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Da, Silva Paula Maria Alexandra. "Chemical and biological studies on African Crypolepis species." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300913.
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Richfield, David. "An investigation into the biological activity of Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) extracts /." Thesis, Link to the Internet, 2008. http://etd.sun.ac.za/jspui/handle/10019/896.
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Rauha, Jussi-Pekka. "The search for biological activity in Finnish plant extracts containing phenolic compounds." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2001. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/farma/vk/rauha/.
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Takaidza, Samkeliso. "Phytochemical analysis and biological activities of crude extracts from selected Tulbaghia species." Thesis, Vaal University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/434.
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PhD (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal Universtiy of TechnologyThe genus Tulbaghia has been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments such as fever, earache, tuberculosis and esophageal cancer. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support its use. Therefore the objectives of this study were to perform phytochemical analysis, investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, immunomodulatory activities and toxicity of crude acetone and water extracts from selected Tulbaghia species. Standard methods were used for preliminary phytochemical analysis. The total phenolic content of the plant extracts was determined using the folin ciocalteu method whereas the total flavonoids were determined by using the aluminium chloride colorimetric method. DPPH and ABTS assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. The antimicrobial activity was assessed by agar well diffusion, microtiter dilution and time kill assays. For anticancer studies, the antiproliferative activity of the extracts was evaluated using the MTT assay on Hkesc-1 and KB cells. Morphological changes of the cancer cells treated with extracts were examined using light microscopy. Induction of apoptosis was assessed using fluorescence microscopy and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Flow cytometry analysis was conducted to examine the multicaspase activity and cell cycle arrest. For immunomodulatory activity, the Greiss reagent and Luminex cytokine assays were used to determine the effect of the extracts on NO production and the concentration of the cytokines in the treated cells, respectively. Toxicity of selected Tulbaghia species was examined by investigating the effect of the extracts on the metabolic activity and cell membrane integrity on the treated RAW264.7 cells using the MTT and LDH assays, respectively. The zebrafish assay was used to evaluate the embryotoxicity and teratogenic effects of crude acetone and water extracts of T. violacea at 24 h intervals for 96 h post fertilisation (hpf). The percentage mortality, hatchability and heart rate were examined. Phytochemical screening of eight Tulbaghia species demonstrated the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, terpenoids, saponins and steroids. The amount of total phenol and flavonoid content varied in different plant extracts ranging from 4.50 to 11.10 milligrams gallic acid equivalent per gram (mg GAE/g) of fresh material and 3.04 to 9.65 milligrams quercetin equivalent per gram (mg QE/g) of fresh material respectively. The IC50 values based on DPPH and ABTS for T. alliacea (0.06 and 0.06 mg/mL) and T. violacea (0.08 and 0.03 mg/mL) were generally lower showing potential antioxidant activities. For antimicrobial activity, the acetone extracts of T. acutiloba, T. alliacea, T. leucantha, T. ludwigiana, T. natalensis and T. simmleri showed moderate antimicrobial activity against all test organisms while the water extracts showed moderate to no activity. One species, T. cernua, showed poor activity against all the tested microbes. The acetone and water extracts of T. violacea showed the greatest antibacterial and antifungal activity against all the tested microorganisms with minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 0.1 mg/mL to 3.13 mg/mL. The acetone extracts of T. violacea also exhibited both bacteriostatic/fungistatic and bactericidal/fungicidal activity depending on the incubation time and concentration of the extract. The bactericidal/fungicidal activity was observed at x2 MIC. The results for anticancer activity showed that treatment of Hkesc-1 cells with acetone and water crude extracts had anti-proliferative activity with IC50 values of 0.4 mg/mL and 1.625 mg/mL, respectively while KB had 0.2 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL, respectively. Morphological changes such as blebbing, cell shrinkage and rounding were observed in the treated cells suggesting that apoptosis was taking place. AOEB staining showed that the level of apoptosis was dependent on the concentration of the extracts. The activation of multicaspase activity in both Hkesc-1 and KB treated cells was also concentration dependent leading to cell death by apoptosis and the induction of cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Immunomodulatory activity results indicated that cell viability was above 80% when concentrations of 50 µg/mL or less of both acetone and water crude was used. Treatment with the acetone extract had no significant effect (p>0.05) on the LPS induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells except at 50 µg/mL where significant inhibition was observed. The water extract had no significant effect (p>0.05) on NO production at all the concentrations. Treatment of LPS–induced RAW264.7 cells with acetone extract stimulated the production of IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α, but had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on IL-1β. On the other hand, treatment with the water extracts stimulated the production of IL-1α, IL-6 but had no significant effect (p>0.05) on TNF-α and IL-1β. Treatment of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells with the acetone extract had very little stimulatory effect on IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 and no significant effect on IL-10 whereas for the water extract a significant stimulatory effect was only observed for IL-4 after 48 h of treatment. High concentrations (>10000 pg/mL) of MCP-1, MIP1-α, MIP1-β, MIP-2, GCSF, GM-CSF, RANTES and IP-10 were also observed in acetone and water extract treated RAW264.7 cells. For toxicity studies, acetone and aqueous crude leaf extracts from T. alliacea, T. simmleri, and T. violacea had a significant inhibitory (p<0.05) effect on the RAW264.7 cells after 48h treatment. Acetone extracts from T. alliacea, T. simmleri and T. violacea resulted in IC50 values of 0.48 mg/mL, 0.72 mg/mL and 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. Treatment with water extracts showed minimal toxic effect indicated by higher IC50 values of 0.95 mg/mL, 2.49 mg/mL and 0.3 mg/mL for T. alliacea, T. simmleri and T. violacea, respectively. The LDH release by macrophages after 24 h treatment with acetone extracts was observed to be concentration dependent while treatment with water extracts did not induce LDH release. The zebra fish assay showed a lethal dose (LD50) for the T. violacea acetone crude extract of 20 μg/mL whereas that for water extract was 85 μg/mL. The observed teratogenic effects included scoliosis, edema of the pericardial cavity, retarded yolk resorption, hook-like/bent tail and shorter body length. In conclusion, the results from this study indicate that the extracts from the eight Tulbaghia species examined contain phytochemicals that may have the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and immunomodulatory properties. Extracts from T. violacea were observed to be the most potent. This study thus supports the use of T. violacea in treating bacterial and fungal infections in traditional medicine. The results of this study also confirm the anticancer potential of T. violacea. The immunomodulatory activity of the acetone and water extracts from T. violacea indicated a dominantly pro-inflammatory activity. Traditional medicine prepared form T. violacea may be of benefit to individuals with weak immune systems. The toxicity of selected Tulbaghia species was observed to be concentration, extract and time dependent. Therefore, traditional medicine prepared from Tulbaghia extracts should be taken with caution preferably in small doses over a short period of time. Future studies will focus on the identification of the bioactive compound(s) responsible for the antimicrobial, anticancer and immunomodulatory activities.
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Makhafola, Tshepiso Jan. "Chemical and biological characterization of antibacterial compounds present in Ochna pretoriensis (Ochnaceae) leaf extracts." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27121.
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In preliminary work done in a tree leaf screening project in the Phytomedicine Programme (www.up.ac.za/phyto) Ochna pretoriensis acetone leaf extracts had good antibacterial activity against several important bacterial pathogens. The main aim of this study was to isolate and characterize antibacterial compounds present in the acetone leaf extract of Ochna species growing in South Africa. In a preliminary screening, the minimum inhibitory concentration of acetone leaf extracts of Ochna natalitia, Ochna pretoriensis, Ochna pulchra, Ochna gamostigmata, and Ochna. Serullata, against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalisand Pseudomonas aeruginosa were determined by using a serial microplate dilution assay. The number of antibacterial compounds in the extracts was also determined by bioautography against the same bacteria. The MIC values of the five species ranged from 0.039 mg/ml to 1.25 mg/ml. The lowest average MIC values observed were for O. Pretoriensis especially against E. Faecalis and E. Coli. The most sensitive organism to all the plants was E. coli. O. Pretoriensis had the lowest average MIC value and the highest total activity value of 1538 ml/g. Based on bioautography some of the Ochna species had antibacterial compounds with similar Rf values. The thin layer chromatography chemical profiles of the five plant extracts may be useful in the taxonomy of the genus. O. Pretoriensis was chosen for fractionation and isolation of antibacterial compound because it has the lowest average MIC values and highest total activity especially against E. Faecalis and E. coli. The acetone extract of O. Pretoriensis was fractionated into seven fractions (hexane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ethyl acetate, 35% water in methanol, 70% water in methanol and butanol) by solvent-solvent fractionation. Only three of the seven fractions (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ethyl acetate fractions) had clearly defined antibacterial spots/lines on bioautograms. The three fractions were further fractionated using column chromatography from which three compounds were successfully isolated. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined using NMR spectroscopy as β-Sitosterol (SS), ochnaflavone (OF) and ochnaflavone 7-O- methyl ether (OFME). Compounds that are related to sitosterol have activity against neurodegenerative disorders as well as estrogenic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anthelminthic and antimutagenic activity. OF and OFME are biflavonoids which belong to the group ochnaflavones previously characterized from Ochna obtusata. These compounds have anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activity. They also inhibit lymphocytes proliferation, archidonic acid release and phospholipase activity. Moreover, OFME was reported to inhibit HIV-1 activity as well as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity. The antibacterial activity, and potential cytotoxic, genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of the isolated compounds were determined. The MIC values ranged from 31.3 to 250 μg/ml. SS was more active against P. Aeruginosa with an MIC of 62.5 μg/ml, OF against P. Aeruginosa and E. Faecalis with MICs of 0.03 mg/ml and OFME against P. Aeruginosa with an MIC of 31.3 μg/ml. The isolated compounds were much less active than the positive control gentamycin. The compounds had low cytotoxic activity, with LC50 values of 193.8 μg/ml for β-Sitosterol, 125.9 μg/ml for OF and 125.9 μg/ml for OFME against Vero cells. The therapeutic indexes of the crude extract and the isolated compounds varied between 0.77 and 3.27, which is an indication of non-specific antibacterial activity i.e. general toxicity, thus the crude plant extract and compounds isolated from O. Pretoriensis can only be recommended for external applications. e.g. topical treatments. None of the compounds tested had potential genotoxic and/or antigenotoxic effects. The number of revertants in the mutagenicity experiments was less than twice the number of revertants in the negative control. The percentage inhibition of 4NQO in the antimutagenicity experiments were less than 45%. The results obtained in this case may be principally associated with the general toxicity of the test samples to the bacteria used in this study. Comparison of the total activity of the crude extract and the fractions gave a clear indication of synergic interaction of compounds in the crude extract to successfully inhibit the growth of the test pathogens. Approximately 76% of activity was lost in the 34% of dry mass lost during fractionation. Twelve percent of activity was present in the chloroform fraction and 6% in the carbon tetrachloride fraction. Despite the evidence for synergistic activity, the crude extract was also relatively toxic to the Vero cells with a therapeutic index of 0.8. As far as could be established, the antibacterial activity of members of the Ochna genus and the cytotoxicity of ochnaflavones were determined for the first time in the current study. The two most active antibacterial compounds (ochnaflavone and ochnaflavone 7-O- methyl ether) are being reported from this species for the first time. The relative safety of the crude extract and the compounds isolated from this plant was relatively low. Preparations of O. Pretoriensis may be safe in a topical application but internal use cannot be recommended for treating antibacterial infections before animal toxicity studies have been carried out. Caution is also required in using the isolated compounds or crude extracts for other applications. CopyrightDissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Paraclinical Sciences
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Luz, Érica de Oliveira Veras da. "Socratea exorrhiza : potencial bioativo e teores de fenóis e flavonoides." Universidade Federal de Roraima, 2012. http://www.bdtd.ufrr.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=279.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorSocratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendland é conhecida popularmente como paxiuba. Esta Arecaceae ocorre naturalmente na região amazônica. É muito utilizada por caboclos e índios de Roraima, porém pouco estudada quanto ao perfil químico e biológico. Neste trabalho investigou-se o potencial bioativo dos extratos da parte externa e interna da raiz e do broto da raiz de S. exorrhiza, mediante testes de atividade citotóxica (Artemia salina Laech), antioxidante (DPPH) e antimicrobiana contra as bactérias (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 7002) e a levedura Candida albicans ATCC18804. Dos extratos mais ativos determinaram-se os teores de fenólicos e flavonóides por espectrofotometria. O processo de extração foi a quente em sistema de Soxhlet, usando solventes orgânicos de polaridades crescentes (hexano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e metanol). Os resultados mostraram que os extratos acetato de etila da parte externa da raiz e do broto da raiz destacaram se nos testes de atividade citotóxica e antioxidante, sendo o do broto da raiz (DL50 473 e IC50 24,03 μg/mL) o mais ativo para os dois testes. A ação positiva desses extratos nas atividades biológicas pode estar relacionada à presença de flavonoides evidenciada pelo elevado teor encontrado (76,8% e 64,66%, respectivamente). Os extratos metanólicos da parte externa da raiz e do broto da raiz apresentaram alto poder inibitório frente à levedura C. albicans (halos de18 e 25 mm) respectivamente. Todos os extratos do broto da raiz apresentaram ação inibitória moderada contra o crescimento das bactérias Gram-negativas E. coli e P. mirabilis com halos que variaram entre 10 e 17 mm, sendo que o extrato metanólico do broto da raiz obteve alto poder inibitório no crescimento de P. mirabilis (halo 22 mm). A ação positiva dos extratos da parte externa da raiz e do broto da raiz contra bactérias Gram-negativas corrobora com o conhecimento tradicional, que preconiza a utilização das raízes de S. exorrhiza na medicina popular para o tratamento de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, o que torna ainda maior o valor dos resultados obtidos. Outro dado importante obtido com trabalho é o novo registro de ocorrência de S. exorrhiza para o estado de Roraima. Os resultados aqui apresentados são inéditos e importantes na ampliação do conhecimento sobre esta palmeira, estimulando a continuidade de estudos mais aprofundados.
Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendland is popularly known as paxiuba. This Arecaceae occurs naturally in the rain forest. It is widely used by the locals and the native Indians of Roraima, however it is not as studied as in regards to its biological and chemical profile. In this work, it was investigated that the extracts of the bioactive potential of the outer and inner parts of the root and of the sprout from the root of S. exorrhiza, by cytotoxic activity tests (Artemia salina Laech), antioxidant (DPPH) and antimicrobial against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 7002) and with Candida albicans yeast ATCC18804. Among the most active extracts were determined the levels of phenolics and flavonoids by spectrophotometry method. The extraction process was heat by the Soxhlet method, using organic solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanolic). extracts of the outer part of the root and the sprout from the root stood out on the cytotoxic activity and the antioxidant tests, being the sprout from the root (DL50 473 and IC50 24,03 μg/mL) the most active of the two tests. The positive Action of these two extracts on the biological activities can be related to the presence of flavonoids evidenced by the high content found on the of the outer part of the root extracts 76,8% and sprout from the root 64,66%. The methanolic extracts of the outer part of the root and the sprout from the root demonstrated high inhibitory power before the C. albicans yeast (halos of 18 and 25 mm) respectively. All the sprouts from the root extracts presented moderate inhibitory action against the growth of the Gram-negative E. coli and P. mirabilis bacteria with halos that varied between 10 and 17mm, and the methanolic extracts sprout from the root obtained high inhibitory power on the growth of P. mirabilis (halo 22 mm). The extracts‟ positive action of the outer part of the root and the sprout from the root against Gram-negative bacteria collaborates with the traditional knowledge that advocates the use of the S. exorrhiza roots in popular medicine for the sexually transmitted diseases (STD), which makes even higher the values of the results with these extracts. Another important finding in this work is the new record of occurrence of S. exorrhiza for the state of Roraima.The data herein presented is new and important in advancing knowledge about this palm tree, stimulating the continuity of deeper studies.
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Holloway, Andrew Charles. "Antimicrobial effects of white tea extracts in combination with putative adjuncts against 'Staphylococcus aureus' and other microbes of importance." Thesis, Kingston University, 2013. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/28229/.
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Previous studies have investigated biological activities of plant extracts and their subcomponent compounds as antimicrobial treatments. The addition of adjunct substances in varying combinations to such agents has also been shown to enhance their antimicrobial activities - a desirable outcome in the development of novel treatment substances to combat pathogens. Whole extracts of tea leaves processed in different ways to produce black, green and white tea types (BT, GT, WT) show different activities. In addition, the effects on pathogens of highly active GT extract rich in flavan-3-ols which are catechins have also been investigated alone and with additives and these can compare favourably with the activities of conventional antibiotics such as oxacillin and ciprofloxacin. However, relatively little attention has been paid to enhancing the activity of whole WT or its weak antimicrobial subcomponents. The activities of GT and BT were compared to the less researched white tea (WT). Principal tea flavan-3-ols were also screened for activity alone, and combined with a known antimicrobial agent copper(II)sulphate against 'Staphylococcus aureus' NCTC 06751. WT, a sub-fraction, (WTF
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Coelho, Maria Teresa Pita Pegado Gonçalves Rodrigues. "Estudos de propagação in vitro, caracterização e valorização de carqueja (Pterospartum tridentatum (L.) Willk)." Doctoral thesis, ISA/UL, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9271.
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Doutoramento em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaThe aim of this work was to develop methodologies for micropropagation and extraction of bioactive compounds from both wild gorse (Pterospartum tridentatum L.) and micropropagated gorse explants, as a means of valorisation of this species. Micropropagation was very effective on large scale propagation, having multiplication rates ranging from 1.6 to 43.9; number of shoots ranging from 1.5 to 10.4 and rooting above 96.7%. The extraction yield of aqueous extraction varied from 10.5 to 19.4 and 12.2 to 30.1% (w/w) for wild gorse and micropropagated gorse explants, respectively. Aqueous extracts showed high levels of total phenols, from 203.4 to 369.2 and 104.1 to 121.3 mg gallic acid eq g-1 ms, and FRAP antioxidant activity: 256-856 and 160-260 mmolFe2+ 100g-1 ms; DPPH: 1433-1551 and 1503-1509 mM Trolox 100g-1 ms for wild gorse and micropropagated gorse explants, respectively. Extracts showed no antifungal activity. However, these extracts showed inhibition of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Chitosan bioactive coatings with gorse extracts improved cherry postharvest preservation ability. The results allow topropose these methodologies to obtain extracts with bioactive properties from micropropagated material, without depleting natural resources
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Danesi, Francesca <1977>. "Biological effects of bioactive components and extracts derived from edible plants commonly used in human nutrition." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1596/.
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The main aim of this PhD research project was the evaluation of the biological effects of bioactive compounds derived from edible plants, with particular attention on their possibility to counteract oxidative damage and inflammation.
After a preliminary study of in vitro antioxidant activity, regarding the modification eventually occurring after home freezing and cooking of edible vegetables, cultured mammalian cells were used as experimental model systems.
Soluble extract and essential oils derived from different cultivars of Brassicaceae and Lamiaceae were tested as possible tools for the counteraction of the oxidative damage due to reactive oxygen species (ROS), underlining differences related to cultivar and agronomic techniques.
Since accumulating evidence indicates that phytochemicals exhibit several additional properties in complex biological systems, a nutrigenomic approach was used to further explain the biological activity of a green tea extract, and to evidence the anti-inflammatory role of bioactive compounds derived from different foods.
Overall, results obtained could contribute to a better understanding of the potential health benefit of plant foods.
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Al-Dahmani, Jaber Hamdan. "Biological control of Xanthomonas bacterial spot of tomato with compost amended mixes and compost water extracts /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488195154356951.
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Anthony, Jean-Paul. "The inhibitory properties, and mode of action, of plant essential oils and fruit extracts on protozoan parasites." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2008. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7382.
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The main aims and objectives of this study was to determine if plant essential oils (PEOs) and polyphenol-rich fruit extracts (PRFEs) could reduce the viability of Giardia duodenalis trophozoites, Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes and Cryptospordium parvum oocysts in vitro. All PEOs tested reduced epimastigote and trophozoite viability at a concentration of 0.02% v/v, with titrations of the PEOs showing a concentration dependant decrease in viability. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of PEOs demonstrated that myrtle and elemi oil were the most active PEOs (trophozoites = 0.005% v/v; epimastigotes = 0.00125% v/v) with the terpenes, α-pinene and limonene, constituents of these oils, being responsible for their action. Incubation of palmarosa oil and its terpene, geraniol, with C. parvum oocysts caused the almost complete excystation of oocysts (in the presence of increased temperature and time), with geranium oil and its terpene, citronellol, being nearly as effective. PRFEs reduce trophozoite viability, with 4 members of the Rosaceae Family causing complete reduction at 167 μg ml-1, possibly through their ellagitannin content. Cloudberry extract was found to have an MIC comparable to the drug metronidazole (67 μg ml-1). The historical use of blueberries for the treatment of diarrhoeal diseases was demonstrated by the ability of blueberry PRFE, pressed juice and drink to kill trophozoites. Protein expression was both inhibited and upregulated in several proteins in whole cell lysates of PEO treated trophozoites, indicating a supplemental intracellular mode of action. Both PEOs and PRFEs cause morphological changes to epimastigotes and trophozoites through flagellar truncation and internalisation, swelling and rounding of the cell body, cytoplasmic condensation and the formation of large membrane protrusions. These indicate an action on the membrane itself with possible changes in osmoregulation. Both PEOs and PRFEs can be considered to be candidates for novel drug discovery for the treatments of cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis and American trypanosomiasis.
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Scherer, Rodrigo. "Extratos vegetais : atividade biologica, composição e aplicação." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254287.
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Orientador: Helena Teixeira GodoyTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: No presente trabalho foram avaliados alguns extratos vegetais com relação à atividade biológica (antioxidante e antimicrobiana) e sua composição. Do carrapicho (Xanthium strumarium) foram estudados 18 extratos diferentes obtidos com extração supercrítica, hidrodestilação, maceração, maceração dinâmica e soxhlet com solventes de diferentes polaridades, incluindo metanol, etanol, acetato de etila e clorofórmio/diclorometano (1/1), enquanto que das plantas cravo-da-índia (Caryophillus aromaticus L.), citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus) e palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) apenas o óleo essencial. Também foram avaliadas as frações isoladas eugenol e eucaliptol. Para determinação da atividade antioxidante foi desenvolvido um novo índice utilizando o radical DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazila), chamado de Índice de Atividade Antioxidante (IAA), através do qual foi possível comparar a capacidade antioxidante dos diferentes extratos vegetais com compostos de referência. A determinação da atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada através da determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), através da qual a ação antimicrobiana dos extratos foi comparada com a ação de alguns antibióticos frente aos microrganismos Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella thyphimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Clostridium perfringens. Na avaliação da composição das frações voláteis, foi utilizada a cromatografia a gás com detector de massas para a identificação e com detector de ionização em chama para a quantificação dos compostos. Nos extratos fixos, foi utilizada a cromatografia líquida com detector de arranjo de diodos e detector de massas para a confirmação da identidade dos compostos fenólicos avaliados. Os resultados mostraram que os extratos hidrodestilados e extratos supercríticos de X. strumarium apresentaram uma composição qualitativa muito semelhante, entretanto, foram diferentes quantitativamente, pois no extrato hidrodestilado o _-guaieno foi encontrado com 79,6% da composição, enquanto que nos extratos supercríticos a concentração foi de 0,2 a 0,5%. Os extratos hidrodestilados e os extratos supercríticos de X. strumarium apresentaram ação antioxidante muito fraca, porém forte ação antimicrobiana, entretanto, os extratos fixos de X. strumarium apresentaram forte ação antioxidante e forte ação antimicrobiana. Nos extratos fixos de X. strumarium foram identificados dois compostos fenólicos majoritários, o ácido ferúlico e o ácido clorogênico, sendo que esses compostos foram encontrados em maiores quantidades nos extratos metanólicos e etanólicos do que nos extratos obtidos com acetato de etila e diclorometano/clorofórmio. Além disso, foi encontrado um alto grau de correlação entre o teor desses compostos com a atividade antioxidante dos extratos. Foi encontrado nos cotilédones e nas sementes de X. strumarium o composto hepatotóxico carboxiatractilosideo, mas não foi encontrado nas folhas em estádio adulto, sendo assim, o uso medicinal dessa planta deve ser restrito apenas as folhas na fase adulta. Tanto o óleo de cravo quanto o eugenol apresentaram atividade antioxidante muito forte e ação antimicrobiana forte a moderada sobre os microrganismos avaliados. Os óleos de citronela e palmarosa e o eucaliptol apresentaram fraca ação antioxidante, porém forte a moderada ação antimicrobiana. O eugenol é o componente majoritário do óleo de cravo seguido pelo _-cariofileno, enquanto que nos óleos de citronela e palmarosa, o _-citronelal e o geraniol foram os componentes majoritários, respectivamente. Considerando que o eucaliptol e o eugenol apresentaram boa atividade antimicrobiana, e o fato de serem frações isoladas, o que facilita o controle de qualidade e a aquisição de lotes homogêneos de amostras, os dois compostos foram escolhidos para serem testados como alternativa aos antibióticos utilizados como promotores de crescimento em frangos de corte no período de 1 a 21 dias. No experimento, foram utilizados 392 pintos machos distribuídos em 7 tratamentos onde foram utilizados o eucaliptol e o eugenol microencapsulados e o antibiótico avilamicina. Os resultados mostraram que a associação dos dois compostos afetou negativamente o desempenho das aves, entretanto, a utilização de eucaliptol (500 mg/kg) ou eugenol (500 mg/kg) melhorou o desempenho das aves em relação ao controle. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas com o tratamento de 10 mg/kg de avilamicina, portanto, é possível substituir a avilamicina pelos extratos vegetais testados sem comprometer o desempenho das aves na fase inicial
Abstract: In this work the biological activity (antioxidant and antimicrobial), as well as the composition of several plant extracts were studied. For cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), 18 different extracts were studied, including supercritical extraction, hydrodistillation, maceration, dynamic maceration and soxhlet with different extracting solvents, including methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform/dichloromethane (1/1), while clove (Caryophillus aromaticus L.), citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) and palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) only the essential oil. The isolated fractions eucalyptol and eugenol were analyzed too. To the antioxidant activity evaluation, a new Antioxidant Activity Index (AAI) using the DPPH radical (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) was proposed, that use was possible to compare the antioxidant strength between plant extracts, as well as between pure compounds. The antimicrobial activity of samples was evaluated by the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), by the way the extracts were compared with antibiotics against the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella thyphimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Clostridium perfringens. The composition of the volatile fractions was carried out using a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer detector for the identification and coupled with flame ionization detector (FID) for the quantification of the compounds. For non-volatile fractions, a liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector and coupled with mass spectrometer detector was used in the phenolic compounds analysis. The results showed that the composition of the X. strumarium extracts obtained by supercritical extraction and by hydrodistillation presented little qualitative difference, but they did differ quantitatively, 79.6% of _-guaiene was found in the hydrodistilled, while as 0.2 to 0.5% in the supercritical extracts. Hydrodistilled and supercritical extracts of X. strumarium presented poor antioxidant activity, but strong antimicrobial activity, however, the non-volatile fractions exhibit strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. In the non-volatile fractions, two phenolic compounds was indentified, the ferulic and chlorogenic acids, since that the concentrations were higher in methanolic and ethanolic extracts than the ethyl acetate and chloroform/dichloromethane extracts, moreover, high correlation between these compounds and antioxidant activity was found. The results show that carboxyatractyloside, a high liver toxic compound, is indeed present in the seeds and in the cotiledonary stage (two leaves stage) but not in adult leaves, therefore for medicinal use, only the adult leaves should be used. The clove oil and the eugenol presented very strong antioxidant activity and strong to moderate antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms. The citronella and palmarosa oils and the eucalyptol showed poor antioxidant activity and strong to moderate antimicrobial activity. The eugenol was found as the majority compound in the clove oil followed by B-caryophyllene, while as in the citronella and palmarosa oils the B-citronellal and geraniol were the majority compounds, respectively. Considering that the eucalyptol and eugenol showed good antimicrobial activity and are isolated compounds, that make easy the control quality and the acquisition of the homogeneous samples batches, they are chosen compounds to be tested as alternative growth promoters in broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. In this experiment were used 392 male broilers (Ross), distributed in 7 treatments where used eucalyptol and eugenol microencapsulated and the antibiotic avilamicyn. The results showed that the association of the two compounds had negative effect in the broilers performance, however, when the eucalyptol (500 mg/kg) or eugenol (500 mg/kg) was used, the broilers performance were better than control group, and no significant difference to 10 mg/kg of avilamicyn was observed. So, the avilamycin can be substituted by the tested plant extracts without to lose the performance of birds in the growing phase
Doutorado
Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos
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Mancini, Duane. "Large Scale Synthesis of Amphiphiles for Biological Use and Analytical Profile of Polar Extracts from Mastic Gum." Thesis, The University of Toledo, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1585716.
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This thesis includes many different production and research projects that can help make many positive advances in the pharmaceutical and biomedical area. The first part of my thesis describes my practical experience at Anatrace Products, LLC. Included in this chapter is the large scale synthesis of amphiphiles for biological uses. The second part of the thesis describes my attempt to build an analytical profile of polar extracts from mastic gum for the potential treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Mancini, Duane Joseph. "Large Scale Synthesis of Amphiphiles for Biological Use and Analytical Profile of Polar Extracts from Mastic Gum." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1404224303.
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Martinez-Rivas, Claudia. "Formulation and biological evaluation of nanomedicins with Cenizo Leucophyllum frutescens (BERL.) I.M. JOHNSTON (Scrophulariaceae) extract against Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1027/document.
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La tuberculose est une maladie d'urgence dans le monde, l'apparition de souches résistantes au traitement a produit l'utilisation de produits naturels comme alternative. Des études ont montré que les extraits de Leucophyllum frutescens présentaient un effet antimicrobien, mais l'inconvénient est que les extraits sont récupérés dans un véhicule qui contient des solvants organiques. La préparation de nanoparticules polymériques (NP) implique l'élimination du solvant dans lequel l'actif est solubilisé, ce qui permet les utiliser comme véhicules pour l'administration des extraits. Par conséquent, le but de cette étude a été design et développer des formulations de NP avec un extrait de L. frutescens et de la rifampicine (RIF), afin d'évaluer l'activité biologique in vitro contre M. tuberculosis. Premièrement, l'extrait méthanolique de feuilles et de racines de L. frutescens et ses fractions a été obtenu. L'activité contre M. tuberculosis a été déterminée, l'extrait de racines (EMR) et ses fractions hexanique (FHR et RF1) ont été les plus actives avec une CMI de 100, 40 et 40 μg/mL, respectivement. RIF, EMH, FHR et RF1 ont été incorporés dans NP par nanoprécipitation. Des NP de ≈180 nm avec une distribution de taille homogène ont été obtenus. Les NP ont été évaluées sur M. tuberculosis, les formulations de NP-PLGA-RIF (CMI=0,10 μg/mL) et NP-PLGA-RF1 (CMI=80 μg/mL) ont montré la meilleure activité. Finalement, l'activité des formulations combinées contre M. tuberculosis a été évaluée, la combinaison de RIF avec NP-PLGA-RF1 a produit le meilleur comportement, réduisant la CMI des deux sans montrer un effet toxique. Les études réalisées dans ce travail ont montré l'utilisation potentielle d'une formulation de NP contient une fraction végétale de L. frutescens en combinaison avec le RIF comme alternative contre M. tuberculosisTuberculosis is an emergency disease worldwide, the emergence of resistant strains to the treatment has produced the use of natural products as alternative. Studies have shown that Leucophyllum frutescens extracts present antimicrobial effect, but the disadvantage is that the extracts are recovered in a vehicle that contains organic solvents. The preparation of polymeric nanoparticles (NP) involves the elimination of the solvent in which the active is solubilized, which makes possible to use them as vehicles for the administration of the extracts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to design and develop formulations of NP with an extract of L. frutescens, and rifampicin (RIF), in order to evaluate the in vitro biological activity against M. tuberculosis. Firstly, the methanolic extract of leaves and roots of L. frutescens and its fractions were obtained. The anti-M. tuberculosis activity was determined, being the root extract (EMR) and its hexane fractions (FHR and RF1) the most actives with a MIC of 100, 40 and 40 μg/mL, respectively. RIF, EMH, FHR and RF1 were incorporated into NP by nanoprecipitation. NP of ≈180 nm with homogeneous size distribution were obtained. The NP were evaluated on M. tuberculosis, being the formulation of NP-PLGA-RIF (MIC=0.10 μg/mL) and NP-PLGA-RF1 (CMI=80 μg/mL) with better activity. Finally, the anti-M. tuberculosis activity of the combined form formulations was evaluated, the combination of RIF with NP-PLGA-RF1 produced better behavior, reducing the MIC of both without showing toxic effect. The studies carried out in this work showed the potential use of an NP formulation contains a vegetable fraction of L. frutescens in combination with RIF as an alternative against M. tuberculosis
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Ahmed, Aroke Shahid. "Biological activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Bauhinia galpinii (Fabaceae) and Combretum vendae (Combretaceae) as potential antidiarrhoeal agents." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22886.
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Diarrhoea is one of the killer diseases resulting from the dehydration and loss of electrolytes through profuse and excessive excretion of loose stool. The pathoaetiologies include infections, intestinal inflammation, imbalanced intestinal oxidative homeostasis and altered motility. Treatment with oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is a key intervention especially in secretory diarrhoea as supportive therapy. Symptomatic and non-symptomatic therapies directed at treating the intestinal tissues are available. However, these conventional treatments are still not sufficient in curing diarrhoea due to their associated hazards such as the development and spread of drugresistant pathogens, changes in normal intestinal bacteria flora and potential chronic toxicity. Therapies targeted at intestinal tissue include antimotility and antisecretory agents have adverse effects such as addictiveness, constipation and fatal ischaemic colitis. Many ethnopharmacological and ethnobotanical therapies for treating diarrhoea exist among different cultures. The aims of this study were to evaluate the biological activities of plant extracts against some diarrhoeal pathophysiologies. A literature search in English of published articles and books that discussed ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants in southern Africa was conducted. A list of 230 medicinal plants used in South African traditional medicines for treating diarrhoea and associated complications was created. The list included family, genus, species, biological activities and bioactive isolates as well as the remedies for diarrhoea. Twenty seven species were selected to evaluate for antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Safety of the plants was determined by determining the cytotoxicity of the crude extracts against Vero African green monkey kidney cell lines using a standard method. Motility effects of Bauhinia galpinii (BGE) and Paraclinical Sciences
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Passerini, Julien. "Field and laboratory trials in Mali to determine the effects of neem extracts on three millet pests, Heliocheilus albipunctella De Joannis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Coniesta ignefusalis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Kraussaria angulifera Krauss (Orthoptera: Acrididae)." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60451.
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Formulations of aqueous neem extracts were sprayed in field experiments. Results showed that a 0.5% and 1% concentrations were effective in reducing grasshopper feeding and diminishing damage caused by the millet stemborer, C. ignefusalis. In 1988, neem diminished egg-laying and mine damage by the headminer, H. albipunctella, but no data were available for 1989 because of the low infestation levels of this pest.Neem exhibited some systemic activity. Soil applied neem kernel powder partially protected millet against K. angulifera and C. ignefusalis. Neem treated plots yielded more grain and suffered less damage by insect pests than four different cultural practices. Only the addition of fertilizer was superior to neem in reducing yield losses but it was inferior in limiting pest losses.
Experiments to test the residual activity of neem showed that this botanical insecticide can effectively protect millet against K. angulifera for at least seven days, and possibly longer if ultra-violet rays and rainfall are not prevalent. Analysis of plant selection behavior of K. angulifera showed that neem is an antifeedant rather than a repellent. On first to third instar nymphs, growth regulating activity expressed as a difficulty in molting or an absence of sclerotization may occur. Topical applications of neem to the stemborer, C. ignefusalis, also caused growth abnormalities, mostly molting disturbances. Treated larvae that reached the adult stage were malformed.
This research indicates that neem based insecticides offer considerable promise for Sahelian farmers for protecting millet crops. It is effective against K. angulifera, but less effective against the stemborer, C. ignefusalis. Although the data obtained for H. albipunctella in 1988 was promising, it was insufficient to reach any conclusions regarding neem's efficacy with respect to this pest.
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Miranda, Maria Augusta Ferraz Machado. "Atividades biológicas de duas espécies de Myrsine L. (Primulaceae) e de Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray (Asteraceae)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1855.
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Plants species from Brazilian savanna often have defense mechanisms in response to the low nutrient content of the soil, the light intensity, the competition for resources and drought, pronounced by deep water deficit, to which they are subjected. This area is a potential source of bioactive compounds that still little explored and potential phytochemical studies of these species are important to this preservation. Biological invasions are one of the main factors threatening the Brazilian savanna biodiversity. Many plants are initially introduced as ornamental species and subsequently become invasive. Invasive plants are generally more competitive than the other species and tolerate unfavorable conditions. This advantage can be explained according to the "Novel weapons hypothesis". It proposes that invasive plants have secondary metabolites that act as allelochemicals and present new challenges to native species. Thus, secondary metabolites of invasive species in the Brazilian savanna are also an important area of phytochemistry being investigated. Therefore, we hypothesized that native species from Brazilian savanna, Myrsine umbellata and Myrsine coriacea, and the alien specie, Tithonia diversifolia, produces secondary metabolites that have different biological activities, including insecticidal, antifungal and phytotoxic acitivities, favoring their establishment in this environment and have economic importance for agriculture and pharmaceutic industry. In the Chapter 1, the biological activity of leaf extracts of M. umbellata and M. coriacea, was evaluated. The in vitro antifungal effect of leaf extracts of these two species was evaluated against Pythium aphanidermatum, Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum acutatum, three important crop pathogens. We also evaluated the insecticide potential of these extracts against Spodoptera frugiperda, known as fall armyworn, an important pest that causes damages to many crops. Finally, the total polyphenols and antioxidant activity of the leaf extracts of these two species was quantified by the DPPH method. In the Charpter 2 we evaluated the phytotoxic potential of leaf, stem and root extracts from T. diversifolia. Bioassays of wheat elongation coleoptile seed germination and seedling growth are performed. The Ethyl Acetate leaf extract was the most active extract and was selected to continue the isolation studies and the identification of compounds. The chromatographic separation of this extract allowed us the isolation of 12 sesquiterpene lactones (STSs), 1 secosesquiterpeno, and 1 diterpene. Two STSs are reported for the first time in this study, 8β-O-(2-methylbutyroyl) and tirotundin 8β-O-(isovaleroyl)tirotundin. The high phytotoxic activity of the extracts and compounds, especially the majority, 1β-methoxydiversifolin, tagitinin A and tagitinin C, indicates that allelopathy may be responsible for their establishment in this habitat. In the Chapter 3, the T. diversifolia Ethyl Acetate fractions were tested for insecticidal activity against S. frugiperda and it was observed a significant reduction in the pupal weight of the caterpillar. This may be an indicative of the presence of toxic substances to this insect in these fractions, however, this reduction in the pupal weight is not associated with the majority compounds tested. Thus, we conclude that the studied plant species have secondary metabolites with promising biological activities and economic importance for agriculture and pharmaceutical industry.
Espécies vegetais provenientes do Cerrado costumam apresentar mecanismos de defesa em resposta ao baixo teor de nutrientes do solo à que estão submetidas, a intensa luminosidade, a maior competição por recursos e ao longo período de estiagem, marcada por profundo déficit hídrico. Este domínio é uma fonte potencial de compostos bioativos ainda pouco explorada e estudos do potencial fitoquímico destas espécies são importantes para a preservação da sua biodiversidade. Entre os principais fatores que ameaçam a biodiversidade do Cerrado, está a invasão biológica. As plantas invasoras são geralmente mais competitivas que as demais espécies e suportam condições adversas. Essa vantagem pode ser explicada segundo a hipótese das novas armas , que afirma que as plantas invasoras possuem metabólitos secundários que agem como aleloquímicos e apresentam novos desafios para as espécies nativas. Dessa forma, metabólitos secundários de espécies invasoras do Cerrado também são uma importante área da fitoquímica a ser investigada. Sendo assim, foi proposta a hipótese de que espécies nativas, Myrsine umbellata e Myrsine coriacea e uma invasora do cerrado, Tithonia diversifolia, produzem metabólitos secundários em resposta ao estresse à que estão submetidas e que estes apresentam diferentes funções biológicas, incluindo, atividade antifúngica, antioxidante, inseticida e fitotóxica, que favoreçam seu estabelecimento nesse ambiente e apresentam importância econômica para uso na agricultura e na indústria farmacêutica. Para isso, no primeiro capítulo, foi avaliada a atividade biológica de extratos foliares de M. umbellata e M. coriacea. Foi avaliado o efeito antifúngico in vitro de extratos foliares destas espécies sobre Pythium aphanidermatum, Fusarium oxysporum e Colletotrichum acutatum, importantes patógenos de culturas agrícolas. Também foi avaliado o potencial inseticida destes extratos sobre Spodoptera frugiperda, conhecida como lagarta-do-cartucho do milho, importante praga causadora de danos a esta cultura. E por último, foi determinado a concentração de fenóis totais e atividade antioxidante dos extratos foliares destas duas espécies pelo método de redução do radical DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilidrazil). No segundo capítulo foi avaliado o potencial fitotóxico de extratos de folha, caule e raiz de T. diversifolia. Foram realizados bioensaios com coleóptilos de trigo, germinação de sementes e crescimento de plântulas. O extrato foliar preparado com Acetato de Etila foi selecionado para continuar os estudos de isolamento e identificação de compostos por apresentar melhor atividade. A separação cromatográfica deste extrato nos permitiu isolar 12 lactonas sesquiterpênicas (STS), 1 secosesquiterpeno, e um diterpeno. Duas STSs estão sendo relatadas pela primeira vez neste trabalho, 8β-O-(2-metilbutiroil)tirotundina e 8β-O- (isovaleroil)tirotundina. A alta atividade fitotóxica desta espécie, bem como dos compostos avaliados e, principalmente, os compostos majoritários 1β-metoxidiversifolina, tagitinina A e tagitinina C, indica que a alelopatia pode ser uma das formas de seu estabelecimento nesse ambiente. No capítulo 3 foram testados a atividade inseticida de frações do extrato Acetato de Etila de T. diversifolia e seus compostos majoritários contra S. frugiperda e foi observado uma redução significativa no peso pupal da lagarta. A redução da massa pupal pode ser o indicativo da presença de substâncias tóxicas ao inseto nessas frações, no entanto, essa redução não está associada à presença dos compostos majoritários testados. Dessa forma, concluímos que as espécies vegetais estudadas, possuem metabólitos secundários com atividades biológicas promissoras e importância econômica para serem utilizados na agricultura e na indústria farmacêutica.
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Suleiman, M. M. (Mohammed Musa). "The in vitro and in vivo biological activities of antifungal compounds isolated from Loxostylis alata A.Spreng. ex Rchb. leaf extracts." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28481.
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The main aim of this study was to find a plant extract or isolated compound that could be used to combat aspergillosis in animals. Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the most common pathogenic fungal species in humans and animals. A. fumigatus is also an economically important fungus in the poultry industry. Current treatment of the disease is hampered by drug resistance of the organism to conventional antifungals and also its widespread toxicity to the animals. Seven tree species that had good antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans in the Phytomedicine Programme database were selected for further work. These tree species were: Combretum vendae A.E. van Wyk (Combretaceae), Commiphora harveyi (Engl.) Engl. (Burseraceae), Khaya anthotheca (Welm.) C.DC (Meliaceae), Kirkia wilmsii Engl. (Kirkiaceae), Loxostylis alata A. Spreng. ex Rchb. (Anacardiaceae), Ochna natalitia (Meisn.) Walp. (Ochnaceae) and Protorhus longifolia (Bernh. Ex C. Krauss) Engl. (Anacardiaceae). The antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of the selected plant species were determined against four important nosocomial bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and five important animal fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Microsporum canis and Sporothrix schenckii) using a serial microplate dilution method. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), of an acetone extract of Loxostylis alata was the lowest against Aspergillus fumigatus with an MIC value of 0.05 mg/ml. The number of antifungal compounds in extracts was determined by bioautography. The acetone extract of L. alata had the most active zones (10). The antioxidant, antiplatelet and cytotoxic effects of the seven plant species were evaluated using established in vitro assays. All the extracts had comparably low toxicity except for the extract of C. harveyi that had high haemagluttination assay titre value, which indicates toxicity. The extracts of P. longifolia, K. wilmsii, O. natalitia, L. alata, C. harveyi and C. vendae contained antioxidant compounds in the qualitative assay using DPPH. In the quantification of antioxidation using ABTS, only the extracts of P. longifolia, L. alata, and C. vendae had substantial antioxidant activity with respective TEAC value of 1.39, 1.94 and 2.08. Similarly, in the quantitative DPPH assay, L. alata. (EC50, 3.58 ± 0.23 μg/ml) and K. wilmsii (EC50, 3.57 ± 0.41 μg/ml) did not differ significantly (p ≤ 0.05) from the positive control (L-ascorbic acid). K. anthotheca had a much lower antioxidant activity (ECThesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
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Thuler, Robson Thomaz [UNESP]. "Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): táticas para o manejo integrado em brássicas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102318.
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thuler_rt_dr_jabo.pdf: 1113556 bytes, checksum: c35811ff0eb7e1d5308e457d8e63eff5 (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Biologia e Criação de Insetos (LBCI) da FCAV-UNESP, para avaliar o efeito da interação entre resistência de cultivares de brássicas, inseticidas químicos e produtos vegetais e Trichogramma no controle de P/utella xy/ostella. Para tanto, avaliou-se a biologia de P. xy/ostella nas cultivares de repolho: Chato de Quintal (CQ), Midori (MD), Roxo Precoce (RP) e Híbrido Roxo (HR) e, nas cultivares de couve, Geórgia (CM) e Híbrido Geórgia HS20 (HS20) em laboratório. Avaliou-se a toxicidade dos inseticidas lufenuron e deltametrina, bem como dos produtos vegetais óleo de nim e extrato pirolenhoso, pela adequação das concentrações letais (CLso) dos produtos. Com os mesmos produtos citados, foram avaliados os efeitos sobre Trichogramma. Finalmente, avaliou-se a associação dos métodos testados primordialmente, utilizando-se as cultivares de repolho e os inseticidas químicos e produtos vegetais, bem como o efeito sobre Trichogramma. A cultivar CQ foi classificada como moderadamente resistente; RP e MD como suscetíveis, e CM, HS20 e HR como altamente suscetíveis, sendo 'observado também, que nenhuma cultivar apresentou a substância sinigrina. Lufenuron, óleo de nim e extrato pirolenhoso, causaram até 100% de mortalidade para P. xy/ostella, e Decis não foi eficiente. Deltametrina também foi o produto mais prejudicial aos parasitóides T. exiguum e T. pretiosum, enquanto o produto Nim e o inseticida Match foram os menos prejudiciais. A associação dos métodos químicos e resistência de plantas elevam o potencial de controle para P. xy/ostella, mas essa estratégia deve ser bem avaliada, pois pode afetar o desempenho dos parasitóides, reduzindo seu potencial de controle.
The project was developed to evaluate the effect of the interaction between resistance of cabbage cultivars, insecticides and Trichogramma in the P/utella xy/ostella control. The biology of P. xy/ostella was evaluated in the following cabbage cultivars: Chato de Quintal (CQ), Midori (MD), Roxo Precoce (RP) and Roxo Hybrid (RH), and kale cultivars: Geórgia (CM) and Geórgia Hybrid HS20 (HS20), in laboratory. The toxicity of the insecticides lufenuron and deltamethrin and, of the vegetal products neem oil and pyroligneous extract, was evaluated for the adequacy of the lethal concentrations (LC50) of the products. With those products, the effect on Trichogramma was also evaluated. Finally, it was evaluated the association of the methods tested, using cabbage cultivars and chemical insecticides and vegetal products, and the effect on Trichogramma. The cultivar CQ was classified as moderately resistant; RP and MO as susceptible, and CM, HS20 and HR as highly susceptible, being also observed, that the cultivars tested did not present sinigrin. Lufenuron, Neem oil and pyroligneous extract caused up to 100% of P. xy/ostella mortality and deltabethrin was not efficient. Oeltamethrin was most harmful product to the parasitoids T exiguum and T pretiosum, while neem oil and lufenurun were less harmful. The interaction of chemical and plant resistance methods, increased the potential to P. xy/ostella control, but this strategy must be well evaluated, as it can affect negativity the parasitoid performance, reducing its control potential.
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Maile, Kgahliso Desmond. "Responses of Tylenchulus Semipenetrans to crude extracts of indiginous cucumis fruits with and without effective micro-organisms in citrus production." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1323.
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Thesis (M.Agric. (Horiticulture)) --Unversity of Limpopo, 2013The ground leaching technology (GLT) system, using crude extracts of wild cucumber (Cucumis myriocarpus) and wild watermelon (Cucumis africanus) fruits, had been widely researched and developed in management of the root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) production. In the GLT system, experiments were harvested at 56 days after inoculation with nematodes, which was approximately three generations of Meloidogyne species. Also, studies in GLT systems demonstrated that effective micro-organisms (EM) were not essential in the release of chemicals from crude extracts for nematode suppression, with suggestions that the system exclusively relied upon irrigation or rainwater for leaching out chemicals. However, the system had hardly been tested on other nematode species with longer life cycles and crops. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of crude extracts of C. myriocarpus (cucurbitacin A-containing phytonematicide) and C. africanus (cucurbitacin B-containing phytonematicide) with and without EM on suppression of population densities of the citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) on rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri) over three generations of the nematode. Two studies, one on C. myriocarpus and the other on C. africanus, with and without EM, were conducted separately using the GLT system under greenhouse conditions with three generations of T. semipenetrans as the standard of application interval of the materials. Citrus seedlings were transplanted in 7-L plastic pots contain 6.5-L pasteurised river sand and Hygromix (3:1 v/v) and inoculated with approximately 25 000 second-stage juveniles (J2s) in 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment, where treatments were arranged in a randomised complete block design (RCBD), with six replications. At 150 days after treatment, nematode and plant variables were collected and subjected to factorial analysis of variance. Under C. myriocarpus (Cm), EM × Cm interaction was not significant for nematodes (juveniles + eggs) in roots and juveniles in soil, while under C. africanus (Ca), EM × Ca interaction was highly significant for nematodes, but not for juveniles. Crude extracts of C. myriocarpus and C. africanus fruits contributed 21-36% and 38-59% to total treatment variation in nematodes, respectively. Relative to untreated control, crude extracts of C. myriocarpus fruit reduced nematodes by 22% in roots, but increased juveniles in soil by 93%. Similarly, C. africanus fruit reduced nematodes in roots by 80%, but increased juveniles in soil by 178%. The increase of juveniles in the soil was explained on the basis of opposing forces on nematode population densities under crude extracts of Cucumis and untreated control, along with the inherent nature of cyclic population growth in plant-parasitic nematodes. In plant variables, certain significant (P ≤ 0.05) interactions consistently occurred under both Cucumis species. However, effects of the interactions were not consistent under the two Cucumis species. In most of the variables, the non-significant effects of EM × Cm interactions supported the view that the GLT systems were independent of microbial activities, while significant (P ≤ 0.05) EM × Ca interactions suggested that the systems under C. africanus fruit could be viewed as being dependent upon microbial degradation activities. Growth of rough lemon rootstock was, to a certain extent, suppressed by application of crude extracts from Cucumis fruits, suggesting that the material were phytotoxic to this citrus rootstock. Under low nematode population densities, T. semipenetrans infection supported the view that nematode numbers below the damage threshold levels have stimulatory effects on growth of plants as observed in plant height under conditions of this study. In conclusion, the approximately three nematode-generation-application interval of 150 days for crude extracts of fruits in Cucumis species was rather too long for the efficacies of the materials on suppression of the population densities of T. semipenetrans in rough lemon seedlings. Consequently, shorter application intervals, as demonstrated for Meloidogyne species would be appropriate, although caution has to be taken to ensure that phytotoxicity to the rootstock was avoided.
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Kamatou, GPP, Zyl RL Van, Vuuren SF Van, AC Figueiredo, JG Barroso, LG Pedro, and AM Viljoen. "Seasonal variation in essential oil composition, oil toxicity and the biological activity of solvent extracts of three South African Salvia species." Elsevier, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000526.
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Aromatic plants contain both volatile and non-volatile fractions and the chemical composition of these two fractions may be influenced by seasonal
changes. The essential oil and solvent extracts of S. africana-caerulea, S. africana-lutea and S. lanceolata, collected at the same locality throughout the 2005 growing season, were compared in terms of essential oil composition, yields and biological activities. Mostly quantitative, rather than qualitative variationwas observed in the oil composition of each species.Major fluctuations in the composition of S. africana-caerulea oil included limonene (2–33%) and viridiflorol (2–24%). Levels of α-pinene (1–12%), myrcene (2–12%) and α-eusdesmol (trace-13%) fluctuated seasonally in the S. africana-lutea oil.
In S. lanceolata, considerable changeswere noted for β-caryophyllene (1–19%), β-caryophyllene oxide (1–21%) and ledol (3–12%). The extract prepared
from S. lanceolata harvested inwinterwas more active against Gram-positive bacteria. The S. africana-caerulea extract exhibited the most favourable antiplasmodial activity when harvested in winter (IC50 value: 12 μgml−1), which contrasts with the lowest anti-plasmodial activity of S. lanceolata obtained at
the same period (IC50 value: 43 μgml−1). The anti-oxidant activity of the solvent extracts also displayed variation over seasons with thewinter collection of
S. africana-lutea yielding the most favourable anti-oxidant activity (IC50 value: 10 μg ml−1). All the solvent extracts prepared from the winter collection exhibited the lowest toxicity (20bIC50 valuesb60 μg ml−1), while the three essential oils obtained from autumn collection were more toxic (0.03bIC50 valuesb0.4 μg ml−1).
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Krzysiak, Amanda J. "The isolation and characterization of natural products from marine plants and microorganisms /." Electronic version (PDF), 2006. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2006/krzysiaka/amandakrzysiak.pdf.
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Thuler, Robson Thomaz. "Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) : táticas para o manejo integrado em brássicas /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102318.
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Resumo: O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Biologia e Criação de Insetos (LBCI) da FCAV-UNESP, para avaliar o efeito da interação entre resistência de cultivares de brássicas, inseticidas químicos e produtos vegetais e Trichogramma no controle de P/utella xy/ostella. Para tanto, avaliou-se a biologia de P. xy/ostella nas cultivares de repolho: Chato de Quintal (CQ), Midori (MD), Roxo Precoce (RP) e Híbrido Roxo (HR) e, nas cultivares de couve, Geórgia (CM) e Híbrido Geórgia HS20 (HS20) em laboratório. Avaliou-se a toxicidade dos inseticidas lufenuron e deltametrina, bem como dos produtos vegetais óleo de nim e extrato pirolenhoso, pela adequação das concentrações letais (CLso) dos produtos. Com os mesmos produtos citados, foram avaliados os efeitos sobre Trichogramma. Finalmente, avaliou-se a associação dos métodos testados primordialmente, utilizando-se as cultivares de repolho e os inseticidas químicos e produtos vegetais, bem como o efeito sobre Trichogramma. A cultivar CQ foi classificada como moderadamente resistente; RP e MD como suscetíveis, e CM, HS20 e HR como altamente suscetíveis, sendo 'observado também, que nenhuma cultivar apresentou a substância sinigrina. Lufenuron, óleo de nim e extrato pirolenhoso, causaram até 100% de mortalidade para P. xy/ostella, e Decis não foi eficiente. Deltametrina também foi o produto mais prejudicial aos parasitóides T. exiguum e T. pretiosum, enquanto o produto Nim e o inseticida Match foram os menos prejudiciais. A associação dos métodos químicos e resistência de plantas elevam o potencial de controle para P. xy/ostella, mas essa estratégia deve ser bem avaliada, pois pode afetar o desempenho dos parasitóides, reduzindo seu potencial de controle.Abstract: The project was developed to evaluate the effect of the interaction between resistance of cabbage cultivars, insecticides and Trichogramma in the P/utella xy/ostella control. The biology of P. xy/ostella was evaluated in the following cabbage cultivars: Chato de Quintal (CQ), Midori (MD), Roxo Precoce (RP) and Roxo Hybrid (RH), and kale cultivars: Geórgia (CM) and Geórgia Hybrid HS20 (HS20), in laboratory. The toxicity of the insecticides lufenuron and deltamethrin and, of the vegetal products neem oil and pyroligneous extract, was evaluated for the adequacy of the lethal concentrations (LC50) of the products. With those products, the effect on Trichogramma was also evaluated. Finally, it was evaluated the association of the methods tested, using cabbage cultivars and chemical insecticides and vegetal products, and the effect on Trichogramma. The cultivar CQ was classified as moderately resistant; RP and MO as susceptible, and CM, HS20 and HR as highly susceptible, being also observed, that the cultivars tested did not present sinigrin. Lufenuron, Neem oil and pyroligneous extract caused up to 100% of P. xy/ostella mortality and deltabethrin was not efficient. Oeltamethrin was most harmful product to the parasitoids T exiguum and T pretiosum, while neem oil and lufenurun were less harmful. The interaction of chemical and plant resistance methods, increased the potential to P. xy/ostella control, but this strategy must be well evaluated, as it can affect negativity the parasitoid performance, reducing its control potential.
Orientador: Sérgio Antonio de Bortoli
Coorientador: Dirceu Pratissoli
Banca: Odair Aparecido Fernandes
Banca: Clara Beatriz Hoffmann Campo
Banca: José Djair Vendramim
Banca: Antonio Carlos Busoli
Doutor
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Côté, Cynthia S. "Screening of selected molecules for their effect on the secondary structure of amyloid beta. Composition and biological activity of traditional and commercial kava extracts." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111922.
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The aim of the first project was to evaluate the ability of selected molecules to affect the secondary structure of Abeta(1-42). Such activity is desirable as it may provide new tools to study the role of the Abeta(1-42) conformers in Alzheimer disease. Although this study did not identify molecules able to modulate the conformation of Abeta (1-42), the reported studies have set the fundamental techniques for this project.The goal of the second project was to compare the kavalactone content and the inhibition of human P450 enzymes for commercial and traditional kava extracts. We report that amounts and ratios of kavalactones are similar for solvents that mimic commercial extracts but different from aqueous extract (traditional extract). All extracts tested show similar inhibition of the P450 enzymes suggesting that kava extracts, commercial or traditional, may lead to herb-drug interactions. These results also suggest that because of their higher concentration of kavalactones, commercial kava extracts are more likely to cause adverse drug reactions via inhibition of drug metabolism.
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Amaral, Carita Liberato do [UNESP]. "Estudo fitoquímico de Vernonia ferruginea: abordagens alelopáticas e metabolômicas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150245.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
As condições ambientais, assim como o contraste sazonal nas fitofisionomias do Cerrado entre a época seca e úmida colaboram para a diversificada sintetize e seleção de metabólitos secundários em plantas. Os metabólitos secundários atuam como uma interface química entre plantas e o meio, desta forma a sua síntese pode ser comumente alterada pelas condições ambientais. Fatores como temperatura, disponibilidade hídrica, luminosidade, características do solo, nutrientes e poluição atuam diretamente sobre a produção e liberação desses compostos. Os microrganismos do solo podem transformar os compostos tóxicos liberados, desativando-os ou dando origem a compostos ainda mais tóxicos, assim como esses compostos podem alterar as características e atributos do solo quando presentes em quantidades adequadas. Dentre as plantas nativas do Cerrado destaca-se a espécie Vernonia ferruginea, uma agressiva infestante de pastagem, que possui indícios de produção de compostos com potencial tóxico. Desta forma, esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida para verificar a atividade tóxica de V. ferruginea e se a mudança de algumas características como disponibilidade hídrica, tipo de solo, condições de luminosidade e concentração de alumínio no solo influenciam a produção desses compostos. Para tal, plantas de V. ferruginea foram desenvolvidas sobre diferentes condições para posterior extração e/ou fracionamento do material vegetal para verificação de atividade biológica por meio de bioensaios e identificação de grupos químicos. Considerando os resultados dos parâmetros de germinabilidade e de desenvolvimento das espécies testadas é possível indagar sobre a possibilidade de V. ferruginea ter a capacidade de liberar substâncias tóxicas, uma vez que, consequências diretas da presença desses compostos nos extratos foram verificadas no bioensaio, como: a inibição/redução da germinação de sementes, injúria ou necrose no sistema radicular e redução do desenvolvimento e do acúmulo de massa seca das plântulas. Os resultados também dão base para constatar que algumas interações da espécie com as alterações nas suas condições de desenvolvimento causam desvios de rotas biossintética de metabólitos modificando e/ou potencializando sua capacidade fitotóxico.
The environmental conditions, as well as the seasonal contrast in the Cerrado phytophysiognomies between the dry and wet seasons, contribute to the diversified synthesis and selection of secondary metabolites in plants. Secondary metabolites act as a chemical interface between plants and the environment, so their synthesis can be commonly altered by environmental conditions. Factors such as temperature, water availability, luminosity, soil characteristics, nutrients and pollution act directly on the production and release of these compounds. Soil microorganisms can transform the released toxic compounds, deactivating them or giving rise to even more toxic compounds, as these compounds can alter the characteristics and attributes of the soil when present in adequate amounts. Among the native plants of the Cerrado, the species Vernonia ferruginea, an aggressive pasture weed, stands out, with indications of production of compounds with toxic potential. Thus, this research was developed to verify the toxic activity of V. ferruginea and if the change of some characteristics such as water availability, soil type, light conditions and aluminum concentration in the soil influence the production of these compounds. For this, plants of V. ferruginea were developed on different conditions for later extraction and / or fractionation of the vegetal material for verification of biological activity by means of bioassays and identification of chemical groups. Considering the results of the parameters of germinability and development of the tested species it is possible to inquire about the possibility of V. ferruginea being able to release toxic substances, since direct consequences of the presence of these compounds in the extracts were verified in the bioassay, such as: The inhibition / reduction of seed germination, injury or necrosis in the root system and reduction of the development and accumulation of dry mass of the seedlings. The results also provide evidence that some interactions of the species with changes in their developmental conditions cause biosynthetic pathway deviations of metabolites modifying and / or potentiating their phytotoxic capacity.
FAPESP: 12/25298-0
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Mokgotho, Matlou P. "Isolation and Characterisation of Bioactive Compounds from Commelina benghalensis Linn: Biological activity analysis of extracts against Wil-2 NS lymphoma cancer cell lines and selected pathogenic microorganisms." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/941.
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Mohutsky, Michael A. "Anti-salmonella adhesion activity of Saccharomyces boulardii ; Effects of of Ginkgo biloba on activities of Cytochromes P-450 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8177.
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Lemos, Virgínia Carvalho. "Evaluation of the effect of A. unedo L. extracts on blood indices and microelements status in high-fat STZ-induced diabetic rats." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15469.
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Mestrado em Bioquímica - Métodos BiomolécularesThe strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) is an endemic shrub, which grows in the Mediterranean region. In Portugal, it can be found through all the country but mostly in the south. The fruit is used to produce hams and jellies and firewater, reason why the fruit’s chemical composition is relatively well known, when compared to the leaves. Until now, there are only a few studies concerning the leaves’ chemical composition and the existing mainly focus on their phenolic content. This plant has long been used in folk medicine to treat a vast amount of illnesses like gastrointestinal disorders, gastritis, dermatologic and urological problems, kidney problems and cardiovascular diseases. However, very few studies in vivo have been performed about these medicinal properties until now. Diabetes is a pandemic disease that affects millions of people. There are only two studies about A. unedo root’s aqueous extract antidiabetic properties. This study evaluated the anti-diabetic effect of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) fruit and leaf aqueous extracts in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats fed with a high-fat diet. Firstly the optimal parameters to obtain the fruit aqueous extract were established. After that, the leaves and fruits aqueous extracts were characterized in terms of total phenolic content (TPC). Leaf aqueous extracts presented a higher TPC concentration than the fruit aqueous extract. Male Wistar rats were injected with STZ, after a 2 week feeding with high-fat diet in order to induce non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes. After confirmation of the rats’ diabetic state, the animals were fed with Arbutus unedo L. fruit aqueous extract or leaf aqueous extract added to the high-fat diet for 4 weeks. The extracts were given in the following doses: 1.25g /kg b.w./day for leaf extract and 0.5g /kg b.w./day for fruit extract. After the animals were sacrificed analyses were perform for blood indices, haematological indices, mineral tissular status and gene expression. Arbutus unedo L. fruit extract presented a tendency to lower blood glucose levels. More beneficial effects were seen for this extract in terms of regulating TNF-α gene expression in muscular tissue. Some effects in zinc renal homeostasis were also shown, although they were not very significant. The leaf extract, appeared to be more efficient in regulating insulin levels and improving HOMA-IR index. It also presented a tendency towards lowering blood glucose levels. Both extracts proved to efficiently improve insulin sensitivity (leaf extract in a larger extent). In this study, there were also some good preliminary results, as the groups supplemented with this extracts showed a tendency in decreasing serum creatinine and/or phosphatase concentration, improving the Red Cell Distribution Width measured with standard deviation (RDW-SD) and lymphocytes concentration. Positive antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory aspects were found for both aqueous extracts. The results obtained confirm the mid-therapeutically effects of A. unedo as the plant’s material effectively improved insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR index) although failed to significantly modulate glucose metabolism. This study was the first in vivo trial on a type 2 diabetes animal model that evaluated the antidiabetic potential of Arbutus unedo L. fruits and leaves aqueous extracts.
O medronheiro (Arbutus unedo L.) é um arbusto endémico que cresce em toda a região Mediterrânica. Em Portugal, pode ser encontrado em todo o território continental, principalmente na zona sul do país. O fruto é utilizado na produção de compotas, marmeladas e aguardente, pelo que a composição química deste é relativamente bem conhecido quando comparado com as folhas. Actualmente, existem poucos estudos sobre a composição química das folhas, sendo que a maioria visa apenas o seu conteúdo em compostos fenólicos. Esta planta tem sido utilizada na medicina popular para tratar diversas doenças tais como distúrbios gastrointestinais, gastrite, problemas dermatológico, urológicos, renais e cardiovasculares. No entanto, até ao momento existem poucos estudos in vivo que atestem estas propriedades medicinais, o que justifica a realização deste tipo de ensaios. No caso da diabetes, que afecta milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, existem apenas dois estudos sobre as propriedades antidiabéticas do extrato aquoso das raízes de A. unedo. O presente trabalho de mestrado avaliou o potencial antidiabético dos extractos aquosos das folhas e frutos do medronheiro. O estudo foi efectuado em ratos diabéticos (diabetes induzida por Estreptozotocina - STZ) alimentados com uma ração rica em gordura. Primeiramente foram optimizados os parâmetros de extracção para a obtenção do extrato aquosos do fruto. De seguida os extratos aquosos de folhas e frutos foram caracterizados em termos de teor em fenóis totais. O extrato aquoso das folhas apresentou uma maior concentração de fenóis totais do que o extrato aquoso do fruto. Ratos Wistar do sexo masculino foram injectados com STZ após serem alimentados durante 2 semanas com uma dieta rica em gordura. Desta forma induziu-se diabetes tipo 2, não dependente de insulina. Após a confirmação da condição diabética dos ratos, a dieta rica em gordura continuou a ser administrada aos animais. No entanto, as dietas foram suplementadas com extrato aquoso ou do fruto ou das folhas de Arbutus unedo L., num tratamento com a duração de 4 semanas. Os extratos foram administrados nas seguintes doses: 1.25g /kg peso corporal/dia no caso do extrato da folhas 0.5g /kg peso corporal/dia no caso do extrato do fruto. Efectuaram-se análises a parâmetros do sangue, hematológicos, à homeostasia mineral dos tecidos e à expressão de determinados genes após os animais serem sacrificados. O extrato do fruto apresentou uma tendência a regular os níveis de glucose no sangue. Outros efeitos benéficos foram atribuídos a este extrato, nomeadamente ao nível da regulação da expressão do gene de TNF-α a nível muscular. Este extrato também apresentou alguns efeitos ao nível da regulação da homeostase renal de zinco, embora não muito significativos. O extrato da folha provou ser mais eficiente a regular os níveis de insulina, a melhorar a resistência à insulina (HOMA-IR). Também apresentou uma tendência a regular os níveis de glucose no sangue. Ambos os extratos aumentaram de forma eficiente a sensibilidade à insulina (embora o extrato da folha o tenha feito de forma mais pronunciada). Obtiveram-se ainda bons resultados preliminares, uma vez que estes extratos demostraram que ocorreu uma tendência em termos de diminuição da concentração de creatinina e/ou fosfatase, de aumento do valor do parâmetro de Amplitude de Distribuição dos Eritrócitos medido como Desvio Padrão (RDW-SD), de aumento da concentração de linfócitos e diminuíram. Para ambos os extratos foram detectados efeitos antidiabéticos e anti-inflamatórios. Os resultados obtidos confirmam que A. unedo apresenta alguns efeitos terapêuticos, embora ligeiros. Os extratos desta planta melhoraram significativamente a sensibilidade à insulina mas não conseguiram regular significativamente o metabolismo da glucose. Este estudo foi o primeiro, num modelo animal de diabetes tipo 2 que avaliou o potencial antidiabético dos extratos aquosos dos frutos e folhas de Arbutus unedo L.
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Garbenis, Vaidotas. "Biologinių ekstraktų, tinkamų Kolorado vabalo bulvių pasėliuose kontrolei, tyrimai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090114_154843-26644.
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Darbo objektas – ekologiškai auginamos bulvės, kuriose pasireiškia kolorado vabalai.
Darbo tikslas – įvertinti pušų ir gvazdikėlių ekstraktų poveikį kolorado vabalams bulvių pasėliuose.
Darbo metodai – tyrimas buvo vykdomas 2007 m.. Bulvių sėkla daiginta 20 dienų šviesioje ir šiltoje patalpoje. Bandymas buvo įrengtas sodo sklypelyje. Pavasarį žemė įdirbta kastuvu. Mėšlas įterptas kastuvu 40 t ha-1 norma. Bulvių veislė „Rosela“. Pasodinta rankomis išmėtant bulves į padarytas vagutes.
Bandymo bulvės buvo suskirstytos po dvi vagas purkšti ekstraktais, ir kontrolei. Purkšta pušų ir gvazdikėlių ekstraktų tirpalais. Dėl meteorologinių sąlygų (lietaus) bulvės jau buvo 10 – 15 cm kai pasirodė pirmieji kolorado vabalai. Po purškimų buvo stebima ar sumažėjo kolorado vabalų ir vertinama koks ekstraktas labiausiai paveikė kolorado vabalus. Nukasus bulves jų gumbai buvo sveriami. Nustatyta vidutinė vieno bulvių kero gumbų masė gramais, bei vidutinis gumbų skaičius vienetais. Purškiant buvo naudojami skydai, kad apsaugoti kitus variantus. Gumbų masė nustatyta svėrimo metodu. Purkštų pušų ir gvazdikėlių ekstraktų tirpalais bulvių derlius buvo lyginamas su kontroliniu variantu. Prieš pradedant vykdyti tyrimus, gegužės mėnesį buvo bandoma, kurią koncentraciją pasirinkti tolimesniams tyrimams (dėl vietos stokos ir bandymų vykdymo sudėtingumo). Preliminarūs tyrimai buvo atliekami dvejose vietose: Vokėje ir Šilalėje. Prieita nuomonės, kad 1% koncentracijos tirpalai mažai efektingi. Tuo tarpu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Object of work – cultivation of ecologic potatoes, in which was found colorado beetles. Purpose of work – to estimate pine and clove extracts influence for pest (colorado beetles) into potatoes crops. Methods of work – the research had been conducting at 2007 y.. The seed of potatoes was cultivating in brightly and warm place for twenty days. The test was made in plot of garden. The soil was diged by spade on springtime. Manure was spread by spade 40 t. to hectare norm. The sort of potatoes „Rosela“. The potatoes was plant into furrows by hands. The researching potatoes was plant into to furrow, for sprinkling by extracts and for control. The potatoes was sprinkled by pine and clove extracts. Because of rain potatoes already was 10-15 cm. high, when appear first pests. After sprinkling was looking, if populiation of insects decrease, and testing which of extratcs was more effective. After potaoes gathering, it was weigh. Was find out a average weight of one potatoes growth bush, and average number of potatoes into bush. Was used screen to protect other rows of potato. The weight of lumps was found by weigh method. The harvest of sprinkled potatoes was compare with control rows. Before tests, was testing which concentration of extract to choose for research ( because of shortage of time, and complication of research). The research have been done in to place: Voke and Silale. I come to concliusion that 1% concentration extract aren‘t efective... [to full text]
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Ribeiro, Vandjore de Mattos. "Efeito alelopático de espécies exóticas invasoras sobre espécies nativas de floresta estacional semidecidual." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2015. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/704.
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Invasive alien species can interfere with the development of native species for the production and release of chemicals in the environment, a phenomenon known as allelopathy. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the allelopathic potential and oxidative stress on seeds and Cucumis sativus seedlings when submitted to aqueous extracts of Leucaena leucocephala. Therefore, we evaluated the germination behavior, early growth and activity of antioxidant enzymes in different soaking time of seeds and target species of seedlings. The results indicated that there was interference from L. leucocephala extracts on the germination of variables, speed index and average germination time, decreased length of root and shoot growth stimulus. Regarding enzymatic activity, it was found high activity of catalase enzyme after 24 hours of soaking seeds, and low activity in the seedlings after 168 hours of soaking. As for the peroxidase enzyme, there was low activity in seeds and high activity in the C. sativus seedlings. They were also investigated the effect of aqueous extracts in the laboratory and powdered extracts, in a greenhouse, Leucaena leucocephala and Hovenia dulcis on the germination and early development of native species Mimosa bimucronata and Peltophorum dubium. Both extracts revealed allelopathic potential on seed germination and initial growth of M. bimucronata. No negative interference of extracts from the donor species on the germination of P. dubium, however, seedlings subjected to L. leucocephala extract had interference in the initial development, and the elongation of the radicle more sensitive to the effects of the extracts. Regarding the effects of the extract powder on the development of the species, it was found that there was no interference in the growth variables for the species M. bimucronata, however, to P. dubium, extracts promoted difference in the height of the seedlings field conditions. According to the methodology used and the results obtained, it observed that the allelopathic effects observed in the laboratory were more significant, suggesting that in a controlled environment, with little variation of environmental factors, the action of allelochemicals interfere more actively on seed germination and seedling development of the recipient species.
As espécies exóticas invasoras podem interferir no desenvolvimento de espécies nativas pela produção e liberação de compostos químicos no ambiente, fenômeno conhecido como alelopatia. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o potencial alelopático e estresse oxidativo sobre sementes e plântulas de Cucumis sativus quando submetidas ao extrato aquoso de Leucaena leucocephala. Para tanto, foram avaliados o comportamento germinativo, crescimento inicial e atividade de enzimas antioxidantes em diferentes tempos de embebição das sementes e plântulas da espécie-alvo. Os resultados indicaram que houve interferência dos extratos de L. leucocephala sobre as variáveis de germinação, índice de velocidade e tempo médio de germinação, diminuição do comprimento de raiz e estímulo de crescimento de parte aérea. Em relação a atividade enzimática, foi verificada alta atividade da enzima catalase, após 24h da embebição das sementes, e baixa atividade nas plântulas, após 168h de embebição. Já para a enzima peroxidase, observou-se baixa atividade nas sementes e alta atividade nas plântulas de C. sativus. Também foram investigados o efeito dos extratos aquosos, em laboratório, e extratos em pó, em casa de vegetação, de Leucaena leucocephala e Hovenia dulcis, sobre a germinação e desenvolvimento inicial das espécies nativas Mimosa bimucronata e Peltophorum dubium. Ambos os extratos evidenciaram potencialidades alelopáticas na germinação das sementes e no crescimento inicial de M. bimucronata. Não foram observadas interferências negativas dos extratos das espécies doadoras sobre o processo germinativo de P. dubium, entretanto, plântulas submetidas ao extrato de L. leucocephala tiveram interferência no desenvolvimento inicial, sendo o alongamento da radícula mais sensível aos efeitos dos extratos. Em relação aos efeitos do extrato em pó sobre o desenvolvimento das espécies, constatou-se que não houve interferência nas variáveis de crescimento analisadas para a espécie M. bimucronata, entretanto, para P. dubium, os extratos promoveram diferença sobre a altura das mudas em condições de campo. De acordo com a metodologia adotada e os resultados obtidos, foi possível verificar que os efeitos alelopáticos observados em laboratório foram mais significativos, sugerindo que em ambiente controlado, com pouca variação de fatores ambientais, a ação dos aleloquímicos interferem mais ativamente sobre a germinação de sementes e o desenvolvimento_de_plântulas_das_espécies_receptoras
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Rezk, Ahmed Verfasser], Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Ullrich, Klaudia [Akademischer Betreuer] [Brix, Nikolai [Akademischer Betreuer] Kuhnert, and Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Albach. "From Ethnomedicine to Application: Biological Activities and Cytotoxicity of Leaf Extracts from Plants of the Genus Rhododendron / Ahmed Rezk. Betreuer: Matthias Ullrich ; Klaudia Brix. Gutachter: Matthias Ullrich ; Klaudia Brix ; Nikolai Kuhnert ; Dirk Albach." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1087325749/34.
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Santos, Daiane Rodrigues dos. "Atividade inseticida de extratos e ?leos essenciais de esp?cies do G?nero Lippia contra Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) e Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky, 1855)." Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2017. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/503.
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Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2017-10-02T21:48:26Z
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The exploitation potential of new biopesticides sources is very broad in Brazil and worldwide. In the past few years, the search for these products has been intensified due to serious health and environmental issues caused by the use of synthetic insecticides. In this context, essential oils and extracts of vegetal species have been considered as an alternative to agriculture. Thus, the aim of this work was to test the insecticidal potential of species belonging to the genus Lippia Lippia insignis Mondenk 1976, Lippia lasiocalycina Schauer, 1832 e Lippia thymoides Martius & Schauer, 1832 no controle de insetos-praga que provocam danos econ?micos (Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius, 1775 e Nasutitermes corniger Motschulsky, 1855) in the control of insect-pest responsible for economic damage (Callosobruchus. maculatus and Nasutitermes corniger). The samples were collected in the experimental area in the Horto Florestal (UEFS) and after the material was dried, the essential oils were extracted and the extracts were prepared. In vitro trials were performed in order to verify the effects of essential oils and extracts against C. maculatus and N. corniger. The methodology of exposition to contaminated surface, testing an initial concentration of aqueous and methanolic extract and essential oils was adopted to determine the insecticidal activity of extracts and oils. The mortality was verified 24 and 48 hours after treatment application, and the product with major potential on the insect mortality was diluted in different concentrations to determine the medium lethal concentration (LC50). The repellent activity against C. maculatus and N. corniger was evaluated. Moreover, specific tests with C. maculatus investigated the product efficiency in two methods of application, as well as the quantification and identification of chemical constituents present in the studied species oils using GC/FID and GC/MS techniques. The results obtained revealed, occurrence highlighted of ?-mirceno and E -ocimenona in the sample of L. lasiocalycina, in L. insignis were prominent ?-mirceno e o limoneno. For L. thymoides the main constituents were: E-cariofileno e o ?xido de cariofileno.for C. maculatus, the essential oil of L. insignis stood out as insecticidal activity with CL50 of 3,11 ?l/ml. Although both methods of application showed efficiency in the control of this insect-pest, there was no repellent activity verified in the oil of L. insignis (5?l/ml). For N. corniger, the essential oils of all tested species, as well as the methanolic extract of L. insignis exhibited promising results in the control of this insect-pest. It was also verified that L. lasiocalycina possessed lower LC50 (0,47 ?l/ml) compared to L. insignis (0,88 ?l/ml) and L. thymoides (3,64 ?l/ml), while the LC50 of L. insignis methanolic extract was 27,84 mg/ml. Furthermore, essential oils and methanolic extracts of Lippia studied species revealed repellent activity in the N. corniger in vitro trials.
O potencial de explora??o de novas fontes de biopesticidas ? bastante amplo no Brasil e no mundo. Nos ?ltimos anos, a busca por esses produtos tem se intensificado em virtude dos graves problemas de sa?de e ambientais advindos do uso de inseticidas sint?ticos. Neste contexto, os ?leos essenciais e extratos de esp?cies vegetais tem se mostrado uma boa alternativa para a agricultura. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi testar o potencial inseticida de esp?cies pertencentes ao g?nero Lippia (Lippia insignis Mondenk 1976, Lippia lasiocalycina Schauer, 1832 e Lippia thymoides Martius & Schauer, 1832 no controle de insetos-praga que provocam danos econ?micos (Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius,1775 e Nasutitermes corniger Motschulsky, 1855). A coleta das plantas foi realizada na ?rea experimental do Horto Florestal da UEFS e o material coletado, ap?s a secagem, foi destinado a extra??o de ?leos essenciais e preparo dos extratos. Foram realizados ensaios in vitro para verifica??o dos efeitos dos ?leos essenciais e extratos contra C. maculatus e N. corniger. Para a determina??o inicial da atividade inseticida dos extratos e ?leos foi utilizada a metodologia de exposi??o ? superf?cie contaminada, testando-se uma concentra??o inicial do extrato aquoso, extrato metan?lico e ?leos essenciais. A mortalidade foi verificada 24 e 48 hs ap?s a aplica??o dos tratamentos. O produto com maior potencial sobre a mortalidade dos insetos testados foi dilu?do em diferentes concentra??es para determina??o da concentra??o letal mediana (CL50). A atividade repelente contra C. maculatus e N. corniger foi avaliada. Al?m disso, testes espec?ficos com C. maculatus investigaram a efici?ncia do produto em dois m?todos de aplica??o, bem como a quantifica??o e identifica??o de constituintes qu?micos presentes nos ?leos de esp?cies estudados utilizando t?cnicas GC/ FID e GC / MS. Os resultados demonstraram, a ocorr?ncia destacada do ?-mirceno e E-ocimenona nas amostras de L. lasiocalycina, em L. insignis destacaram-se, ?-mirceno e limoneno. Para L. thymoides os constituintes principais foram: E-cariofileno e o ?xido de cariofileno. Para C. maculatus, que o ?leo essencial da esp?cie L. insignis destacou-se quanto ? atividade inseticida com CL50 de 3,11 ?l/ml. Embora ambos os m?todos de aplica??o tenham se mostrado eficientes no controle deste inseto-praga, n?o foi verificada atividade repelente do ?leo de L. insignis (5?l/ml). Para N. corniger, os ?leos essenciais de todas as esp?cies testadas, al?m do extrato metan?lico da esp?cie L. insignis mostraram-se promissores no controle a este inseto-praga. Foi verificado que a esp?cie L. lasiocalycina apresentou menor CL50 (0,47 ?l/ml) comparada a L. insignis (0,88 ?l/ml) e L. thymoides (3,64 ?l/ml), j? o extrato metan?lico de L. insignis obteve CL50 de (27,84 mg/ml). Os ?leos essenciais e extrato metan?lico das esp?cies de Lippia estudadas demonstram atividade repelente a N. corniger nos ensaios in vitro.
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Silva, Wilson Castro. "Potencialidade acaricida sobre Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus e estudo fitoquímico de Piper aduncum L. (Piperaceae), Palicourea marcgravii St. Hil (Rubiaceae) e Derris negrensis Benth (Fabaceae)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2008. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/625.
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O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é um ectoparasita que causa prejuízos econômicos à pecuária brasileira. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a potencialidade de extratos de Palicourea marcgravii e Derris negrensis e de extratos e óleo essencial de Piper aducum para o controle de R. microplus. Extratos de folhas de P. aduncum e P. marcgravii e caules de D. negrensis foram preparados com os solventes hexano, acetato de etila e etanol. Avaliou-se a atividade dos extratos sobre carrapatos adultos nas concentrações de 5, 25, 50, 75 e 100mg/ml, a fim de verificar a mortalidade e reprodução dos ácaros, observando-se que entre os extratos das três espécies avaliadas, o que apresentou maior potencial acaricida foi o extrato acetato de etila de P. marcgravii, o qual ocasionou taxas de mortalidade de fêmeas ingurgitadas entre 24 e 78%, estimando CL50 = 30,08 mg/ml; inibiu 100% da oviposição, estimando CI50 = 5,79 mg/ml. Avaliou-se, também, o efeito dos extratos das três plantas nas concentrações de 1,5, 10, 15 e 20mg/ml sobre larvas de R. microplus, verificando-se que o extrato acetato de etila de P. marcgravii foi o mais eficiente induzindo taxas de mortalidade que variaram de 30,32 a 95,11%, estimando CL50 = 2,46 mg/ml. A ação do óleo essencial de P. aduncum foi avaliada também em larvas, induzindo a mortalidade total das mesmas em todas as concentrações avaliadas. O óleo essencial foi analisado por Cromatografia Gasosa (CG) e Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectro de Massas (CG/EM) apresentando o dilapiol como composto majoritário(94,84%). Os extratos de D. negrensis não estimaram CL50 para fêmeas ingurgitadas e larvas de R. microplus. Estes resultados indicam a potencialidade acaricida dos extratos de P. marcgravii e do óleo essencial de P. aduncum, podendo ser uma alternativa de controle contra essa espécie de carrapato.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-05T18:18:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Wilson Castro Silva.pdf: 702565 bytes, checksum: 8418efdb56c5683626111a8bb8e61cd6 (MD5)
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The tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an ectoparasite that cause economic losses to brazilian livestock. In this work, it was evaluated the toxicity of Palicourea marcgravii and Derris negrensis extracts and Piper aduncum extracts and essential oil for R. microplus. Extract of leaves of P. aduncum and P. marcgravii and stems of D. negrensis were prepared with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol solvents. The extracts activity was evaluated on adult ticks at concentrations of 5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/ml, in order to verify mortality and reproduction of the acarids, being observed that among the extracts of three species evaluated, one that showed higher acaricidal potential was the ethyl acetate extract of P. marcgravii, which caused mortality rates of engorged female between 24 and 78%, estimating CL50 = 30,08 mg/ml; it have inhibited 100% of the oviposition, estimating CI50 = 5,79 mg/ml. It was evaluated too the extracts effect of the three plants at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/ml on R. microplus larvae, verifying that the P. marcgravii ethyl extract was more efficient inducing mortality rates that ranged from 30,32 to 95,11%, estimating CL50 = 2,46 mg/ml. The action of P. aduncum essential oil was evaluated on larvae too, inducing the total mortality of the same ones in all concentrations evaluated. The essential oil was analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography coupled Mass Spectrum (GC/MS) showing dilapiol as the major compound (94,84%). The D. negrensis extracts didn t estimate CL50 for engorged female and larvae of R. microplus. These results indicate the acaricidal potential of the P. marcgravii extracts and P. aduncum essential oil, and could be an alternative of control against that tick species.
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Whapham, Catherine. "Biologically-active compounds in seaweed extracts." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310473.
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Sousa, Maria José Batista de. "Avaliação do Potencial Genotóxico e Mutagênico de Extratos Padronizados de Caesalpinia ferrea (jucá) e Brosimum gaudichaudii (inharé)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2017. http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/3718.
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MARIA JOSÉ BATISTA DE SOUSA.pdf: 2843064 bytes, checksum: f400a0df10a20e086f4f74a5b6cf9480 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-29T13:18:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA JOSÉ BATISTA DE SOUSA.pdf: 2843064 bytes, checksum: f400a0df10a20e086f4f74a5b6cf9480 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28
The species Brosimum gaudichaudii (family Moraceae) and Caesalpinia ferrea (family Fabaceae) are widely distributed throughout Brazil and are considered medicinal plants. The extract of Brosimum gaudichaudii bark has been indicated for the treatment of skin blemishes and vitiligo. On the other hand, the extract of Caesalpinia ferrea fruit has been used due to its therapeutic properties as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic action. Much of the medicinal plant extracts constituents are unknown and may be toxic to human and animal health, so it is necessary to study the qualitative phytochemical of secondary metabolites and to evaluate the cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic potential of the extracts of these species. In this study, in order to evaluate the mutagenic and / or genotoxic effects, different concentrations of the extractive solutions of B. gaudichaudii and C. ferrea were evaluated in vivo in Astyanax sp and Allium cepa, and ex vivo, by the micronucleus test in T lymphocytes humans. Data were submitted to Kruskall-Wallis a non-parametric test and then to simple linear regression with a significance level of 5%. The Allium cepa test, micronucleus test for human T lymphocytes and erythrocytes of Astyanax sp did not indicate mutagenic and / or genotoxic potential of phytochemicals (p> 0.05) when compared to the non-exposed controls, except the concentration of 5 mg/L of B. gaudichaudii that showed cytotoxicity. On the other hand, the comet assay revealed genotoxic action for all concentrations evaluated for the tail length parameter of the comet. For the moment parameter of Olive's tail only the 20mg /L concentration of Caesalpinia ferrea extract was genotoxic. Therefore, apical meristematic cells from the roots of Allium cepa and human T lymphocytes did not present genotoxic and / or mutagenic changes induced by exposure to both plant extracts detectable by micronuclei tests or mitotic index reduction. Genotoxic effect was evidenced by the tail length and tail moment parameter of Olive in the Comet Assay only for C. ferrea extract in the erythrocytes of Astyanax sp. In order to understand the genotoxic and mutagenic activities of B. gaudichaudii and C. ferrea it is important to increase the number of studies to establish safer doses for human consumption.
As espécies Brosimum gaudichaudii (família Moraceae) e Caesalpinia ferrea da família Fabaceae são amplamente distribuídas pelo território brasileiro e são consideradas plantas medicinais. O extrato das cascas de Brosimum gaudichaudii tem sido indicado para tratamento de mancha de pele e vitiligo. Por outro lado, o extrato dos frutos de Caesalpinia ferrea tem sido usado devido suas propriedades terapêuticas como ação antibacteriana, antiinflamatória e analgésica. A maioria dos fitoquímicos presentes nos extratos de plantas medicinais ainda não foram completamente estudados e podem ser tóxicos para a saúde humana e animal. Nesse sentido, é necessário estudos fitoquímicos qualitativos de metabólitos secundários e avaliação do potencial citotóxico, genotóxico e mutagênico dos extratos destas espécies. Nesse estudo, visando avaliar os efeitos mutagênico e/ou genotóxico, diferentes concentrações das soluções extrativas de B. gaudichaudii e C. ferrea foram avaliadas in vivo em Astyanax sp e em Allium cepa, e em ex vivo, pelo teste de micronúcleos em linfócitos T humanos. Os resultados observados das análises foram submetidos ao teste não paramétrico Kruskall-Wallis e posteriormente a regressão linear simples com nível de significância 5%. O teste em Allium cepa, teste de micronúcleo em linfócitos T humanos e em eritrócitos de Astyanax sp não indicaram potencial mutagênico e/ou genotóxico dos fitoconstituintes (p>0,05) quando comparado aos controles não expostos, exceto a concentração de 5g/L de B. gaudichaudii que apresentou citotoxicidade (p=0,038). Por outro lado, o ensaio cometa, revelou ação genotóxica para todas as concentrações avaliadas no parâmetro comprimento da cauda do cometa, para o parâmetro momento da cauda de Olive, apenas a concentração de 20mg/L do extrato de Caesalpinia ferrea mostrou-se genotóxica. Nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados evidenciou danos genéticos resultantes da exposição aos extratos das cascas do caule de B. gaudichaudii. Portanto, as células meristemáticas apicais das raízes de Allium cepa e os linfócitos T humanos não apresentaram alterações genotóxicas e/ou mutagênicas induzidas pela exposição a ambos extratos vegetais que pudesse ser detectadas pelos testes do micronúcleos ou redução do índice mitóticos. Enquanto, nos eritrócitos de Astyanax sp foi evidenciado ação genotóxica pelo parâmetro comprimento da cauda do cometa e momento de da cauda de Olive somente para o extrato de C. ferrea. Diante do exposto, há necessidade de ampliar os estudos para melhor compreensão das atividades genotóxicas e/ou mutagênicas dos extratos de B. gaudichaudii e C. ferrea visando o estabelecimento de doses mais seguras para o consumo humano.
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Talag, Agela Hussain Mohammed. "Phytochemical investigation and biological activities of Sanicula europaea and Teucrium davaeanum : isolation and identification of some constituents of Sanicula europaea and Teucrium davaeanum and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of both plants and cytotoxic activity of some isolated compounds." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14482.
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The aim of this research was to investigate the phytochemistry of two species Sanicula europaea and Teucrium davaeanum which are traditionally used in treatment of wounds. Four compounds were isolated from the 80% methanolic extract of S. europaea; bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (1), palmitic acid (2), rosmarinic acid (3), saniculoside N (4). Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated for the first time from this species. The structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry measurements. Two compounds were isolated from the crude glycosides extract of T.davaeanum; 6 is a phenylethanoid glycoside and 8 is an iridoid glycoside, from the data available these may be new compounds for which the names davaeanuside A and davaeanuside B are proposed respectively." The total polyphenol content of S. europaea L, T. davaeanum leaves-flowers and T. davaeanum stem were found to be 5.0, 1.20 and 0.65 mg per 100 mg dried plant material respectively. A study of the antioxidant activity of the 50 % ethanol extracts of S. europaea and T. davaeanum showed that on a mg/mg basis S. europaea and T. davaeanum have approximately 5%, 8 % antioxidant capacity of Trolox respectively. A study of the cytotoxic activity of davaeanuside A (6), iridoid glycoside (7), davaeanuside B (8) and saponin compound (10) isolated from the crude glycosides extract of T. davaeanum revealed that saponin compound (10) inhibited the growth of Hela cells by 50 % at 50 μg/ml, P< 0.001, but the other compounds did not show activities against the tested cell lines at 100 μg/ml. The results of this work provide some basis for the traditional use of these species in the treatment of wounds.
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Santos, Alexander. "Verifica??o da atividade antif?ngica de extratos aquosos de Cymbopogon citratus, Peumus boldus e Shinus terebinthifolia sobre cinco esp?cies de fungos do g?nero Aspergillus." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2008. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/873.
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Previous issue date: 2008-04-15This work was developed in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the Institute of Veterinary Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in Serop?dica-RJ. We evaluated the antifungal activity plant Cymbopogon citratus (lemon-grass), Peumus boldus (boldo) and Shinus terebinthifolia (aroeira), inhibition of growth of species of the genus Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. Parasiticus and A. carbonarius. Using the method of minimum inhibitory concentration in agar, with the technique of dilution plate (Pour-Plate), were held dilutions of different extracts, resulting in the final concentrations of 5%, 2.5% and 1.25%. Testing of commercial sensitivity to antifungal - ketoconazole were made in a final concentration of 1933.18 ? g /mL, as recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). The results obtained in the experiments have shown that aqueous extracts of C. citratus and S. terebinthifolia, after 24 hours of incubation, were able to inhibit the growth of A. flavus and A. carbonarius, respectively. The other extracts being studied and tested in the concentrations were not able to inhibit the growth of mycelial species of the genus Aspergillus.
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia do Instituto de Veterin?ria da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, em Serop?dica-RJ. Foram avaliadas a atividade antif?ngica das plantas Cymbopogon citratus (capim-lim?o), Peumus boldus (boldo) e Shinus terebinthifolia (aroeira), na inibi??o do crescimento de esp?cies do g?nero Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus e A. carbonarius). Utilizando o m?todo da concentra??o inibit?ria m?nima em ?gar, com a t?cnica de dilui??o em placa (Pour-Plate), foram realizadas dilui??es dos diferentes extratos, obtendo-se as concentra??es finais de 5%, 2,5% e 1,25%. Testes de sensibilidade ao antif?ngico comercial - cetoconazol foram realizados numa concentra??o final de 1933,18 ?g/mL, conforme recomendada pelo National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Os resultados obtidos nos experimentos demonstraram que os extratos aquosos de C. citratus e S. terebinthifolia, ap?s 24 horas de incuba??o, foram capazes de inibir o crescimento de A. flavus e A. carbonarius, respectivamente. Os demais extratos em estudo e nas concentra??es testadas, n?o foram capazes de inibir o crescimento micelial das esp?cies do g?nero Aspergillus.
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Sartor, Tiago. "Express?o de genes relacionados ? defesa em plantas de Solanum tuberosum tratadas com acido salic?lico e extrato bacteriano." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/6229.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Potato is currently the third most consumed food crop after rice and wheat, and it is a valuable resource for alleviating poverty in undeveloped countries. However, potato crop fields are attacked by numerous pests and pathogens, which represent a threat to the global potato production. Unlike animals, plants do not possess an adaptive immune system. Therefore, each individual plant cell needs to be able to perceive the pathogen, release signals to neighbor cells, and produce a defense response. Plant cells recognize the pathogen through Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), triggering a signaling cascade that results in the activation of defense-related genes, which characterize the occurrence of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR). Among the factors involved in the regulation of defense-related genes, salicylic acid is widely known as an elicitor of plant defense against biotrophic pathogens.Besides this hormone, it has been demonstrated that a bacterial extract of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (referred to as XTH) is capable of inducing resistance against pectolytic bacteria via poorly understood mechanisms. Considering the different signaling pathways involved in plant defense, we intended to investigate the occurrence of systemic resistance in Solanum tuberosum plants treated with XTH or salicylic acid, by analyzing the expression of PR-1b, PR-2, ChtA, PAL, Pin2, JAZ1/TIFY10A, and ERF1 genes. Our results suggest that XTH is capable of inducing systemic resistance in potato plants via concomitant activation of the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene signaling pathways.
A batata ? atualmente o terceiro alimento mais consumido no mundo, depois do arroz e do trigo, al?m de ser um recurso importante no combate ? fome em pa?ses subdesenvolvidos. Entretanto, plantas de batata s?o atacadas por diversas pragas e pat?genos, que representam uma amea?a ? produ??o global de tub?rculos. Ao contr?rio dos animais, as plantas n?o possuem um sistema imune adaptativo. Dessa forma, as plantas dependem que cada c?lula, individualmente, tenha a capacidade de perceber o pat?geno, sinalizar ?s c?lulas vizinhas e produzir uma resposta de defesa. As c?lulas vegetais percebem o contato do pat?geno atrav?s de Receptores de Reconhecimento de Padr?es (PRRs), desencadeando cascatas de sinaliza??o que levam ? ativa??o de genes de defesa, os quais caracterizam a ocorr?ncia de Resist?ncia Sist?mica Adquirida (SAR). Dentre os fatores envolvidos na regula??o de genes relacionados ? defesa, o ?cido salic?lico ? amplamente conhecido como um eliciador da defesa vegetal contra pat?genos biotr?ficos.Al?m deste horm?nio, foi demonstrado que o extrato bacteriano de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (denominado de indutor XTH) possui a caracter?stica de induzir resist?ncia contra fitobact?rias pectol?ticas atrav?s de mecanismos ainda pouco conhecidos. Considerando as diferentes vias de sinaliza??o envolvidas na defesa vegetal, pretendeu-se investigar a ocorr?ncia de resist?ncia sist?mica em plantas de Solanum tuberosum tratadas com indutor XTH ou ?cido salic?lico, atrav?s da an?lise transcricional dos genes PR-1b, PR-2, ChtA, PAL, Pin2, JAZ1/TIFY10A e ERF1. Os resultados sugerem que o indutor XTH tem a capacidade de induzir resist?ncia sist?mica em plantas de batata atrav?s da ativa??o concomitante das vias de sinaliza??o do ?cido salic?lico, jasmonato e etileno.
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Aragão, Danielle Maria de Oliveira. "Cecropia pachystachya Trécul como adjuvante no tratamento do diabetes melito." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/4276.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Diabetes melito engloba uma série de alterações metabólicas que acarretam um estado crônico de hiperglicemia. Buscando novas alternativas para seu tratamento, muitas espécies de plantas conhecidas na medicina popular pelas propriedades hipoglicemiantes têm sido avaliadas. Entre essas espécies está Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (URTICACEAE), uma planta nativa do Brasil, cujos nomes populares são embaúba, imbaíba, umbaúba, árvore-de-preguiça, barbeira, torém. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial hipoglicemiante, antioxidante e toxicológico das folhas de Cecropia pachystachya. Inicialmente foram preparados dois extratos das folhas dessa espécie, metanólico (EM) e em acetato de etila (EAE). Ambos os extratos foram submetidos à análise quantitativa dos marcadores moleculares e, posteriormente, foi avaliado o efeito hipoglicemiante de cada um deles. EAE foi ncorporado a uma formulação farmacêutica líquida (FF). EM, EAE e FF foram utilizados para o tratamento de ratos da linhagem Wistar normais e induzidos ao diabetes por estreptozotocina. A evolução desses tratamentos foi avaliada através de medidas mensais de glicemias de jejum, além de acompanhamento de peso corporal e consumos de água e ração. Ao final de seis meses, os animais foram eutanasiados e amostras de sangue e órgãos foram coletadas para análises bioquímicas, antioxidante e histopatológica. Foram ainda avaliados os efeitos de FF após a interrupção do tratamento e o efeito do pré-tratamento com FF na indução de ratos com estreptozocina. A análise do perfil cromatográfico de EM e EAE revelou a presença de três marcadores moleculares, ácido clorogênico, isoorientina e orientina. Na análise quantitativa foram observados maiores teores dos flavonoides isoorientina e orientina em EAE. Os extratos padronizados foram administrados em ratos diabéticos ao longo de seis meses, mostrando reduções significativas tanto para EM (56%) quanto para EAE (69%). No entanto, EAE apresentou redução significativa da glicemia já no primeiro mês de tratamento, além de apresentar resultados relevantes em todos os parâmetros antioxidantes avaliados. O tratamento crônico com FF proporcionou uma redução de aproximadamente 70% da glicemia de jejum, ao final dos seis meses, em relação à glicemia inicial desses mesmos animais. Após a interrupção desse tratamento, as glicemias de animais diabéticos foram mantidas em níveis normais. Além disso, o pré-tratamento de ratos normais com FF promoveu proteção sobre as células B-pancreáticas durante a indução do diabetes utilizando estreptozocina. Os resultados mostraram que a FF desenvolvida a partir da espécie Cecropia pachystachya pode ser indicada na preparação de um fitoterápico para auxiliar no tratamento do diabetes melito.
Diabetes mellitus comprises a series of metabolic changes that lead to a chronic state of hyperglycemia. Seeking new alternatives for their treatment, many species of plants known in folk medicine for hypoglycemic properties have been evaluated. Among these species is Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (Urticaceae), a plant native to Brazil, whose common names are embaúba, imbaíba, umbaúba, tree-of-laziness, barbeira, Torem. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the potential hypoglycemic, antioxidant and toxicology of Cecropia leaves pachystachya. Initially were prepared two extracts from the leaves of this species, methanol (EM) and ethyl acetate (EAE). Both extracts were subjected to quantitative analysis of molecula markers and subsequently evaluated the hypoglycemic effect of each. EAE was incorporated into a liquid pharmaceutical formulation (FF). MS, EAE and FF were used for the treatment of normal Wistar rats and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The evolution of these treatments was evaluated through monthly measurements of fasting glucose, and body weight monitoring and water and feed consumption. After six months, the animals were euthanized and blood samples and organs were collected for biochemical, antioxidant and histopathological analysis. We also assessed the effects of FF after discontinuation of treatment and the effect of pretreatment with inducing FF in rats with streptozocin. Analysis of the chromatographic profile of MS and EAE showed the presence of three molecular markers, chlorogenic, orientin and isoorientina acid. The quantitative analysis showed higher levels of flavonoids orientin isoorientina and in EAE. Standardized extracts were administered to diabetic rats over six months, showing significant reductions for both MS (56%) and against EAE (69%). However, EAE had a significant reduction of blood glucose in the first month of treatment, and provide relevant results in all evaluated parameters antioxidants. Chronic treatment with FF was reduced by approximately 70% of fasting glucose at the end of six months from the initial blood glucose of those animals. After discontinuation of treatment, the glycemia of diabetic animals were maintained at normal levels. In addition, pretreatment of mice with normal FF provided protection for pancreatic B-cells in diabetes induced using streptozotocin. The results show that FF developed from Cecropia pachystachya species can be indicated in a herbal preparation to aid in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Carpanezzi, Fernando Bertol. "Investigação do potencial alelopático de Pittosporum undulatum Vent." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1948.
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Previous issue date: 2009-03-26Pittosporum undulatum Vent., an Australian tree implicated in supression of tree recruiment in many ecosystems, is found invading secondary Araucaria forests in subtropical Brazil. The first chapter of this study aimed to investigate the role of allelopathy in the invasive proccess, accessing germination and growth of Bauhinia forficata Link. in presence of secondary metabolites from cheesewood leaves. Leachates in concentrations of 20%, 15%, 10% and 5% (w/v), extracts from dry material (10%; 7,5%; 5% and 2,5%) and coumarin solutions (2,5 mM; 1,25 mM; 0,625 mM and 0,3125 mM) were prepared. Petri-dishes germination bioassays, with countings done at each 12 hours, allowed to determinate both germinabilty and germination rate; polyethylene glicol (PEG 6000) solutions were used to evaluate osmotic effects. For seedlings growth, the three highest concentrations of each solution were tested and after seven days root and shoot lenght were measured. While germinability was only sensitive to extracts from dry material, the germination rate showed a dose-dependent curve for all solutions. In seedlings, roots were the most sensitive structure and severe morfo-anatomic anomalies were observed. The main purpose of the second chapter was to investigate the use of Pittosporum undulatum Vent. (cheesewood) leaves as a possible sustainable alternative for barnyard grass control. Leachates in concentrations of 20%; 15%; 10%; 5% and 2,5% (w/v), aqueous extracts from powdered leachated and non- eachated leaves (10%; 7,5%; 5%; 2,5% and 1,25%), coumarin solutions (2,5 mM; 1,25 mM; 0,625 mM and 0,3125 mM) and Roundup Original® according to label informations were prepared. Polyethylene glycol were also used. Both germinability and germination rate were determined by germination biossays, with countings done at each 12 hours. In growth experiments, seedlings were exposed for seven days, when root and shoot length were measured. All solutions, with exception of coumarins, caused only small inhibitory effects on germination. In relation to the growth, all treatments but control caused necrose, absence of hairs and dose-dependent lenght reduction in radicles. Hipocotiles were affected by phenolic compound, extracts from non-leachated leaves and gliphosate. Although the allelopathic effects, ecophisiological aspects relative to Pittosporum undulatum still need to be cleared before its leaves can be used as a herbicide.
A árvore australiana Pittosporum undulatum Vent. (Pittosporaceae) é encontrada diminuindo o recrutamento de espécies nativas em formações secundárias de Floresta Ombrófila Mista no sul do Brasil. O objetivo do primeiro capítulo desse estudo foi verificar a ação alelopática da espécie no processo invasivo, investigando a sensibilidade de sementes e plântulas de Bauhinia forficata Link. (pata-de-vaca) à compostos foliares de pau-incenso. Foram preparados extratos aquosos lixiviados nas concentrações de 20%, 15%, 10% e 5% (m/v), extratos aquosos obtidos do pó de folhas lixiviadas (10%; 7,5%; 5% e 2,5% ) e soluções de cumarina a 2,5 mM; 1,25 mM; 0,625 mM e 0,3125 mM. Bioensaios em placas de Petri, com contagens realizadas a cada 12 horas, permitiram determinar a germinabilidade e velocidade de germinação; soluções de polietileno glicol (PEG 6000) foram preparadas para analisar os efeitos osmóticos. Nos bioensaios de crescimento, utilizaram-se as três concentrações mais elevadas de cada solução, sendo, após sete dias, medidos o comprimento radicular e de parte aérea. Enquanto a germinabilidade mostrou-se sensível apenas aos extratos de pó de folhas, a velocidade de germinação apresentou resposta dose-dependente para todas as soluções testadas. Quanto ao crescimento, a radícula foi a estrutura mais sensível aos efeitos alelopáticos, sendo observadas alterações morfo-anatômicas. No segundo capitulo, objetivou-se investigar o uso de material foliar de pau-incenso como alternativa ao manejo do capim-arroz, uma gramínea resistente a herbicidas que traz problemas a plantações de arroz e à biodiversidade de planícies úmidas em todo o mundo. Foram preparados extratos aquosos foliares lixiviados nas concentrações de 20%; 15%; 10%; 5% e 2,5% (m/v), extratos aquosos obtidos do pó de folhas lixiviadas e não-lixiviadas (10%; 7,5%; 5%; 2,5% e 1,25%), soluções de cumarina a 5mM; 2,5 mM; 1,25 mM; 0,625 mM e 0,3125 mM e solução de Roundup® Original seguindo as recomendações do fabricante. Soluções de PEG também foram utilizadas. Para bioensaios de germinação, as contagens foram realizadas a cada 12 horas, sendo determinadas as porcentagens e velocidades germinativas; para o crescimento, plântulas de sete dias submetidas aos compostos tiveram medidos seus comprimentos de radícula e parte aérea. A germinação, apesar de fortemente inibida pela cumarina, foi pouco sensível às demais soluções. Quanto ao crescimento, as radículas analisadas apresentaram necrose, ausência de pêlos e redução dose-dependente do comprimento para todos os tratamentos com exceção do controle. Os hipocótilos foram afetados pelo composto fenólico, glifosato e extratos aquosos de folhas não-lixiviadas. Apesar da ação alelopática, aspectos ecofisiológicos relativos ao pau-incenso ainda devem ser esclarecidos para que suas folhas possam ser usadas como herbicida.
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Accarini, Raissa Barcha. "Atividade fitotóxica de extratos foliares de Piptocarpha rotundifolia (candeia) (Less.) Baker – Asteraceae." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8474.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
The Brazillian savanna is one of the largest vegetation with 2,036,448 km2, about 22% of the national territory. This bioma is considered a global hotspot (Mittermeier et al., 2004) and consists of three biomes: tropical fields, grasslands and dry forests (Batalha, 2011; Brasil, 2015). Cerrado flora has a high species richness with herbs, shrubs, tree and vines, totaling 12,356 species occurring spontaneously, as well as a native vascular flora (ferns and phanerogams) totaling 11,627 species (Mendonça et al., 2008) .However, the chemical potential of its plant species is still underutilized. Research plants with allelopathic activity comes against the need to introduce new alternatives in the management of agricultural pests. Studies on the biological effects of these chemical compounds represent an important tool for the development of more specific agrochemicals natural and less harmful to the environment. Piptocarpha rotundifolia (Less.) - Baker belongs to the Asteraceae family, considered the most representative of the brazilian cerrado eudicotyledons, but there are few published works that deal with potential investigations phytotoxic of this species and its secondary metabolites. Thus, the main objective of this study was to analyze the phytotoxic potential of P. rotundifolia extracts, fractions and subfractions on target species of vegetables and weeds and the mode of action of the same. In the first step of this work, an extraction in order of increasing polarity was done and the phytotoxic potential of crude extracts was evaluated on the growth of wheat coleoptile, germination and seedling growth of mono and eudicotyledons invasive and vegetable species: wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.), guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus J.), onion (Allium cepa L.) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), respectively, as well as the evaluation of the root sesame metaxylem cell growth. The acetone extract (D) was selected for the fractionation, due the mass (2370 mg) and and the inhibitory activity on the growth of wheat coleoptile good as on the germination growth indicator target species (onion and sesame) and invasive (wild poinsettia and guinea grass). This fractions and subfractions were also tested on the growth of wheat coleoptile and those who had higher incomes and inhibitory activity (D1 and D1A) were selected for the following bioguided fractioning. After, a liquid-liquid extraction was performed using the extracts 1 (hexane), 2 (ethyl acetate) and 3 (aqueous) and, among these, the extract 2 showed inhibitory activity on the growth of wheat coleoptile and also on the germination and growth of the target species, as well as significantly reduced metaxylem cell root growth of sesame seedlings. Therefore, this extract was refractionated by a countertop chromatography column, and the fraction with the highest income was denominated (2L), then refractioned. The resulting subfractions were tested only growing wheat coleoptile. To complete the survey, a chemical profile analysis was conducted using the extracts, fractions and subfractions of P. rotundifolia from both extraction methodologies, performing the ultra efficiency liquid chromatography technique, which has found a compound identified as glaucolide b and two other compounds known to the genre. Thus, the species Piptocarpha rotundifolia shown as promissing in the search of phytotoxic compounds due to their phytotoxic activity presented by their compounds.
O cerrado é uma das mais extensas formações vegetais brasileiras com 2.036.448 km2, representando 22% do território nacional. O cerrado é considerado um hotspot mundial (Mittermeier et al., 2004) formado por três biomas: campos tropicais, savanas e florestas estacionais (Batalha, 2011; Brasil, 2015). A flora do cerrado apresenta uma elevada riqueza de espécies, com plantas herbáceas, arbustivas, arbóreas e cipós, totalizando 12.356 espécies que ocorrem espontaneamente, além de uma flora vascular nativa (pteridófitas e fanerógamas) somando 11.627 espécies (Mendonça et al., 2008). No entanto, o potencial químico de suas espécies vegetais ainda é subutilizado. A investigação de plantas com atividade alelopática vem de encontro com a necessidade de se apresentar novas alternativas no manejo integrado de pragas agrícolas. Estudos realizados sobre os efeitos biológicos destes compostos químicos representam uma importante ferramenta para o desenvolvimento de agroquímicos naturais mais específicos e menos prejudiciais ao ambiente. Piptocarpha rotundifolia (candeia) (Less.) – Baker, planta pertencente à família Asteraceae, embora seja considerada a maior representante das eudicotiledôneas do cerrado brasileiro, existem poucos os trabalhos publicados que tratam de investigações do potencial fitotóxico de seus metabólitos secundários. Sendo assim, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o potencial fitotóxico dos extratos, frações e subfrações de P. rotundifolia sobre espécies-alvo de hortaliças e invasoras e o modo de ação dos mesmos. Na primeira etapa deste trabalho, foi realizada uma extração em ordem crescente de polaridade, onde o potencial fitotóxico dos extratos brutos foi avaliado sobre o crescimento de coleóptilos de trigo, germinação e crescimento de plântulas de espécies invasoras e de hortaliças mono e eudicotiledôneas: amendoim-bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla L.), capim-colonião (Megathyrsus maximus J.), cebola (Allium cepa L.) e gergelim (Sesamum indicum L.), respectivamente, bem como a avaliação do crescimento de células do metaxilema radicular de gergelim (Sesamum indicum L.). O extrato acetônico (D) foi selecionado para o fracionamento devido ao bom rendimento (2,370g), e apresenta uma atividade inibitória sobre o crescimento de coleóptilos de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) bem como sobre a germinação crescimento de espécies-alvo indicadoras (cebola e gergelim) e invasoras amendoim-bravo e capim-colonião. Suas frações e subfrações foram também ensaiadas sobre o crescimento de coleóptilos de trigo e as que apresentaram maiores rendimentos e atividade inibitória (D1 e D1A) foram selecionadas para os fracionamentos bioguiado subsequentes. Dando sequência aos estudos, foi realizada uma extração líquido-líquido, que originou os extratos 1 (hexânico), 2 (acetato etílico) e 3 (aquoso) e, dentre estes, o extrato acetato etílico apresentou maior atividade inibitória sobre o crescimento de coleóptilos de trigo e também sobre a germinação e crescimento das espécies-alvo, bem como reduziu significativamente o crescimento de células do metaxilema de raízes de plântulas de gergelim. Sendo assim, este extrato foi refracionado em coluna cromatográfica de bancada, sendo a fração com maior rendimento denominada (2L), submetida a novos subfracionamentos. As subfrações resultantes foram testadas apenas em crescimento com coleóptilos de trigo. Para a complementação da pesquisa foi realizada uma análise do perfil quimico dos compostos presentes nos extratos, frações e subfrações de P. rotundifolia provenientes de ambas metodologias de extração, utilizando a técnica de cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência, onde foi encontrado um composto identificado como glaucolide b, e outros dois compostos já conhecidos para o gênero. Sendo assim, a espécie Piptocarpha rotundifolia mostra-se como promissora na busca de compostos fitotóxicos, devido à atividade inibitória apresentada pelos compostos presentes nos extratos ou frações.
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Dantas, Gracielle Rodrigues. "Avalia??o da atividade antimal?rica de extratos obtidos de algas marinhas no litoral do Rio Grande do Norte." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13079.
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-07Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Malaria is a major parasitic disease worldwide, accounting for about 500 million cases and causing 2 million to 3 million deaths annually. Four species are responsible for transmitting this disease to humans: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. The parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs and the usual limitations of the vector control implications are contributing to the spread of the disease. The most of significant advances in the search for new antimalarial drugs is based on natural components, the main ones being currently used antimalarial drugs derived from plants. Research on natural products of marine origin (particularly algae) show that some species possess antiplasmodial activity. Knowing that the coast of Rio Grande do Norte is home to several species of algae, the present study was to evaluate, for the first time, the antimalarial activity of ethanolic extracts of seaweed Spatoglossum schroederi, Gracilaria birdiae and Udotea flabellum against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain tests and in vitro using the murine model (Plasmodium berghei) for evaluation in vivo. These species were ground, macerated with ethanol for 24 hours and the extracts concentrated in rotaevaporador (45 ? C ? 5 ? C). For in vitro tests, the extracts were diluted and tested at concentrations between 100 and 1.56 μg/ml (seven concentrations in triplicate), in order to obtain IC50 of each extract. The cytotoxicity tests with macrophages and BGM were performed using the MTT colorimetric assay. BGM macrophages and cells were distributed in 96 wells per plate (1x 105 to macrophages and 1x104 cells per well for BGM) and incubated for 24h at 37 ? C. The ethanol extracts were diluted and tested at concentrations of 100 to 1,56 μg/ml (seven concentrations in triplicate). After periods of 24 hours of incubation with the extracts, 100 μg of MTT was added to each well, and 3 hours elapsed, the supernatant was removed and added 200 μl of DMSO in each well. The absorbance of each well was obtained by reading on a spectrophotometer at 570 nm filter. To evaluate the acute toxicity in vivo, Swiss mice received a single dose (oral) 2000 mg/kg/animal of each extract tested. The parameters of acute toxicity were observed for 8 days. For in vivo tests, Swiss mice were inoculated with 1x105 erythrocytes infected with P. berghei. The treatment was given first to fourth day after infection with 0.2 ml of the extracts in doses of 1000 and 500 mg//g animal. The negative control group received 0.2 ml of 2% Tween-20, whereas the positive control group received sub-dose of chloroquine (5 mg/kg/animal). The assessment of antimalarial activity was done by suppressing suppressing the parasitemia at 5 and 7 days after infection. The growth inhibition of parasites was determined relative to negative control (% inhibition = parasitaemia in control - parasitemia in sample / parasitemia control x 100), the mortality of animals was monitored daily for 30 days The results showed that algae Spatoglossum schroederi and Udotea flabellum showed antimalarial activity in vitro, with reduced parasitemia of 70.54% and 54, respectively. The extracts of the three algae tested showed moderate to high cytotoxicity. Algae S. schroederi and U. flabellum were active against P. berghei only at doses of 500 mg / kg with reduction ranging from 54.58 to 52.65% for the fifth day and from 32.24 to 47.34% for the seventh day, respectively. No toxicity was observed in vivo at the dose tested, over the 8 days of observation. Although preliminary data, the bioactive components in those possible seaweed may be promising for the development of new anti-malarial drugs
A mal?ria ? a maior doen?a paras?tica mundial, respons?vel por cerca de 500 milh?es de casos e causando 2 a 3 milh?es de mortes anualmente. Quatro esp?cies s?o respons?veis pela transmiss?o dessa doen?a ao homem: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae e Plasmodium ovale. A resist?ncia do parasito aos antimal?ricos usuais e as limita??es existentes no combate ao vetor s?o implica??es que contribuem para a expans?o dessa parasitose. Os avan?os mais significativos na busca de novos medicamentos contra a mal?ria baseiam-se em componentes naturais, sendo os principais antimal?ricos atualmente utilizados derivados de plantas. Pesquisas com produtos naturais de origem marinha (particularmente as algas) mostram que algumas esp?cies possuem atividade antiplasm?dica. Sabendo que o litoral do Rio Grande do Norte abriga v?rias esp?cies de algas, o presente estudo consistiu em avaliar, pela primeira vez, a atividade antimal?rica dos extratos etan?licos das algas Spatoglossum schroederi, Gracilaria birdiae e Udotea flabellum contra a cepa 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum em testes in vitro e utilizando o modelo murino (P. berghei) para avalia??o in vivo. As algas foram trituradas, maceradas com etanol por 24 horas e os extratos concentrados em rotaevaporador (45? C ? 5?C). Para os testes in vitro, os extratos foram dilu?dos e testados nas concentra??es entre 100 e 1,56 μg/ml (sete concentra??es em triplicata), com a finalidade de obten??o da CI50 de cada extrato. Os testes de citotoxicidade com macr?fagos e c?lulas BGM foram realizados usando o ensaio colorim?trico MTT. Macr?fagos e c?lulas BGM foram distribu?das em 96 po?os por placa (1x 105 para macr?fagos e 1x104 c?lulas por po?o para BGM), sendo incubadas por 24h a 37?C. Os extratos etan?licos foram dilu?dos e testados nas concentra??es de 100 at? 1,56 μg/ml (sete concentra??es em triplicata). Ap?s per?odos de 24h de incuba??o com os extratos, 100 μl de MTT foi adicionado a cada po?o, e decorridas 3h, o sobrenadante foi removido e adicionou-se 200 μl DMSO em cada po?o. A absorb?ncia de cada po?o foi obtida atrav?s de leitura em espectrofot?metro com filtro de 570 nm. Para avaliar a toxicidade aguda in vivo, camundongos Swiss receberam dose ?nica (oral) de 2000 mg/kg/animal dos extratos testados. Os par?metros de toxicidade aguda foram observados durante 8 dias. Para os testes in vivo, camundongos Swiss foram inoculados com 1x105 hem?cias infectadas com Plasmodium berghei. O tratamento deu-se do primeiro ao quarto dia ap?s a infec??o, com 0,2 ml dos extratos em doses de 1000 e 500 mg/kg/animal. O grupo controle negativo recebeu 0,2 ml de Tween-20 2%, enquanto que o grupo controle positivo recebeu sub-dose de cloroquina (5 mg/kg/animal). A avalia??o da atividade antimal?rica foi feita atrav?s da supress?o da parasitemia no 5? e 7? dias ap?s infec??o. A inibi??o do crescimento dos parasitos foi determinada em rela??o ao grupo controle negativo (% inibi??o = parasitemia do controle parasitemia com amostra/ parasitemia do controle x 100); a mortalidade dos animais foi acompanhada diariamente por 30 dias. Os resultados mostraram que as algas Spatoglossum schroederi e Udotea flabellum apresentaram atividade antimal?rica in vitro, com redu??o da parasitemia de 70,54 e 54%, respectivamente. Os extratos das tr?s algas testadas mostraram citotoxicidade moderada a elevada. As algas S. schroederi e U. flabellum foram ativas contra o P. berghei apenas nas doses de 500 mg/kg com redu??o variando de 54,58 a 52,65% para o quinto dia e 32,24 a 47,34% para o s?timo dia, respectivamente. N?o foi observada toxicidade in vivo para a dose testada, durante os 8 dias de observa??o. Embora sejam dados preliminares, os poss?veis componentes bioativos presentes nessas algas marinhas podem ser promissores para o desenvolvimento de novas drogas antimal?ricas
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Weber, Laís Dayane. "Composição química, atividade bacteriana e antioxidante de óleo essencial e diferentes extratos vegetais de Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/688.
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Previous issue date: 2013-08-15Fundação Parque Tecnológico Itaipu
The antimicrobial property of the plants can be explained by the production of active compounds generated during secondary metabolism as well as volatile compounds. Currently, the knowledge of this property have been confirmed scientifically, thus revealing the enormous potential of the plants in the control of infectious diseases, while there is an increase in cases of pathogenic microrganisms resistant to known antibiotics. Essential oils and extracts of plants have shown effects on growth of micro -organisms in many situations, suggesting practical use thereof. In the present study focused on the research of plants as alternative and natural source of antimicrobial substances, determined the chemical composition of the essential oil and various plant extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, ethyl acetate and hexane) of Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. by GC/MS and phytochemical screening respectively, and its antimicrobial effect against microorganisms Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 25933), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) as Gram positive Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Bacillus subtilis (CCCD - B005) and yeast such as Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) by determining the values of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) using the microdilution broth; and finally we sought to evaluate the antioxidant activity of essential oil and plant extracts by the capture of free radicals DPPH (2.2difenil-1-picryl-hydrazyl). The largest class of volatile compounds identified in the oil was Prunus myrtifolia benzaldehyde (97%) followed by 3-hexen-1-ol (0.07 %) and benzyl benzoate (0.09 %). Generally through the phytochemical screening of the extracts was found the presence of secondary metabolites such as, flavonoids, tannins (ethanolic and aqueous), and triterpenoid saponins (ethanolic), which have proven active in different studies in the literature. Compared to hexane extract showed absence of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity. The results indicate the aqueous and ethanolic extract as the most effective of the tested pathogens. Regarding oil, showed antimicrobial activity against all pathogens evaluated. In a third stage of the study it was found antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract, ethanolic and ethyl acetate; in relation to essential oil and hexane extract antioxidant activity was not detected. From the results obtained it was established antimicrobial capacity of plant products tested and determined the antioxidant activity of the same . In the second stage of the research took place evaluated the phytochemical profile , antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and aqueous plant extracts from six Brazilian plants obtained from the dried leaves of Maytenus aquifolia Mart., Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg, Ocotea spixiana (Nees) Mez., Psidium guajava L., Ricinus communis L. and Schinus molle L. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was tested against 36 serotypes of Salmonella from poultry products by the broth microdilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The antioxidant properties of these was evaluated by DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hidrazila) method. The phytochemical profile detected components with antimicrobial and antioxidant potential in all extracts , as a percentage capture of DPPH than 65 % , demonstrating the high antioxidant activity of the tested extracts. In microdilution tests, we observed the antimicrobial activity of all tested extracts , and in general the ethanol extracts were more effective when compared to aqueous and ethanol extract of P. cauliflora followed by P. guajava higher end bacteriostatic . The MIC ranged from 1.56 to 100 mg.mL-1 and MBC of 3.13 to 100 mg.mL-1. These results confirmed the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of these plant extracts
A propriedade antimicrobiana das plantas pode ser explicada pela produção de compostos ativos gerados durante o metabolismo secundário como também por compostos voláteis. Atualmente, os conhecimentos desta propriedade têm sido confirmados cientificamente, revelando assim o enorme potencial das plantas no controle de doenças infecciosas, enquanto verifica-se um aumento nos casos de micro-organismos patogênicos resistentes aos antimicrobianos conhecidos. Extratos e óleos essenciais de plantas têm mostrado efeitos sobre desenvolvimento de micro-organismos em inúmeras situações, o que sugere uso prático destes produtos. No presente estudo voltado à pesquisa de plantas como fonte natural e alternativa de substâncias antimicrobianas, determinou-se a composição química do óleo essencial e de diferentes extratos vegetais (aquoso, etanolico, acetato de etila e hexânico) de Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. (pessegueiro-bravo), através da CG/MS e triagem fitoquímica respectivamente, bem como seu efeito antimicrobiano contra micro-organismos Gram negativos Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 25933), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883) e Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Gram positivos como, Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) e Bacillus subtillis (CCCD - B005) e como levedura a Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) através da determinação dos valores de Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) utilizando a técnica de microdiluição em caldo; e por fim buscou-se avaliar a atividade antioxidante do óleo essencial e dos extratos vegetais pelo método de captura de radicais livres DPPH (2.2difenil-1-picril-hidrazil). A maior classe de compostos voláteis identificados no óleo de Prunus myrtifolia foi benzaldeido (97%) seguido de 3-hexen-1-ol (0.07%) e benzoato de benzila (0.09%). De maneira geral através da triagem fitoquimica dos extratos verificou-se a presença de metabolitos secundários como, flavonoides, taninos (etanolico e aquoso), triterpenoides e saponinas (etanolico), que já se mostraram ativas em diferentes estudos descritos na literatura. Em relação ao extrato hexânico apresentou ausência de metabólitos secundários com atividade antimicrobiana. Os resultados apontam o extrato aquoso e etanolicos como os mais efetivos os patógenos testados. Em relação ao óleo, apresentou atividade antimicrobiana frente a todos patógenos avaliados. Em uma terceira etapa do estudo verificou-se atividade antioxidante entre o extrato aquoso, etanolico e acetato de etila; em relação ao óleo essencial e o extrato hexânico não foi detectada atividade antioxidante. Pelos resultados obtidos ficou estabelecida a capacidade antimicrobiana dos produtos vegetais testados, bem como determinou-se a atividade antioxidante dos mesmos. Em segunda etapa da pesquisa realizou-se Avaliou-se o perfil fitoquímico, ação antioxidante e antimicrobiana dos extratos vegetais etanólico e aquoso de seis plantas brasileiras obtidos das folhas secas de Maytenus aquifolia Mart. (espinheira-santa), Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg (jabuticabeira), Ocotea spixiana (Nees) Mez. (canela-branca), Psidium guajava L. (goiabeira), e Ricinus communis L. (mamona) e Schinus molle L. (aroeira). A atividade antimicrobiana in vitro dos extratos vegetais foi testada frente a trinta e seis sorotipos de Salmonella de origem avícola pelo método de microdiluição em caldo com a determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e a Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM). A ação antioxidante dos mesmos foi avaliada pelo método de DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazila). O perfil fitoquímico detectou componentes com potencial antimicrobiano e antioxidante em todos os extratos, assim como um percentual de captura do DPPH superior a 65%, demonstrando o elevado potencial antioxidante dos extratos testados. Nos testes de microdiluição em caldo, observou-se a atividade antimicrobiana de todos os extratos testados, sendo que em geral os extratos etanólicos foram mais eficazes quando comparados aos aquosos, sendo o extrato etanólico de P. cauliflora seguido por P. guajava de maior efeito bacteriostático. As CIMs variaram entre 1,56-100 mg.mL-1 e a CBM entre 3,13-100 mg.mL-1. Esses resultados confirmaram o potencial antimicrobiano e antioxidante desses extratos vegetais
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Rodrigues, Neidy Varela. "Potential health benefits of Artemisia gorgonum extracts." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/11840.
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Mestrado em Biologia Molecular e CelularRelevância etnofarmacológica: Artemisia gorgonum (Asteraceae), conhecida como “losna ou lorna”, é usada em Cabo Verde na medicina tradicional para o tratamento de inflamações, febre e gastroenterites. Estudos recentes sugerem que artimetina, isolada a partir de Artemisa gorgonum, poderia ser usada para o tratamento da malária devido à sua atividade antiplasmodial. Objetivo do estudo: Avaliação in vitro da atividade anti-microbiana e sinergética dos extratos hidroetanol (70%) e metanol de A. gorgonum (EHAG e EMAG) em bactérias do trato urinário e uma espécie de fungo. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos de hidroetanol (70%), metanol, clorofórmio e clorofórmio-metanol (1:2), e o efeito protetor de EHAG contra lesões hepáticas em ratos induzidos com CCl4 também foram analisados. Material e métodos: A atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos de A. gorgonum foi testada in vitro contra sete estirpes de microrganismos, incluindo bactérias Gram-positivas, Gram-negativas e uma espécie de fungo. O método DAA (Decimal assay for additivity) foi determinado para atividade antibacteriana do EHAG contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa. O efeito antioxidante in vitro de vários extratos de A. gorgonum foi analisado pelo método DPPH. A lesão hepática foi induzida por injeção intrapeitoral do CCl4. Seguidamente, os ratos foram administrados oralmente com EHAG, diariamente, por um período de 7 dias. Resultados e Discussão: Foi observada atividade antibacteriana dos extratos de EHAG e EMAG contra todos os microrganismos usados neste estudo. O crescimento das estirpes de Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi o mais inibido por ambos os extratos, apresentando valores significativos, enquanto o crescimento das estirpes S. aureus e Klebsiella spp. foi o menos afetado. Candida albicans foi inibida fortemente pelo EMAG. As combinações de extrato hidroetanólico com antibióticos demonstraram atividade antibacteriana sinergética contra todos os patogénicos testados. Em contrapartida, a combinação de extrato metanólico com antibióticos permitiu observar efeitos antagónicos contra todas as bactérias, exceto Klebsiella spp. que apresentou atividade sinérgica. O EHAG e EMAG mostraram efeito significativo na eliminação do radical DPPH. A atividade hepatoprotetora foi observada em ratos previamente administrados com CCl4. Estes estudos evidenciam os potenciais benefícios de A. gorgonum.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Artemisia gorgonum (Asteraceae) known as “losna” or “lorna” is used in Cape Verde as traditional medicine to treat inflammation, fever and gastroenteritis. Recent studies have suggested that artemetin isolated from A. gorgonum may be used to treat malaria, due to its anti-plasmodium proprieties. Aim of the study: Evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and synergistic activity of hydroethanol (70%) and methanolic extracts of A. gorgonum (HEAG and MEAG) against urinary bacteria and one species of yeast. Antioxidant activity of the hydroethanol (70%), methanol, chloroform and chloroform-methanol (1:2) extracts and the protective effect of HEAG against liver injury on rat model were also evaluated. Material and methods: Antimicrobial in vitro activity of A. gorgonum leaves extracts were tested against seven microorganism species, which frequently cause urinary infections, including Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and one yeast. The synergistic effect of the HEAG extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated by decimal assay for additivity (DAA) method. The in vitro antioxidant activity of several extracts from A. gorgonum was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) methods. Liver injury was induced by intraperitoneal CCl4. Rats were orally administrated with HEAG daily for one week. Results and Discussion: The antimicrobial activity of hydroethanolic (70%) and methanolic extracts from A. gorgonum was showed against all microorganisms used in this study. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth was significantly inhibited by both extracts whereas S. aureus and Klebsiella spp. growth was less inhibited. The Candida albicans was strongly inhibited by the methanolic extract. The combinations of hydroethanolic extract with antibiotics demonstrated the synergistic antibacterial activity against all pathogens tested. In contrast, the combination of methanolic extract with antibiotics revealed antagonism effects against all bacteria, except Klebsiella spp. showed synergistic activity. The MEAG and HEAG showed significant radical scavenging effect in the DPPH assay. The hepatoprotective effect was observed in rats previously administered with CCl4. These studies highlight the potential benefits of A. gorgonum.
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Walton, Sara Lynn. "Biological Conversion of Hemicellulose Extract into Value-Added Fuels and Chemicals." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/WaltonSL2009.pdf.
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Menezes, Juliana da Silva. "Ação antimicrobiana in vitro de Psidium guajava L. contra Staphylococcus aureus isolados de leite mastítico." Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, 2013. http://tede2.unifenas.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/137.
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Previous issue date: 2013-02-04Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nïvel Superior
Mastitis is a disease that affects dairy cattle, an intramammary infection. Staphylococcus aureus are the major mastitis causing bacteria and the milk can be contaminated by the contact with infected teats. For treatment, due to the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials drugs commercialized, the appearing of multi-resistant strains is notorious. An alternative to the antimicrobial resistance problem is the use of plant extracts like Psidium guajava L. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the microbial sensibility profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk samples of cows infected with mastitis, against antimicrobial agents and hydroalcoholic leaf of Psidium guajava L. Plants were harvested in three rural properties located in the municipality of Alfenas/MG region. Sampling animals was not probabilistic. Milk samples were cultured for presence of Staphylococcus sp. Additionally, the isolated bacteria were identified as Staphylococcus aureus and subjected to many tests to check the antimicrobial sensibility. The hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium guajava L. was prepared and antimicrobial tests were performed by the technician in wells. Contamination by Staphylococcus aureus was confirmed in 55% of the analyzed samples. The most effective antibiotics were clindamycin, erythromycin and rifampin. Penicillin G was the antimicrobial that showed the lower levels of sensibility. The hydroalcoholic extract of the leaf of Psidium guajava L. showed antimicrobial activity against all strains of isolated Staphylococcus aureus by inhibiting microbial growth in all tested concentrations. Therefore the use of this plant extract can be an alternative method to combat the increase incidence of microorganisms resistant to antimicrobial drugs sold, besides a potential field of study.
A mastite é a infecção intramamária que acomete o gado leiteiro bovino, causada mais frequentemente pela bactéria Staphylococcus aureus. O leite pode ser contaminado pelo contato direto com tetos infectados. Devido ao uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos utilizados para o tratamento, é notório o aparecimento de micro-organismos resistentes. Uma alternativa pode ser o uso de extratos vegetais, a exemplo Psidium guajava L.. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade microbiana in vitro de isolados de Staphylococcus aureus provenientes de leite mastítico contra antimicrobianos e extrato hidroalcoólico da folha de Psidium guajava L.. A colheita foi realizada em três propriedades rurais da região da cidade de Alfenas, MG. A amostragem dos animais foi não probabilística. As amostras de leite foram processadas e inoculadas em meios de cultura seletivos para verificar a presença de Staphylococcus sp. Os isolados foram identificados quanto à espécie Staphylococcus aureus e submetidos a diferentes testes para verificar a sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Foi preparado o extrato hidroalcoólico das folhas e os testes antimicrobianos realizados pela técnica de poços. Foi confirmada a contaminação por Staphylococcus aureus em 55% das amostras. Os antibióticos de maior ação foram clindamicina, eritromicina e rifampicina. Penicilina G foi o antimicrobiano que apresentou menores índices de sensibilidade. O extrato da folha apresentou atividade antimicrobiana contra todos os isolados, inibindo o crescimento em todas as concentrações testadas. Portanto, a utilização deste extrato vegetal pode ser uma alternativa à crescente resistência microbiana aos antimicrobianos comercializados, sendo um potencial campo de estudos.
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Sifontes, Yusmaris Josefina Cariaco. "Papel do extrato etanólico bruto de Trichoderma stromaticum na infecção de camundongos C57BL/6 por Plasmodium berghei ANKA." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2017. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/18176.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorCNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
A malária é um grave problema de saúde pública. Os medicamentos de escolha para tratar a doença são as terapias baseadas em combinações de artemisininas. Porém, uma crescente resistência à estas drogas tem sido reportada. A presente investigação teve como objetivo avaliar o papel do extrato etanólico bruto de Trichoderma stromaticum (Ext-Ts) em camundongos C57BL/6 infectados com Plasmodium berghei ANKA, um conhecido modelo experimental de malária cerebral experimental. Foram monitoradas as manifestações clinicas, histológicas, imunológicas e bioquímicas características da infecção. Observou-se que o tratamento com Ext-Ts foi capaz de prevenir as alterações neurológicas associadas à malária cerebral experimental, diminuir os níveis de parasitemia e aumentar significativamente a sobrevivência de animais infectados. Além disso, foi observado que em camundongos tratados com Ext-Ts houve diminuição dos níveis de colesterol total, triglicerídeos e TGP no soro, menor deposição de hemozoína no fígado, atenuação da intensidade do edema pulmonar, proteção da integridade da barreira hematoencefálica, assim como menor citoaderência e achados histopatológicos nos tecidos avaliados, quando comparado com camundongos infectados não tratados. Esta proteção foi associada com uma diminuição na expressão de IFN-γ e ICAM-1 no cérebro dos animais tratados em relação a animais não tratados. Estes resultados sugerem que o Ext-Ts é uma potencial fonte de compostos antimaláricos e/ou imunomoduladores que poderiam melhorar o tratamento atual no contexto do aumento da resistência aos derivados da artemisinina.
Malaria is a severe health problem. The first-line treatment against the disease are the artemisinin-based combination therapies. However, increased resistance to these drugs has been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of crude etanolic extracts of Trichoderma stromaticum (Ext-Ts) in C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA, a well-known model of experimental cerebral malaria. Clinical, histological, immunological and biochemical features of the infection were monitored. It was found that Ext-Ts treatment was able to prevent neurological alterations associated with experimental cerebral malaria, decreased parasitemia levels and significantly improved survival of infected animals. Furthermore, it was observed that in Ext-Ts-treated mice a reduction of total serum cholesterol, triglycerides and TGP, lower hemozoin deposition into the liver, attenuation of pulmonary edema intensity, integrity of the blood-brain barrier as well as fewer cytoadherence and histopathological findings in assessed tissues in comparison with untreated infected mice. This protection was associated with decreased IFN-γ and ICAM-1 mRNA expression in brain of treated animals compared with untreated animals. These results suggest that Ext-Ts is a potential source of antimalarial and immunomodulatory compounds that could improve the current treatment in the context of resistance to artemisinin derivatives.
Dissertação (Mestrado)
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Gomes, Dayanne Lopes. "Bioprospec??o de extratos metan?licos de macroalgas marinhas do litoral do Rio Grande do Norte: avalia??o das atividades anticoagulante, antioxidante e antiproliferativa." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13091.
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Previous issue date: 2012-07-31Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Seaweeds are organisms known to exhibit a variety of biomolecules with pharmacological properties. The coast of Rio Grande do Norte has over 100 species of seaweeds, most of them not yet explored for their pharmacological potential. Sugars and phenolic compounds are the most studied of these being assigned a range of biological properties, such as anticoagulant , antiinflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant activities. In this work, we obtained methanolic extracts from thirteen seaweeds of the coast of Rio Grande do Norte (Dictyota cervicornis; Dictiopterys delicatula; Dictyota menstruallis; D. mertensis; Sargassum filipendula; Spatoglossum schr?ederi; Acanthophora specifera; Botryocladia occidentalis; Caulerpa cupresoides; C. racemosa; C. prolifera; C. sertularioides e Codium isthmocladum). They were evaluated as anticoagulant and antioxidant drugs, as well as antiproliferative drugs against the tumor cell line HeLa. None of the methanolic extracts showed anticoagulant activity, but when they were evaluated as antioxidant drugs all of extracts showed antioxidant activity in all tests performed (total antioxidant capacity, sequestration of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, ferric chelation and reductase activity), especially the algae D. mentrualis, D. cilliolata and C. prolifera, who had the greatest potential to donate electrons.In addition, the ability of iron ions chelation appears as the main antioxidant mechanism of the methanolic extracts of these seaweeds mainly for the extract of the C. racemosa seaweed, which reached almost 100% activity. In the MTT assay, all extracts showed inhibitory activity at different levels againts HeLa cells. Moreover, D. cilliolata (MEDC) and D. menstrualis (MEDM) extracts showed specific activity to this cell line, not inhibiting the viability of 3T3 normal cell line, so they were chosen for detailing the antiproliferative mechanism of action. Using flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and in vitro assays we demonstrated that MEDC and MEDM induced apoptosis in HeLa cells by activation of caspases 3 and 9 and yet, MEDC induces cell cycle arrest in S phase. Together, these results showed that the methanolic extracts of brown seaweed D. menstrualis and D. cilliolata may contain agents with potential use in combatting cells from human uterine adenocarcinoma. This study also points to the need for more in-depth research on phytochemical and biological context to enable the purification of biologically active products of these extracts
Macroalgas marinhas s?o organismos conhecidos por apresentar uma diversidade de biomol?culas com propriedades farmacol?gicas. O litoral do Rio Grande do Norte apresenta mais de 100 esp?cies de macroalgas marinhas, a maioria delas ainda n?o explorada quanto ao seu potencial farmacol?gico. A??cares e compostos fen?licos s?o os compostos de macroalgas marinhas mais estudados, sendo atribu?da a estes uma gama de propriedades biol?gicas, como: atividade anticoagulante, antiinflamat?ria, antitumoral e antioxidante. Neste trabalho, foram obtidos extratos metan?licos de treze algas do litoral do Rio Grande do Norte (Dictyota cervicornis; Dictiopterys delicatula; Dictyota menstruallis; Dictyota mertensis; Sargassum filipendula; Spatoglossum schr?ederi; Acanthophora specifera;Botryocladia occidentalis;Caulerpa cupresoides; C. racemosa; C. prolifera; C. sertularioides e Codium isthmocladum), e esses foram avaliados quanto ao seu potencial anticoagulante, antioxidante e antiproliferativo. Nenhum dos extratos metan?licos apresentaram atividades anticoagulante, por?m quando avaliados com rela??o ao potencial antioxidante todos os extratos apresentaram atividade em quase todos os testes realizados (capacidade antioxidante total, sequestro de radicais super?xido e hidroxila, quela??o f?rrica e atividade redutora). Os extratos apresentaram resultados mais expressivos no teste de quela??o f?rrica, principalmente para o extrato da alga C. racemosa que chegou a quase 100% de atividade. Destaca-se tamb?m a capacidade de doar el?trons dos extratos, em especial, dasalgas D. mentrualis,D. cilliolata e C. prolifera que apresentaram os maiores potenciais. Nosestudos de citotoxidade, todos os extratos apresentaram atividades em diferentes n?veis frente as c?lulas tumorais HeLa, entretanto, os extratos de D. cilliolata (MEDC) e D. menstrualis (MEDM) apresentaram atividade espec?fica para esta linhagem celular, n?o apresentando citotoxidadepara as c?lulas3T3. Estudos com estes dois extratos utilizando t?cnicas de citometria de fluxo, microscopia de fluoresc?ncia e testes in vitro mostraram que MEDC e MEDM induzem a apoptose em c?lulas HeLa atrav?s da ativa??o das caspases 3 e 9 e ainda, MEDC induz a parada do ciclo celular na fase S. Juntos, esses resultados mostraram que os extratos metan?licos de algas marrom D. mentrualis e D. cilliolata podem conter agentes com potencial utiliza??o no combate de c?lulas de adenocarcinoma uterino humano. O presente estudo tamb?m aponta para a necessidade de investiga??es mais aprofundadas no ?mbito fitoqu?mico e biol?gico para se identificar produtos biologicamente ativos presentes nos extratos
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JHOU, AN-CI, and 周安琪. "Biological activity assessment of extracts extracted from squid ink sac." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/te53e7.
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碩士國立高雄海洋科技大學
水產食品科學研究所
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Squid is important catches in Taiwan's offshore fishing ranked third in the world catch of squid. However, the squid processing will produce a lot of waste, such as viscera and ink sac that were discarded or as byproducts. Among them, squid ink (SI) accounted for about 1.3% of body weight has fish stench and is difficult to utilize. Some reports had been revealed that Cephalopods ink contained many bioactive substances, such as antioxidant, antibacterial and antitumor activity. Therefore, the antioxidant, antibacterial, angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and antitumor effects of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) SI extracts extracted by methanol, ethanol, hexane and acetone as well as SI polysaccharide were evaluated. In ACE inhibitory activity, the SI extracts had no or very low ACE inhibitory activity (<0.2%), except for 1000 ppm of SI polysaccharide (SIP) with better ACE inhibitory activity (15.98%). No antibacterial activity against food pathogens was observed in all SI extracts. Cytotoxicity assay was performed using MTT assay on HeLa cell line and HL-60 cell line (Human promyelocytic leukemia cells). The cell viability of HeLa cells treated with SIP and SI methanol or ethanol extracts was decreased and the highest inhibitory rate reached 30% at SIP treatment. However, no or very low inhibitory activity on HL-60 cells treated with SIP and SI methanol or ethanol extracts was observed. In antioxidant activity, except for hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, the SIP showed higher antioxidant ability in scavenging DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, and ferrous ion-chelating ability than SI methanol and ethanol extracts. When the SIP was separated using ultrafiltration into two fractions (<5 KDa and >5 KDa), the fractions with MW >5 KDa showed to elevate DPPH radical scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability. The SIP contained 65.03% total sugar, 0.14% protein, 0.1% lipid, 11.36% ash, 14.24% uronic acid, and 1.84% sulfate.