, and N. T. Boggs. "Extinction and backscatter cross sections of biological materials." In Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Augustus W. Fountain III. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.720544.

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Thomas, M. E., D. V. Hahn, A. K. Carr, D. Limsui, C. C. Carter, N. T. Boggs, and J. Jackman. "Extinction and backscatter cross sections of biological materials." In SPIE Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Augustus Way Fountain III and Patrick J. Gardner. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.777650.

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Hu, Yihua, Baokun Huang, Youlin Gu, Le Li, and Xinying Zhao. "Influences of artificial biological particles structures on far-infrared extinction performance." In LIDAR Imaging Detection and Target Recognition 2017, edited by Yueguang Lv, Jianzhong Su, Wei Gong, Jian Yang, Weimin Bao, Weibiao Chen, Zelin Shi, Jindong Fei, Shensheng Han, and Weiqi Jin. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2291607.

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Ferri, Fabio, Enrico Paganini, and Luca De Stefano. "Particle Sizing from Spectral Extinction Data." In Photon Correlation and Scattering. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pcs.1996.fc.2.

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Particle sizing is a topic of great interest for the characterization of many biological, chemical and physical systems. Among the techniques which deal with particle sizing, the optical methods and, in particular the scattering techniques, are the most suitable and convenient ones. Indeed, they allow the characterization of a large number of particles to be carried out in situ and in real time. Scattering techniques include dynamic light scattering for studying submicron particles, low angle elastic light scattering for particles larger than microns, and spectral extinction methods for particles of intermediate size. This last method is probably the most convenient one since it requires a very simple optical layout, obtainable, for example, by adapting commercial spectrophotometers.

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"The effect of cannabinoid receptors on extinction memory in fear conditional model in rat." In International Conference on Medicine, Public Health and Biological Sciences. CASRP Publishing Company, Ltd. Uk, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/mphbs.2016.54.

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Khapugin, Anatoliy. "Russian Red Data Book Orchids: What Anthropogenic Factors are Leading to their Extinction in Regions?" In 1st International Electronic Conference on Biological Diversity, Ecology and Evolution. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdee2021-09493.

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Hulse, Dominik, Kimberly Lau, Sandra Arndt, Sebastiaan J. van de Velde, Katja Meyer, and Andy Ridgwell. "A Dynamic Biological Pump Controlled the Global Redox Landscape during the End-Permian Extinction." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.1112.

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Reports on the topic "Biological Extinction"

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Gurton, Kristan P., David Ligon, and Rachid Dahmani. In Situ Measurement of the Infrared Spectral Extinction for Various Chemical, Biological, and Background Aerosols. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada419908.

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Flores, Bernardo M., Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Marco Ehrlich, Emilio Vilanova, Raquel Tupinambá, Marina Hirota, and Michelle Kalamandeen. NINE WAYS TO AVOID THE AMAZON TIPPING POINT. Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55161/svvo2555.

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Global greenhouse gas emissions, combined with local deforestation and forest degradation, are pushing the Amazonian system closer to a tipping point. A large-scale Amazon tipping point may trigger the collapse of most forests and consequently: (1) accelerate global warming, hindering efforts to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement; (2) reduce moisture flow across South America, threatening water security for basic socioeconomic activities, such as agriculture; (3) increase temperatures across the Amazon region that may become unbearable for humans living in urban and rural areas; (4) cause mass species extinctions; and (5) compromise the biological and cultural assets that represent key solutions to the current and future challenges of humanity. Synergies between disturbances may cause unexpected tipping behaviour, even in forest regions previously considered as resilient to climate change, such as the central or western Amazon.

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