Journal articles: 'Biological Malaria'

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Sabbatani, Sergio, Roberto Manfredi, and Sirio Fiorino. "Malaria infection and the anthropological evolution." Saúde e Sociedade 19, no. 1 (March 2010): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-12902010000100006.

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During the evolution of the genus Homo, with regard to species habilis, erectus and sapiens, malaria infection played a key biological role, influencing the anthropological development too. Plasmodia causing malaria developed two kinds of evolution, according to a biological and philogenetical point of view. In particular, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale, would have either coevolved with human mankind (coevolution), or reached human species during the most ancient phases of genus Homo evolution. On the other hand, Plasmodium falciparum has been transmitted to humans by monkeys in a more recent period, probably between the end of Mesolithic and the beginning of Neolithic age. The authors show both direct and indirect biomolecular evidences of malaria infection, detected in buried subjects, dating to the Ancient World, and brought to light in the course of archeological excavations in some relevant Mediterranean sites. In this literature review the Authors organize present scientific evidences: these confirm the malarial role in affecting the evolution of populations in Mediterranean countries. The people living in several different regions on the Mediterranean Sea sides, the cradle of western civilization, have been progressively influenced by malaria, in the course of the spread of this endemic disease during the last millennia. In addition, populations affected by endemic malaria developed cultural, dietary and behaviour adaptations, contributing to decrease the risk of disease. These habits were not probably fully conscious. Nevertheless it may be thought that both these customs and biological modifications, caused by malarial plasmodia, favoured the emergence of groups of people with a greater resistance against malaria. All these considered factors decreased demographical impact, influencing in a favourable way the general development and growth of civilization.

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Simpson, Larry. "Malaria The Biological Terminator." Protist 153, no. 1 (March 2002): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/1434-4610-00078.

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Etkin, Nina L. "The co-evolution of people, plants, and parasites: biological and cultural adaptations to malaria." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, no. 2 (May 2003): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2003244.

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The urgency generated by drug-resistant strains of malaria has accelerated anti-malarial drug research over the last two decades. While synthetic pharmaceutical agents continue to dominate research, attention increasingly has been directed to natural products. The present paper explores the larger context in which plant use occurs and considers how the selection of medicinal plants has evolved over millennia as part of the larger human effort to mediate illness. First attention is directed to indigenous medicinal plants whose anti-malarial activity is based on an oxidant mode of action, by which intracellular constituents lose electrons (become more electropositive). Next, parallels are drawn between these plant substances and a suite of malaria-protective genetic traits: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; haemoglobins S, C and E; α- and β-thalassemias. These erythrocyte anomalies are classic examples of Darwinian evolution, occurring in high frequency in populations who have experienced considerable selective pressure from malaria. Characterized by discrete loci and pathophysiologies, they are united through the phenomenon of increased erythrocyte oxidation. In this model, then, oxidant anti-malarial plants are culturally constructed analogues, and molecular mimics, of these genetic adaptations. To further reinforce the scheme, it is noted that the anti-malarial action of pharmaceutical agents such as chloroquine and mefloquine duplicates both the genetic anomalies and the folk therapeutic models based in oxidant plants. This discussion coheres around a theoretical foundation that relates plant secondary metabolites (oxidants) to plasmodial biochemistry and human biological and cultural adaptations to malaria. Co-evolution provides a theoretical link that illuminates how medical cultures manage the relationships among humans, plants, herbivores and their respective pathogens.

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Moumaris, Mohamed, Jean-Michel Bretagne, and Nisen Abuaf. "Biological Membranes and Malaria-Parasites." Open Parasitology Journal 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874421401907010001.

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Markus, Miles B. "Biological concepts in recurrentPlasmodium vivaxmalaria." Parasitology 145, no. 13 (March 22, 2018): 1765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201800032x.

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AbstractA curious aspect of the evolution of the hypnozoite theory of malarial relapse is its transmogrification from theory into ‘fact’, this being of historical, linguistic, scientific and sociological interest. As far as it goes, the hypnozoite explanation for relapse is almost certainly correct. I contend, however, that many of the genotypically homologous, non-reinfection, relapse-likePlasmodium vivaxrecurrences that researchers ascribe to hypnozoite activation are probably hypnozoite-independent. Indeed, some malariologists are starting to recognize that homologousP. vivaxrecurrences have most likely been overattributed to activation of hypnozoites. Hitherto identified, non-hypnozoite, possible plasmodial sources of recurrence that must be considered, besides circulating erythrocytic stages, include parasites in splenic dendritic cells, other cells in the spleen (in addition to infected erythrocytes there), bone marrow (importantly) and the skin. I argue that we need to take into account the possibility of a dual or multiple extra-vascular origin ofP. vivaxnon-reinfection recurrences, not arbitrarily discount it. The existence of aP. vivaxreservoir(s) is a topical subject and one of practical importance for malaria eradication. Pertinent drug-associated matters are also discussed, as is the dormancy-related significance of clues provided by blood-stage-induced malarial infection.

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Liu, Xiaoyan, Jianguo Cao, Guozheng Huang, Qingjie Zhao, and Jingshan Shen. "Biological Activities of Artemisinin Derivatives Beyond Malaria." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 3 (March 28, 2019): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666190122144217.

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Artemisinin is isolated from Artemisia annua L. with peroxide-containing sesquiterpene lactone structure. Because of its unique structural characteristics and promising anticancer, antivirus activities, it has recently received increasing attention. The aim of this review is to summarize recent discoveries of artemisinin's novel derivatives with new pharmaceutical effects beyond malaria with a focus on its antitumor and antivirus activity, as well as potential results of combination therapy with other clinical drugs.

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Ghosh, Mini, Abid Ali Lashari, and Xue-Zhi Li. "Biological control of malaria: A mathematical model." Applied Mathematics and Computation 219, no. 15 (April 2013): 7923–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2013.02.053.

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Kamareddine, Layla. "The Biological Control of the Malaria Vector." Toxins 4, no. 9 (September 19, 2012): 748–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins4090748.

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Joste, Valentin, Laurine Maurice, Gwladys I. Bertin, Agnès Aubouy, Farid Boumédiène, Sandrine Houzé, Daniel Ajzenberg, et al. "Identification of Plasmodium falciparum and host factors associated with cerebral malaria: description of the protocol for a prospective, case-control study in Benin (NeuroCM)." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e027378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027378.

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IntroductionIn 2016, an estimated 216 million cases and 445 000 deaths of malaria occurred worldwide, in 91 countries. In Benin, malaria causes 26.8% of consultation and hospitalisation motif in the general population and 20.9% in children under 5 years old.The goal of the NeuroCM project is to identify the causative factors of neuroinflammation in the context of cerebral malaria. There are currently very few systematic data from West Africa on the aetiologies and management of non-malarial non-traumatic coma in small children, and NeuroCM will help to fill this gap. We postulate that an accurate understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in neuroinflammation may help to define efficient strategies to prevent and manage cerebral malaria.Methods and analysisThis is a prospective, case-control study comparing cerebral malaria to uncomplicated malaria and non-malarial non-traumatic coma. This study takes place in Benin, precisely in Cotonou for children with coma and in Sô-Ava district for children with uncomplicated malaria. We aim to include 300 children aged between 24 and 71 months and divided in three different clinical groups during 12 months (from December 2017 to November 2018) with a 21 to 28 days follow-up for coma. Study data, including clinical, biological and research results will be collected and managed using CSOnline-Ennov Clinical.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval for the NeuroCM study has been obtained fromComité National d’Ethique pour la Recherche en santéof Benin (n°67/MS/DC/SGM/DRFMT/CNERS/SA; 10/17/2017). NeuroCM study has also been approved byComité consultatif de déontologie et d’éthiqueof Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD; 10/24/2017). The study results will be disseminated through the direct consultations with the WHO’s Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (TDR-MIM) and Roll Back Malaria programme, through scientific meetings and peer-reviewed publications in scientific or medical journals, and through guidelines and booklets.

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Dalko, Esther, Bidyut Das, Fabien Herbert, Constantin Fesel, Sulabha Pathak, Rina Tripathy, Pierre-André Cazenave, Balachandran Ravindran, Shobhona Sharma, and Sylviane Pied. "Multifaceted Role of Heme during Severe Plasmodium falciparum Infections in India." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 10 (July 13, 2015): 3793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00531-15.

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Several immunomodulatory factors are involved in malaria pathogenesis. Among them, heme has been shown to play a role in the pathophysiology of severe malaria in rodents, but its role in human severe malaria remains unclear. Circulating levels of total heme and its main scavenger, hemopexin, along with cytokine/chemokine levels and biological parameters, including hemoglobin and creatinine levels, as well as transaminase activities, were measured in the plasma of 237Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients living in the state of Odisha, India, where malaria is endemic. All patients were categorized into well-defined groups of mild malaria, cerebral malaria (CM), or severe noncerebral malaria, which included acute renal failure (ARF) and hepatopathy. Our results show a significant increase in total plasma heme levels with malaria severity, especially for CM and malarial ARF. Spearman rank correlation and canonical correlation analyses have shown a correlation between total heme, hemopexin, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, gamma interferon-induced protein 10 (IP-10), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) levels. In addition, canonical correlations revealed that heme, along with IP-10, was associated with the CM pathophysiology, whereas both IP-10 and MCP-1 together with heme discriminated ARF. Altogether, our data indicate that heme, in association with cytokines and chemokines, is involved in the pathophysiology of both CM and ARF but through different mechanisms.

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Bora, Devanjal, J. Kalita, D. Das, and Subhan C. Nath. "Credibility of Folklore Claims on the Treatment of Malaria in North-East India with Special Reference to Corroboration of their Biological Activities." Journal of Natural Remedies 16, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2016/483.

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Malaria is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity throughout the developing countries. In spite of considerable advances made in the development of anti-malarial drugs to combat the disease, appearance of the malarial parasite resistance to the drugs one after another, has triggered the researchers to search for alternative agents of better quality. In view of the fact that plant folk medicines have immense value in providing clue for development of drug, an ethnobotanic survey of medicinal plants practiced for the treatment of malaria in North East India, followed by the validity of folklore claims of the plant species was conducted based on the review of reported literatures. Seventy four plant species under 67 genera and 41 families used for the preparation of recipes to treat the disease were included in this communication. For each plant species, botanical and vernacular name, part(s) used, method of preparation and mode of administration of the herbal remedies were provided. Biological activities corroborative of folklore medicinal claims of the plant species were also indicated for the credibility of these folklore claims.

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Spencer, Lilian M., Andreyna Peña-Quintero, Nieves Canudas, Inexis Bujosa, and Neudo Urdaneta. "Antimalarial effect of two photo-excitable compounds in a murine model with Plasmodium berghei (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae)." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 2 (May 24, 2018): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i2.33420.

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Malaria represents a major health problem worldwide, affecting around 198 million people in 2016 according to WHO database. For decades, anti-malarial drug therapy has been used in the battle against this disease and its uncontrolled usage in endemic areas has developed the appearance of the drug resistance. Thus, it has emerged the necessity of finding new treatments that could be used as an alternative cure to malaria infection. The aim of this work was the evaluation of two photo-excitable compounds: Compound 1, which is (2E)-3-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-1-(4-imidazol-1-yl-phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one) and Compound 2, (1E,4E)-1-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-pentadiene-3-one) as possible anti-malaria drugs with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain in BALB/c mice as murine model. Cytotoxicity effect was evaluated by a cell proliferation by colorimetry assay (MTS); and the drug incorporation into the parasite was assessed in vitro with Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) to determine the localization of the drugs into the parasitized red blood cells (RBCs). Finally, the curative effect of compounds no-radiation (fundamental state) and ration drugs were evaluated by oral drug administration of this drugs in BALB/c mice and chloroquine was used as positive control. This curative effect was determined daily by the parasitemia percentage. The results showed that both compounds were cytotoxic in fundamental state. Furthermore, cytotoxic effect was increased after radiation into the Solar Simulator, and compound 2 was more cytotoxic than compound 1. Curative assays showed that both compounds in fundamental state were non effective as anti-malarial drug. However, in the curative assays in the mice treated with compound 2, when this was ration showed a survival rate of 33 % and a parasitemia percentage decrease in compare to compound 1. Although the compounds did not show a similar or better anti-malarial effect than Chloroquine, Compound 2 presented certain anti-malarial effect after solar radiation. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 880-891. Epub 2018 June 01.

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Musa Guliyeva, Esmira, Nargiz Mehman Zeynalova, Lala Islah Rustamova, and Fatma Idayat Mamedova. "Determinants of the epidemic process of malaria." NATURE AND SCIENCE 03, no. 04 (October 27, 2020): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/04/40-42.

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Malaria was found in the regions of the republic and in Baku. Natural and artificial reservoirs are a favorable breeding ground for mosquitoes. Environmental factors influence the activity and the increase and decrease in the number of mosquitoes. The mosquito activity is affected by the smells of sick people. The epidemic process of malaria is influenced by natural, social and biological factors. The epidemiological control of malaria in the country has led to the elimination of the disease. Key words: malaria, epidemic process, source of infection, mosquitoes, determinants: biological, natural and social factors, epidemiological surveillance, elimination

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Pavlichenko, V. "Modern biological research of Plasmodium vivax malaria pathogen." Ecological Sciences 1, no. 1 (2019): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32846/2306-9716-2019-1-24-1-22.

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Kanzok, Stefan M., and Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena. "Entomopathogenic fungi as biological insecticides to control malaria." Trends in Parasitology 22, no. 2 (February 2006): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2005.12.008.

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Dr. Pushpa Singh, Dr Pushpa Singh, and Dr Umesh Prasad Patel. "Study of some larvicidal indigenous fishes with special reference to biological control of malaria." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 7 (June 1, 2012): 531–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/july2013/185.

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Wulandari, Diah Anggraini, and Muhammad Safaat. "REVIEW: PERAN NANOPARTIKEL DALAM MENGHAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN PARASIT Plasmodium PENYEBAB MALARIA." Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI) 8, no. 1 (June 26, 2021): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jbbi.v8i1.4503.

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Review: The Role of Nanoparticles in Inhibiting the Growth of the Plasmodium Parasite Causing Malarial Disease Malaria is a health problem in Indonesia with the most cases in eastern parts of Indonesia. This study provides an overview of the potential of nanoparticles in inhibiting malaria vectors and the growth of Plasmodium parasites that causes malaria based on the latest literature as reference materials and future research ideas. Nanoparticle can be synthesized using three methods i.e. physical, chemical and biological synthesis. The use of nanoparticles with biological method is highly recommended because they are practicable, environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and easy to reproduce compared to physico-chemically synthesized nanoparticles. Nanoparticles synthesized from several plants can inhibit the growth of Plasmodium parasites with IC50 3–78 g mL–1. This activity is classified as high to moderate in inhibiting the growth of the Plasmodium parasite that causes malaria. The mechanism of inhibition of Plasmodium growth is by increasing the pH of food vacuole due to the reaction of nanoparticles with Ferriprotoporphyrin IX. The high pH in the food vacuole will interfere with metabolic activity by inhibiting the activity of aspartate and cysteine ??protease enzymes so that the parasites will die. Malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan yang dihadapi Indonesia khususnya di beberapa wilayah timur Indonesia. Kajian ini memberikan gambaran potensi nanopartikel dalam menghambat vektor malaria maupun pertumbuhan parasit Plasmodium penyebab malaria berdasarkan literatur terbaru sebagai bahan acuan maupun ide-ide penelitian di masa mendatang. Nanopartikel dapat disintesis menggunakan tiga metode yaitu fisika, kimia dan biologi. Penggunaan nanopartikel dengan metode biologi sangat direkomendasikan karena lebih mudah diterapkan, ramah lingkungan, bersifat non-toksik, dan mudah diperbanyak dibandingkan dengan nanopartikel yang disintensis dari fisiko-kimia. Nanopartikel yang disintesis dari beberapa tanaman dapat menghambat pertumbuhan parasit Plasmodium dengan IC50 3–78 g mL–1. Aktivitas ini tergolong tinggi hingga sedang dalam menghambat pertumbuhan parasit Plasmodium penyebab malaria. Mekanisme penghambatan pertumbuhan Plasmodium dengan cara meningkatkan pH vakuola makanan akibat reaksi nanopartikel dengan feriprotoporpirin IX. Tingginya pH pada vakuola makanan akan mengganggu aktivitas metabolisme dengan cara menghambat aktivitas enzim aspartat dan sistein protease sehingga parasit akan mati.

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Septembre-Malaterre, Axelle, Mahary Lalarizo Rakoto, Claude Marodon, Yosra Bedoui, Jessica Nakab, Elisabeth Simon, Ludovic Hoarau, et al. "Artemisia annua, a Traditional Plant Brought to Light." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 4986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144986.

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Traditional remedies have been used for thousand years for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, particularly in developing countries. Of growing interest, the plant Artemisia annua, known for its malarial properties, has been studied for its numerous biological activities including metabolic, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and immunomodulatory properties. Artemisia annua is very rich in secondary metabolites such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and phenolic compounds, of which the biological properties have been extensively studied. The purpose of this review is to gather and describe the data concerning the main chemical components produced by Artemisia annua and to describe the state of the art about the biological activities reported for this plant and its compounds beyond malaria.

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Mathema, Vivek Bhakta, Supatchara Nakeesathit, Nicholas J. White, Arjen M. Dondorp, and Mallika Imwong. "Genome-wide microsatellite characteristics of five human Plasmodium species, focusing on Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale curtisi." Parasite 27 (2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020034.

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Microsatellites can be utilized to explore genotypes, population structure, and other genomic features of eukaryotes. Systematic characterization of microsatellites has not been a focus for several species of Plasmodium, including P. malariae and P. ovale, as the majority of malaria elimination programs are focused on P. falciparum and to a lesser extent P. vivax. Here, five human malaria species (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale curtisi, and P. knowlesi) were investigated with the aim of conducting in-depth categorization of microsatellites for P. malariae and P. ovale curtisi. Investigation of reference genomes for microsatellites with unit motifs of 1–10 base pairs indicates high diversity among the five Plasmodium species. Plasmodium malariae, with the largest genome size, displays the second highest microsatellite density (1421 No./Mbp; 5% coverage) next to P. falciparum (3634 No./Mbp; 12% coverage). The lowest microsatellite density was observed in P. vivax (773 No./Mbp; 2% coverage). A, AT, and AAT are the most commonly repeated motifs in the Plasmodium species. For P. malariae and P. ovale curtisi, microsatellite-related sequences are observed in approximately 18–29% of coding sequences (CDS). Lysine, asparagine, and glutamic acids are most frequently coded by microsatellite-related CDS. The majority of these CDS could be related to the gene ontology terms “cell parts,” “binding,” “developmental processes,” and “metabolic processes.” The present study provides a comprehensive overview of microsatellite distribution and can assist in the planning and development of potentially useful genetic tools for further investigation of P. malariae and P. ovale curtisi epidemiology.

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Fallon, Sylvia M., Robert C. Fleischer, and Gary R. Graves. "Malarial parasites as geographical markers in migratory birds?" Biology Letters 2, no. 2 (January 17, 2006): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0429.

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We tested the hypothesis that malarial parasites ( Plasmodium and Haemoproteus ) of black-throated blue warblers ( Dendroica caerulescens ) provide sufficient geographical signal to track population movements between the warbler's breeding and wintering habitats in North America. Our results from 1083 warblers sampled across the species' breeding range indicate that parasite lineages are geographically widespread and do not provide site-specific information. The wide distribution of malarial parasites probably reflects postnatal dispersal of their hosts as well as mixing of breeding populations on the wintering range. When compared to geographically structured parasites of sedentary Caribbean songbirds, patterns of malarial infections in black-throated blue warblers suggest that host–malaria dynamics of migratory and sedentary bird populations may be subject to contrasting selection pressures.

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Boonyapranai, Kongsak, Sirirat Surinkaew, Voravuth Somsak, and Rujikorn Rattanatham. "Protective Effects of Gymnema inodorum Leaf Extract on Plasmodium berghei-Induced Hypoglycemia, Dyslipidemia, Liver Damage, and Acute Kidney Injury in Experimental Mice." Journal of Parasitology Research 2021 (September 12, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1896997.

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Malaria complications are the most frequent cause of mortality from parasite infection. This study is aimed at investigating the protective effect of Gymnema inodorum leaf extract (GIE) on hypoglycemia, dyslipidemia, liver damage, and acute kidney injury induced by Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. Groups of ICR mice were inoculated with 1 × 10 7 parasitized erythrocytes of P. berghei ANKA and administered orally by gavage with 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg of GIE for 4 consecutive days. Healthy and untreated controls were given distilled water, while the positive control was treated with 10 mg/kg of chloroquine. The results showed that malaria-associated hypoglycemia, dyslipidemia, liver damage, and acute kidney injury were found in the untreated mice as indicated by the significant alteration of biological markers. On the contrary, in 250 and 500 mg/kg of GIE-treated mice, the biological markers were normal compared to healthy controls. The highest protective effect was found at 500 mg/kg similar to the CQ-treated group. However, GIE at a dose of 100 mg/kg did not show protection during malaria infection. This study demonstrated that GIE presented potential therapeutic effects on PbANKA-induced hypoglycemia, dyslipidemia, liver damage, and acute kidney injury. The results obtained confirm the prospect of G. inodorum as an essential source of new antimalarial compounds and justify folkloric use as an alternative malarial treatment.

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Krishnaswamy, Savitha. "Potent future antimalarials from Indian indigenous plants: a systematic review." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 12 (November 27, 2019): 5364. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20195500.

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Malaria has a global impact due to development of resistance against the frontline anti-malarial drugs which include artemisinin and its derivatives. According to the ancient Indian system of medicine, the Ayurveda, several Indian indigenous plants have been used for treating various ailments. The use of Indian indigenous plants for treatment of malaria is proving to be quite effective and also offers as a cheaper alternative. The purpose of this review is to obtain knowledge about the different Indian indigenous plants that have antimalarial and antiplasmodial biological activities. Literature suggests that many indigenous Indian plants have shown good antiplasmodial and antimalarial activity with effects like decrease in anaemia, weight loss and pyrexia. Hence the Indian indigenous plants have a vast scope to be used as potent future antimalarials.

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Ahmed Elkanzi, Nadia Ali. "Synthesis and Biological Activities of Some Pyrimidine Derivatives: A Review." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 36, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 1001–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/360602.

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Nitrogen containing synthetically and biologically important heterocyclic ring system namely pyrimidine possess both biological and pharmacological activities, and defend as aromatic six heterocyclic with 1and 3 nitrogen atom in ring. Preparation of pyrimidine via different methods offer its importance in fields of medicinal chemistry and Chemistry. Pyrimidines and their derivatives act as anti-inflammatory, anti-malaria, anti-tumor, cardiovascular agents, anti-neoplastic, anti-tubercular, anti- HIV, diuretic ,anti-viral, anti-microbial, ,analgesic .This review give light up on biological and pharmacological activities of pyrimidine nucleus.

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Mannaa, Fathia Abd Elwahid. "Can malaria protein fight cancer?" Comunicata Scientiae 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v8i2.2237.

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Cancer risk depends on a combination of our genes, environment and other aspects of our lives, many of which we can control. Surgery, radiation and chemotherapy are often effective at treating people with a solid tumor, but once the cancer has spread and formed tiny tumors at distant sites, chances for a successful recovery are dismal.Recently, it was discovered that the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum produce and present a malarial protein called VAR2CSA, which bind a type of sugar molecule exclusively found in the placenta. It was found that the exact same sugar molecule structure is also found in most cancer cells. Both molecules are a type of chondroitin sulfate. The VAR2CSA only adhere in the placenta and do not bind to chondroitin sulfate expressed elsewhere in the body. In tumors, placental-like chondroitin sulfate chains are linked to a limited repertoire of cancer-associated proteoglycans including CD44 and CSPG4. The recombinant VAR2CSA (rVAR2) protein localizes to tumors in vivo and rVAR2 fused to diphtheria toxin or conjugated to hemiasterlin compounds strongly inhibits in vivo tumor cell growth and metastasis.

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Dubey, Anubhav, and Yatendra Singh. "Medicinal Properties of Cinchona Alkaloids - A Brief Review." Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (August 14, 2021): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52711/2231-5659.2021.00036.

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Cinchona which belongs to family Rubiaceae, got its importance from the centuries because of its anti- malarial activity. Alkaloids present in this herb, Quinine, Chichonine, Quinidine and Cinchonidine are the main, but percentage may vary in species to species. Since the early 17th century, these alkaloid are frequently used in Indian ayurvedic, sidha and traditional folk medicine to treating fever and Still now in modern medicine cinchona alkaloids are used for the treatment of malaria as well as for other diseases and became the well-known drug after the treatment of malaria caused by Plasmodium Sp. Literature study revealed that along with the antimalarial activity the cinchona alkaloids has other potentiality like anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial activity. These article reviews the biological activities of cinchona alkaloids along with its toxic effect.

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Good, Michael F., and Danielle I. Stanisic. "Biological strategies and political hurdles in developing malaria vaccines." Expert Review of Vaccines 20, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2021.1889094.

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Kiware, Samson S., Nakul Chitnis, Gregor J. Devine, Sarah J. Moore, Silas Majambere, and Gerry F. Killeen. "Biologically meaningful coverage indicators for eliminating malaria transmission." Biology Letters 8, no. 5 (May 30, 2012): 874–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0352.

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Mosquitoes, which evade contact with long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual sprays, by feeding outdoors or upon animals, are primary malaria vectors in many tropical countries. They can also dominate residual transmission where high coverage of these front-line vector control measures is achieved. Complementary strategies, which extend insecticide coverage beyond houses and humans, are required to eliminate malaria transmission in most settings. The overwhelming diversity of the world's malaria transmission systems and optimal strategies for controlling them can be simply conceptualized and mapped across two-dimensional scenario space defined by the proportion of blood meals that vectors obtain from humans and the proportion of human exposure to them which occurs indoors.

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Nea, Fatimata, Michel Boni Bitchi, Manon Genva, Allison Ledoux, Alembert Tiabou Tchinda, Christian Damblon, Michel Frederich, Zanahi Félix Tonzibo, and Marie-Laure Fauconnier. "Phytochemical Investigation and Biological Activities of Lantana rhodesiensis." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040846.

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Lantana rhodesiensis Moldenke is a plant widely used to treat diseases, such as rheumatism, diabetes, and malaria in traditional medicine. To better understand the traditional uses of this plant, a phytochemical study was undertaken, revealing a higher proportion of polyphenols, including flavonoids in L. rhodesiensis leaf extract and moderate proportion in stem and root extracts. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was also determined using three different assays: the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, the FRAP method (Ferric-reducing antioxidant power) and the β-carotene bleaching test. The anti-malarial activity of each extract was also evaluated using asexual erythrocyte stages of Plasmodium falciparum, chloroquine-sensitive strain 3D7. The results showed that the leaf extract exhibited higher antioxidant and anti-malarial activities in comparison with the stem and root extracts, probably due to the presence of higher quantities of polyphenols including flavonoids in the leaves. A positive linear correlation was established between the phenolic compound content (total polyphenols including flavonoids and tannins; and total flavonoids) and the antioxidant activity of all extracts. Furthermore, four flavones were isolated from leaf dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions: a new flavone named rhodescine (5,6,3′,5′-tetrahydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone) (1), 5-hydroxy-6,7,3′,4′,5′-pentamethoxyflavone (2), 5-hydroxy-6,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavone (3), and 5,6,3′-trihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone (4). Their structures were elucidated by 1H, 13CNMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and MS-EI spectral methods. Aside from compound 2, all other molecules were described for the first time in this plant species.

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Kopacz, Jeffrey, and Nirbhay Kumar. "Murine γδ T Lymphocytes Elicited duringPlasmodium yoelii Infection Respond to PlasmodiumHeat Shock Proteins." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.1.57-63.1999.

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ABSTRACT γδ T cells accumulate during Plasmodium infections in both murine and human malarias. The biological role of these cells and the antigens that they recognize are not clearly understood, although recent findings indicate that γδ T cells in general influence both innate and antigen-specific adaptive host responses. We examined the accumulation of γδ T cells elicited during infection with virulent and avirulent Plasmodium yoelii parasites in relatively susceptible and resistant strains of mice. Our results indicated that in nonlethal malaria infections, γδ T cells comprise a larger proportion of splenic T cells than in lethal infections and that only a live infection is capable of inducing an increase in the percentage of γδ T cells in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate that γδ T cells elicited during a P. yoelii infection respond by proliferation in vitro to P. falciparum heat shock proteins (HSPs) of 60 and 70 kDa, suggesting a possible immunological involvement of parasite HSPs in this arm of the cellular immune response during malarial infection in mice.

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Thiam, Alassane, Sabrina Baaklini, Babacar Mbengue, Samia Nisar, Maryam Diarra, Sandrine Marquet, Mouhamadou Mansour Fall, et al. "NCR3 polymorphism, haematological parameters, and severe malaria in Senegalese patients." PeerJ 6 (December 3, 2018): e6048. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6048.

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Background Host factors, including host genetic variation, have been shown to influence the outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Genome-wide linkage studies have mapped mild malaria resistance genes on chromosome 6p21, whereas NCR3-412 polymorphism (rs2736191) lying within this region was found to be associated with mild malaria. Methods Blood samples were taken from 188 Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients (76 mild malaria patients, 85 cerebral malaria patients, and 27 severe non-cerebral malaria patients). NCR3-412 (rs2736191) was analysed by sequencing, and haematological parameters were measured. Finally, their association with clinical phenotypes was assessed. Results We evidenced an association of thrombocytopenia with both cerebral malaria and severe non-cerebral malaria, and of an association of high leukocyte count with cerebral malaria. Additionally, we found no association of NCR3-412 with either cerebral malaria, severe non-cerebral malaria, or severe malaria after grouping cerebral malaria and severe non-cerebral malaria patients. Conclusions Our results suggest that NCR3 genetic variation has no effect, or only a small effect on the occurrence of severe malaria, although it has been strongly associated with mild malaria. We discuss the biological meaning of these results. Besides, we confirmed the association of thrombocytopenia and high leukocyte count with severe malaria phenotypes.

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ROMERO, P. "Malaria vaccines." Current Biology 2, no. 9 (September 1992): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-9822(92)90648-t.

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Surowiec, Izabella, Tomas Skotare, Rickard Sjögren, Sandra Gouveia-Figueira, Judy Orikiiriza, Sven Bergström, Johan Normark, and Johan Trygg. "Joint and unique multiblock analysis of biological data – multiomics malaria study." Faraday Discussions 218 (2019): 268–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8fd00243f.

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In this work we used Joint and Unique MultiBlock Analysis (JUMBA) for the integrated analysis of lipidomic, metabolomic and oxylipins data sets obtained from profiling of plasma samples from children infected with P. falciparum malaria.

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Triajayanti, Ade, Jhons Fatriyadi Suwandi, Betta Kurniawan, and Nurul Utami. "Identification of Plasmodium Falciparum Merozoit Surface Protein-1 (PFMSP-1) Gene From Malaria Patients in Hanura Area, Lampung, Indonesia." Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 3, no. 4 (October 27, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/bsm.v3i4.97.

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Introduction: Malaria is a major health problem not only in Indonesia, but also the world. Incidence of anti malarial drug resistance has been found, and one of the possible cause is genetic factors. The changes that occur in the Plasmodium falciparum gene cause genetic variations that lead to resistance for treatment. There is a gene with high polymorphism that can be used as a gene marker of genetic variation in Plasmodium falciparum. Aim of Study: This study aim to identification of plasmodium falciparum merozoit surface protein-1 (PFMSP-1) gene from malaria patients in Puskesmas Hanura, Pesawaran, Lampung. Methods: Descriptive method with morbidity survey approach is used in this study. There are total 23 biological material stored that had been taken in 2016 from malaria patient in Puskesmas Hanura, Pesawaran, Lampung, by consecutive sampling. Identification of genetic variance of the Plasmodium falciparum gene was performed by nested PCR at Medical Faculty Biomolecular Laboratory of Lampung University. The results of this study were processed using a computer software. Results: There are 23 samples that amplified following nested PCR for Plasmodium falciparum Merozoit Surface Protein-1 (PFMSP-1) gene target. In all samples studied, there are PFMSP-1 gene with six variations base pair length range from 200 to 2000 bp. Conclusions: this study has successfully amplified PFMSP-1 gene from individualâ€™s blood sample infected by Malaria in Puskesmas Hanura work region, Pesawaran, Lampung.

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LEOPOLDINO, JOSÉ FÁBIO SANTOS, MARCIA MAIUMI FUKUJIMA, and ALBERTO ALAIN GABBAI. "Malaria and stroke: case report." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 57, no. 4 (December 1999): 1024–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x1999000600021.

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Malaria is a parasitic disease with high prevalence in several regions of the world. Infestation by Plasmodium faciparum can, in some cases, affect the central nervous system producing encephalitis resulting in death or neurological sequelae. The mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of the cerebral lesion are not totally clear and there are currently two theories (mechanical and humoral) concerning this. We report a case of malaria with an atypical evolution, with a stroke lesion in the territory of the middle cerebral artery, with no association with encephalitis. We conclude that the mechanical theory is the one applicable to this patient.

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Gorki, Varun, Neha Sylvia Walter, Rahul Singh, Monika Chauhan, Neelima Dhingra, Deepak B. Salunke, and Sukhbir Kaur. "β-Carboline Derivatives Tackling Malaria: Biological Evaluation and Docking Analysis." ACS Omega 5, no. 29 (July 13, 2020): 17993–8006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c01256.

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De Nys, Hélène M., Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer, Ursula Thiesen, Christophe Boesch, Roman M. Wittig, Roger Mundry, and Fabian H. Leendertz. "Age-related effects on malaria parasite infection in wild chimpanzees." Biology Letters 9, no. 4 (August 23, 2013): 20121160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.1160.

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Wild great apes are widely infected with a number of malaria parasites ( Plasmodium spp.). Yet, nothing is known about the biology of these infections in the wild. Using faecal samples collected from wild chimpanzees, we investigated the effect of age on Plasmodium spp. detection rates. The data show a strong association between age and malaria parasite positivity, with significantly lower detection rates in adults. This suggests that, as in humans, individuals reaching adulthood have mounted an effective protective immunity against malaria parasites.

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Accrombessi, Manfred, Emmanuel Yovo, Gilles Cottrell, Gino Agbota, Agnès Gartner, Yves Martin-Prevel, Nadia Fanou-Fogny, et al. "Cohort profile: effect of malaria in early pregnancy on fetal growth in Benin (RECIPAL preconceptional cohort)." BMJ Open 8, no. 1 (January 2018): e019014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019014.

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PurposeREtard de Croissance Intra-uterin et PALudisme (RECIPAL) is an original preconceptional cohort designed to assess the consequences of malaria during the first trimester of pregnancy, which is a poorly investigated period in Africa and during which malaria may be detrimental to the fetus.ParticipantsFor this purpose, a total of 1214 women of reproductive age living in Sô-Ava and Akassato districts (south Benin) were followed up monthly from June 2014 to December 2016 until 411 of them became pregnant. A large range of health determinants was collected both before and during pregnancy from the first weeks of gestation to delivery. Five Doppler ultrasound scans were performed for early dating of the pregnancy and longitudinal fetal growth assessment.Findings to datePregnant women were identified at a mean of 6.9 weeks of gestation (wg). Preliminary results confirmed the high prevalence of malaria in the first trimester of pregnancy, with more than 25.4% of women presenting at least one microscopic malarial infection during this period. Most infections occurred before six wg. The prevalence of low birth weight, small birth weight for gestational age (according to INTERGROWTH-21st charts) and preterm birth was 9.3%, 18.3% and 12.6%, respectively.Future plansREtard de Croissance Intra-uterin et PALudisme (RECIPAL) represents at this time a unique resource that will provide information on multiple infectious (including malaria), biological, nutritional and environmental determinants in relation to health outcomes in women of reproductive age, pregnant women and their newborns. It will contribute to better define future recommendations for the prevention of malaria in early pregnancy and maternal malnutrition in Africa. It confirms that it is possible to constitute a preconceptional pregnancy cohort in Africa and provides valuable information for researchers starting cohorts in the future.

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Yakob, Laith. "Epidemiological consequences of a newly discovered cryptic subgroup of Anopheles gambiae." Biology Letters 7, no. 6 (June 21, 2011): 947–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0453.

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A cryptic subgroup of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto mosquitoes was recently discovered in West Africa. This ‘GOUNDRY’ subgroup has increased susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum , the most deadly form of malaria. Unusual for this major malaria vector, GOUNDRY mosquitoes also seem to bite exclusively outdoors. A mathematical model is developed to assess the epidemiological implications of current vector control tools, bednets and indoor residual spray, preferentially suppressing the more typical indoor biting mosquitoes. It is demonstrated that even if the GOUNDRY mosquitoes have a decreased preference for human blood, vector controls which select for increased GOUNDRY abundance relative to their indoor biting counterparts risks intensifying malaria transmission. Given the widely observed phenomenon of outdoor biting by major malaria vectors, this behaviour should not be ignored in future modelling efforts and warrants serious consideration in control programme strategy.

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Taher, Akmal, Tusy Triwahyuni, Ismalia Husna, and Devita Febriani. "Karakteristik Fisik, Kimia, Dan Biologi Tempat Perindukan Potensial Larva Anopheles Sp. Dan Indeks Habitat Di Desa Sukamaju Kecamatan Punduh Pidada Kabupaten Pesawaran." MAHESA : Malahayati Health Student Journal 1, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/mahesa.v1i2.3819.

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ABSTRACT: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POTENTIAL FARMING PLACE OF LARVA Anopheles sp. AND HABITAT INDEX IN SUKAMAJU VILLAGE DISTRICT PUNDUH PIDADA PESAWARAN DISTRICT Background: Malaria is an infectious disease transmitted through mosquitoes and has become a health problem both in the world and Indonesia especially in Lampung. The population of the malaria vector is strongly influenced by the location of the breeding place. Purpose: Knowing the Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of Potential Breeding Places for Anopheles Sp. and Habitat Index in Sukamaju Village, Punduh District, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung Province, 2020. Methods: This was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional study research design. The physical characteristics have done by measuring temperature and water depth, the chemical characteristics by measuring pH and water salinity, and the biological characteristics by looking at organisms found at the sampling site. As well as calculating the habitat index. Results: The physical characteristics of the brooding sites have an average water temperature of 31.33 ° C and an average water depth of 25.840 cm. Chemical characteristics of brooding sites mean 2.4280 ‰ of water salinity, and most of the acidity (pH) of water is acidic. The biological characteristics of breeding sites are mostly water and plant predators. Habitat index obtained a value of 1%.Conclusion: That these places have the potential to transmit malaria. Keywords: Anopheles sp., breeding place, malaria INTISARI: KARAKTERISTIK FISIK, KIMIA, DAN BIOLOGI TEMPAT PERINDUKAN POTENSIAL LARVA Anopheles sp. DAN INDEKS HABITAT DI DESA SUKAMAJU KECAMATAN PUNDUH PIDADA KABUPATEN PESAWARAN Latar Belakang : Malaria merupakan penyakit infeksi yang ditularkan melalui nyamuk dan telah menjadi masalah kesehatan baik di dunia maupun di Indonesia khususnya di daerah Lampung. Populasi vektor malaria sangat dipengaruhi oleh lokasi tempat perindukannya. Tujuan : Mengetahui Karakteristik Fisik, Kimia, dan Biologi Tempat Perindukan Potensial Nyamuk Anopheles Sp. dan Indeks Habitat Di Desa Sukamaju Kecamatan Punduh Kabupaten Pesawaran Provinsi Lampung Tahun 2020. Metode : Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Karakteristik fisik dilakukan dengan mekukur suhu dan kedalaman air, karakteristik kimia dengan mengukur pH dan salinitas air, dan karakteristik biologi dengan melihat organisme yang ditemukan di tempat pengambilan sampel. Serta melakukan penghitungan indeks habitat. Hasil : Karakteristik fisik pada tempat perindukan rata-rata suhu air 31,33°C, dan rata-rata kedalaman air 25,840 cm. Karakteristik Kimia pada tempat perindukan rata-rata salinitas air 2,4280‰, dan sebagian besar derajat keasaman (pH) air adalah asam. Karakteristik Biologi pada tempat perindukan sebagian besar terdapat predator air dan tumbuhan. Indeks habitat didapatkan nilai 1%. Kesimpulan : Bahwa tempat-tempat tersebut berpotensi untuk penularan penyakit malaria. Kata Kunci : Anopheles sp., malaria, tempat perindukan

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Marella, Akranth, Garima Verma, Md Shaquiquzzaman, Md Faraz Khan, Wasim Akhtar, and Md Mumtaz Alam. "Malaria Hybrids: A Chronological Evolution." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 14 (August 21, 2019): 1144–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557519666190315100027.

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Malaria, an upsetting malaise caused by a diverse class of Plasmodium species affects about 40% of the world’s population. The distress associated with it has reached colossal scales owing to the development of resistance to most of the clinically available agents. Hence, the search for newer molecules for malaria treatment and cure is an incessant process. After the era of a single molecule for malaria treatment ended, there was an advent of combination therapy. However, lately there had been reports of the development of resistance to many of these agents as well. Subsequently, at present most of the peer groups working on malaria treatment aim to develop novel molecules, which may act on more than one biological processes of the parasite life cycle, and these scaffolds have been aptly termed as Hybrid Molecules or Double Drugs. These molecules may hold the key to hitherto unknown ways of showing a detrimental effect on the parasite. This review enlists a few of the recent advances made in malaria treatment by these hybrid molecules in a sequential manner.

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Nolan, Tony. "Control of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes using gene drives." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1818 (December 28, 2020): 20190803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0803.

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Gene drives are selfish genetic elements that can be re-designed to invade a population and they hold tremendous potential for the control of mosquitoes that transmit disease. Much progress has been made recently in demonstrating proof of principle for gene drives able to suppress populations of malarial mosquitoes, or to make them refractory to the Plasmodium parasites they transmit. This has been achieved using CRISPR-based gene drives. In this article, I will discuss the relative merits of this type of gene drive, as well as barriers to its technical development and to its deployment in the field as malaria control. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases'.

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Tangley, Laura. "Malaria: Fighting the African Scourge." BioScience 37, no. 2 (February 1987): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1310360.

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Tibbetts, John H. "New Tools for Forecasting Malaria." BioScience 67, no. 11 (October 19, 2017): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix112.

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Baqi, Mahin, Ken Gamble, Jay S. Keystone, and Kevin C. Kain. "Malaria: Probably Locally Acquired in Toronto, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 9, no. 3 (1998): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/150650.

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Although local acquisition of malaria has been reported in the United States, no such cases have been reported in Canada. The authors report a case ofPlasmodium vivaxmalaria in a patient with no travel to a malarious area in the preceding nine years, and postulate local acquisition as the most likely explanation for her infection. The only other plausible alternative explanation of equal biological interest would be that this case represents the latest relapse of vivax malaria ever reported.

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Ajima, Ukpe, Johnson Ogoda Onah, and Noel Nenman Wannang. "Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Benzimidazole - Dihydroartemisinin Hybrids as Potential Dual Acting Antimalarial Agents." Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 1 (August 22, 2019): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13171/mjc91190822625ua.

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Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by various species of the Plasmodium parasite. In 2016, there were about 216 million cases resulting in 445,000 deaths, with sub-saharan Africa bearing the heaviest burden of the disease. The currently recommended treatment for malariaÂ are combination therapies containing Artemisinin (ACTâ€™s). However, the effectiveness of the Artemisinins is being compromised by the emergence of resistance to the drug and this amplifies the need for new antimalarial drugs. The Benzimidazole scaffold is one of the privileged structures in medicinal chemistry and is associated with a number of biological activities including antimalarial activity which may be through inhibition of the Plasmodial plasmepsin II enzyme. The present study utilizes the concept of molecular hybridization to synthesize hybrid compounds that contain two pharmacophores, acting through two distinct mechanisms. The aim is to improve efficacy and possibly prevent or slow down the emergence of parasite resistance. To confirm their structures, the conjugates were purified by chromatography and characterized using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Mass spectrometry and Infra-red spectroscopy. Antimalarial activities of the hybrids were evaluated in-vitro against the 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum using the parasite Lactate dehydrogenase assay. The hybrids were successfully synthesized with yields ranging from 63.48 percent to 67.60 percent and were all active against the parasite. The Mebendazole conjugate of dihydroartemisinin showed the highest activity with IC50 of 6.861 nM and 6.967 nM for the 5-Benzimidazolecarboxylic acid conjugate of dihydroartemisinin. All the compounds showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in activity as compared to Dihydroartemisinin and Chloroquine alone. These hybrid compounds with improved physicochemical and pharmacological properties may serve as templates for the development of a new class of anitmalarial drugs, which possess advantages over existing drugs in terms of effectiveness and also the ability to overcome the problem of resistance during malaria chemotherapy.

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Manderson, Lenore, Irene Agyepong, Bertha Aryee, and Helen Dzikunu. "Anthropological Methods for Malaria Interventions." Practicing Anthropology 18, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.18.3.u2562l207411171q.

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Anthropological interest in health and illness has taken on a far stronger applied edge in the past two decades, as anthropologists have gained employment in government ministries of health and with disease control programs, joined nongovernment organizations involved in the delivery of health care and community development, and accepted government consultancies with clear, practical outcomes in mind. In the field of disease control, one aim has been to determine areas for behavioral and other social, biological, and environmental interventions which minimize risk of infection. A second aim has been to identify means of implementation, maintenance, and evaluation of interventions that are both cost effective and sustainable in the long term. Such interventions typically involve the community.

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OKOSUN, KAZEEM OARE. "ON THE DYNAMICS MALARIA-DYSENTERY CO-INFECTION MODEL." Journal of Biological Systems 28, no. 02 (June 2020): 453–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339020400082.

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In this paper, a mathematical model for malaria-dysentery co-infection was formulated in order to study and examine its dynamic relationship in the presence of malaria and dysentery preventive and treatment measures. First, analysis of the single infection steady states was done and then the basic reproduction number was obtained. Furthermore, investigation into the existence and stability of equilibria carried out. The single infection models were found to exhibit the possibility of backward bifurcation. Thereafter, the impact of malaria on the dynamics of dysentery is further investigated. Second, incorporating time-dependent controls, using Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle, the necessary conditions for the optimal control of the disease was derived. It is found that malaria infection may be associated with an increased risk of dysentery. Also, that dysentery infection may be associated with an increased risk for malaria. Therefore, to effectively control malaria, the malaria intervention strategies by policy makers must at the same time it also includes effective prevention and control measures for dysentery. Policy makers should take efforts on preventive strategies in combating dysentery and malaria.

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Quaresima, Virginia, Tsiri Agbenyega, Bismark Oppong, Julia Ann D. A. Awunyo, Priscilla Adu Adomah, Eunice Enty, Francesco Donato, and Francesco Castelli. "Are Malaria Risk Factors Based on Gender? A Mixed-Methods Survey in an Urban Setting in Ghana." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 3 (September 2, 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030161.

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Malaria still represents one of the most debilitating and deadly diseases in the world. It has been suggested that malaria has different impacts on women and men due to both social and biological factors. A gender perspective is therefore important to understand how to eliminate malaria. This study aimed to investigate malaria from a gender perspective in a non-for-profit private health facility, HopeXchange Medical Centre, based in Kumasi (Ghana). A sequential mixed-methods design, comprising quantitative and qualitative methods, was used. This study found low ownership (40%) and use (19%) of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Most malaria cases were women (62%), who were less educated and had more external risk factors associated with infection. Our study reported a trend of preferring malaria self-medication at home, which was practiced mostly by men (43%). Our data suggest that women are more likely to be exposed to malaria infections than men, especially due to their prolonged exposure to mosquito bites during the most dangerous hours. Our study highlighted the need for future malaria control policies to be more focused on social and behavioral aspects and from a gender perspective.

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Childs, Lauren M., and Caroline O. Buckee. "Dissecting the determinants of malaria chronicity: why within-host models struggle to reproduce infection dynamics." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 104 (March 2015): 20141379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.1379.

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The duration of infection is fundamental to the epidemiological behaviour of any infectious disease, but remains one of the most poorly understood aspects of malaria. In endemic areas, the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum can cause both acute, severe infections and asymptomatic, chronic infections through its interaction with the host immune system. Frequent superinfection and massive parasite genetic diversity make it extremely difficult to accurately measure the distribution of infection lengths, complicating the estimation of basic epidemiological parameters and the prediction of the impact of interventions. Mathematical models have qualitatively reproduced parasite dynamics early during infection, but reproducing long-lived chronic infections remains much more challenging. Here, we construct a model of infection dynamics to examine the consequences of common biological assumptions for the generation of chronicity and the impact of co-infection. We find that although a combination of host and parasite heterogeneities are capable of generating chronic infections, they do so only under restricted parameter choices. Furthermore, under biologically plausible assumptions, co-infection of parasite genotypes can alter the course of infection of both the resident and co-infecting strain in complex non-intuitive ways. We outline the most important puzzles for within-host models of malaria arising from our analysis, and their implications for malaria epidemiology and control.

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Berendt, A. R., D. J. P. Ferguson, J. Gardner, G. Turner, A. Rowe, C. McCormick, D. Roberts, et al. "Molecular mechanisms of sequestration in malaria." Parasitology 108, S1 (March 1994): S19—S28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075685.

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Cell surface molecules have received intense attention in recent years because of the central roles they play at the interface between the external environment and the cellular interior. Their functions include adhesion to other cells or extracellular matrices, protection against hostile physical, chemical and biological agents and the transport of metabolites into and out of the cell. In addition, cell surface molecules transduce signals across the cell membrane, relaying information inwards and presenting altered characteristics to the exterior as the environment changes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Biological Malaria'

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