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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Biological reagents

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Academic literature on the topic 'Biological reagents'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Biological reagents"

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Narayanaperumal, Senthil, Ricardo S. Schwab, Wystan K. O. Teixeira, and Danilo Yano de Albuquerque. "Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched Diaryl, Aryl Heteroaryl, and Diheteroaryl Alcohols through Addition of Organometallic Reagents to Carbonyl Compounds." Synthesis 52, no. 13 (March 16, 2020): 1855–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690847.

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Enantiomerically enriched diaryl, aryl heteroaryl, and diheteroaryl alcohols are an important family of compounds known for their biological properties. Moreover, these molecules are highly privileged scaffolds used as building blocks for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant products. This short review provides background on the enantioselective arylation and heteroarylation of carbonyl compounds, as well as, the most significant improvements in this field with special emphasis on the application of organometallic reagents.1 Introduction2 Background on the Enantioselective Synthesis of Diaryl, Aryl Heteroaryl, and Diheteroaryl Alcohols3 Organozinc Reagents4 Organolithium Reagents5 Grignard Reagents6 Organoaluminum Reagents7 Organotitanium Reagents8 Organobismuth Reagents9 Miscellaneous10 Conclusion

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Minogue, Timothy D., Phillip A. Rachwal, Adrienne Trombley Hall, Jeffery W. Koehler, and Simon A. Weller. "Cross-Institute Evaluations of Inhibitor-Resistant PCR Reagents for Direct Testing of Aerosol and Blood Samples Containing Biological Warfare Agent DNA." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 4 (December 13, 2013): 1322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03478-13.

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ABSTRACTRapid pathogen detection is crucial for the timely introduction of therapeutics. Two groups (one in the United Kingdom and one in the United States) independently evaluated inhibitor-resistant PCR reagents for the direct testing of substrates. In the United Kingdom, a multiplexedBacillus anthracis(target) andBacillus subtilis(internal-control) PCR was used to evaluate 4 reagents against 5 PCR inhibitors and down-selected the TaqMan Fast Virus 1-Step master mix (Life Technologies Inc.). In the United States, four real-time PCR assays (targetingB. anthracis,Brucella melitensis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus [VEEV], andOrthopoxvirusspp.) were used to evaluate 5 reagents (plus the Fast Virus master mix) against buffer, blood, and soil samples and down-selected the KAPA Blood Direct master mix (KAPA Biosystems Inc.) with added PlatinumTaq(Life Technologies). The down-selected reagents underwent further testing. In the United Kingdom experiments, both reagents were tested against seven contrived aerosol collector samples containingB. anthracisAmes DNA andB. subtilisspores from a commercial formulation (BioBall). In PCR assays with reaction mixtures containing 40% crude sample, an airfield-collected sample induced inhibition of theB. subtilisPCR with the KAPA reagent and complete failure of both PCRs with the Fast Virus reagent. However, both reagents allowed successful PCR for all other samples—which inhibited PCRs with a non-inhibitor-resistant reagent. In the United States, a cross-assay limit-of-detection (LoD) study in blood was conducted. The KAPA Blood Direct reagent allowed the detection of agent DNA (by four PCRs) at higher concentrations of blood in the reaction mixture (2.5%) than the Fast Virus reagent (0.5%), although LoDs differed between assays and reagent combinations. Across both groups, the KAPA Blood Direct reagent was determined to be the optimal reagent for inhibition relief in PCR.

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Riedel, T. E., J. C. Cox, and A. D. Ellington. "Low Temperature Microplate Station." JALA: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 10, no. 1 (February 2005): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jala.2004.10.002.

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The automation of biological laboratory assays may require lengthy incubations of reagents on the work surface of a pipetting robot. Commercial devices are readily available for keeping these reagents accessible and warm, but there are few existing technologies for storing accessible reagents below the freezing point of water. Here, we introduce a low cost, small footprint, robot accessible reagent cooler, based on compressor technology capable of acting as an enzyme freezer or extreme cold reagent storage device.

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M. Alhar, Maysaa A. "A Study of the Spectral, Chromatographic and Solubility Characteristics of New Analytical Reagents from Anil-Azo and Their Biological Effects on Bacteria." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 1115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2447.

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This study was conducted to create a new reagent from Anil-Azo compounds and study their biological impacts on two types of bacteria. For the first step, four reagents had been created by reaction of p-phenyl diamine in acidic form with 2-formyl-4-methyl phenol in neutral medium to create reagent {1}, which used to produce reagent {2} by reacting it with amino benzothiazole over four hours in the presence of glacial CH3COOH. The reagent {1} was also used to form reagent {3} by reacting it with amino imidazole over two hours. Finally, reagent {3} had been generated by reacting reagent {1} with naphthyl amine (0.2 mol) over four hours in the presence of glacial CH3COOH. The UV-visible spectrum was showed that a new ligand was created between 190-600 nm in reagent {2}, {3} and {4} while reagent {1} was appeared in 519-600 nm area. FTIR spectrum showed that many new coordinate bonds had been formed in different locations. Also, the chromatographic separation study showed that reagent {4} was separated faster than other reagents. Study of compounds stability showed that all reagents were stable in methanol, ethanol, DMSO and DMF. Study of chemical-physical peripteries showed that percentage of reagents’ yield ranged between 80-70%. The assessment of the formulated reagents against various kinds of bacteria was carried out using a medium (agar) via numerous processes. Microbial inhibition was tested at three concentrations: 30, 50 and 70 micrograms, with a blank solvent (DMSO), for bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Streptococcus pneumonia with an incubation period of 24 hours at 37℃. The results of biological impacts showed that reagent {2} showed more inhibition Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia.

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Horton, Brendan. "Taking inventory of biological reagents." Nature 388, no. 6637 (July 1997): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/40454.

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Ingraham, Lloyd L. "B12 COENZYMES: BIOLOGICAL GRIGNARD REAGENTS." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 112, no. 2 (December 16, 2006): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb45049.x.

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Haulenbeek, Jonathan, and Christopher J. Beaver. "The impact of ligand binding based assays critical reagent characterization and storage." Bioanalysis 13, no. 10 (May 2021): 797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio-2020-0288.

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Biological critical reagents are the foundation of many bioanalytical methods and often chemically modified or conjugated with various chemical tags. As such, the quality and performance of these methods are inherently tied to the quality and stability of critical reagents. This article will outline recommendations for conjugated critical reagent development and characterization. Examples of the impact of regent quality will be discussed for the two common bioanalytical assays in support of drug development for biotherapeutics. Finally, a brief discussion of conjugated reagent stability and recommendations for storage and testing will be presented.

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Rauwerdink, Alissa, Michael Benson, Allison Jayne, Sathyapriya Babu, Jessica St Charles, and Amy Smith. "Adventures in critical reagent lot changes in ligand-binding assays: redevelopment, bridging and additional processing requirements." Bioanalysis 13, no. 10 (May 2021): 771–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio-2020-0216.

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Aim: Critical reagents have significant impact on ligand-binding assay performance. The critical reagents selected during method development should be well-evaluated, as the quality of these reagents will dictate performance of the assay over time. Critical reagents in ligand-binding assays are almost always produced using a biological system, so batch yield, purity and performance tend to vary greatly. Due to the essential nature of critical reagents in the assay, changes in critical reagents can have dramatic impact on the assay and results, so close monitoring of assay performance is required. Methodology & results: We present here three examples of critical reagent lot changes that required creative solutions to maintain assay performance. The first case study is an example of the impact of different lots of analyte within a quantitative assay that resulted in the need to redevelop the assay in a different format. Case study two outlines an assay where a surrogate matrix is the critical reagent in an assay and the difficulties encountered over the course of several years and lot changes. The third case study covers an immunogenicity assay with a commercial detection that did not have sufficient quantity to cover the entire study lifecycle. As a result of the reagent change, a new assay was developed. Discussion & conclusion: A robust plan for critical reagent generation and lifecycle management should be adapted in order to avoid costly delays and rework. The performance of an assay depends on the continuity of the critical reagent supply. Reagents should be carefully selected to include the binding and performance properties required for an assay.

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Farzad, Maryam Sharafi, Brian Møllegaard Pedersen, Helle Smidt Mogensen, and Claus Børsting. "Development of an automated AmpliSeq™ library building workflow for biological stain samples on the Biomek® 3000." BioTechniques 68, no. 6 (June 2020): 342–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/btn-2019-0156.

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Here, we present the development of an automated AmpliSeq™ (ThermoFischer, MA, USA) workflow for library building using the Biomek® 3000 Laboratory Automation Workstation (Beckman Coulter Inc., CA, USA), in which the total volume of PCR reagents and reagents for library preparation are reduced by one-half. The automated AmpliSeq workflow was tested using 43 stain samples (blood, bone, muscle tissue, semen, swab, nail scrape and cigarette butts) collected from crime scenes. The sequencing data were evaluated for locus balance, heterozygous allele balance and noise. The performance of libraries built with the automated AmpliSeq workflow using one-half of the recommended reagent volumes were similar to the performance of libraries built with the recommended (full) volumes of the reagents.

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Boulanger, Yvan, and Patrick Vinay. "Nuclear magnetic resonance monitoring of sodium in biological tissues." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 820–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y89-129.

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In recent years, the 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique has been applied to the study of biological tissues. The advantages of this method are noninvasiveness and good sensitivity. The resonances of the intra- and extra-cellular sodium can be separated by the addition of shift reagents to the extracellular compartment. The method has been mostly applied to cell suspensions, kidney tubules, glands, and small organs. Owing to line-broadening effects, the NMR visibility of the intracellular sodium is reduced to 40% in most cases but can be lower or higher. Time-dependent measurements are possible with adequate life-supporting equipment, allowing the determination of transport parameters. 23Na relaxation times are short in tissues (below 50 ms) and highly dependent on the medium composition. The application of the 23Na NMR technique to intact organs can be hampered by the difficulty of getting a good distribution of the shift reagent in the extracellular milieu. A summary of the studies performed is presented with specific examples to illustrate typical applications.Key words: 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance, shift reagents, sodium quantitation, sodium transport, 23Na relaxation times.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biological reagents"

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Rhonemus, Troy A. "Reagents for protein analysis and modification." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1115753.

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Nielsen, Randall Gunnar. "Preparation and characterization of immunological reagents for analytical applications." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184395.

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Immunochemical reagents were characterized under carefully controlled laboratory conditions using conventional high performance liquid chromatography instrumentation. The stationary phase was prepared by attaching antigen molecules to an insoluble support through a covalent linkage. Experiments were carried out by introducing antibody molecules into the mobile phase and monitoring their interaction with the stationary phase. Monoclonal antibodies were employed because of their more homogeneous properties compared to polyclonal antisera. Radioisotopes were employed to study low level adsorption on the stationary phase. Recovery experiments were carried out in which it was possible to account for all of the material introduced into the mobile phase. Antibodies were purified over a preparative scale antigen affinity column following labeling to insure high immunoreactivity. Studied under normally dissociating conditions, irreversible adsorption of picomole amounts of protein on the antigen stationary phase was greater than on other ligand modified stationary phases. This accumulation decreased with repeated use of the affinity column. The present study provides a framework for evaluation of other immunoaffinity systems and demonstrates that reproducible recovery of immunologically active material in high yield is possible. Monoclonal antibodies labeled with fluorescein were different from unlabeled molecules in binding and physical characteristics. Computer simulations were used to describe binding behavior. Although fluorescein labels improve detection sensitivity over native protein absorbance, their use in this case decreased binding affinity significantly. Heterogeneity of affinity purified fluorescein labeled and unlabeled monoclonal antibodies was examined with two dimensional gel electrophoresis. In addition to increased charge heterogeneity in the labeled antibody fragments, both light and heavy chains possessed more negative character. These results agree with each other. Fluorescein contains a carboxylic acid group, and modification of antibody light chains may interfere with binding affinity. The number and location of labels covalently attached to antibodies must be carefully controlled to obtain maximum detection sensitivity and preserve immunoreactivity.

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Lunn, Jennifer H. J. D. "The Architecture of Macromolecules: Their Functions as Sensor and Drug Delivery Reagents in Biological and Non-biological Environments." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1421921436.

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Aluoch, Austin Ochieng. "Metal enhanced detection of salivary proteins, Bacillus globigii and novel reagents for bioimaging & sensing." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.

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ARAUJO, EMERSON A. de. "Separacao de radioimunoensaios em fase magnetica, com particulas preparadas no IPEN e sua comparacao com as metodologias convencionais." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1991. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10250.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Junior, Orlando Guarilha. "A derivatização na determinação de proteínas e aminoácidos em fluidos biológicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46133/tde-16022018-150518/.

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No presente trabalho são apresentadas análises de amostras de proteínas totais e aminoácidos empregando-se os reagentes p-benzoquinona e tetraamin cobre (II). No caso do reagente p-benzoquinona, as análises foram feitas através de um sistema inédito em fluxo, no qual a mistura reacional passava através de um reator composto de um tubo capilar de aço inoxidável aquecido num banho de glicerina. Os derivados formados passavam através de uma cela de fluxo acoplada a um espectrofotômetro, onde eram feitas as leituras das absorbâncias. Este método se mostrou mais rápido em relação àquele feito em banho-maria. A utilização de um sistema de análise por injeção em fluxo (FIA) com o reagente tetraamin cobre (II), permitiu que as análises fossem feitas de forma rápida, a baixo custo e com a vantagem de não necessitarem de aquecimento, como no caso da p-benzoquinona. Os resultados das análises de amostras de albumina humana obtidos em ambos os métodos acima apresentaram boa concordância quando comparados àqueles obtidos pelo método Kjeldahl para as mesmas amostras.
This work describes two methods for analysis of total proteins and aminoacids using both p-benzoquinone (PBQ) and tetraamin copper (II) reagents. With the p-benzoquinone reagent the method was performed by an original flow system made with stainless steel capillary tubing, conveniently heated into a glycerin bath, where the reactional mixture travels in its way to the detector. The derivate products are carried out to a flow cell adjusted to a spectrophotometer where the absorbances are measured. This method was efficient, with a fair cost, and providing results very faster than in the batch mode of operation. The second method, using the tetraamin copper (II) reagent, was performed by a common flow injection system (FIA). When compared with the PBQ method, the FIA tetramin copper (II) method was also rapid, efficient, with a fair cost and with the great advantage of simplicity, once it is performed at room temperature. The results obtained with human albumine samples using both methods are in agreement with those ones obtained by the Kjeldahl method for the same samples.

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Lugokenski, Thiago Henrique. "Efeito inibitório do Ebselen, do Disseleneto de Difenila e do Ditelureto de Difenila sobre a atividade da LDH de mamíferos." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2009. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/11096.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Ebselen is a seleno compound whose antioxidant properties have been attributed to its thiol-peroxidase and thioredoxin-like activity: it decomposes peroxides at the expense of reduced thiols. However, the excessive oxidation of thiols can be potentially toxic when it is not associated with peroxides degradation. Thus, this work investigated if LDH can be a possible in vitro target to toxicity of ebselen in comparison with diphenyl diselenide and diphenyl ditelluride, two antioxidant organochalcogens that can easily interact with thiol in exchange reaction. LDH inhibition was tested in homogenates from rat liver and heart, and in purified LDH from rabbit muscle. Ebselen was the most potent inhibitor of LDH. A maximal inhibitory effect was obtained at 2 μM to LDH purified and at 20 μM to LDH from heart and liver homogenates. Moreover, diphenyl diselenide followed by diphenyl ditelluride also presented a significant inhibitory effect on LDH activity. In addition, we observe that DTT was able to revert the inhibition of LDH induced by all compounds tested, confirming the involvement of essential thiol groups on LDH inhibition by organocalchogens. In conclusion, our results show that liver and heart LDH may be a possible target for toxicity of organochalcogens at relative low concentrations. However, the protection afforded by substrates may hide this potential molecular target of organochalcogenides. Our results also indicate that the use of LDH as a marker of cell viability may be biased by a direct inhibitory effect of ebselen or other chalcogenides on LDH, resulting in false protection in in vitro system.
O Ebselen é um composto de selênio o qual tem suas propriedades antioxidantes atribuídas à sua atividade mimética da tiorredoxina e tiolperoxidase: ele decompõe peróxidos à custa de tióis reduzidos. Contudo, a oxidação excessiva de tióis pode ser potencialmente tóxica quando não esta associada com a degradação de peróxidos. Assim, este trabalho investiga se a LDH pode ser um possível alvo à toxicidade do ebselen, em comparação com o disseleneto de difenila e o ditelureto de difenila, dois organocalcogênios antioxidantes que podem facilmente interagir com grupos tiol. A inibição da LDH foi testada em homogeneizados de fígado e coração de ratos, e em LDH purificada de músculo de coelhos. O Ebselen foi o mais potente inibidor da LDH. O seu efeito inibitório máximo foi obtido com 2 μM para a LDH purificada e 20 μM para a LDH de homogeneizados de fígado e coração de ratos. Além disso, o disseleneto de difenila, seguido do ditelureto de difenila, também apresentaram efeito inibitório significativo sobre a atividade da LDH. Em adição, observou-se que o DTT foi capaz de reverter a inibição da LDH induzida pelos compostos testados, confirmando o envolvimento de grupos tiol essenciais da LDH no processo de inibição pelos organocalcogênios. Em conclusão, estes resultados mostram que a LDH de fígado e coração pode ser um possível alvo para a toxicologia de organocalcogênios a doses relativamente baixas. Nossos resultados também indicam que o uso da LDH como um marcador de viabilidade celular pode ser mascarada por um efeito inibitório direto do ebselen, ou outros calcogênios, sobre a LDH, resultando em uma falsa proteção em um sistema in vitro.

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Batarseh, Eyad. "Chemical and Biological Treatment of Mature Landfill Leachate." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2698.

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This dissertation is about treatment of the nonbiodegradable organic content of landfill leachate by chemical oxidation combined with biological treatment. It is divided into three parts. In the first part, ferrate was compared to Fenton's reagent for the purpose of removing non-biodegradable organic compounds from mature leachate. Oxidation conditions (time, pH, and dose) were optimized to yield maximum organic removal using two leachate samples from 20 and 12-year old solid waste cells. Results from this research demonstrated that ferrate and Fenton's reagent had similar optimum pH ranges (3-5), but different organic removal capacities, ranging from 54 to 79 % of initial leachate organic contents. An advantage of ferrate was that it was relatively effective over a wide pH range (Fenton's reagent lost its reactivity outside optimum pH range). Advantages associated with Fenton's reagent include a higher organic removal capacity, production of more oxidized organic compounds (measured as chemical oxygen demand/dissolved organic carbon), and production of more biodegradable byproducts (measured as 5-day biochemical oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand). Finally, both treatments were found to oxidize larger molecules (>1000 dalton) and produce smaller molecules, as indicated by an increase in smaller molecule contribution to organic carbon. In part two, effects of Fenton's reagent treatment on biodegradability of three landfill leachates collected from a Florida landfill were evaluated using biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), biochemical methane potential (BMP), and tertamethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) thermochemolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The hypothesis was that Fenton's reagent will remove refractory compounds that inhibit biodegradation and will produce smaller, more biodegradable organic molecules which will result in an increase in BOD and BMP values. Both BOD and BMP results demonstrated that Fenton's reagent treatment did not convert mature leachate to biodegradable leachate, as indicated by a low BOD5 expressed as C /dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ratio of almost 0.15 in treated samples and a low net methane production / theoretical methane potential (less than 0.15). Ultimate BOD only slightly increased. However the first-order BOD reaction rate increased by more than five fold, suggesting that Fenton's reagent removed refractory and inhibitory compounds. BMP results demonstrated that the ratio of CO2/CH4 produced during anaerobic biodegradation did not increase in treated leachate (compared to untreated), indicating that small biodegradable organic acids produced by oxidation were removed by coagulation promoted by Fenton's reagent. Finally, the TMAH thermochemolysis results showed that several of the refractory and inhibitory compounds were detected fewer times in treated samples and that carboxylic acids did not appear in treated samples. In the third part of this dissertation the application of flushing/Fenton's reagent oxidation to produce sustainable solid waste cells was evaluated. A treatment similar to pump and treat process utilizing Fenton's reagent on-site treated leachate combined with in-situ aeration was proposed. Treated leachate would be recycled to the landfill cell flushes releasable nonbiodegradable carbon from the cell and oxidizes it externally. This technique was demonstrated to have treatment cost and time benefits over other alternatives for producing completely stable solid waste cells such as anaerobic flushing and biological and/or mechanical pretreatment of solid waste (used in the EU).
Ph.D.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering

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Ouellet, Eric. "Advanced technologies for improved discovery of DNA aptamers and characterization of biologic affinity reagents." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54150.

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Biological reagents that recognize target molecules with high affinity and specificity are widely used as capture agents, diagnostic reagents, and therapeutics. Through their ability to adopt structures that confer binding affinity for a target, aptamers represent one major class of such reagents. However, their use is limited by the general inability of current selection methods to reliably discover high-quality aptamers. Inefficiencies in their selection are due in part to a lack of fundamental understanding of the mechanisms underpinning each step in the screening process. This thesis reports on a series of studies conducted to define the factors and mechanisms currently limiting aptamer selections. That knowledge is then used to create highly effective strategies and technologies for ameliorating each limitation affecting their selection. The resulting collection of improvements is integrated into a novel selection workflow termed “Hi-Fi SELEX”. Those improvements include i) application of a novel “competent library” that eliminates fixed-region interference effects during selection, ii) development of effective chemistries to optimally retain desirable library members, iii) invention of simple methods to accurately quantify retained library diversity and mean binding affinity after each selection round, and iv) development of emulsion PCR methods to eliminate generation of amplification artifacts and v) achieve stoichiometric recovery of the desired single-stranded aptamer library. The resulting discovery platform greatly improves the reliability and speed in which useful panels of lead aptamers against several clinically-relevant targets are discovered. Following initial selection of candidate aptamers based on binding affinity, further screening is typically required, in part to ensure target-specific binding – a performance need shared by antibodies selected against specific targets. However, moderate to high-throughput methods to efficiently screen panels of candidates for binding specificity are lacking. A new technology enabling label-free specificity screening of antibody or aptamer populations at suitable throughputs was therefore established at the proof-of-concept level. The novel microfluidic SPRi arrays described permit multiplexed detection of lead candidates by quantifying both equilibrium binding constants and binding kinetics for each interaction in an element-addressable fashion. The technology offers the ability to independently interrogate candidate affinity reagents and then recover those samples for downstream analysis.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Graduate

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Ishii, Marina. "Aplicação da proteína verde fluorescente (GFPuv) como indicador biológico na validação da autoclavação de soluções parenterais e da esterilização por óxido de etileno de itens termolábeis. Comparação com esporos de Bacillus subtilis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9135/tde-23082017-115802/.

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A Proteína Verde Fluorescente recombinante, GFPuv, é um sistema marcador atrativo pois, sua presença pode ser visualizada através da intensidade de fluorescência emitida, sem o uso de substratos ou meios complexos. Sendo uma molécula estável à presença de substâncias orgânicas, temperaturas acima de 70°C e ampla faixa de pH, é um potencial Indicador Biológico (IH) para diversas aplicações. A estabilidade térmica da GFPuv, foi avaliada pela medida da perda de intensidade de fluorescência, expressa em valores D (min), tempo de exposição necessário para redução de 90% da intensidade de fluorescência inicial da GFPuv. GFPuv (3,5-9,0 µg/mL), expressa por E. coli e isolada por extração de Partição em Três Fases (TPP) e purificação por Cromatografia de Interação Hidrofóbica (IDC), foi diluída nas soluções parenterais preparadas em tampão (10 mM cada: Tris-EDTA, pH 8; Fosfato, pH 6 e 7, e Acetato, pH 5) e em água para injeção, WFI; pH = 6,70±0,40), e expostas a temperaturas de 25°C e ao intervalo entre 80°C e 100°C. A 95°C, os valores D para a GFPuv em soluções de 1,5% a 50% de glicose variaram de: (i) 1,63 (±0,23) min em acetato pH 5; (ii) 2,64 ± 0,26 min em WFI; (iii) 2,50 ± 0,18 min em fosfato pH 6; (iv) 3,24 ± 0,28 min em fosfato pH 7 e, (v) 2,89 ± 0,44 min em Tris-EDTA pH 8. Cloreto de sódio associado aos tampões proporcionou influência positiva na estabilidade da GFPuv, sendo que em soluções de Tris-EDTA, a adição de 15-20% de NaCl dobrou a estabilidade térmica da GFPuv (valores D de 65,79 min e 18,12 min a 80 °C e 85°C) em relação à solução sem cloreto de sódio. Nos processos de esterilização por óxido de etileno (45°C-60°C), a GFPuv pode ser utilizada como IB para monitorar a distribuição de gás dentro da câmara, pois, apresentou variação na concentração remanescente de até 80%, após processamento, estabelecendo áreas distintas dentro da câmara. No tratamento em autoclave, a GFPuv em solução apresentou resistência térmica em solução de fosfato pH 7,0 (valor F = 2,53 min (± 0,12)). Quando expressa por esporos de Bacillus subtilis, a intensidade de fluorescência emitida por esporos sobreviventes se manteve. A estabilidade térmica da GFPuv atestou sua potencialidade como indicador biológico fluorescente da garantia da eficácia de tratamento de soluções e materiais expostos ao calor.
The recombinant Green Fluorescent Protein, GFPuv is an attractive system marker due to its ability to emit fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet light, without use of substrates or complex environment. Being a stable molecule even in the presence of organic substances, temperatures above 70°C and wide range of pH, it is a potential Biological Indicator, BI, for many applications, including thermal processes. GFPuv thermal stability was evaluated by the loss of fluorescence intensity expressed in decimal reduction time (D-value, min), the exposure time required to reduce 90% of the GFPuv initial fluorescence intensity. GFPuv (3.5-9.0 µg/mL), expressed by E. coli and isolated by Three Phases Partitioning, TPP extraction with Hidrophobic Interaction Chromatography, HIC, was diluted in buffered solutions (each 10 mM: Tris-EDTA, pH 8; phosphate, pH 6 and 7, and acetate, pH 5) and in water for injection, WFI; pH = 6.70 (± 0.40), and exposed to temperatures of 25°C and between 80°C and 95°C. At 95°C, the D-value for GFPuv in 1.5%-50% glucose, ranged from: (i) 1.63 ± 0.23 min in acetate pH 5; (ii) 2.64 ± 0.26 min in WFI; (iii) 2.50 ± 0.18 min in phosphate, pH 6; (iv) 3.24 ± 0.28 min in phosphate, pH 7, (v) 2.89 ± 0.44 min in Tris-EDTA, pH 8. Sodium cloride provided a positive influence over GFPuv stability. In Tris-EDTA solutions, the addition of 15% and 20% of NaCl doubled the thermal stability of GFPuv (D = 65.79 min and D = 18.12 min at 80°C, and 85°C, respectively, in relation to the solutions without NaCl. For ethylene oxide sterilization processes (45°C-60°C), GFPuv can be used as biological indicator to monitor gas distribution into the chamber. After processing, the protein concentration varied by 80%, showing distinct areas into the chamber. In autoclave, GFPuv in solution showed thermal resistance in phosphate pH 7.0 solution (F-value = 2.53 (± 0.12) min. When expressed by Bacillus subtilis spores, the fluorescence intensity was kept constant after thermal processing. The thermal stability of GFPuv provides the basis for its potential utility as a fluorescent biological indicator to assess the efficacy of the treatment of liquids and materials exposed to steam.

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Books on the topic "Biological reagents"

1

Linscott, William D. Linscott's directory of immunological and biological reagents. 8th ed. SantaRosa, Ca: Linscott's Directory, 1994.

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Linscott, William D. Linscott's directory of immunological and biological reagents. 7th ed. Santa Rosa, Ca: Linscott's Directory, 1992.

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Building blocks: Biotechnology reagents and consumables. Buffalo Grove, IL: Interpharm Press, 1994.

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Corporation, United States Biochemical. USB molecular biology reagents/protocols, 1992. Cleveland, Ohio: The Corporation, 1991.

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Corporation, United States Biochemical. USB molecular biology reagents/protocols. Cleveland, Ohio: United States Biochemical Corporation, 1992.

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J, Frei, and World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean., eds. Production of basic diagnostic laboratory reagents. Alexandria, Egypt: World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 1995.

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S, Ellisor Sandra, Wallace Margaret E, American Association of Blood Banks., and Blood Bank Reagents: What to Use and When Technical Workshop (1985 : Miami, Fla.), eds. Blood bank reagents: What to use and when. Arlington, Va: American Association of Blood Banks, 1985.

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.). Division of AIDS. AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program catalog: Operated by ERC BioServices Corporation. Bethesda, Md: Division of AIDS, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 1990.

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Green, Floyd J. The Sigma-Aldrich handbook of stains, dyes, and indicators. Milwaukee, Wis: Aldrich Chemical Co., 1990.

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J, Mooney Peter. Opportunities for plastics in toys and outdoor playground equipment: A BCC market probe. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Biological reagents"

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Arseniyadis, S., R. Rodriguez, R. Brondi, R. Spanevello, J. Ouazzani, and G. Ourisson. "A Comparative Study of Chemical versus Biological Functionalizations of Synthetic Intermediates." In Microbial Reagents in Organic Synthesis, 313–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2444-7_25.

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Singh, P. "Dendrimer-Based Biological Reagents: Preparation and Applications in Diagnostics." In Dendrimers and Other Dendritic Polymers, 463–84. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470845821.ch19.

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Fustero, Santos, José Luis Aceña, and Silvia Catalán. "Synthetic and Biological Applications of Fluorous Reagents as Phase Tags." In Topics in Current Chemistry, 45–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/128_2011_263.

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Thomas, C. E. "Nitrone spin traps as reagents for the study of oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins: Implications for atherosclerosis." In Analysis of Free Radicals in Biological Systems, 127–43. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9074-8_10.

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Kern, Michael, and Sébastien Ferreira-Cerca. "Differential Translation Activity Analysis Using Bioorthogonal Noncanonical Amino Acid Tagging (BONCAT) in Archaea." In Ribosome Biogenesis, 229–46. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2501-9_14.

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AbstractThe study of protein production and degradation in a quantitative and time-dependent manner is a major challenge to better understand cellular physiological response. Among available technologies bioorthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT) is an efficient approach allowing for time-dependent labeling of proteins through the incorporation of chemically reactive noncanonical amino acids like l-azidohomoalanine (L-AHA). The azide-containing amino-acid derivative enables a highly efficient and specific reaction termed click chemistry, whereby the azide group of the L-AHA reacts with a reactive alkyne derivate, like dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) derivatives, using strain-promoted alkyne–azide cycloaddition (SPAAC). Moreover, available DBCO containing reagents are versatile and can be coupled to fluorophore (e.g., Cy7) or affinity tag (e.g., biotin) derivatives, for easy visualization and affinity purification, respectively.Here, we describe a step-by-step BONCAT protocol optimized for the model archaeon Haloferax volcanii, but which is also suitable to harness other biological systems. Finally, we also describe examples of downstream visualization, affinity purification of L-AHA-labeled proteins and differential expression analysis.In conclusion, the following BONCAT protocol expands the available toolkit to explore proteostasis using time-resolved semiquantitative proteomic analysis in archaea.

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Grailer, Jamison, Richard A. Moravec, Zhijie Jey Cheng, Manuela Grassi, Vanessa Ott, Frank Fan, and Mei Cong. "Considerations in Developing Reporter Gene Bioassays for Biologics." In Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology, 131–56. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0171-6_9.

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Abstract The establishment of a robust and reproducible functional bioassay that reliably measures drug potency while ascertaining its mode of action is essential in biologic drug development. Here we describe a simple bioluminescent reporter gene bioassay for assessing biologics targeting immune checkpoints without the complexity and variability of more traditional assay systems. This chapter provides an overview of key considerations in reporter gene bioassay design and optimization, as well as development of thaw-and-use cells as an assay reagent for biologic QC lot release.

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Likhtenshtein, Gertz I. "Water in Enzyme Catalysis as a Promoter and Chemical Reagent." In Biological Water, 331–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82503-4_8.

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Winfree, Arthur T. "The Malonic Acid Reagent (“Sodium Geometrate”)." In The Geometry of Biological Time, 368–410. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3484-3_13.

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Doktycz, Mitchel J. "Reagent Jetting Based Deposition Technologies for Array Construction." In Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering, 63–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26578-3_4.

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Solinas, Antonio, and Maurizio Taddei. "Development of New Supported Reagents for the Synthesis of Biologically Active Molecules." In NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, 253–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6793-8_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Biological reagents"

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Zec, Helena, Tushar D. Rane, Wen-Chy Chu, and Tza-Huei Wang. "Microfluidic Combinatorial Screening Platform." In ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2012-73159.

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We propose a microfluidic droplet-based platform that accepts an unlimited number of sample plugs from a multi-well plate, performs splitting of these sample droplets into smaller daughter droplets and subsequent synchronization-free, reliable fusion of sample daughter droplets with multiple reagents simultaneously. This system consists of two components: 1) a custom autosampler which generates a linear array of sub-microliter plugs in a microcapillary from a multi-well plate and 2) A microfluidic chip with channels for sample plug introduction, reagent merging and droplet incubation. This novel system generates large arrays of heterogeneous droplets from hundreds to thousands of samples while concurrently screening these arrays against a large array of reagents. This high throughput system minimizes sample and reagent consumption and can be applied to a gamut of biological assays, ranging from SNP detection to forensic screening.

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Bhopte, Siddharth, Bahgat Sammakia, and Bruce Murray. "Application of Split Flow Design Technique to Simple Microchannel Geometries for Enhanced Mixing." In ASME 2008 3rd Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2008-38096.

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The ability to control mixing of reagents in MEMS systems is crucial for many biological and chemical analysis applications. However mixing in these microfluidic devices is a challenge because the flows are laminar corresponding to very low Reynolds number. In this paper mixing of such reagents in simple microchannel geometries is investigated computationally. A novel concept of “split flow design” is applied to these simple microchannel configurations. Significant improvement in mixing is seen by employing the split flow design technique.

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Susanti, Anita L., Fusvita Merdekawati, and Rohayati Rohayati. "Comparison of Cycle Threshold Value of The Orf 1 ab SARS-CoV-2 Gene from Three Different PCR Reagents." In 7th International Conference on Biological Science (ICBS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220406.090.

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Wang, Wei, Zhi-Xin Li, and Zeng-Yuan Guo. "Numerical Simulation on Micro Flow-Through PCR Chip." In ASME 2003 1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2003-1051.

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The miniaturization of clinical analysis device by microfabrication technology has great impact on medical and biological fields. In the present work, a two dimensional model has been put forward to numerically analyzing the thermal cycling of the micro flow-through PCR chip, which is different from the conventional PCR instruments and micro chamber PCR chip. In the micro flow-through PCR chip, sample and reagent continuously flow through a microchannel in the chip with three different temperature regions (denaturation, annealing and extension) to realize the nucleic acid amplification. Two parameters, U and D, are adapted to describe the temperature uniformity and deviation from the target temperature of the sample and reagent. Effects of the microchip’s geometrical structure, materials, designed temperatures of the three temperature regions, flow rate of the samples and reagents and the thermal boundary conditions around the microchip on the thermal cycling of micro flow-through PCR chip were numerically studied. Based on the simulation results, the silicon-glass-bonding micro PCR chip is recommended, and the optimally designed temperatures of the heaters in the three regions are given. The applicability of silicon-glass-bonding micro flow-through PCR chip with denaturation region heated alone is examined.

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Dunning, Peter D., Pierre E. Sullivan, and Michael J. Schertzer. "Method for Characterization of Passive Mechanical Filtration of Particles in Digital Microfluidic Devices." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38875.

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The ability to remove unbound biological material from a reaction site has applications in many biological protocols, such as those used to detect pathogens and biomarkers. One specific application where washing is critical is the Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). This protocol requires multiple washing steps to remove multiple reagents from a reaction site. Previous work has suggested that a passive mechanical comb filter can be used to wash particles in digital microfluidic devices. A method for the characterization of passive mechanical filtration of particles in Digital MicroFluidic (DMF) devices is presented in this work. In recent years there has been increased development of Lab-On-A-Chip (LOAC) devices for the automation and miniaturization of biological protocols. One platform for further research is in digital microfluidics. A digital microfluidic device can control the movement of pico-to nanoliter droplets of fluid using electrical signals without the use of pumps, valves, and channels. As such, fluidic pathways are not hardwired and the path of each droplet can be easily reconfigured. This is advantageous in biological protocols requiring the use of multiple reagents. Fabrication of these devices is relatively straight forward, since fluid manipulation is possible without the use of complex components. This work presents a method to characterize the performance of a digital microfluidic device using passive mechanical supernatant dilution via image analysis using a low cost vision system. The primary metric for performance of the device is particle retention after multiple passes through the filter. Repeatability of the process will be examined by characterizing performance of multiple devices using the same filter geometry. Qualitative data on repeatability and effectiveness of the dilution technique will also be attained by observing the ease with which the droplet disengages from the filter and by measuring the quantity of fluid trapped on the filter after each filtration step.

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Lee, Daniel, Guolin Xu, Yongsheng Tng, Kyaw Zin Htet, Chun Yang, and Jackie Y. Ying. "Large distance liquid pumping by AC electro-osmosis for the delivery of biological cells and reagents in microfluidic devices." In Photonics Asia 2007, edited by Jung-Chih Chiao, Xuyuan Chen, Zhaoying Zhou, and Xinxin Li. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.754098.

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King, Colin, Edmond Walsh, and Ronan Grimes. "Micro-PIV Measurements of Flowfields Within Plugs in Two Phase Flows for µ-TAS Applications." In ASME 4th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2006-96181.

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The use of two phase flow in lab-on-chip devices, where chemical and biological reagents are enclosed within plugs separated from each other by an immiscible fluid, offers significant advantages for the development of devices with high throughput of individual heterogeneous samples. Lab-on-chip devices designed to perform the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are a prime example of such developments. The internal circulation within the plugs used to transport the reagents affects the efficiency of the chemical reaction within the plug, due to the degree of mixing induced on the reagents by the flow regime. It has been hypothesised in the literature that all plug flows produce internal circulation. This work demonstrates experimentally that this is false, and seeks to elucidate the parameters influencing the internal circulation of plugs. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique offers a powerful non-intrusive tool to study such flow fields. This paper presents micro-PIV experiments carried out to study the internal circulation of aqueous plugs in two phase flow within 762μm internal diameter FEP Teflon tubing with FC-40 as the segmenting fluid. Experiments have been performed and the results are presented for plugs ranging in length from 1mm to 13mm with an average fluid velocity ranging from 0.3mm/s to 50mm/s. The results demonstrate that circulation within the plugs is not always present and requires design considerations to benefit from this phenomenon.

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Bhopte, Siddharth, Bahgat Sammakia, and Bruce Murray. "Mixing Enhancement in Two-Component Microchannel Flow: Geometric and Pulsed Flow Effects." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43387.

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The ability to control mixing of reagents in MEMS systems is crucial for many biological and chemical analysis applications. However mixing in these microfluidic devices is a challenge because the flows are laminar corresponding to very low Reynolds number. Recent numerical and experimental research studies have investigated the effect of microchannel geometries and time pulsing on mixing enhancement. In this paper, mixing of two aqueous reagents is studied in a “T” shaped microchannel by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The baseline microchannel geometry has three branches: two inlets and one outlet. All the branches are 200 μm wide and 120 μm deep, which is a typical scale for mass produced disposable devices. A simple geometric modification to the baseline case is made by splitting one of the inlets in half such that the net flow rate at the outlet remains same as the baseline case. The two split inlets impinge the microchannel lateral flow from opposite directions. Significant improvement in mixing using the two-way split flow modification is predicted from the modeling. Previous studies have also shown that by adding well -shaped cavities or grooves in microchannels enhance mixing, so well-shaped cavities are added at the two split inlets. Considerable improvement over the two-way split flow model is seen by adding well-shaped cavities at the split inlets. Three geometries have been systematically studied for both constant and time dependent flows.

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Lin, Samuel I. En. "A Study of Bifurcation Design Used in CD-ELISA Micro-Fluidic Platform." In ASME 2010 First Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2010-13079.

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), one of the most common immunoassays, is widely used for detection and quantification of chemical and biological molecules and is becoming more and more important in clinical diagnostics, food safety testing, and environmental monitoring. A major challenge in developing the CD-ELISA is to split the flow (e.g., bio-reagents) evenly on the micro-channels. The Coriolis force resultant from CD rotation can disturb the flow in the splitter region and thus cause the failure mode in delivering the solution from each reservoir in a pre-specified manner. In this study, we investigate on the effects of inlet pressure and Coriolis force on the splitting ratio under two splitter structures. The analysis is based on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation and the simulation results agree well with our experimental work.

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Fernandez-Suarez, Miryam, Eduardo Garcia-Egido, Mickael Montembault, Maria J. Chapela, and Stephanie Y. F. Wong-Hawkes. "The Development of Integrated Microfluidic Chemistry Platforms for Lead Optimisation in the Pharmaceutical Industry." In ASME 4th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2006-96058.

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During the last decade, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals (GSK) has carried out much of the seminal work in the area of micro fluidics and micro flow assay for lead optimisation. It has pioneered and built an in-house micro fluidic system for drug discovery. The huge and diverse advantages of this approach come from its miniaturised nature and its scale, which makes it easily automatable. As a result of its miniaturised nature it allows for greater control over heat and mass transfer, along with lower consumption of reagents (both chemical and biological) and solvents, less waste generation and decreased exposure to potentially toxic materials. But for a pharmaceutical company, the main advantage of this technology is the capability of coupling a fast microfluidic chemistry generator with a modern compatible miniaturised screening technique to generate instant biological information (i.e. the assay results) in “real time” that can be used to refine the chemistry (closing the feedback loop) and therefore allowing for a much faster lead optimisation. We will review some of the efforts within GSK towards this pioneering work in the development of miniaturised chemistry platforms capable of performing multiple functions such as synthesis, separation, quantification and screening.

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Reports on the topic "Biological reagents"

1

Spiegel, Yitzhak, Michael McClure, Itzhak Kahane, and B. M. Zuckerman. Characterization of the Phytophagous Nematode Surface Coat to Provide New Strategies for Biocontrol. United States Department of Agriculture, November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613015.bard.

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Chemical composition and biological role of the surface coat (SC) of the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. are described. SC proteins of M. incognita race 3 infective juveniles (J2) were characterized by electrophoresis and western blotting of extracts from radioiodine and biotin-labelled nematodes. J2 labelled with radioiodine and biotin released 125I and biotin-labelled molecules into water after 20 hours incubation, indicating that SC proteins may be loosely attached to the nematode. Antiserum to the principal protein reacted with the surface of live J2 and with surface proteins previously separated by electrophoresis. Human red blood cells (HRBC) adhered to J2 of several tylenchid nematodes over the entire nematode body. HRBC adhered also to nylon fibers coated with SC extracted from M. javanica J2; binding was Ca++/Mg++ dependent, and decreased when the nylon fibers were coated with bovine serum albumin, or pre-incubated with fucose and mannose. These experiments support a working hypothesis that RBC adhesion involves carbohydrate moieties of HRBC and carbohydrate-recognition domain(s) (CRD) distributed on the nematode surface. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a surface CRD i the phylum Nematoda. Gold-conjugated lectins and neoglycoproteins combined with silver enhancement have been used for the detection of carbohydrates and CRD, respectively, on the SC of M. javanica J2. Biotin reagents were used to trace surface proteins, specifically, on live J2. The labile and transitory nature of the SC was demonstrated by the dynamics of HRBC adherence to detergent-treated J2, J2 at different ages or fresh-hatched J2 held at various temperatures. SC recovery was demonstrated also by a SDS-PAGE profile. Monoclonal antibodies developed to a cuticular protein of M. incognita J2 gave a slight, but significant reduction in attachment of Pasteuria penetrans spores. Spore attachment as affected by several enzymes was inconsistent: alcian blue, which specifically blocks sulfyl groups, had no afffect on spore attachment. Treatment with cationized ferritin alone or catonized ferritin following monoclonal antibody caused significant decreases in spore attachment. Those results suggest a role in attachment by negatively charged groups.

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