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Journal articles on the topic 'Biological Metamorphosis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Mathiron, Anthony G. E., Jean-Paul Lena, Sarah Baouch, and Mathieu Denoël. "The ‘male escape hypothesis’: sex-biased metamorphosis in response to climatic drivers in a facultatively paedomorphic amphibian." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1853 (April 19, 2017): 20170176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0176.

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Paedomorphosis is a major evolutionary process that bypasses metamorphosis and allows reproduction in larvae. In newts and salamanders, it can be facultative with paedomorphs retaining gills and metamorphs dispersing. The evolution of these developmental processes is thought to have been driven by the costs and benefits of inhabiting aquatic versus terrestrial habitats. In this context, we aimed at testing the hypothesis that climatic drivers affect phenotypic transition and the difference across sexes because sex-ratio is biased in natural populations. Through a replicated laboratory experiment, we showed that paedomorphic palmate newts ( Lissotriton helveticus ) metamorphosed at a higher frequency when water availability decreased and metamorphosed earlier when temperature increased in these conditions. All responses were sex-biased, and males were more prone to change phenotype than females. Our work shows how climatic variables can affect facultative paedomorphosis and support theoretical models predicting life on land instead of in water. Moreover, because males metamorphose and leave water more often and earlier than females, these results, for the first time, give an experimental explanation for the rarity of male paedomorphosis (the ‘male escape hypothesis’) and suggest the importance of sex in the evolution of paedomorphosis versus metamorphosis.
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2

Belles, Xavier. "The innovation of the final moult and the origin of insect metamorphosis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20180415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0415.

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The three modes of insect postembryonic development are ametaboly, hemimetaboly and holometaboly, the latter being considered the only significant metamorphosis mode. However, the emergence of hemimetaboly, with the genuine innovation of the final moult, represents the origin of insect metamorphosis and a necessary step in the evolution of holometaboly. Hemimetaboly derives from ametaboly and might have appeared as a consequence of wing emergence in Pterygota, in the early Devonian. In extant insects, the final moult is mainly achieved through the degeneration of the prothoracic gland (PG), after the formation of the winged and reproductively competent adult stage. Metamorphosis, including the formation of the mature wings and the degeneration of the PG, is regulated by the MEKRE93 pathway, through which juvenile hormone precludes the adult morphogenesis by repressing the expression of transcription factor E93, which triggers this change. The MEKRE93 pathway appears conserved in extant metamorphosing insects, which suggest that this pathway was operative in the Pterygota last common ancestor. We propose that the final moult, and the consequent hemimetabolan metamorphosis, is a monophyletic innovation and that the role of E93 as a promoter of wing formation and the degeneration of the PG was mechanistically crucial for their emergence. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.
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Kencana, Bayu Bagus, Muhammad Fathur Prayudha, and Budi Arifitama. "METAMORPHOSIS VISUALIZATION WITH AUGMENTED REALITY USING MARKER-BASED TRACKING." Jurnal Riset Informatika 3, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.34288/jri.v3i1.168.

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Metamorphosis is a cycle of biological animal growth. Learning Metamorphosis is a part of learning for students in schools specifically in the area of biology subjects. Unfortunately, the observing activities take time, and finding an animal specimen is limited to study the metamorphosis cycle. This research proposes an innovative solution to overcome these problems which is the implementation of augmented reality technology. The animal metamorphosis cycle process is visualized into 4-dimensional objects to improve interaction for the student on learning metamorphosis during learning sessions. The Marker-Based Tracking method is used as an approach where the location of the tracking pattern on the marker has been determined in advance as the place where the augmented reality object appears. The results of this study indicate that using a marker-based tracking method can improve students' understanding of metamorphosis.
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Consolaro, Alberto, and Renata Bianco Consolaro. "There is no pulp necrosis or calcific metamorphosis of pulp induced by orthodontic treatment: biological basis." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 23, no. 4 (August 2018): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.23.4.036-042.oin.

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ABSTRACT To biologically explain why the orthodontic treatment does not induce pulp necrosis and calcific metamorphosis of the pulp, this paper presents explanations based on pulp physiology, microscopy and pathology, and especially the cell and tissue phenomena that characterize the induced tooth movement. The final reflections are as follows: 1) the orthodontic movement does not induce pulp necrosis or calcific metamorphosis of the pulp; 2) there is no literature or experimental and clinical models to demonstrate or minimally evidence pulp alterations induced by orthodontic movement; 3) when pulp necrosis or calcific metamorphosis of the pulp is diagnosed during orthodontic treatment or soon after removal of orthodontic appliances, its etiology should be assigned to concussion dental trauma, rather than to orthodontic treatment; 4) the two pulp disorders that cause tooth discoloration in apparently healthy teeth are the aseptic pulp necrosis and calcific metamorphosis of the pulp, both only induced by dental trauma; 5) the concussion dental trauma still requires many clinical and laboratory studies with pertinent experimental models, to increasingly explain its effects on the periodontal and pulp tissues.
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5

Barker, Andrew. "Giant Bug or Monstrous Vermin? Translating Kafka's Die Verwandlung in its Cultural, Social, and Biological Contexts." Translation and Literature 30, no. 2 (July 2021): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/tal.2021.0463.

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Since it would have been feasible for Kafka to call his story ‘Die Metamorphose’, the article first considers why most translators render Die Verwandlung as (The) Metamorphosis and not literally as The Transformation. Given the widespread impact of Darwinism and Social Darwinism when Kafka wrote the work in 1912, particular attention is paid to socio-biological factors that may have influenced his choice of title. The article further considers the possible impact of Yiddish theatre and Nietzschean philosophy upon Kafka's decision. It then examines how translators have tackled the story's opening sentence, given the difficulties of rendering the phrase ‘ungeheures Ungeziefer’ (literally ‘monstrous vermin’) in a way that does justice to the sentence's original structure and vocabulary. Finally, the article offers a possible solution to this problem.
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6

Hermansen, Tyge Dahl, Søren Ventegodt, and Joav Merrick. "Human Development X: Explanation of Macroevolution — Top-Down Evolution Materializes Consciousness. The Origin of Metamorphosis." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 1656–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.270.

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In this paper, we first give a short discussion of the macroevolution viewing life as information-directed, complex, dynamic systems. On this basis, we give our explanation of the origin of life and discuss the top-down evolution of molecules, proteins, and macroevolution. We discuss these subjects according to our new holistic biological paradigm. In view of this, we discuss the macroevolution of the organism, the species, the biosphere, and human society. After this, we discuss the shift in evolution from natural selection to a new proposed process of nature called the “metamorphous top-down” evolution. We discuss the capability of the evolutionary shift to govern some of the processes that lead to the formation of new species. We discuss the mechanisms we think are behind this proposed shift in evolution and conclude that this event is able to explain the huge biological diversity of nature in combination with evolutionary natural selection. We also discuss this event of nature as an isolated, but integrated, part of the universe. We propose the most important genetic and biochemical process that we think is behind the evolutionary shift as a complicated symbiosis of mechanisms leading to metamorphosis in all biological individuals, from bacteria to humans. The energetic superorbital that manifests the consciousness governs all these processes through quantum chemical activity. This is the key to evolutionary shift through the consciousness, and we propose to call this process “adult human metamorphosis”.
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Hermansen, Tyge Dahl, Søren Ventegodt, Erik Rald, Birgitte Clausen, Maj Lyck Nielsen, and Joav Merrick. "Human development I: Twenty Fundamental Problems of Biology, Medicine, and Neuro-Psychology Related to Biological Information." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 747–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.153.

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In a new series of papers, we address a number of unsolved problems in biology today. First of all, the unsolved enigma concerning how the differentiation from a single zygote to an adult individual happens has been object for severe research for decades. By uncovering a new holistic biological paradigm that introduces an energetic-informational interpretation of reality as a new way to experience biology, these papers will try to solve the problems connected with the events of biological ontogenesis involving a fractal hierarchy, from a single cell to the function of the human brain. The problems discussed are interpreted within the frames of a universe of roomy fractal structures containing energetic patterns that are able to deliver biological information. We think biological organization is guided by energetic changes on the level of quantum mechanics, interacting with the intention that again guides the energetic conformation of the fractal structures to gain disorders or healthiness. Furthermore, we introduce two new concepts: “metamorphous top down” evolution and “adult human metamorphosis”. The first is a new evolutionary theory involving metamorphosis as a main concept of evolution. The last is tightly linked to the evolutionary principle and explains how human self-recovery is governed. Other subjects of special interest that we shall look deeper into are the immunological self-nonself discrimination, the structure and function of the human brain, the etiology and salutogenesis of mental and somatic diseases, and the structure of the consciousness of a human being. We shall criticize Szentagothai’s model for the modulated structure of the human cerebral cortex and Jerne’s theory of the immunological regulatory anti-idiotypic network.
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8

SCHEINER, SAMUEL M. "The Metamorphosis of Evo-Devo." BioScience 54, no. 12 (2004): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[1150:tmoe]2.0.co;2.

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9

Cabrales-Arellano, Patricia, Tania Islas-Flores, Patricia E. Thomé, and Marco A. Villanueva. "Indomethacin reproducibly induces metamorphosis in Cassiopea xamachana scyphistomae." PeerJ 5 (March 1, 2017): e2979. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2979.

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Cassiopea xamachana jellyfish are an attractive model system to study metamorphosis and/or cnidarian–dinoflagellate symbiosis due to the ease of cultivation of their planula larvae and scyphistomae through their asexual cycle, in which the latter can bud new larvae and continue the cycle without differentiation into ephyrae. Then, a subsequent induction of metamorphosis and full differentiation into ephyrae is believed to occur when the symbionts are acquired by the scyphistomae. Although strobilation induction and differentiation into ephyrae can be accomplished in various ways, a controlled, reproducible metamorphosis induction has not been reported. Such controlled metamorphosis induction is necessary for an ensured synchronicity and reproducibility of biological, biochemical, and molecular analyses. For this purpose, we tested if differentiation could be pharmacologically stimulated as in Aurelia aurita, by the metamorphic inducers thyroxine, KI, NaI, Lugol’s iodine, H2O2, indomethacin, or retinol. We found reproducibly induced strobilation by 50 μM indomethacin after six days of exposure, and 10–25 μM after 7 days. Strobilation under optimal conditions reached 80–100% with subsequent ephyrae release after exposure. Thyroxine yielded inconsistent results as it caused strobilation occasionally, while all other chemicals had no effect. Thus, indomethacin can be used as a convenient tool for assessment of biological phenomena through a controlled metamorphic process in C. xamachana scyphistomae.
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Cahill, Patrick L., Javier Atalah, Andrew I. Selwood, and Jeanne M. Kuhajek. "Metamorphosis of the invasive ascidianCiona savignyi: environmental variables and chemical exposure." PeerJ 4 (February 25, 2016): e1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1739.

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In this study, the effects of environmental variables on larval metamorphosis of the solitary ascidianCiona savignyiwere investigated in a laboratory setting. The progression of metamorphic changes were tracked under various temperature, photoperiod, substrate, larval density, and vessel size regimes. Metamorphosis was maximised at 18 °C, 12:12 h subdued light:dark, smooth polystyrene substrate, and 10 larvae mL−1in a twelve-well tissue culture plate. Eliminating the air-water interface by filling culture vessels to capacity further increased the proportion of metamorphosed larvae; 87 ± 5% of larvae completed metamorphosis within 5 days compared to 45 ± 5% in control wells. The effects of the reference antifouling compounds polygodial, portimine, oroidin, chlorothalonil, and tolylfluanid onC. savignyiwere subsequently determined, highlighting (1) the sensitivity ofC. savignyimetamorphosis to chemical exposure and (2) the potential to useC. savignyilarvae to screen for bioactivity in an optimised laboratory setting. The compounds were bioactive in the low ng mL−1to high µg mL−1range. Polygodial was chosen for additional investigations, where it was shown that mean reductions in the proportions of larvae reaching stage E were highly repeatable both within (repeatability = 14 ± 9%) and between (intermediate precision = 17 ± 3%) independent experiments. An environmental extract had no effect on the larvae but exposing larvae to both the extract and polygodial reduced potency relative to polygodial alone. This change in potency stresses the need for caution when working with complex samples, as is routinely implemented when isolating natural compounds from their biological source. Overall, the outcomes of this study highlight the sensitivity ofC. savignyimetamorphosis to environmental variations and chemical exposure.
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11

Rolff, Jens, Paul R. Johnston, and Stuart Reynolds. "Complete metamorphosis of insects." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20190063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0063.

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The majority of described hexapod species are holometabolous insects, undergoing an extreme form of metamorphosis with an intercalated pupal stage between the larva and adult, in which organs and tissues are extensively remodelled and in some cases completely rebuilt. Here, we review how and why this developmental strategy has evolved. While there are many theories explaining the evolution of metamorphosis, many of which fit under the hypothesis of decoupling of life stages, there are few clear adaptive hypotheses on why complete metamorphosis evolved. We propose that the main adaptive benefit of complete metamorphosis is decoupling between growth and differentiation. This facilitates the exploitation of ephemeral resources and enhances the probability of the metamorphic transition escaping developmental size thresholds. The evolution of complete metamorphosis comes at the cost of exposure to predators, parasites and pathogens during pupal life and requires specific adaptations of the immune system at this time. Moreover, metamorphosis poses a challenge for the maintenance of symbionts and the gut microbiota, although it may also offer the benefit of allowing an extensive change in microbiota between the larval and adult stages. The regulation of metamorphosis by two main players, ecdysone and juvenile hormone, and the related signalling cascades are now relatively well understood. The mechanics of metamorphosis have recently been studied in detail because of the advent of micro-CT and research into the role of cell death in remodelling tissues and organs. We support the argument that the adult stage must necessarily have preceded the larval form of the insect. We do not resolve the still contentious question of whether the larva of insects in general originated through the modification of existing preadult forms or through heterochrony as a modified embryonic stage (pronymph), nor whether the holometabolous pupa arose as a modified hemimetabolous final stage larva. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.
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12

Ellis Dutch, Rebecca, Theodore S. Jardetzky, and Robert A. Lamb. "Virus Membrane Fusion Proteins: Biological Machines that Undergo a Metamorphosis." Bioscience Reports 20, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 597–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1010467106305.

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Fusion proteins from a group of widely disparate viruses, including the paramyxovirus F protein, the HIV and SIV gp160 proteins, the retroviral Env protein, the Ebola virus Gp, and the influenza virus haemagglutinin, share a number of common features. All contain multiple glycosylation sites, and must be trimeric and undergo proteolytic cleavage to be fusogenically active. Subsequent to proteolytic cleavage, the subunit containing the transmembrane domain in each case has an extremely hydrophobic region, termed the fusion peptide, or at near its newly generated N-terminus. In addition, all of these viral fusion proteins have 4–3 heptad repeat sequences near both the fusion peptide and the transmembrane domain. These regions have been demonstrated from a tight complex, in which the N-terminal heptad repeat forms a trimeric-coiled coil, with the C-terminal heptad repeat forming helical regions that buttress the coiled-coil in an anti-parallel manner. The significance of each of these structuralelements in the processing and function of these viral fusion proteins is discussed.
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13

Mohorič, Aleš, Janko Božič, Polona Mrak, Kaja Tušar, Chenyun Lin, Ana Sepe, Urša Mikac, Georgy Mikhaylov, and Igor Serša. "In vivo continuous three-dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy: a study of metamorphosis in Carniolan worker honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica)." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 21 (October 6, 2020): jeb225250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.225250.

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ABSTRACTThree-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) is a modality of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) optimized for the best resolution. Metamorphosis of the Carniolan worker honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica) was studied in vivo under controlled temperature and humidity conditions from sealed larvae until the emergence of an adult. The 3D images were analyzed by volume rendering and segmentation, enabling the analysis of the body, tracheal system and gastrointestinal tract through the time course of volume changes. Fat content sensitivity enabled the analysis of flight muscles transformation during the metamorphosis by the signal histogram and gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). Although the transformation during metamorphosis is well known, MRM enables an alternative insight to this process, i.e. 3D in vivo, which has relatively high spatial and temporal resolutions. The developed methodology can easily be adapted for studying the metamorphosis of other insects or any other incremental biological process on a similar spatial and temporal scale.
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Hall, Martin J. R., and Daniel Martín-Vega. "Visualization of insect metamorphosis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20190071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0071.

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Metamorphosis and, in particular, holometaboly, the development of organisms through a series of discrete stages (egg, larva, pupa, adult) that hardly resemble one another but are finely adapted to specific roles in the life cycle of the organism, has fascinated and mystified humans throughout history. However, it can be difficult to visualize the dramatic changes that occur during holometaboly without destructive sampling, traditionally through histology. However, advances in imaging technologies developed mainly for medical sciences have been applied to studies of insect metamorphosis over the past couple of decades. These include micro-computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and optical coherence tomography. A major advantage of these techniques is that they are rapid and non-destructive, enabling virtual dissection of an organism in any plane by anyone who has access to the image files and the necessary software. They can also be applied in some cases to visualize metamorphosis in vivo , including the periods of most rapid and dramatic morphological change. This review focusses on visualizing the intra-puparial holometabolous metamorphosis of cyclorraphous flies (Diptera), including the primary model organism for all genetic investigations, Drosophila melanogaster , and the blow flies of medical, veterinary and forensic importance, but also discusses similar studies on other insect orders. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.
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15

Pechenik, Jan A., Dean E. Wendt, and Jeremiah N. Jarrett. "Metamorphosis Is Not a New Beginning." BioScience 48, no. 11 (November 1998): 901–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1313294.

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16

Guerrero-Peña, Laura, Paula Suarez-Bregua, Luis Méndez-Martínez, Pablo García-Fernández, Ricardo Tur, Juan A. Rubiolo, Juan J. Tena, and Josep Rotllant. "Brains in Metamorphosis: Temporal Transcriptome Dynamics in Hatchery-Reared Flatfishes." Biology 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2021): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10121256.

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Metamorphosis is a captivating process of change during which the morphology of the larva is completely reshaped to face the new challenges of adult life. In the case of fish, this process initiated in the brain has traditionally been considered to be a critical rearing point and despite the pioneering molecular work carried out in other flatfishes, the underlying molecular basis is still relatively poorly characterized. Turbot brain transcriptome of three developmental stages (pre-metamorphic, climax of metamorphosis and post-metamorphic) were analyzed to study the gene expression dynamics throughout the metamorphic process. A total of 1570 genes were differentially expressed in the three developmental stages and we found a specific pattern of gene expression at each stage. Unexpectedly, at the climax stage of metamorphosis, we found highly expressed genes related to the immune response, while the biological pathway enrichment analysis in pre-metamorphic and post-metamorphic were related to cell differentiation and oxygen carrier activity, respectively. In addition, our results confirm the importance of thyroid stimulating hormone, increasing its expression during metamorphosis. Based on our findings, we assume that immune system activation during the climax of metamorphosis stage could be related to processes of larval tissue inflammation, resorption and replacement, as occurs in other vertebrates.
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Cogliati, Paola, Benedetta Barzaghi, Andrea Melotto, Gentile Francesco Ficetola, and Raoul Manenti. "How Trophic Conditions Affect Development of Fire Salamander (Salamandra salamandra) Larvae: Two Extreme Cases." Diversity 14, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14060487.

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Reduced trophic resources can pose relevant constraints to the development of freshwater animals with complex life cycles. For amphibians, food deprived environments, such as high-altitude ponds and springs and groundwaters are frequently used for breeding. The aim of this study is to outline trophic conditions leading to extreme cases of delayed larval development and increased size at metamorphosis of a European widespread amphibian, the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra). We collected 150 fire salamander larvae, split them in two groups, one with high and one with low trophic resource availability. We then observed the effects of nutritional conditions on larval development recording time to metamorphosis and average day growth. Moreover, in the field, we surveyed larvae growth and size at metamorphosis in two artificial subterranean sites with low prey availability. Trophic conditions strongly affected larval development and under low food treatment time to metamorphosis reached up to 416 days. In the subterranean environments we observed a similar pattern, with larvae requiring more than one year to attain metamorphosis but reaching unexpected large sizes. Environmental trophic conditions experienced during early stages can induce strong delay in metamorphosis of the fire salamander; this plasticity makes fire salamander larvae optimal models for comparative studies and cross-environment experiments.
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18

Mardones, A., V. Gajardo, M. I. Pizarro, A. Augsburger, R. Vega, F. Encina, C. Pichara, and P. De los Ríos Escalante. "Evaluation of survival and metamorphosis of larvae of Caligus rogercresseyi (Boxshall and Bravo, 2000) (Crustacea, Copepoda) in Chile, depending on temperature, salinity and oxygen." Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, no. 2 (April 2019): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.173162.

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Abstract The present study assessed the percentage of survival and metamorphosis of larval stages of Caligus rogercresseyi (Boxshall and Bravo, 2000) nauplius I, nauplius II to and nauplius II to copepodite, conducting bioassays in triplicate with 50 larvae each, nauplius I or nauplius II, at temperature of 12 °C, 15 °C and 18 °C; salinity 20, 23, 25, 2729, 31, 33 and 35 g/L and oxygen saturation with ranges between 30-60%, 90-100% and 190 - 200%. Bioassays were performed in station Quillaipe of Fundación Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile. It is concluded that the temperature is inversely proportional to the time of metamorphosis and survival of the larvae of Caligus rogercresseyi . In salinity is observed that increased this, greater is the percentage of survival and metamorphosis is faster, while the larvae do not survive less than 20g/L. Oxygen saturation ranges indicate that the larvae do not survive at saturations between 30-60%, and it had no differences between 90-100% saturation and 190-200%.
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Günther, Claudia C., Axel Temming, Hannes Baumann, Bastian Huwer, Christian Möllmann, Catriona Clemmesen, and Jens-Peter Herrmann. "A novel length back-calculation approach accounting for ontogenetic changes in the fish length – otolith size relationship during the early life of sprat (Sprattus sprattus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, no. 7 (July 2012): 1214–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2012-054.

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An individual-based length back-calculation method was developed for juvenile Baltic sprat ( Sprattus sprattus ), accounting for ontogenetic changes in the relationship between fish length and otolith length. In sprat, metamorphosis from larvae to juveniles is characterized by the coincidence of low length growth, strong growth in body height, and maximal otolith growth. Consequently, the method identifies a point of metamorphosis for an individual as the otolith radius at maximum increment widths. By incorporating this information in our back-calculation method, estimated length growth for the early larval stage was more than 60% higher compared with the result of the biological intercept model. After minimal length growth during metamorphosis, we found the highest increase in length during the early juvenile stage. We thus located the strongest growth potential in the early juvenile stage, which is supposed to be critical in determining recruitment strength in Baltic sprat.
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20

Duneau, David F., and Brian P. Lazzaro. "Persistence of an extracellular systemic infection across metamorphosis in a holometabolous insect." Biology Letters 14, no. 2 (February 2018): 20170771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0771.

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Organisms with complex life cycles can differ markedly in their biology across developmental life stages. Consequently, distinct life stages can represent drastically different environments for parasites. This difference is especially striking with holometabolous insects, which have dramatically different larval and adult life stages, bridged by a complete metamorphosis. There is no a priori guarantee that a parasite infecting the larval stage would be able to persist into the adult stage. In fact, to our knowledge, transstadial transmission of extracellular pathogens has never been documented in a host that undergoes complete metamorphosis. We tested the hypothesis that a bacterial parasite originally sampled from an adult host could infect a larva, then survive through metamorphosis and persist into the adult stage. As a model, we infected the host Drosophila melanogaster with a horizontally transmitted, extracellular bacterial pathogen, Providencia rettgeri . We found that this natural pathogen survived systemic infection of larvae (L3) and successfully persisted into the adult host. We then discuss how it may be adaptive for bacteria to transverse life stages and even minimize virulence at the larval stage in order to benefit from adult dispersal.
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Barnett, Heather, and Robert Whittle. "Drawing the Line: Some Observations on an Art/Science Collaboration." Leonardo 39, no. 5 (October 2006): 458–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon.2006.39.5.458.

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The authors describe their project Metamorphosis & Design, an examination of the place of design and transformation in biological systems across research areas from nanofibers to cuttlefish display. They also discuss the collaborative process between artist and scientists.
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Tettamanti, Gianluca, and Morena Casartelli. "Cell death during complete metamorphosis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20190065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0065.

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In insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, cell death is essential for reshaping or removing larval tissues and organs, thus contributing to formation of the adult's body structure. In the last few decades, the study of metamorphosis in Lepidoptera and Diptera has provided broad information on the tissue remodelling processes that occur during larva–pupa–adult transition and made it possible to unravel the underlying regulatory pathways. This review summarizes recent knowledge on cell death mechanisms in Lepidoptera and other holometabolous insects, highlighting similarities and differences with Drosophila melanogaster , and discusses the role of apoptosis and autophagy in this developmental setting. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis'.
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Degnan, Sandie M., and Bernard M. Degnan. "The initiation of metamorphosis as an ancient polyphenic trait and its role in metazoan life-cycle evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1540 (February 27, 2010): 641–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0248.

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Comparative genomics of representative basal metazoans leaves little doubt that the most recent common ancestor to all modern metazoans was morphogenetically complex. Here, we support this interpretation by demonstrating that the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica has a biphasic pelagobenthic life cycle resembling that present in a wide range of bilaterians and anthozoan cnidarians. The A. queenslandica life cycle includes a compulsory planktonic larval phase that can end only once the larva develops competence to respond to benthic signals that induce settlement and metamorphosis. The temporal onset of competence varies between individuals as revealed by idiosyncratic responses to inductive cues. Thus, the biphasic life cycle with a dispersing larval phase of variable length appears to be a metazoan synapomorphy and may be viewed as an ancestral polyphenic trait. Larvae of a particular age that are subjected to an inductive cue either maintain the larval form or metamorphose into the post-larval/juvenile form. Variance in the development of competence dictates that only a subset of a larval cohort will settle and undergo metamorphosis at a given time, which in turn leads to variation in dispersal distance and in location of settlement. Population divergence and allopatric speciation are likely outcomes of this conserved developmental polyphenic trait.
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Agustina, Elita, Nursalmi Mahdi, and Herdanawati Herdanawati. "Perkembangan Metamorphosis Lalat Buah (Drosophilla Melanogaster) Pada Media Biakan Alami Sebagai Referensi Pembelajaran Pada Matakuliah Perkembangan Hewan." BIOTIK: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Teknologi dan Kependidikan 1, no. 1 (August 24, 2015): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/biotik.v1i1.207.

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Metamofosis adalah keseluruhan rangkaian perubahan bentuk dan ukuran sejak telur sampai menjadi dewasa (imago). Perkembangan metamorphosis sangat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor. Pada lalat buah (Drosophilla melanogaster) proses perkembangan metamorphosis sangat dipengaruhi oleh media biakannya. Media biakan ini selain tempat hidup lalat buah juga sebagai sumber makanan dari mulai larva hingga imago. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh media biakan alami terhadap metamorphosis lalat buah (Drosophilla melanogaster) serta untuk menyediakan referensi pembelajaran pada matakuliah Pekembangan Hewan. Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Biologi (Unit Mikrobiologi) Fakultas Tarbiyah IAIN Ar-Raniry. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif. Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah: (1) lama waktu (hari) yang dibutuhkan telur menjadi larva, larva menjadi pupa, pupa menjadi dewasa. (2) Suhu dan kelembaban. (3) Analisis kandungan nutrisi pada nanas dan pepaya. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis secara deskriptif dalam bentuk narasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses metamorfosis pada media biakan pepaya lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan media biakan nanas. Perbedaan terjadi pada fase penetasan telur. Pada media biakan papaya metamorfosis terjadi selama 7 hari, sedangkan pada media biakan nanas terjadi selama 8 hari. Kata Kunci: Media Biakan Alami, Metamorphosis dan Lalat Buah Metamorphosis is the overall of transformation cycle and size from the egg until adult (imago). The growth of metamorphosis very influenced by various factors. For fruitfly (Drosophilla melanogaster), the growth process of metamorphosis was very influenced by its breeding media. This Breeding media besides used as the place to live in for fruitfly, it is also as the source of food for larva to imago. This research were intended to know the influence of natural breeding media to fruitfly metamorphosis (Drosophilla melanogaster) and to provide study reference for Growth of Animal course. This Research have been executed in Biological Laboratory (Microbiological Unit) Faculty of Tarbiyah of IAIN Ar-Raniry. This research used descriptive method. The parameters used in this research were: 1). time spent (day) for egg to become larva, larva to become pupa and pupa to become adult. 2). Temperature and humidity. 3). Analysis of nutritious from pineapple and papaya. The data of this research were analyzed descriptively. The results indicated that the process of metamorphosis was quiker at breeding media of papaya than pineapple one. The difference occurred at the phase of egg hatching. At the breeding media of papaya, the metamorphosis occurred in 7 days, while at pineapple breeding media, it occurred in 8 days. Keywords: Natural Breeding Media, Metamorphosis and Fruitfly
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Jindra, Marek. "Where did the pupa come from? The timing of juvenile hormone signalling supports homology between stages of hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20190064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0064.

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Insect metamorphosis boasts spectacular cases of postembryonic development when juveniles undergo massive morphogenesis before attaining the adult form and function; in moths or flies the larvae do not even remotely resemble their adult parents. A selective advantage of complete metamorphosis (holometaboly) is that within one species the two forms with different lifestyles can exploit diverse habitats. It was the environmental adaptation and specialization of larvae, primarily the delay and internalization of wing development, that eventually required an intermediate stage that we call a pupa. It is a long-held and parsimonious hypothesis that the holometabolous pupa evolved through modification of a final juvenile stage of an ancestor developing through incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetaboly). Alternative hypotheses see the pupa as an equivalent of all hemimetabolous moulting cycles (instars) collapsed into one, and consider any preceding holometabolous larval instars free-living embryos stalled in development. Discoveries on juvenile hormone signalling that controls metamorphosis grant new support to the former hypothesis deriving the pupa from a final pre-adult stage. The timing of expression of genes that repress and promote adult development downstream of hormonal signals supports homology between postembryonic stages of hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.
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Critchlow, Justin T., Adriana Norris, and Ann T. Tate. "The legacy of larval infection on immunological dynamics over metamorphosis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20190066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0066.

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Insect metamorphosis promotes the exploration of different ecological niches, as well as exposure to different parasites, across life stages. Adaptation should favour immune responses that are tailored to specific microbial threats, with the potential for metamorphosis to decouple the underlying genetic or physiological basis of immune responses in each stage. However, we do not have a good understanding of how early-life exposure to parasites influences immune responses in subsequent life stages. Is there a developmental legacy of larval infection in holometabolous insect hosts? To address this question, we exposed flour beetle ( Tribolium castaneum ) larvae to a protozoan parasite that inhabits the midgut of larvae and adults despite clearance during metamorphosis. We quantified the expression of relevant immune genes in the gut and whole body of exposed and unexposed individuals during the larval, pupal and adult stages. Our results suggest that parasite exposure induces the differential expression of several immune genes in the larval stage that persist into subsequent stages. We also demonstrate that immune gene expression covariance is partially decoupled among tissues and life stages. These results suggest that larval infection can leave a lasting imprint on immune phenotypes, with implications for the evolution of metamorphosis and immune systems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis'.
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Hammer, Tobin J., and Nancy A. Moran. "Links between metamorphosis and symbiosis in holometabolous insects." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20190068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0068.

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Many animals depend on microbial symbionts to provide nutrition, defence or other services. Holometabolous insects, as well as other animals that undergo metamorphosis, face unique constraints on symbiont maintenance. Microbes present in larvae encounter a radical transformation of their habitat and may also need to withstand chemical and immunological challenges. Metamorphosis also provides an opportunity, in that symbiotic associations can be decoupled over development. For example, some holometabolous insects maintain the same symbiont as larvae and adults, but house it in different tissues; in other species, larvae and adults may harbour entirely different types or numbers of microbes, in accordance with shifts in host diet or habitat. Such flexibility may provide an advantage over hemimetabolous insects, in which selection on adult-stage microbial associations may be constrained by its negative effects on immature stages, and vice versa. Additionally, metamorphosis itself can be directly influenced by symbionts. Across disparate insect taxa, microbes protect hosts from pathogen infection, supply nutrients essential for rebuilding the adult body and provide cues regulating pupation. However, microbial associations remain completely unstudied for many families and even orders of Holometabola, and future research will undoubtedly reveal more links between metamorphosis and microbiota, two widespread features of animal life. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.
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Reynolds, Stuart. "Cooking up the perfect insect: Aristotle's transformational idea about the complete metamorphosis of insects." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20190074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0074.

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Aristotle made important contributions to the study of developmental biology, including the complete metamorphosis of insects. One concept in particular, that of the perfect or complete state, underlies Aristotle's ideas about metamorphosis, the necessity of fertilization for embryonic development, and whether morphogenesis involves an autonomous process of self-assembly. Importantly, the philosopher erroneously views metamorphosis as a necessary developmental response to lack of previous fertilization of the female parent, a view that is intimately connected with his readiness to accept the idea of the spontaneous generation of life. Aristotle's work underpins that of the major seventeenth century students of metamorphosis, Harvey, Redi, Malpighi and Swammerdam, all of whom make frequent reference to Aristotle in their writings. Although both Aristotle and Harvey are often credited with inspiring the later prolonged debate between proponents of epigenesis and preformation, neither actually held firm views on the subject. Aristotle's idea of the perfect stage also underlies his proposal that the eggs of holometabolous insects hatch ‘before their time’, an idea that is the direct precursor of the much later proposals by Lubbock and Berlese that the larval stages of holometabolous insects are due to the ‘premature hatching’ from the egg of an imperfect embryonic stage. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.
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Ventegodt, Sören, Tyge Dahl Hermansen, Maj Lyck Nielsen, Birgitte Clausen, and Joav Merrick. "Human development II: We Need an Integrated Theory for Matter, Life and Consciousness to Understand Life and Healing." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.154.

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For almost a decade, we have experimented with supporting the philosophical development of severely ill patients to induce recovery and spontaneous healing. Recently, we have observed a new pattern of extremely rapid, spontaneous healing that apparently can facilitate even the spontaneous remission of cancer and the spontaneous recovery of mental diseases like schizophrenia and borderline schizophrenia. Our working hypothesis is that the accelerated healing is a function of the patient’s brain-mind and body-mind coming closer together due to the development of what we call “deep” cosmology. To understand and describe what happens at a biological level, we have suggested naming the processadult human metamorphosis, a possibility that is opened by the human genome showing full generic equipment for metamorphosis. To understand the mechanistic details in the complicated interaction between consciousness and biology, we need an adequate theory for biological information. In a series of papers, we propose what we call “holistic biology for holistic medicine”. We suggest that a relatively simple model based on interacting wholenesses instead of isolated parts can shed a new light on a number of difficult issues that we need to explain and understand in biology and medicine in order to understand and use metamorphosis in the holistic medical clinic. We aim to give a holistic theoretical interpretation of biological phenomena at large, morphogenesis, evolution, immune system regulation (self-nonself discrimination), brain function, consciousness, and health in particular. We start at the most fundamental problem: what is biological information at the subcellular, cellular, and supracellular levels if we presume that it is the same phenomenon on all levels (using Occam's razor), and how can this be described scientifically? The problems we address are all connected to the information flow in the functioning, living organism: function of the brain and consciousness, the regulations of the immune system and cell growth, the dynamics of health and disease. We suggest that life utilizes an unseen fine structure of the physical energy of the universe at a subparticular or quantum level to give information-directed self-organization; we give a first sketch of a possible fractal structure of the energy able to both contain and communicate biological information and carry individual and collective consciousness. Finally, thorough our analysis, we put up a model for adult human metamorphosis.
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30

Roček, Zbyněk, Ronald Böttcher, and Richard Wassersug. "Gigantism in tadpoles of the Neogene frogPalaeobatrachus." Paleobiology 32, no. 4 (2006): 666–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/05073.1.

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We describe three giant palaeobatrachid fossil tadpoles of the genusPalaeobatrachus(Nieuwkoop-Faber [NF] stages 60–64) from the Miocene of Randecker Maar, Germany. The largest was 150 mm at the beginning of metamorphosis (stage 60), whereas the smallest was 100 mm and approaching the end of metamorphosis (stage 64). In contrast, normal palaeobatrachid tadpoles and their pipid relatives, both extinct and extant, rarely exceed 60 mm in length. We review here both ecological and pathological conditions that are conducive to the development of gigantism in tadpoles. Tadpoles that lack a thyroid gland become exceptionally large and arrest development at early hindlimb stages (NF stages 53–56). However, the advanced metamorphic stages of the giantPalaeobatrachustadpoles indicate that they were able to metamorphose, and thus were not athyroid. Environmental factors—pond size and permanence, predators, duration of the growing season—may all contribute to tadpole gigantism in certain extant anuran species. We identify suites of ecological features that distinguish extant anurans with large tadpoles from high-latitude and high-altitude permanent lakes in temperate regions (e.g., certainRanaandTelmatobius) from tropical species, such asPseudis paradoxa, whose tadpoles normally achieve large size in temporary seasonal ponds. The paleoecology of Randecker Maar suggests thatPalaeobatrachustadpoles lived in a permanent semitropical lake, but one with few predators.
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Aguirre, J. David, Mark W. Blows, and Dustin J. Marshall. "The genetic covariance between life cycle stages separated by metamorphosis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1788 (August 7, 2014): 20141091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1091.

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Metamorphosis is common in animals, yet the genetic associations between life cycle stages are poorly understood. Given the radical changes that occur at metamorphosis, selection may differ before and after metamorphosis, and the extent that genetic associations between pre- and post-metamorphic traits constrain evolutionary change is a subject of considerable interest. In some instances, metamorphosis may allow the genetic decoupling of life cycle stages, whereas in others, metamorphosis could allow complementary responses to selection across the life cycle. Using a diallel breeding design, we measured viability at four ontogenetic stages (embryo, larval, juvenile and adult viability), in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis and examined the orientation of additive genetic variation with respect to the metamorphic boundary. We found support for one eigenvector of G ( g obs max ), which contrasted larval viability against embryo viability and juvenile viability. Target matrix rotation confirmed that while g obs max shows genetic associations can extend beyond metamorphosis, there is still considerable scope for decoupled phenotypic evolution. Therefore, although genetic associations across metamorphosis could limit that range of phenotypes that are attainable, traits on either side of the metamorphic boundary are capable of some independent evolutionary change in response to the divergent conditions encountered during each life cycle stage.
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32

Truman, James W. "The Evolution of Insect Metamorphosis." Current Biology 29, no. 23 (December 2019): R1252—R1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.009.

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33

Mann, Reinier M., Ross V. Hyne, Paulina Selvakumaraswamy, and Sergio S. Barbosa. "Longevity and larval development among southern bell frogs (Litoria raniformis) in the Coleambally Irrigation Area - implications for conservation of an endangered frog." Wildlife Research 37, no. 6 (2010): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10061.

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Context. With the flow of many of the world’s rivers regulated such that water can be diverted for agriculture and human consumption, basic ecological information on the current status of key biota in significant floodplain wetlands and their response following inundation is needed. The maintenance of natural habitat to ensure amphibian survival is gaining increasing recognition, given the ongoing decline of anuran populations. Information on longevity, time required to emerge from the water and to reach sexual maturity, all provide important information about the required timing, frequency and duration of environmental water allocations to ensure successful recruitment among populations of southern bell frogs (Litoria raniformis Keferstein, 1867). Aims. The aims of this research were to establish the longevity of southern bell frogs in the Coleambally Irrigation Area (CIA) in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia, and to evaluate the capacity for southern bell frog tadpoles to survive and successfully metamorphose following an extended overwintering period. Methods. Skeletochronology studies were carried out using toe-clips taken from adult and juvenile frogs captured in irrigation channels and rice fields over two rice-growing seasons. For the metamorphosis assay, southern bell frog tadpoles were held back in their development by low temperatures and low food allocation for 290 days, before temperatures and food allocation were increased adequately to allow metamorphosis to occur. Key results. The study indicated that skeletochronological examination of toe-bones was a useful technique for establishing the age structure of southern bell frogs in this region. The oldest animals in the population were found to be 4–5 years old, although the majority of frogs were typically 2–3 years old. Also, the metamorphosis assay indicated that successful metamorphosis was the exception rather than the rule if tadpole development was held back by low food ration and low temperatures. Conclusions. If southern bell frogs reach sexual maturity only after 2 years, and the oldest animals observed in the field are 4 or 5 years old, then there is a very narrow window of opportunity – two to three seasons – for each individual to successfully breed. Implications. The implications for environmental flow management are that habitats for key species identified for protection such as the endangered southern bell frog will need water every 1–2 years to enable each cohort to breed and maintain the wild populations. The extent of the environmental flows needs to be adequate to ensure that water persists long enough for critical biological events such as anuran metamorphosis to occur during the spring and summer months.
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Shibata, Yuki, Yuta Tanizaki, Hongen Zhang, Hangnoh Lee, Mary Dasso, and Yun-Bo Shi. "Thyroid Hormone Receptor Is Essential for Larval Epithelial Apoptosis and Adult Epithelial Stem Cell Development but Not Adult Intestinal Morphogenesis during Xenopus tropicalis Metamorphosis." Cells 10, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10030536.

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Vertebrate postembryonic development is regulated by thyroid hormone (T3). Of particular interest is anuran metamorphosis, which offers several unique advantages for studying the role of T3 and its two nuclear receptor genes, TRα and TRβ, during postembryonic development. We have recently generated TR double knockout (TRDKO) Xenopus tropicalis animals and reported that TR is essential for the completion of metamorphosis. Furthermore, TRDKO tadpoles are stalled at the climax of metamorphosis before eventual death. Here we show that TRDKO intestine lacked larval epithelial cell death and adult stem cell formation/proliferation during natural metamorphosis. Interestingly, TRDKO tadpole intestine had premature formation of adult-like epithelial folds and muscle development. In addition, T3 treatment of premetamorphic TRDKO tadpoles failed to induce any metamorphic changes in the intestine. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis revealed that TRDKO altered the expression of many genes in biological pathways such as Wnt signaling and the cell cycle that likely underlay the inhibition of larval epithelial cell death and adult stem cell development caused by removing both TR genes. Our data suggest that liganded TR is required for larval epithelial cell degeneration and adult stem cell formation, whereas unliganded TR prevents precocious adult tissue morphogenesis such as smooth-muscle development and epithelial folding.
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Izaguirre, MF, MN García-Sancho, LA Miranda, J. Tomas, and VH Casco. "Expression of cell adhesion molecules in the normal and T3 blocked development of the tadpole's kidney of Bufo arenarum (Amphibian, Anuran, Bufonidae)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, no. 3 (August 2008): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000300014.

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Cell adhesion molecules act as signal transducers from the extracellular environment to the cytoskeleton and the nucleus and consequently induce changes in the expression pattern of structural proteins. In this study, we showed the effect of thyroid hormone (TH) inhibition and arrest of metamorphosis on the expression of E-cadherin, β-and α-catenin in the developing kidney of Bufo arenarum. Cell adhesion molecules have selective temporal and spatial expression during development suggesting a specific role in nephrogenesis. In order to study mechanisms controlling the expression of adhesion molecules during renal development, we blocked the B. arenarum metamorphosis with a goitrogenic substance that blocks TH synthesis. E-cadherin expression in the proximal tubules is independent of thyroid control. However, the blockage of TH synthesis causes up-regulation of E-cadherin in the collecting ducts, the distal tubules and the glomeruli. The expression of β-and α-catenin in the collecting ducts, the distal tubules, the glomeruli and the mesonephric mesenchyme is independent of TH. TH blockage causes up-regulation of β-and α-catenin in the proximal tubules. In contrast to E-cadherin, the expression of the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 1 (Dsg-1) is absent in the control of the larvae kidney during metamorphosis and is expressed in some interstitial cells in the KClO4 treated larvae. According to this work, the Dsg-1 expression is down-regulated by TH. We demonstrated that the expression of E-cadherin, Dsg-1, β-catenin and α-catenin are differentially affected by TH levels, suggesting a hormone-dependent role of these proteins in the B. arenarum renal metamorphosis.
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Johnston, Paul R., Véronique Paris, and Jens Rolff. "Immune gene regulation in the gut during metamorphosis in a holo- versus a hemimetabolous insect." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (August 26, 2019): 20190073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0073.

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During metamorphosis, holometabolous insects completely replace the larval gut and must control the microbiota to avoid septicaemia. Rapid induction of bactericidal activity in the insect gut at the onset of pupation has been described in numerous orders of the Holometabola and is best-studied in the Lepidoptera where it is under control of the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) moulting pathway. Here, using RNAseq, we compare the expression of immune effector genes in the gut during metamorphosis in a holometabolous ( Galleria mellonella ) and a hemimetabolous insect ( Gryllus bimaculatus ). We find that in G. mellonella , the expression of numerous immune effectors and the transcription factor GmEts are upregulated, with peak expression of three antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and a lysozyme coinciding with delamination of the larval gut. By contrast, no such upregulation was detectable in the hemimetabolous Gr. bimaculatus . These findings support the idea that the upregulation of immune effectors at the onset of complete metamorphosis is an adaptive response, which controls the microbiota during gut replacement. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.
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Oh, Ji Won, Sung-Jan Lin, and Maksim V. Plikus. "Regenerative metamorphosis in hairs and feathers: follicle as a programmable biological printer." Experimental Dermatology 24, no. 4 (March 27, 2015): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/exd.12627.

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38

Loulou, Ameni, Meriem M’saad Guerfali, Arthur Muller, Aashaq Hussain Bhat, Joaquín Abolafia, Ricardo A. R. Machado, and Sadreddine Kallel. "Potential of Oscheius tipulae nematodes as biological control agents against Ceratitis capitata." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 7, 2022): e0269106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269106.

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A survey to collect soil nematodes with potential to control Ceratitis capitata flies was carried out in different locations in Tunisia. Several nematode isolates were recovered, laboratory colonies were established, and their taxonomic identities were determined based on molecular methods. Among all the recovered nematode isolates, two of them, Oscheius tipulae TC2 and OC2, were evaluated for their capacity to control C. capitata flies and for their ability to kill and reproduce on Galleria mellonella larvae. Our results show a great potential of these two isolates as biocontrol agents as they kill C. capitata eggs and pupae and interfere with the metamorphosis of C. capitata larvae. More specifically, TC2 and OC2 nematodes killed 39 and 31% of C. capitata eggs, respectively, impaired the metamorphosis of up to 77% and up to 67% of C. capitata larvae, respectively, and killed up to 66% and up to 58% of C. capitata pupae, respectively. The efficacy of TC2 and OC2 nematodes was particularly high on C. capitata pupae, and significant insect mortalities were observed even at concentrations of 1 and 5 nematodes/pupae, respectively. We also found that TC2 and OC2 nematodes efficiently kill and reproduce in G. mellonella larvae, suggesting that these insects could be used for mass-multiplication of these nematodes. These results reveal the potential of O. tipulae to complement integrated pest management programs against C. capitata flies.
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Fahrbach, Susan E. "The Regulation of Neuronal Death during Insect Metamorphosis." BioScience 47, no. 2 (February 1997): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1313018.

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Maire, Justin, Bessem Chouaia, Anna Zaidman-Rémy, and Abdelaziz Heddi. "Endosymbiosis morphological reorganization during metamorphosis diverges in weevils." Communicative & Integrative Biology 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19420889.2020.1840707.

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41

Bender, Melissa Cui, Caroline Hu, Chris Pelletier, and Robert J. Denver. "To eat or not to eat: ontogeny of hypothalamic feeding controls and a role for leptin in modulating life-history transition in amphibian tadpoles." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1875 (March 28, 2018): 20172784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2784.

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Many animal life histories entail changing feeding ecology, but the molecular bases for these transitions are poorly understood. The amphibian tadpole is typically a growth and dispersal life-history stage. Tadpoles are primarily herbivorous, and they capitalize on growth opportunities to reach a minimum body size to initiate metamorphosis. During metamorphic climax, feeding declines, at which time the gastrointestinal (GI) tract remodels to accommodate the carnivorous diet of the adult frog. Here we show that anorexigenic hypothalamic feeding controls are absent in the tadpole, but develop during metamorphosis concurrent with the production of the satiety signal leptin. Before metamorphosis there is a large increase in leptin mRNA in fat tissue. Leptin receptor mRNA increased during metamorphosis in the preoptic area/hypothalamus, the key brain region involved with the control of food intake and metabolism. This corresponded with an increase in functional leptin receptor, as evidenced by induction of socs3 mRNA and phosphorylated STAT3 immunoreactivity, and suppression of feeding behaviour after injection of recombinant frog leptin. Furthermore, we found that immunoneutralization of leptin in tadpoles at metamorphic climax caused them to resume feeding. The absence of negative regulation of food intake in the tadpole allows the animal to maximize growth prior to metamorphosis. Maturation of leptin-responsive neural circuits suppresses feeding during metamorphosis to facilitate remodelling of the GI tract.
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Wakai, Maiki K., Mitsuru J. Nakamura, Satoshi Sawai, Kohji Hotta, and Kotaro Oka. "Two-Round Ca 2+ transient in papillae by mechanical stimulation induces metamorphosis in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis type A." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1945 (February 17, 2021): 20203207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.3207.

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Marine invertebrate larvae are known to begin metamorphosis in response to environmentally derived cues. However, little is known about the relationships between the perception of such cues and internal signalling for metamorphosis. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the initiation of metamorphosis in the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis type A ( Ciona robusta ), we artificially induced ascidian metamorphosis and investigated Ca 2+ dynamics from pre- to post-metamorphosis. Ca 2+ transients were observed and consisted of two temporally distinct phases with different durations before tail regression which is the early event of metamorphosis. In the first phase, Phase I, the Ca 2+ transient in the papillae (adhesive organ of the anterior trunk) was coupled with the Ca 2+ transient in dorsally localized cells and endoderm cells just after mechanical stimulation. The Ca 2+ transients in Phase I were also observed when applying only short stimulation. In the second phase, Phase II, the Ca 2+ transient in papillae was observed again and lasted for approximately 5–11 min just after the Ca 2+ transient in Phase I continued for a few minutes. The impaired papillae by Foxg -knockdown failed to induce the second Ca 2+ transient in Phase II and tail regression. In Phase II, a wave-like Ca 2+ propagation was also observed across the entire epidermis. Our results indicate that the papillae sense a mechanical cue and two-round Ca 2+ transients in papillae transmits the internal metamorphic signals to different tissues, which subsequently induces tail regression. Our study will help elucidate the internal mechanism of metamorphosis in marine invertebrate larvae in response to environmental cues.
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Riddiford, Lynn M. "Revealing the mysteries of insect metamorphosis." Current Biology 30, no. 16 (August 2020): R910—R912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.024.

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Denver, Robert J. "Chordate Metamorphosis: Ancient Control by Iodothyronines." Current Biology 18, no. 13 (July 2008): R567—R569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.05.024.

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Robinson, Douglas H., and Matthew B. Heintzelman. "Morphology of ventral epidermis ofRana catesbeiana during metamorphosis." Anatomical Record 217, no. 3 (March 1987): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092170310.

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Briggs, Derek E. G., Mark D. Sutton, David J. Siveter, and Derek J. Siveter. "Metamorphosis in a Silurian barnacle." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1579 (September 16, 2005): 2365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3224.

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Rivaud, Nora. "Prepalintomic Metamorphosis in Hyalophysa chattoni (Ciliophora: Apostomatida): Light Microscopy." Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 107, no. 1 (January 1988): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3226404.

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Pires, A., RP Croll, and MG Hadfield. "Catecholamines modulate metamorphosis in the opisthobranch gastropod Phestilla sibogae." Biological Bulletin 198, no. 3 (June 2000): 319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1542688.

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Cartaxana, Paulo, Diana Lopes, Begoña Martinez, Patrícia Martins, and Sónia Cruz. "Aposymbiotic Specimen of the Photosynthetic Sea Slug Elysia crispata." Diversity 14, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14050313.

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Abstract:
Elysia crispata is a sacoglossan sea slug that retains intracellular, functional chloroplasts stolen from their macroalgal food sources. Elysia crispata juveniles start feeding on the algae following metamorphosis, engulfing chloroplasts and turning green. In laboratory-reared animals, we report one juvenile “albino” specimen unable to retain chloroplasts. Within 6 weeks post-metamorphosis, the aposymbiotic sea slug was significantly smaller than its chloroplast-bearing siblings. This evidence highlights that chloroplast acquisition is required for the normal development of E. crispata.
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Tang, Yun, Zhi-Qiang Chen, You-Fu Lin, Jing-Yi Chen, Guo-Hua Ding, and Xiang Ji. "The combined effects of temperature and aromatase inhibitor on metamorphosis, growth, locomotion, and sex ratio of tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) tadpoles." PeerJ 8 (March 20, 2020): e8834. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8834.

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Background The tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) is widely raised by many farms in southern region of China as an economically edible frog. The growth, development, and sexual differentiation of amphibians are influenced by temperature and steroid hormone level. However, the problem of hormone residues is caused by the addition of exogenous hormones in frog breeding, it is worth considering whether non-sterol aromatase inhibitors can be used instead of hormones. Methods In our study, H. rugulosus tadpoles were subjected to two water temperatures (29 °C and 34 °C) and three letrozole concentrations in the feed (0, 0.1 and 1 mg/g) to examine the effects of temperature, aromatase inhibitor and their interaction on metamorphosis, locomotion, and sex ratios. A G-test and contingency table were used to analyze the metamorphosis rate of tadpoles and the survival rate of froglets after feeding for 90 days. A G-test was also used to analyze sex ratios in different treatment groups. Results Metamorphosis time and body size (snout–vent length, body mass and condition factor) were significantly different between the two temperature treatments. Metamorphosis time was longer and body size was increased at 29 °C compared to those at 34 °C. Letrozole concentration and the temperature × letrozole interaction did not affect these variables. The jumping distance of froglets following metamorphosis was positively associated with the condition factor; when controlling for condition factor, jumping distance was not affected by temperature, letrozole concentration and their interaction. Temperature and letrozole concentration also did not affect metamorphosis and survival rate. Sex ratio of the control group (0 mg/g letrozole) was 1:1 at 29 °C, but there were more males at 34 °C. The sex ratios of H. rugulosus treated with letrozole at 29 °C and 34 °C were significantly biased toward males, and male ratio increased as letrozole concentration increased. Furthermore, more males were produced at 34 °C than at 29 °C at each letrozole concentration.
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