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Sinurat, Mangoloi, Rosmayani Hasibuan, and Nelma Hasibuan. "Pemanfaatan eceng gondok untuk menurunkan kandungan biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, bau dan warna limbah cair tahu." Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia 9, no. 3 (2017): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jpkim.v9i3.8909.
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Fitriani, Nur, and Slamet Isworo. "The phytoremediation of Echinodorus palaefolius (Water Jasmine) in reducing BOD and COD of liquid waste - Batik Industry "X" in Pekalongan." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 3 (2020): 215–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4266090.
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The "X" batik industry is a textile industry with industrial waste water discharged into water bodies which causes high pollution in the Lodji river. Data from the Environmental Office of Pekalongan on the status of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the Lodji River are classified as high, namely between 2.741 – 1.464 mg/l, exceeding the quality standard <45 mg. Phytoremediation technology is an effort to reduce Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand pollutants. This study aims to determine the ability of phytoremediation with <em>Enchinodorus palaefolius</em> (water jasmine) in reducing levels of biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand in batik industrial wastewater "X". The method used is a quasi experiment with a non-equivalent control group design approach. Analysis of biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand content using the analytical titration method. The Biological Oxygen Demand degradation modeling in treatment 1 kg, y = - 540.13 x + 2495.6, treatment 0.75 kg, y = -525.3x + 1938.7, treatment 0.5 kg y = - 515.09 x + 1923 while modeling for chemical oxygen demand reduction in treatment 1 kg, y = - 2543.7 x + 10130, treatment 0.75 kg, y = - 2500.7 x + 9913.8, treatment 0.5 kg, y = - 2578 x + 10045 Echinodorus palaefolius (water jasmine) was able to reduce Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand levels by linear modeling on biological oxygen demand parameters with the best results on 0.5 kg treatment and chemical oxygen demand in 1.0 kg treatment.
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Barker, P. S., and P. L. Dold. "Sludge production and oxygen demand in nutrient removal activated sludge systems." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 5-6 (1996): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0533.
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Results of model simulations indicate that without the assumption of COD loss, predictions of oxygen consumption and volatile suspended solids production are significantly over-estimated for biological excess phosphorus removal (BEPR) activated sludge systems (and to a lesser extent anoxic-aerobic systems). These systems apparently consume less oxygen and produce less volatile solids than aerobic systems for the same amount of COD removal. A general model for biological nutrient removal systems has recently been presented by Barker and Dold. Three mechanisms for COD loss are suggested, based on results of COD balances for different types of activated sludge system. Model simulation results with and without the assumption of COD loss are discussed, as well as the influence of influent COD composition on predictions of volatile suspended solids concentration/production and oxygen consumption.
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Wahyuni, Sigma, and Sugito Sugito. "PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN KOAGULAN PADA BIOFILTER ANAEROBIK AEROBIK DALAM MENURUNKAN COD (CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND) DAN BOD (BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND) LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI FARMASI." WAKTU: Jurnal Teknik UNIPA 13, no. 1 (2016): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/waktu.v13i1.25.
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Limbah cair PT. Interbat berasal dari kegiatan domestik meliputi laundry (menggunakan detergen bebas phospat), kegiatan hygiene personal (mandi, keramas dan cuci tangan), kegiatan dapur dan kantin, toilet/WC (buang air), kegiatan kebersihan (pembersihan lantai dan kamar mandi); kegiatan produksi (penisilin, sefalosporin, dan non betalaktam) dan laboratorium meliputi pencucian alat-alat produksi dan alat laboratorium, pencucian botol, air cucian vial, air buangan dari wet scrubber HVAC (sistem tata udara). Beban dan jumlah limbah cair yang masuk dalam IPAL sentral PT. Interbat sering mengalami fluktuasi konsentrasi dan fluktuasi jumlah air. Sehingga beberapa kali hasil olahan tidak memenuhi standart baku mutu Pergub Jatim No. 72 Tahun 2013 untuk industri farmasi. Teknologi sistem biofilter anaerobik aerobik telah banyak dimanfaatkan untuk mengolah limbah cair dan dapat menurunkan BOD dan COD hingga 95%. Salah satu kelebihan teknologi ini adalah tahan terhadap fluktuasi jumlah air limbah maupun fluktuasi konsentrasi. Bahan koagulan digunakan pada aplikasi ini untuk membantu proses pengikatan padatan. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini akan dikaji tentang pengaruh penggunaan koagulan pada biofilter anaerobik aerobik dalam menurunkan COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) dan BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) limbah cair industri farmasi. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah pengumpulan data sekunder, survei lapangan, perhitungan reaktor, dokumentasi, kajian literatur dan analisis laboratorium. Dimensi reaktor biofilter anaerobik aerobik dalam penelitian ini adalah skala 1:10. Debit air limbah pada skala 1:10 adalah sebesar 50ml/menit. Digunakan tambahan koagulant dengan variasi 0 ppm (tanpa), 200 ppm dan 300 ppm. Rata-rata efisiensi penurunan COD dan BOD dalam penelitian ini pada dosis tanpa penambahan koagulan penurunan COD sebesar 60% dan BOD sebesar 60%; pada dosis koagulan 200 ppm penurunan COD sebesar 54% dan BOD sebesar 46%; dan pada dosis koagulan 300 ppm penurunan COD sebesar 67% dan BOD sebesar 65%. Kemampuan dalam efisiensi penurunan COD dan BOD tertinggi dalam penelitian ini adalah pada koagulan dosis 300 ppm. Hasil COD dan BOD outlet adalah COD outlet sebesar 67 mg/l dan BOD outlet sebersar 49 mg/l. Bila dibandingkan dengan Pergub Jatim No.72 Tahun 2013 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah Bagi Industri Dan/Atau Kegiatan Usaha Lainnya, maka hasil COD dan BOD outlet sudah dibawah baku mutu.
 
 Kata Kunci : Biofilter anaerobik aerobik, koagulan, PAC, COD, BOD
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Sholehah, Hijriati, Taufik Abdullah, Azwarudin, and Sri Aprianti. "Using pumice as an alternative to reduce biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand in tough waste." Jurnal Pijar Mipa 18, no. 6 (2023): 1034–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jpm.v18i6.5989.
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The tofu industry is a type of industry that operates in the field of food processing from soybean raw materials. The tofu industry is dominated by small-scale businesses, most integrated into residential areas. The tofu industry has yet to process the liquid waste it produces. High environmental pollution can result in the death of aquatic biota due to lack of oxygen. This research aims to reduce BOD and COD levels that do not meet quality standards. Based on this, research was conducted to reduce the organic content in tofu liquid waste using pumice stone as a filtration medium. The research used a 2.5-inch PVC pipe with a height of 70 cm and a media size of 8 mesh, which was heated at temperatures of 50°C and 100°C. The research results after treatment showed that the initial concentration of BOD levels was 160 mg/L. After going through the filtration process with media heating treatment at 50°C and 100°C, the BOD levels were reduced to 116.8, 76.8, and 40 mg/L, respectively, with 52% and 75% reduction effectiveness. While the initial concentration of COD levels was 326 mg/L, after going through the filtration process with media heating treatment at 50°C and 100°C, the COD levels were reduced to 252 and 198 mg/L, respectively, and the effectiveness of the reduction was 23% and 39%.
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Piro, P., M. Carbone, G. Garofalo, and J. Sansalone. "CSO treatment strategy based on constituent index relationships in a highly urbanised catchment." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 12 (2007): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.758.
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In urbanising catchments the variability of particulate matter (solids) and oxygen demanding constituents of wet weather and dry weather characteristics result in variable treatment effectiveness from physical unit operations and biological unit processes. Higher organic concentrations during dry weather flow are more amenable to biological unit processes while the higher inorganic loads generated largely by urban wet weather constituents and much larger flows can be more effectively treated or conditioned by physical unit operations, including ideally preceded by hydrologic controls. This study examines the relationships between total chemical oxygen demand (COD)t, dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD)d, particulate chemical oxygen demand (COD)p and solids, measured as total suspended solids (TSS). Results also provide an index for selection and optimisation of treatment operations for combined sewer overflow (CSO) loads.
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Dwi Pratiwi, Emi Jayanti, Eko Sulistiono, and Mimatun Nasihah. "Efektifitas Filter Batang Pisang terhadap Penurunan Kadar Total Suspended Solid, Chemical Oxygen Demand dan Biological Oxygen Demand pada Limbah Domestik." Jurnal Enviscience 5, no. 2 (2021): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/5ijev.v5iss2.281.
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Limbah rumah tangga adalah limbah cair hasil buangan dari kegiatan perumahan (rumah tangga) seperti dapur, mandi, dan cucian. Limbah domestik merupakan jumlah pencemar terbesar (85%) yang masuk ke badan air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penurunan kadar TSS (Total Suspended Solid), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) dan BOD (Biocemical Oxygen Demand) pada limbah domestik setelah dilakukan filter batang pisang. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan eksperimen dengan uji analisis ANOVA dan didukung dengan uji analisis REGRESI. hasil analisis kualitas air limbah domestik akan dibandingkan dengan standart baku mutu PERMEN LHK No. P68/2016. Hasil penelitian dari tiga ketebalan batang pisang (5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm) terdapat hasil yang berbeda-beda, penurunan TSS terbaik 84 % ada pada 15 cm ketebalan media filter batang pisang sedangkan penurunan COD terbaik 81% dan penurunan BOD terbaik 58% terbaik pada 5 cm ketebalan media filter batang pisang. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa uji TSS pada air limbah domestik menunjukkan semakin tebal ketebalan filter batang pisang maka nilai TSS akan semakin menurun, sedangkan hasil uji COD dan BOD pada air limbah menunjukkan bahwa semakin tipis ketebalan filter batang pisang maka nilai COD dan BOD akan semakin menurun.
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Dwi Pratiwi, Emi Jayanti, Eko Sulistiono, and Mimatun Nasihah. "Efektifitas Filter Batang Pisang terhadap Penurunan Kadar Total Suspended Solid, Chemical Oxygen Demand dan Biological Oxygen Demand pada Limbah Domestik." Jurnal EnviScience (Environment Science) 5, no. 2 (2021): 70–75. https://doi.org/10.30736/jev.v5i2.281.
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Limbah rumah tangga adalah limbah cair hasil buangan dari kegiatan perumahan (rumah tangga) seperti dapur, mandi, dan cucian. Limbah domestik merupakan jumlah pencemar terbesar (85%) yang masuk ke badan air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penurunan kadar TSS (Total Suspended Solid), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) dan BOD (Biocemical Oxygen Demand) pada limbah domestik setelah dilakukan filter batang pisang. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan eksperimen dengan uji analisis ANOVA dan didukung dengan uji analisis REGRESI. hasil analisis kualitas air limbah domestik akan dibandingkan dengan standart baku mutu PERMEN LHK No. P68/2016. Hasil penelitian dari tiga ketebalan batang pisang (5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm) terdapat hasil yang berbeda-beda, penurunan TSS terbaik 84 % ada pada 15 cm ketebalan media filter batang pisang sedangkan penurunan COD terbaik 81% dan penurunan BOD terbaik 58% terbaik pada 5 cm ketebalan media filter batang pisang. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa uji TSS pada air limbah domestik menunjukkan semakin tebal ketebalan filter batang pisang maka nilai TSS akan semakin menurun, sedangkan hasil uji COD dan BOD pada air limbah menunjukkan bahwa semakin tipis ketebalan filter batang pisang maka nilai COD dan BOD akan semakin menurun.
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Gori, Riccardo, Francesca Giaccherini, Lu-Man Jiang, Reza Sobhani, and Diego Rosso. "Role of primary sedimentation on plant-wide energy recovery and carbon footprint." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 4 (2013): 870–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.270.
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The goal of this paper is to show the effect of primary sedimentation on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and solids fractionation and consequently on the carbonaceous and energy footprints of wastewater treatment processes. Using a simple rational procedure for COD and solids fraction quantification, we quantify the effects of varying fractions on CO2 and CO2-equivalent mass flows, process energy demand and energy recovery. Then we analysed two treatment plants with similar biological nutrient removal processes in two different climatic regions and quantified the net benefit of gravity separation before biological treatment. In the cases analysed, primary settling increases the solid fraction of COD that is processed in anaerobic digestion, with an associated increase in biogas production and energy recovery, and a reduction in overall emissions of CO2 and CO2-equivalent from power importation.
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Choi, H. J. "Nutrient removal in reverse osmosis concentrates using a biological aerated filter." Water Supply 15, no. 2 (2014): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.113.
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The aim of this study is to employ a biological aerated filter (BAF) in the treatment of reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate received from reuse of treatment plant wastewater. Furthermore, the influence of chemical oxygen demand (COD)/N ratio on the nutrient removal was analyzed to find the detailed removal pathways of nutrients. The result was found to be high efficiency for biochemical oxygen demand removal (95.86%) compared to that of COD (88.95%) and suspended solids (81.12%). The total phosphorus (TP) (67.66%) and PO4-P (61.42%) removal efficiencies were relatively lower than that of total nitrogen (TN) (81.42%) and NO3-N (76.70%). This may be due to the fact that the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)/TP ratio (8.01) was relatively low. Decreasing the COD/N ratio decreased TP and PO4-P removal efficiency. However, the removal efficiency of TN and NH4-N was increased from 47.60 to 64.54 and 54.17 to 73.72% with decreasing of COD/N ratio from 8.19 to 7.64, respectively. In addition, the denitrification rate and nitrification rate were increased from 211.8 to 301.0 mg/L d and 87.7 to 109.4 mg/L d, respectively, when COD/N ratios changed from 8.19 to 7.64. Therefore, in order to reuse the RO concentrate, the BAF process could effectively treat the RO concentrate.
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Leonard, Franita, Wahyuni, and Hasanuddin. "Identifikasi Risiko Pencemaran Air Limbah Domestik." Jurnal Media Teknik Sipil 2, no. 1 (2024): 33–42. https://doi.org/10.56963/judiateks.v2i1.369.
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Air memiliki peranan yang sangat penting bagi ekosistem lingkungan, air sangat diperlukan untuk memenuhi keberlangsungan mahluk hidup dan alam sekitarnya, tetapi juga sebagai potensi sumber energi terbarukan dalam pembangunan berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meng identifikasi risiko pencemaran lingkungan yang terjadi terhadap pembuangan air limbah domestik. Pengambilan sampel air dilakukan secara langsung menggunakan metode grab sampling dengan menggunakan alat water sampler sesuai dengan SNI. Sampel tersebut dibawa ke laboratorium yang telah terakreditasi KAN untuk dianalisis. Parameter yang dianalisis meliputi parameter pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) dan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Setelah mendapatkan hasil analisis tersebut, dilakukan analisis data untuk menentukan hasil dari penelitian yang menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif dan kuantitatif. Hasil analisis untuk parameter pH didapatkan nilai sebesar 6.2, parameter BOD sebesar 12,7 mg/L, dan parameter COD 24,41 mg/L. Berdasarkan hasil analisis pH, dan dalam air limbah domestik yang diuji dapat disimpulan bahwa hasil analisis untuk parameter pH, BOD dan COD memenuhi standar baku mutu berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor P.68/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/8/2016 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah Domestik. Kata kunci : Air Limbah Domestik, pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) dan Baku Mutu
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Darkun, Kholil, Ira Mulyawati, Laila Febrina, and Asriana Patulak. "The Influence of Aloe Vera Biocoagulant and Mixing Time in Reducing Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand and Total Suspended Solids Levels." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 80, no. 3 (2024): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.80.3.35873.
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Aloe vera is a plant with complex composition of carbohydrates, sugars, and mucilage, enabling it to bind particles in water and serve as a coagulant in the coagulation-flocculation process. This study aims to assess the impact of varying doses and rapid stirring times on the reduction of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS) levels in liquid waste from pharmaceutical companies. The research involves two factors: (1) aloe vera concentration at three levels (20 mL/L, 40 mL/L, and 60 mL/L); (2) fast mixing time at three levels (20 minutes, 40 minutes, and 60 minutes), with each treatment repeated thrice. Levels of BOD, COD and TSS were measured post-treatment using a jar test tool. The results of the analysis showed that the optimal efficacy of the aloe vera coagulant occurred at a concentration of 40 mL/L for 40 minutes. At this optimal condition, the effectiveness of the aloe vera coagulant in reducing BOD, COD and TSS levels was 72.3%, 78.5%, and 65.3%, respectively. This indicates that the aloe vera coagulant can be effectively utilized in the treatment of pharmaceutical industrial wastewater to reduce BOD, COD and TSS levels
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Jiao, Nianzhi, Jihua Liu, Bethanie Edwards, et al. "Correcting a major error in assessing organic carbon pollution in natural waters." Science Advances 7, no. 16 (2021): eabc7318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc7318.
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Microbial degradation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in aquatic environments can cause oxygen depletion, water acidification, and CO2 emissions. These problems are caused by labile DOC (LDOC) and not refractory DOC (RDOC) that resists degradation and is thus a carbon sink. For nearly a century, chemical oxygen demand (COD) has been widely used for assessment of organic pollution in aquatic systems. Here, we show through a multicountry survey and experimental studies that COD is not an appropriate proxy of microbial degradability of organic matter because it oxidizes both LDOC and RDOC, and the latter contributes up to 90% of DOC in high-latitude forested areas. Hence, COD measurements do not provide appropriate scientific information on organic pollution in natural waters and can mislead environmental policies. We propose the replacement of the COD method with an optode-based biological oxygen demand method to accurately and efficiently assess organic pollution in natural aquatic environments.
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Javeed, Tariq, Rab Nawaz, Sami A. Al-Hussain, et al. "Application of Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Treatment of Color and Chemical Oxygen Demand of Pulp and Paper Wastewater." Water 15, no. 7 (2023): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15071347.
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The present study was conducted in order to investigate the efficiency of different advanced oxidation processes both individually and in combination with the biological method for the removal of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewater in the pulp and paper industry. Advanced oxidation processes include ozone, Fenton, hydrogen peroxide, and photo-Fenton. Biologically treated wastewater was successively subjected to advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The optimum conditions for the ozone treatment of raw wastewater were found to be a contact time of 9 min and a pH of 5 at a fixed dose of ozone for a removal efficiency of 41.22% for color and 88.53% for COD. Similar optimum conditions for the ozone treatment of biologically treated wastewater showed a removal efficiency of 46.36% for color and 95.92% for COD. The photo-Fenton process also showed an efficiency comparable to the ozone treatment for both raw wastewater and biologically treated wastewater, resulting in a removal efficiency of 39.85% (color) and 90.13% (COD) for raw wastewater, and of 41.34% (color) and 94.29% (COD) for biologically treated wastewater. Each had a contact time of 12 h. The Fenton oxidation of raw wastewater showed a removal efficiency of more than 26.30% for color and 86.33% for COD. Fenton oxidation, however, showed an efficiency of 26.62% for color and 84.49% for COD removal from biologically treated wastewater. Hydrogen peroxide showed an efficiency of 28.45% for color and 85.13% for COD removal from raw wastewater, and 39.48% for color and 86.53% for COD removal from biologically treated wastewater. The results for the raw wastewater treatments indicated that higher removal efficiencies can be achieved when they are used as pre-treatments. Biological treatment is a cost-effective method but it has less efficiency for color removal. In combination with one of the AOPs, either as a pre- or post-treatment under a controlled time and dose, biological treatment increased the efficiency, making treatment feasible at larger scales.
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Ghassan, Abukhanafer, L. Kareem Sabreen, A. Al-husseiny Rasha, M. Selman Huda, Feilizadeh Mansoor, and J. HASAN Satea. "Optimizing Aeration Cycles for Enhanced COD and BOD5 Removal in Domestic Wastewater Treatment: A Case Study from Al-Hilla City, Iraq." Journal of Global Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies 9, no. 9 (2024): 3621–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13753884.
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ABSTRACT Eutrophication is a risk factor because wastewater has an excessive amount of organic matter, specifically chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5), which deplete dissolved oxygen (DO) in water bodies. Since the biological treatment of wastewater is reliable, affordable, and produces safe results, it has been a valuable technique for treating wastewater for centuries. This work discusses the treatment of actual domestic wastewater from Al-Hilla city in Babylon using a laboratory-scale batch reactor with several input-characterized samples to forecast the elimination of COD and BOD5 together. Different cycle times were used 6, 8, and 12 hrs. The removal efficiency of organic matter (COD, BOD5) from wastewater increased when the aeration time (A) of cycles increased. The removal efficiency of organic matters (COD, BOD5) was increased when there was an increase in aerobic conditions (A) during the fill and react phases, because of the aerobic degradation of the incoming organic matters as a result of microorganism activity, where; the removal efficiency of COD ranged from (43.3-88.8), while for BOD5 was (58.8- 91.2).
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Anisa, Myrtaj (Rexhepi), and Assoc. Ilirjan Malollari Acad. "Biological Remuval of Nitrogen and Phosphorus using Activated Sludge Treatment in Meat Processing Wastewaters." International Journal of Engineering Research & Science 4, no. 8 (2018): 38–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1407405.
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<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><strong>—</strong><em>The main purpose of this study was to identify the best treatment techniques for wastewater discharged from meat processing. The organic matters in the meat industry wastewater are considerable and complex. To identify the organic component of wastewater we use the parameters to classify it. The most common parameters are the oxygen demand values. We have evaluated the two most common oxygen demand methods, the biochemical oxygen demand and the chemical oxygen demand. In this investigation thorough pretreatment studies were done using the activated sludge treatment.</em> <em>This treatment was performed at optimal pH using different dosages of activated sludge.</em> <em>Minimization of wastewaters discharges consist on keeping under continuous control: the quality of wastewaters; their treatment and disposal in an environmentally manner, optimization of processes, maintenance and respective design</em>.
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Sarathy, Brihas P., Preston M. Hoy, and Sheldon J. B. Duff. "Removal of Oxygen Demand and Acute Toxicity during Batch Biological Treatment of a Petroleum Refinery Effluent." Water Quality Research Journal 37, no. 2 (2002): 399–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2002.026.
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Abstract A survey of the process streams at an operating petroleum refinery showed that desalting water from the crude and splitter units had the highest concentrations of pollutants, and accounted for approximately one-third of the BOD and COD of the combined effluent. Combined effluent (234 ± 62 mg BOD/L, 510 ± 0 mg COD/L, and Microtox EC50 4.9 ± 0.4%) was treated using a laboratory-scale batch biological reactor. Ninety-three percent of BOD and 77% of COD were removed over the first 24 hours of biological treatment. Acute (Microtox) toxicity was reduced in two discrete stages; the first coinciding with BOD and COD removal and the second stage occurring after BOD and COD had been removed. A final EC50 value of 27.8% was achieved in batch tests. The two stages of toxicity removal correspond quantitatively to the toxicity removal observed during secondary and tertiary biological treatment at the petroleum refinery's full-scale wastewater treatment plant.
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Wan Abdul Razak, Wan Razarinah, Noor Zalina Mahmood, and Noorlidah Abdullah. "Effect of Culture Technique of Ganoderma Australe Mycelia on Percentage Removal of Leachate Organics." Scientific Research Journal 13, no. 1 (2016): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v13i1.5447.
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Leachate (liquid pollutant), which is highly contaminated with organic matter and toxic substances is a major problem that arised from landfill. Biological methods have proven to be effective to remove organic matters that are abundant in leachate. This study is intended to compare the used of free mycelia and immobilized mycelia of the white-rot fungi, Ganoderma australe for the removal of landfill leachate organics. The organics fraction of landfill leachate was measured by biological oxygen demand (BOD5), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The experiment revealed that free mycelia of G. australe showed capability in removing leachate BOD5 but not COD. However, the use of immobilized G. australe displayed the best result in the removal of BOD5 and COD leachate after 4 weeks of treatment in flasks with 93.09% and 17.84% percentage removal of BOD5 and COD, respectively. Therefore, G. australe can be considered potentially useful in the treatment of landfill leachate as they can help in removing BOD and COD due to their biodegradative abilities.
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Wan Abdul Razak, Wan Razarinah, Noor Zalina Mahmood, and Noorlidah Abdullah. "Effect of Culture Technique of Ganoderma Australe Mycelia on Percentage Removal of Leachate Organics." Scientific Research Journal 13, no. 1 (2016): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v13i1.9387.
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Leachate (liquid pollutant), which is highly contaminated with organic matter and toxic substances is a major problem that arised from landfill. Biological methods have proven to be effective to remove organic matters that are abundant in leachate. This study is intended to compare the used of free mycelia and immobilized mycelia of the white-rot fungi, Ganoderma australe for the removal of landfill leachate organics. The organics fraction of landfill leachate was measured by biological oxygen demand (BOD5), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The experiment revealed that free mycelia of G. australe showed capability in removing leachate BOD5 but not COD. However, the use of immobilized G. australe displayed the best result in the removal of BOD5 and COD leachate after 4 weeks of treatment in flasks with 93.09% and 17.84% percentage removal of BOD5 and COD, respectively. Therefore, G. australe can be considered potentially useful in the treatment of landfill leachate as they can help in removing BOD and COD due to their biodegradative abilities.
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Verma, Sanjay. "Seasonal and Spatial Variations in Biochemical and Chemical Oxygen Demand of Untreated Sewage in Sironj Tehsil, District Vidisha, India." International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management 04, no. 06 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/isjem04667.
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- In this study, untreated sewage from five suburban sites in Sironj Tehsil, district- Vidisha, India, was evaluated for seasonal and spatial variations in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in 2024. The APHA 5210 B and 5220 D procedures for BOD and COD, respectively, were used to analyse 100 sewage samples from Kahra Bazar, Kathali, Bhawani Nagar, Katra Mohalla, and Hajipur. Due to runoff-driven organic matter, the BOD ranged from 159.16 to 186.96 mg/L, with Bhawani Nagar recording the highest value (186.96 mg/L) during the monsoon season (mean 180.98 mg/L). Bhawani Nagar had the highest COD (571.32 mg/L), which ranged from 337.15 to 571.32 mg/L and peaked during the monsoon (mean 511.21 mg/L). The seasons with the lowest BOD (mean 161.35 mg/L) and COD (mean 358.09 mg/L) were winter. Statistical analysis showed site-specific influences on COD (F(4,80)=8.63, p<0.001) and significant seasonal effects on both BOD (F(3,80)=36.90, p<0.001) and COD (F(3,80)=114.14, p<0.001). According to these results, there are moderate to high levels of organic pollution, which means that to prevent oxygen depletion during monsoon peaks, biological treatment with increased aeration is required. These findings support the need for customised wastewater management plans in Sironj and are consistent with those of similar Indian cities. Key Words: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Sewage analysis, Seasonal variation, Sironj Tehsil, Organic pollution, Wastewater treatment
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Farraji, Hossein, Nastaein Q. Zaman, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf, Amin Mojiri, and Parsa Mohajeri. "Enhancing BOD/COD Ratio of POME Treatment in SBR System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.437.
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Palm oil mill effluent (POME) contains high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) Agra base wastewater is the concern of biodegradable treatment methods. Consequently, the BOD / COD ratio has a significant effect on the biodegradability of wastewaters. This study investigates effects of aerated sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system augmented by zeolite used for treatment of POME. Not only, the BOD / COD ratio increased from 0.11 in raw POME to mean 68.15% increase after aeration in the SBR system, but also, the most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that, aerated SBR could be considered as an effective method for enhancing BOD/COD ratio for qualifying post treatment by biotreatment methods.
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Yao, Huang, Jialong Xiao, and Xinhua Tang. "Microbial Fuel Cell-Based Organic Matter Sensors: Principles, Structures and Applications." Bioengineering 10, no. 8 (2023): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10080886.
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Wastewater contains a significant quantity of organic matter, continuously causing environmental pollution. Timely and accurate detection of organic content in water can facilitate improved wastewater treatment and better protect the environment. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are increasingly recognized as valuable biological monitoring systems, due to their ability to swiftly detect organic indicators such as biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in water quality. Different types of MFC sensors are used for BOD and COD detection, each with unique features and benefits. This review focuses on different types of MFC sensors used for BOD and COD detection, discussing their benefits and structural optimization, as well as the influencing factors of MFC-based biomonitoring systems. Additionally, the challenges and prospects associated with the development of reliable MFC sensing systems are discussed.
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Zhang, Y., H. Shi, and Y. Qian. "Biological treatment of printing ink wastewater." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 1 (2003): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0066.
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Printing ink wastewater is usually very difficult to treat biologically and its chemical oxygen demand (COD) far exceeds standards of discharge. The COD in wastewater is usually 3,000 to 8,000 mg/L after flocculation and sedimentation. Herein, a strain of bacterium was isolated from the sludge and identified as Bacillus sp. and utilized to treat printing ink wastewater. The application of bacteria to degrade printing ink in wastewater is discussed in this paper. The influence of N and P sources on COD removal, and COD removal in combination with glucose was also discussed. More than 85 per cent of the COD could be removed using the proposed biological process. A novel internal airlift loop bioreactor with bacteria immobilized onto ceramic honeycomb support was used for the wastewater treatment.
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Lefebvre, O., X. Shi, C. H. Wu, and H. Y. Ng. "Biological treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater from the antibiotics industry." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 4 (2013): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.729.
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Pharmaceutical wastewater generated by an antibiotics (penicillin) company was treated by aerobic membrane bioreactors (MBRs) and sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). At a low organic loading rate of 0.22 kg-COD m−3d−1, both types of reactors were capable of treating the wastewater such that the treated effluent met the discharge regulation except for the total dissolved solids. However, when the loading rate was increased to 2.92 kg-COD m−3d−1, foaming issues resulted in unstable performance. Overall, the MBRs achieved better solid removal but the SBRs performed better in regards to the degradation of aromatic compounds, as determined by UV absorbance (UVA). Finally, ozonation was applied on two different streams and showed promise on the strong stream – that corresponds to the formulation effluent and contains most of the biorefractory compounds. Ozonation successfully reduced the UVA, lowered the pH and increased the biochemical oxygen demand : chemical oxygen demand (BOD5 : COD) ratio of the strong stream. However, it was less efficient on the effluent having undergone pre-treatment by a biofilter due to a lack of selectivity towards refractory compounds.
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Deni, Nur Fauzi, and Ari Setyawan Dimas. "OPTIMISASI CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND PRODUCED WATER PADA POLISHING UNIT." MADANI: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin 1, no. 2 (2023): 79–81. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7782294.
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Polishing unit pada Saka Indonesia Pangkah Limited menggunakan <em>biological treatment </em>yang memanfaatkan bakteri aerob untuk mengurangi kadar <em>Chemical Oxygen Demand</em> (COD) effluent pada produce water saat eksplorasi minyak agar sesuai dengan baku mutu. Untuk menjaga agar bakteri tetap hidup diperlukan tambahan substrat berupa nitrat dan fosfat yang dijaga pada kondisi tertentu. Uji data operasional menunjukan bahwa hubungan antara kadar COD effluent dengan variabel-variabel lain non linier dan kompleks. Sehingga dibutuhkan pemodelan <em>black box</em> seperti <em>Artificial Neural Network </em>(ANN) untuk memodelkan hubungan ini. Dari <em>Process Flow Diagram</em> (PFD), data operasional dan pertimbangan manajemen maka 11 variabel menjadi input model ANN dan COD sebagai output variabel. Output variabel model ini akan menjadi fungsi objektif dimana tujuannya adalah nilai minimum. Dua input variabel sebagai variabel yang dioptimisasi yaitu massa nitrat dan fosfat. Sedangkan konstrain berupa 9 parameter operasional dan tiga <em>range</em> variabel input-output. Hubungan empiris antara variabel input-output yang tidak mempunyai persamaan turunan maka teknik optimisasi stokastik diperlukan. Salah satu teknik optimisasi stokastik adalah <em>Genetic Algorithm </em>(GA). Hasil dari prediksi ANN menggunakan struktur <em>Multi Layer Perceptron</em> (MLP) dengan input <em>Finite Impulse Response </em>(FIR) serta pelatihan Levenberg-Marquardt menghasilkan Root <em>Mean Square Error</em> (RMSE) paling optimal berada pada hidden node 42 yaitu RMSE selama pelatihan adalah 0.16092 dan RMSE selama validasi 1.73769. Optimisasi kadar COD mendapatkan hasil kadar COD optimal yaitu 44.8668 mg/L pada kadar nitrat sebesar 9 mg/L dan kadar fosfat sebesar 12 mg/L.
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Uwidia, Ita Erebho, and Christopher Ejeomo. "Prediction of Five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) from Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Values in Raw and Biologically Treated Domestic Sewage." Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences 58, no. 3 (2015): 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.58.3.2015.172.174.
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The functional relationship between BOD5 and COD was evaluated using domestic sewage samples collected from a sewage treatment plant in an estate in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. Two types of samples were collected: raw domestic sewage,(influent) and biologically treated domestic sewage (effluent).The correlation coefficient r between the BOD5 and COD was determined and values were 0.99 and 0.94, respectively for different sewage samples. The regression analysis carried out showed very strong correlation . The linear correlation established was: COD = 1.62 BOD5 + 15.82 ; r2 = 0.978; COD = 1.58BOD5 + 9.21; r2 = 0.878. Results obtained above were also judged as significant at 95% and 99% confidence levels. Confidence intervals obtained were: 1.53£ a £1.71 at 95% and 1.49£ a £1.75 at 99% for the raw sewage; 1.37£ a £ 1.80 at 95% and 1.27£ a £1.90 at 99% for the biologically treated sewage.
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Abdul Gani, Husni Zaini, Bagyo Yanuwiadi, and Arief Rachmansyah. "Penerapan Metode Activated Sludge dalam Pengolahan Limbah Cair Industri Tahu Beru." Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 9, no. 2 (2022): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/dli.9.2.p.135-143.
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The tofu industry in its production process uses ± 25 liters of water per 1 kg of soybean raw material. Soybean used as raw material for tofu contains protein, carbohydrates, fat, and other nutritional ingredients so that the resulting liquid waste contains high organic matter that has the potential to pollute the environment with a value of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of 467 mg/L and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 668.2 mg/L. Efforts to control water pollution can be overcome by processing biotechnology using an activated sludge system. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of polluted water sediment as the main ingredient of activated sludge in reducing levels of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and to determine the growth rate of microorganisms in the acclimatization process. This research was carried out on 4 different composition variations in batches under aerobic conditions using an aerator and a pump as a stirrer. The results showed that the composition of the sludge in treatment IV, namely the composition of the sludge consisting of (60% Waste, 40% Nutrients, and cultured RPH sludge) was the best composition at 60 hours of aeration with the effectiveness of removing BOD concentration of 90.10% and COD concentration. amounted to 87.41% or achieved a reduction value of 46.21 mg/L of BOD concentration and 84.14 mg/L of COD concentration with a specific biomass growth rate of 0.054 day-1.
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Amri, Allam Anasrul, and Tri Widayatno. "PENURUNAN KADAR BOD, COD, TSS, DAN pH PADA LIMBAH CAIR TAHU DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BIOFILTER." Jurnal Inovasi Teknik Kimia 8, no. 1 (2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31942/inteka.v18i1.8089.
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Limbah cair tahu dapat menimbulkan pencemaran karena terdapat kandungan biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demond (COD), dan total suspended solid (TSS) yang sangat tinggi dapat mencemari lingkungan sekitar apabila dibuang ke sungai. Sebab itu kadarnya harus diturunkan sebelum dibuang ke sungai lingkungan sekitar. Yaitu dengan cara mengolah limbah cair tahu dengan cara biofilter. Biofilter yang digunakan yaitu yang bermedia filter batu krikil dan batu koral yang memiliki tujuan mengetahui penurunan kadar pencemaran pada parameter BOD, COD, dan TSS limbah cair tahu menggunakan biofilter. Pada hasil penelitian memperlihatkan penurunan kadar limbah cair tahu menggunakan biofilter memiliki nilai BOD sebesar 737,9 mg/L, COD sebesar 6.333 mg/L, TSS sebesar 84 mg/L, dan pH sebesar 6 – 7. 
 
 Kata kunci: Biofilter, BOD, COD, Limbah Tahu, TSS (min. 3, maks. 5 kata, sesuai urutan abjad)
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Putri, Rieke Agnes Novel, and Haryo Triajie. "TINGKAT PENCEMARAN ORGANIK BERDASARKAN KONSENTRASI BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD), CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD), DAN TOTAL ORGANIC MATTER (TOM) DI SUNGAI BANCARAN, KABUPATEN BANGKALAN." Juvenil:Jurnal Ilmiah Kelautan dan Perikanan 2, no. 2 (2021): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/juvenil.v2i2.10778.
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ABSTRAKAktivitas warga sekitar yang memanfaatkan Sungai Bancaran dan menjadikan sungai sebagai tempat pembuangan sampah atau limbah dapat menyebabkan terjadinya akumulasi bahan organik dalam perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi BOD, COD, dan TOM serta menentukan tingkat pencemaran bahan organik di Sungai Bancaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode STORET. Prinsip dari metode STORET yaitu membandingkan antara data kualitas air yang diperoleh dengan baku mutu air yang disesuaikan dengan peruntukannya hal ini guna menentukan status mutu air. Baku mutu yang digunakan yaitu PP No. 82 Tahun 2001 dan PerMenKes No. 416 Tahun 1990. Hasil yang diperoleh lebar sungai berkisar 12,3-17,7 m cenderung meningkat kearah muara sungai, kedalaman berkisar 0,27-1,30 m, jenis substrat yaitu lumpur, kecepatan arus berkisar 0,07- 0,35 m/detik, kecerahan berkisar 20,7-87,3 cm, dan suhu berkisar 27,3- 32,2 °C. Parameter salinitas 0-6 ppt, oksigen terlarut berkisar 5,15-7,01 mg/l, pH berkisar 7,10-7,65 cenderung netral, BOD berkisar ,35-14,42 mg/l, COD berkisar 5,72-39,87, dan TOM 8,44-13,13 mg/l. Sedangkan untuk komposisi jenis fitoplankton terdiri dari kelas Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Dinophyceae, dan Euglenophyceae dengan kelimpahan fitoplankton berkisar 8133-13.733 sel/L. Tingkat pencemaran organik di Sungai Bancaran menggunakan metode STORET diketahui tercemar ringan (Kelas B) hingga tercemar sedang (Kelas C).Kata kunci: BOD, COD, TOM, bahan organik, STORETABSTRACTThe activities of local residents who use the Bancaran River and turn the river into a place for garbage or waste disposal can trigger an accumulation of organic matter in the waters. This study aims to determine the concentration of BOD, COD, and TOM and to determine the level of organic matter pollution in the Bancaran River. This study uses the STORET method. The principle of the STORET method is to compare the water quality data obtained with the water quality standards adjusted for this purpose in order to determine the water quality status. The quality standard is used on PP. 82 of 2001 and PerMenKes No. 416 of 1990. The results obtained that the width of the river ranges from 12.3-17.7 m which tends to increase towards the river mouth, the depth ranges from 0.27 to 1.30 m, the type of substrate is mud, the flow velocity ranges from 0.07 to 0.35 m / sec, brightness ranges from 20.7 to 87.3 cm, and temperatures range from 27.3 to 32.2 ° C. The salinity parameters were 0-6 ppt, dissolved oxygen ranged from 5.15 to 7.01 mg / l, pH ranged from 7.10 to 7.65 tended to be neutral, BOD ranged from 35-14.42 mg / l, COD ranged from 5.72 -39.87, and TOM 8.44-13.13 mg / l. Meanwhile, the composition of phytoplankton consists of classes Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Dinophyceae, and Euglenophyceae with an abundance of phytoplankton ranging from 8133-13,733 cells / L. The level of organic pollution in the Bancaran River using the STORET method is known to be lightly polluted (B Class) to moderate (C Class). Keywords: BOD, COD, TOM, organic matter, STORET
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Novianta, Muhammad Andang, Syafrudin, and Budi Warsito. "Multiple Linear Regression Modeling for Analysis of Factors Affecting COD and BOD on River Water Quality in Yogyakarta, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 517 (2024): 16001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202451716001.
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Many factors can affect the quality of river water in DIY, both the activities of the population and industry. Several river water quality parameters that can be used to determine the health condition of river water are Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). This study tested the effect of TSS and DO on BOD and COD in 10 rivers in DIY. The method used is multiple linear regression modeling. Based on hypothesis testing in multiple linear regression with a significance level of 5%, it is found that TSS and DO significantly affect BOD and COD conditions in 2019. Furthermore, in 2020 only DO significantly affects COD. The prediction result is that if TSS is high then BOD and COD will be predicted to have high value. If DO is high then COD and BOD will be predicted to be low.
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Condezo Castro, Tatiana Aurora, Claudio Mudadu Silva, Jorge Luiz Colodette, and Ann H. Mounteer. "Biological treatment and ultrafiltration of woodchip pre-hydrolysis liquor from dissolving pulp mills." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 33, no. 2 (2018): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2018-3022.
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Abstract Dissolving pulps could be considered as the future biorefineries, which normally generate liquor during the wood chip pre-hydrolysis (PHL). PHL has high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Mills do not have efficient means for disposal of PHL, being in general burned in the recovery boiler with a high cost due to its low consistency. The objectives of this work were to evaluate i) the biotreatability of PHL and the effects it would have on a kraft mill effluent biological treatment plant and ii) the use of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane to treat the PHL prior to biological treatment. PHL was generated into lab with a hydrothermal process and was mixed with kraft pulp mill effluent in different proportions and added to sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). The SBRs achieved high rates of COD removal (>75 %). However, treated effluent COD increased with the increase in PHL dose. This treatment using UF membranes reduced the COD load. Biotreatability of the UF permeate was higher than that of PHL. UF retentate, with 28 % of the volume and a much higher solids content than the initial PHL, would have a significantly lower evaporation energy demand if sent to the black liquor evaporators.
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Naeem, Abbas, Hussain Naqi, Umar Farooq Gohar Muhammad, et al. "Potential applications of indigenous bacterial consortium for the treatment of textile effluents and condition optimization by RSM technique." Chemistry International 8, no. 3 (2022): 114–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7196890.
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In the present investigation, dyes effluent samples were randomly selected and subjected to biological treatment. The physicochemical characterization such as pH, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) biological oxygen demand (BOD), conductivity, color and total dissolved solids (TDS) were studied before and after treatment. The biological treatment was employed on selected dye effluent samples. These isolates were depicted as B1 to B17. High reduction in values of COD, BOD and TDS were observed for B7 in all the effluent samples, while B11, B4 and B15 showed moderate responses. The other isolates did not show any significant response regarding improvement in water quality parameters. For optimal medium and culture conditions response surface methodology was used and up to 50% color and COD removal was observed when B7 was applied on the samples in accordance with analysis of variance (ANOVA). Furthermore, B7 isolate revealed an efficient performance and was identified as <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> by using morphological, biochemical and genomic sequencing.
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Chen, Yuanmei, Yutang Xiao, Guanping Wang, et al. "A pilot-scale test on the treatment of biological pretreated leachate by the synergy of ozonation-biological treatment-catalytic ozonation." Environmental Engineering Research 26, no. 4 (2020): 200349–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.349.
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In this pilot-scale test, the ozonation-biological treatment-catalytic ozonation system was performed to treat complex organics and highly-concentrated total nitrogen (TN) in biological pretreated incineration leachate. The test results showed that the ratio of five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) / chemical oxygen demand (COD) increased from 0.059 to 0.237, which indicated that the concentration of biodegradable COD (CODbio) increased by ozonation pre-treatment process. In addition, the TN removal mainly occurred in anaerobic zone due to direct denitrification by the activated bacteria, which were domesticated through different influent ratio. Moreover, it was necessary to add catalytic ozonation process to reach higher direct effluent discharge criteria. After 60 days repeated debugging, the removal rate of COD and TN reached 88.5% and 98.2%, respectively. Finally, the total cost of this system was ￥ 6.65 /m<sup>3</sup> ($ 0.95 /m<sup>3</sup>), which was acceptable for the treatment of biological pretreated leachate. This pilot-scale test could provide some guiding information for the treatment of leachate containing highly-concentrated TN with low CODbio/N by the composite system.
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Zinatizadeh, A. A. L., Y. Mansouri, A. Akhbari, and S. Pashaei. "Biological treatment of a synthetic dairy wastewater in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor: Statistical modeling using optimization using response surface methodology." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 17, no. 4 (2011): 485–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq110524034z.
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In this study, the interactive effects of initial chemical oxygen demand (CODin), biomass concentration and aeration time on the performance of a lab-scale sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) treating a synthetic dairy wastewater were investigated. The experiments were conducted based on a central composite design (CCD) and analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The region of exploration for treatment of the synthetic dairy wastewater was taken as the area enclosed by the influent comical oxygen demand (CODin (1000, 3000 and 5000 mg/l)), biomass concentration (3000, 5000 and 7000 mg VSS/l) and aeration time (2, 8 and 18 h) boundaries. Two dependent parameters were measured or calculated as response. These parameters were total COD removal efficiency and sludge volume index (SVI). The maximum COD removal efficiencies (99.5%) were obtained at CODin, biomass concentration and aeration time of 5000 mg COD/l, 7000 mg VSS/l and 18 h, respectively. The present study provides valuable information about interrelations of quality and process parameters at different values of the operating variables.
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Arrahmah, Syifa, Lilik Masluka, and Denny Nugroho. "Analisis Bahan Organik dan Keterkaitannya terhadap Parameter Lingkungan Di Muara Sungai Banger, Pekalongan." Buletin Oseanografi Marina 14, no. 2 (2025): 181–89. https://doi.org/10.14710/buloma.v14i2.54195.
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Perairan Sungai Banger memiliki beragam kegiatan antropogenik seperti industri batik, perikanan, dan pertanian. Hal ini dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap masuknya bahan organik. Bahan organik yang terdapat dalam perairan dapat memberikan gambaran tingkat pencemaran. Bahan organik di perairan dapat diprediksi melalui pengukuran parameter seperti BOD5 (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) dan kandungan karbon organik total (KOT). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan nilai bahan organik di perairan melalui pengukuran parameter karbon organik total (KOT), parameter BOD5 dan COD. Data parameter kualitas air sebagai data pendukung yang diukur secara in situ meliputi salinitas, suhu, pH, kecerahan dan oksigen terlarut (DO). Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan nilai KOT terukur berkisar 5,40 – 9, 60 mg/l, nilai BOD5 terukur berkisar2,82 – 5,076 mg/l dan nilai COD terukur berkisar 28,85 – 41,87 mg/l. Analisis komponen utama memperlihatkan bahwa keberadaan BOD dan COD dipengaruhi oleh suhu, sementara KOT lebih banyak oleh pH. Selain itu KOT memiliki hubungan negatif kuat terhadap salinitas, kecerahan dan oksigen terlarut (DO). The waters of the Banger River have a variety of anthropogenic activities such as the batik industry, fisheries, and agriculture. This can contribute to the influx of organic matter. Organic matter contained in waters can give an idea of the level of pollution. Organic matter in waters can be predicted through the measurement of parameters such as BOD5 (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and total organic carbon content (KOT). This study aims to determine the difference in the value of organic matter in waters through the measurement of total organic carbon parameters, BOD5 and COD parameters. Water quality parameter data as supporting data measured in situ include salinity, temperature, pH, brightness and dissolved oxygen (DO). The results showed that the measured TOC values ranged from 5.40 - 9, 60 mg/l, measured BOD5 values ranged from 2.82 - 5.076 mg/l and measured COD values ranged from 28.85 - 41.87 mg/l. Principal component analysis showed that the presence of BOD and COD was influenced by temperature, while KOT was more by pH. In addition, KOT had a strong negative relationship with salinity, brightness and dissolved oxygen (DO).
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Giraldo-Loaiza, Camila, Aura M. Salazar-Loaiza, María A. Sandoval-Barrera, Iván F. Macías-Quiroga, Diana M. Ocampo-Serna, and Nancy R. Sanabria-González. "Integration of Ion Exchange—AOP—Biological System for the Treatment of Real Textile Wastewater." ChemEngineering 8, no. 4 (2024): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8040076.
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Real textile wastewater (RTWW) poses significant environmental challenges. RTWW typically contains high levels of organic compounds, such as dyes, as well as inorganic substances like salts. These contaminants can harm aquatic life when released into water bodies without appropriate treatment. RTWW was subjected to a series of sequential treatments: exchange resins for removing ions, advanced oxidation with bicarbonate-activated peroxide to degrade organic matter, and a biological treatment based on the Zahn–Wellens test to remove remaining chemical oxygen demand (COD) The advanced oxidation process based on the activation of H2O2 with NaHCO3 (catalyzed with cobalt impregnated on a pillared clay, Co/Al–PILC)) was optimized using central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). After the process integration, reductions in ion concentrations, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon content (TOC) were achieved. Reduced hardness (99.94%) and ions (SO42− and acid black 194 dye of 99.88 and 99.46%, respectively), COD (96.64%), and TOC (96.89%), guaranteeing complete treatment of RTWW, were achieved. Additionally, the biodegradability index of RTWW increased from 0.28 ± 0.01 to 0.90 ± 0.01, and phytotoxicity was reduced, going from a phytotoxic that inhibited the germination of lettuce seeds to a phytostimulant after biological treatment with activated sludge.
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Poniman, Legiso. "PEMANFAATAN ARANG SEKAM PADI DAN KULIT PISANG KEPOK SEBAGAI ADSORBEN UNTUK MENURUNKAN COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) DAN BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) PADA AIR SUNGAI ENIM." Jurnal Redoks 6, no. 2 (2021): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31851/redoks.v6i2.5637.
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Air sungai adalah sumber daya alam yang menjadi kebutuhan makhluk hidup namun hingga kini banyak terjadi pencemaran yang diakibatkan oleh kegiatan industri. Pencemaran air sungai terjadi karena pembuangan limbah industri yang dikelola tidak efektif. Tingginya konsentrasi COD dan BOD di sepanjang sungai Enim di Kecamatan Lawang Kidul, Kabupaten Muara Enim diakibatkan dari pembuangan air limbah cucian batubara yang bersifat asam yang masuk ke sungai yakni sub Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Enim dan anak anak sungai. Maka diperlukan suatu cara yang dapat mengurangi pencemaran tersebut dengan menggunakan berbagai adsorben salah satunya dengan karbon aktif sekam padi dan kulit pisang kepok. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana kualitas karbon aktif dari sekam padi dan kulit pisang kepok dengan variasi berat yang berbeda, mengetahui pengaruh keefektivitasan karbon aktif dari sekam padi dan kulit pisang kepok, mengetahui penurunan kadar COD dan BOD, setelah dilakukan adsorpsi dengan karbon aktif dari sekam padi maupun adsorpsi dengan karbon aktif dari kulit pisang kepok. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan persiapan bahan baku, karbonisasi, aktivasi, dan penyerapan kadar air sungai dengan karbonaktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan karbon aktif sekam padi dengan konsentrasi H3PO4 15% dapat menurunkan kadar COD dari nilai awal 30mg/L menjadi 5,9mg/L, dan kadar BOD mengalami penurunan dari nilai awal 3,31mg/L menjadi 1,56mg/L.  Kesimpulan yang didapat bahwa karbon aktif sekam padi lebih baik dari pada karbon aktif kulit pisang kepok untuk menurunkan konsentrasi COD dan BOD.
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YANG, Qiong, Zhenyao LIU, and Jidong YANG. "Simultaneous Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) in Wastewater by Near-Infrared Spectrometry." Journal of Water Resource and Protection 01, no. 04 (2009): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2009.14035.
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Prambudy, H., T. Supriyatin, and F. Setiawan. "The testing of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of river water in Cipager Cirebon." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1360 (October 2019): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1360/1/012010.
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Jalilzadeh, Ali, Ramin Nabizadeh, Alireza Mesdaghinia, et al. "Optimization and Modelling of Chemical Oxygen Demand Removal by ANAMMOX Process Using Response Surface Methodology." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/930352.
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A systematic model for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal using the ANAMMOX (Anaerobic AMMonium OXidation) process was provided based on an experimental design. At first, the experimental data was collected from a combined biological aerobic/anaerobic reactor. For modelling and optimization of COD removal, the main parameters were considered, such as COD loading, ammonium, pH, and temperature. From the models, the optimum conditions were determined as COD 97.5 mg/L, ammonium concentration equal to 28.75 mg-N/L, pH 7.72, and temperature 31.3°C. Finally, the analysis of the optimum conditions, performed by the response surface method, predicted COD removal efficiency of 81.07% at the optimum condition.
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K. Anil Kumar, Sunil Shrivastava, Aliya Tabassum, et al. "Optimization for Removal of COD and BOD through RSM-CCD by Activated Sludge Treatment Process for Pharmaceutical Wastewater." Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology 12, no. 4 (2023): 68–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.13074/jent.2023.12.234486.
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Wastewater generated from home and commercial operations is a polluting component of water. One of the main contributors for the production of wastewater by various manufacturing processes is the pharmaceutical industry. The commercial operations of industry are causing an increase in the amount of organic and inorganic contaminants, such as total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). Activated sludge process reduces COD, BOD and Total Suspended Solids (TSS), with three input variables: pH, time and Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS). The Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology (CCD-RSM) is used to optimize responses for COD and BOD removal efficiency. To achieve optimization results, numerous sets of trials were conducted for the input variables - pH (4.2–6.5), time (12–30 h) and MLSS (2520–4310 mg/l). The analyzed models were shown to be quadratic and highly significant by the F-value and P-value. The regression coefficients (R2) for the quadratic models developed for removal efficiency, COD, and BOD5 are 0.9996, 0.9995 and 0.9996, respectively. According to CCD-RSM, the optimal matching input factors for the greatest removal efficiency of BOD and COD were: MLLS = 3415 mg/l, time = 21 h and pH = 5.35. Using the traditional method, the maximum removal (95%) of BOD and COD was seen at pH = 6.5, time = 12 h and MLLS = 4310 mg/l.
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Feng, Yujie, Junfeng Liu, Limin Zhu, and Jinzhi Wei. "Combined technology for clomazone herbicide wastewater treatment: three-dimensional packed-bed electrochemical oxidation and biological contact degradation." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 1 (2013): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.162.
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The clomazone herbicide wastewater was treated using a combined technology composed of electrochemical catalytic oxidation and biological contact degradation. A new type of electrochemical reactor was fabricated and a Ti/SnO2 electrode was chosen as the anode in electrochemical-oxidation reactor and stainless steel as the cathode. Ceramic rings loaded with SnO2 were used as three-dimensional electrodes forming a packed bed. The operation parameters that might influence the degradation of organic contaminants in the clomazone wastewater were optimized. When the cell voltage was set at 30 V and the volume of particle electrodes was designed as two-thirds of the volume of the total reactor bed, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate could reach 82% after 120 min electrolysis, and the ratio of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)/COD of wastewater increased from 0.12 to 0.38. After 12 h degradation with biological contact oxidation, the total COD removal rate of the combined technology reached 95%, and effluent COD was below 120 mg/L. The results demonstrated that this electrocatalytic oxidation method can be used as a pretreatment for refractory organic wastewater before biological treatment.
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Kabuk, Harun Akif, Yasar Avsar, S. Levent Kuzu, Fatih Ilhan, and Kubra Ulucan. "Determination of Biological Treatability Processes of Textile Wastewater and Implementation of a Fuzzy Logic Model." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/716853.
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This study investigated the biological treatability of textile wastewater. For this purpose, a membrane bioreactor (MBR) was utilized for biological treatment after the ozonation process. Due to the refractory organic contents of textile wastewater that has a low biodegradability capacity, ozonation was implemented as an advanced oxidation process prior to the MBR system to increase the biodegradability of the wastewater. Textile wastewater, oxidized by ozonation, was fed to the MBR at different hydraulic retention times (HRT). During the process, color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal efficiencies were monitored for 24-hour, 12-hour, 6-hour, and 3-hour retention times. Under these conditions, 94% color, 65% COD, and 55% BOD removal efficiencies were obtained in the MBR system. The experimental outputs were modeled with multiple linear regressions (MLR) and fuzzy logic. MLR results suggested that color removal is more related to COD removal relative to BOD removal. A surface map of this issue was prepared with a fuzzy logic model. Furthermore, fuzzy logic was employed to the whole modeling of the biological system treatment. Determination coefficients for COD, BOD, and color removal efficiencies were 0.96, 0.97, and 0.92, respectively.
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Jinde, Reena Laxman. "Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) Technology." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 05 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem47976.
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Abstract The Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is a widely adopted aerobic treatment technology for municipal and industrial wastewater. As a variant of the activated sludge process, SBR operates in time-sequenced steps within a single or multiple tanks. These tanks can function as either plug flow or completely mixed reactors, receiving raw wastewater (influent) at one end and discharging treated effluent at the other. In multi-tank configurations, while one tank undergoes settling and decanting, the other fills and aerates, ensuring continuous treatment. Some designs incorporate a bio-selector—comprised of a series of baffles or walls—that directs the flow in a zigzag pattern. This enhances mixing of incoming influent with returned activated sludge (RAS), initiating biological digestion early in the treatment cycle. SBR systems treat wastewater in discrete batches, including sewage and effluent from anaerobic digesters or mechanical biological treatment plants. Oxygen is introduced into the tank to stimulate microbial activity, which breaks down organic matter, measured by reductions in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The treated effluent is often clean enough for safe discharge into surface water bodies or, in some cases, for reuse on land. Key Words: Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR), Wastewater Treatment, Activated Sludge Process, Aerobic Treatment, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
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Ayala Daza, Rudy Roxana, Palmir Ponte Viera, and Jhonny Valverde Flores. "Reduction of organic and biological pollutants from affluents of the Ancón wastewater treatment plant using microanobubbles of air and graphene [Reducción de contaminantes orgánicos y biológicos de afluentes de la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de Ancón utilizando micronanoburbujas de aire y grafeno]." Journal of Nanotechnology 4, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32829/nanoj.v4i1.198.
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The objective of this research was to reduce the organic and biological load of tributaries of the Ancón Wastewater Treatment Plant using microanobubbles of air and graphene. A preliminary sample of the affluent (3L) was taken, which had an initial concentration of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) of 410 mg/L, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 483 mg/L, Thermotolerant Coliforms of 44,000 NMP/100mL and turbidity of 63.33 NTU. The experimental part was carried out with 03 samples of 20 liters with 03 repetitions with a treatment time of 20, 40 and 60 minutes applying air nanobubbles and 6, 12 and 18 grams of graphene respectively. The results of the treated samples were: 87 mg/L representing 78.8% reduction in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), 114 mg/L representing 76.4% reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), 2,900 NMP/100mL that represents 93.41% reduction of Thermotolerant Coliforms and 12.4 NTU that represents 80.11% reduction of turbidity.
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Selina, A. Saah, Adu-Poku David, and O. Boadi Nathaniel. "Heavy metal contamination and water quality of selected fish ponds at Sunyani, Ghana: A comparison with WHO standards." Chemistry International 7, no. 3 (2021): 181–87. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899629.
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Optimum fish production is greatly dependent on the physical, chemical and biological qualities of water. Hence, successful fish pond management requires an in-depth understanding of water quality. A study to assess heavy metal (Cr, Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn) contamination and physicochemical parameters of water samples from eight selected fish ponds in Sunyani, Ghana, was conducted. The parameters included temperature, pH, salinity, total hardness, electrical conductivity (EC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). The results revealed detectable Mn and Zn levels in all the selected fish ponds; with Mn levels in three ponds being significantly higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limit (< 0.500 mg/L). Of the three samples, which showed detectable Cr and Cd levels, concentrations of two exceeded the permissible limits. Pb was below the detection limit in all the samples whilst Cu levels detected in two of the ponds were below the permissible limit. The investigated physicochemical parameters had the following ranges: temperature 26-29 °C, pH 5.8-8.2, BOD 0.3-20 mg/L, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 37-249 mg/L, EC 73.67-498 µS/cm, total hardness 0.8-5.7 mg/L, salinity 0.03-0.22 psu and COD 2.9-9.7 mg/L. Most of these values were within WHO recommended levels. The findings suggest that regular monitoring of the heavy metal load is necessary to guard against long-term effects of its presence in the water, influencing fish and human uptake.
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Forgie, D. J. L. "Selection of the Most Appropriate Leachate Treatment Methods: Part 1: A Review of Potential Biological Leachate Treatment Methods." Water Quality Research Journal 23, no. 2 (1988): 308–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1988.022.
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Abstract This paper presents a review of North American and European literature concerning the physical and chemical characteristics of leachate and the biological treatment methods that have been used or could be used to treat leachate. Leachate characteristics of particular interest include five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) , chemical oxygen demand (COD), the BOD5/COD ratio, molecular weight and or size of the organics, volatile fatty acids (VFA’s), ammonia and metals. It is demonstrated that biological leachate treatment is most appropriate when the BOD5/COD ratio is high (i.e. &gt; 0.4) and the molecular weight of the majority of the organics is less than 500 g/mole. Tables summarizing the various biological leachate treatment process loading rates are presented. This paper serves as the basis for two companion papers: ”Selection of the Most Appropriate Leachate Treatment Methods, PART 2 : A Review of Recirculation, Irrigation and Potential Physical-Chemical Treatment Methods” and “Selection of the Most Appropriate Leachate Treatment Methods, PART 3: A Decision Model for Treatment Train Selection”.
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Alim, Andi, Adam Badwi, and Amalia Amalia. "QUALITY ANALYSIS OF LIQUID WASTE AT THE BLOOD TRANSFUSION UNIT OF SOUTH SULAWESI." Indonesian Journal of Public Health 16, no. 1 (2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v16i1.2021.32-42.
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This study aimed to determine the quality of liquid waste at the Blood Transfusion Unit of South Sulawesi based on the parameters of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and total coliform. This study was conducted with an observational method with a descriptive approach. The results showed that BOD levels that had been processed (44.28 mg/L) and not been processed (429.89 mg/L) were eligible. COD levels that hadnot been processed (1071.42 mg/L) and those that had undergone processing (107.14 mg/L) were not yet eligible, and Total Coliforms that had not undergone processing 3,500,000 MPN/100 ml and that had undergone 2400 MPN/100 ml were eligible. Based on these three parameters, this study discovered that one of the parameters, the COD parameter was not eligible.Keywords: quality of liquid waste, BOD, COD, total coliform
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Edori, E. S., O. S. Edori, and I. B. Nwoke. "Degradability and Organic Strength of Gross Organic Pollutants In Surface Water of Mini Whuo Stream Obio/Akpor, Rivers State, Nigeria." Journal of Physical Science and Environmental Studies 8, no. 2 (2022): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36630/jpses_22004.
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Water samples were collected from Mini Whou Stream and analyzed for gross organic pollutants and the results was used to evaluate the organic strength of the Stream. The gross organic pollutants studied were dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Dissolved oxygen within the months studied ranged from 5.45±0.15-5.58±0.14mg/L, which were lower than the WHO value for drinking water. Biochemical oxygen demand within the months studied ranged from 36.25±4.47-36.55±3.88mg/L, which was higher than the recommended level for drinking water by WHO. Chemical oxygen within the months studied ranged from 51.82±3.25 – 52.57 mg/L which was above the WHO acceptable level. The organic strength (BOD/COD) of the surface water during the months ranged from 0.69–0.70. The results recorded revealed that the stream was polluted with gross organic pollutants and is therefore not fit for human consumption. The values recorded for organic strength indicated that microbial breakdown of organic matter was very active, which showed that the water of the stream was contaminated with organic pollutants. This should therefore discourage input of organic matter from diffuse sources into the stream. Keywords: Biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, gross organic pollutants, organic strength
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Collivignarelli, M. C., G. Bertanza, M. Sordi, and R. Pedrazzani. "High-strength wastewater treatment in a pure oxygen thermophilic process: 11-year operation and monitoring of different plant configurations." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 4 (2015): 588–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.008.
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This research was carried out on a full-scale pure oxygen thermophilic plant, operated and monitored throughout a period of 11 years. The plant treats 60,000 t y−1 (year 2013) of high-strength industrial wastewaters deriving mainly from pharmaceuticals and detergents production and landfill leachate. Three different plant configurations were consecutively adopted: (1) biological reactor + final clarifier and sludge recirculation (2002–2005); (2) biological reactor + ultrafiltration: membrane biological reactor (MBR) (2006); and (3) MBR + nanofiltration (since 2007). Progressive plant upgrading yielded a performance improvement chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was enhanced by 17% and 12% after the first and second plant modification, respectively. Moreover, COD abatement efficiency exhibited a greater stability, notwithstanding high variability of the influent load. In addition, the following relevant outcomes appeared from the plant monitoring (present configuration): up to 96% removal of nitrate and nitrite, due to denitrification; low-specific biomass production (0.092 kgVSS kgCODremoved−1), and biological treatability of residual COD under mesophilic conditions (BOD5/COD ratio = 0.25–0.50), thus showing the complementarity of the two biological processes.