Journal articles: 'Biological reagents'

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Narayanaperumal, Senthil, Ricardo S. Schwab, Wystan K. O. Teixeira, and Danilo Yano de Albuquerque. "Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched Diaryl, Aryl Heteroaryl, and Diheteroaryl Alcohols through Addition of Organometallic Reagents to Carbonyl Compounds." Synthesis 52, no. 13 (March 16, 2020): 1855–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690847.

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Enantiomerically enriched diaryl, aryl heteroaryl, and diheteroaryl alcohols are an important family of compounds known for their biological properties. Moreover, these molecules are highly privileged scaffolds used as building blocks for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant products. This short review provides background on the enantioselective arylation and heteroarylation of carbonyl compounds, as well as, the most significant improvements in this field with special emphasis on the application of organometallic reagents.1 Introduction2 Background on the Enantioselective Synthesis of Diaryl, Aryl Heteroaryl, and Diheteroaryl Alcohols3 Organozinc Reagents4 Organolithium Reagents5 Grignard Reagents6 Organoaluminum Reagents7 Organotitanium Reagents8 Organobismuth Reagents9 Miscellaneous10 Conclusion

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Minogue, Timothy D., Phillip A. Rachwal, Adrienne Trombley Hall, Jeffery W. Koehler, and Simon A. Weller. "Cross-Institute Evaluations of Inhibitor-Resistant PCR Reagents for Direct Testing of Aerosol and Blood Samples Containing Biological Warfare Agent DNA." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 4 (December 13, 2013): 1322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03478-13.

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ABSTRACTRapid pathogen detection is crucial for the timely introduction of therapeutics. Two groups (one in the United Kingdom and one in the United States) independently evaluated inhibitor-resistant PCR reagents for the direct testing of substrates. In the United Kingdom, a multiplexedBacillus anthracis(target) andBacillus subtilis(internal-control) PCR was used to evaluate 4 reagents against 5 PCR inhibitors and down-selected the TaqMan Fast Virus 1-Step master mix (Life Technologies Inc.). In the United States, four real-time PCR assays (targetingB. anthracis,Brucella melitensis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus [VEEV], andOrthopoxvirusspp.) were used to evaluate 5 reagents (plus the Fast Virus master mix) against buffer, blood, and soil samples and down-selected the KAPA Blood Direct master mix (KAPA Biosystems Inc.) with added PlatinumTaq(Life Technologies). The down-selected reagents underwent further testing. In the United Kingdom experiments, both reagents were tested against seven contrived aerosol collector samples containingB. anthracisAmes DNA andB. subtilisspores from a commercial formulation (BioBall). In PCR assays with reaction mixtures containing 40% crude sample, an airfield-collected sample induced inhibition of theB. subtilisPCR with the KAPA reagent and complete failure of both PCRs with the Fast Virus reagent. However, both reagents allowed successful PCR for all other samples—which inhibited PCRs with a non-inhibitor-resistant reagent. In the United States, a cross-assay limit-of-detection (LoD) study in blood was conducted. The KAPA Blood Direct reagent allowed the detection of agent DNA (by four PCRs) at higher concentrations of blood in the reaction mixture (2.5%) than the Fast Virus reagent (0.5%), although LoDs differed between assays and reagent combinations. Across both groups, the KAPA Blood Direct reagent was determined to be the optimal reagent for inhibition relief in PCR.

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Riedel, T. E., J. C. Cox, and A. D. Ellington. "Low Temperature Microplate Station." JALA: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 10, no. 1 (February 2005): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jala.2004.10.002.

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The automation of biological laboratory assays may require lengthy incubations of reagents on the work surface of a pipetting robot. Commercial devices are readily available for keeping these reagents accessible and warm, but there are few existing technologies for storing accessible reagents below the freezing point of water. Here, we introduce a low cost, small footprint, robot accessible reagent cooler, based on compressor technology capable of acting as an enzyme freezer or extreme cold reagent storage device.

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M. Alhar, Maysaa A. "A Study of the Spectral, Chromatographic and Solubility Characteristics of New Analytical Reagents from Anil-Azo and Their Biological Effects on Bacteria." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 1115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2447.

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This study was conducted to create a new reagent from Anil-Azo compounds and study their biological impacts on two types of bacteria. For the first step, four reagents had been created by reaction of p-phenyl diamine in acidic form with 2-formyl-4-methyl phenol in neutral medium to create reagent {1}, which used to produce reagent {2} by reacting it with amino benzothiazole over four hours in the presence of glacial CH3COOH. The reagent {1} was also used to form reagent {3} by reacting it with amino imidazole over two hours. Finally, reagent {3} had been generated by reacting reagent {1} with naphthyl amine (0.2 mol) over four hours in the presence of glacial CH3COOH. The UV-visible spectrum was showed that a new ligand was created between 190-600 nm in reagent {2}, {3} and {4} while reagent {1} was appeared in 519-600 nm area. FTIR spectrum showed that many new coordinate bonds had been formed in different locations. Also, the chromatographic separation study showed that reagent {4} was separated faster than other reagents. Study of compounds stability showed that all reagents were stable in methanol, ethanol, DMSO and DMF. Study of chemical-physical peripteries showed that percentage of reagents’ yield ranged between 80-70%. The assessment of the formulated reagents against various kinds of bacteria was carried out using a medium (agar) via numerous processes. Microbial inhibition was tested at three concentrations: 30, 50 and 70 micrograms, with a blank solvent (DMSO), for bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Streptococcus pneumonia with an incubation period of 24 hours at 37℃. The results of biological impacts showed that reagent {2} showed more inhibition Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia.

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Horton, Brendan. "Taking inventory of biological reagents." Nature 388, no. 6637 (July 1997): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/40454.

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Ingraham, Lloyd L. "B12 COENZYMES: BIOLOGICAL GRIGNARD REAGENTS." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 112, no. 2 (December 16, 2006): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb45049.x.

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Haulenbeek, Jonathan, and Christopher J. Beaver. "The impact of ligand binding based assays critical reagent characterization and storage." Bioanalysis 13, no. 10 (May 2021): 797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio-2020-0288.

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Biological critical reagents are the foundation of many bioanalytical methods and often chemically modified or conjugated with various chemical tags. As such, the quality and performance of these methods are inherently tied to the quality and stability of critical reagents. This article will outline recommendations for conjugated critical reagent development and characterization. Examples of the impact of regent quality will be discussed for the two common bioanalytical assays in support of drug development for biotherapeutics. Finally, a brief discussion of conjugated reagent stability and recommendations for storage and testing will be presented.

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Rauwerdink, Alissa, Michael Benson, Allison Jayne, Sathyapriya Babu, Jessica St Charles, and Amy Smith. "Adventures in critical reagent lot changes in ligand-binding assays: redevelopment, bridging and additional processing requirements." Bioanalysis 13, no. 10 (May 2021): 771–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio-2020-0216.

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Aim: Critical reagents have significant impact on ligand-binding assay performance. The critical reagents selected during method development should be well-evaluated, as the quality of these reagents will dictate performance of the assay over time. Critical reagents in ligand-binding assays are almost always produced using a biological system, so batch yield, purity and performance tend to vary greatly. Due to the essential nature of critical reagents in the assay, changes in critical reagents can have dramatic impact on the assay and results, so close monitoring of assay performance is required. Methodology & results: We present here three examples of critical reagent lot changes that required creative solutions to maintain assay performance. The first case study is an example of the impact of different lots of analyte within a quantitative assay that resulted in the need to redevelop the assay in a different format. Case study two outlines an assay where a surrogate matrix is the critical reagent in an assay and the difficulties encountered over the course of several years and lot changes. The third case study covers an immunogenicity assay with a commercial detection that did not have sufficient quantity to cover the entire study lifecycle. As a result of the reagent change, a new assay was developed. Discussion & conclusion: A robust plan for critical reagent generation and lifecycle management should be adapted in order to avoid costly delays and rework. The performance of an assay depends on the continuity of the critical reagent supply. Reagents should be carefully selected to include the binding and performance properties required for an assay.

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Farzad, Maryam Sharafi, Brian Møllegaard Pedersen, Helle Smidt Mogensen, and Claus Børsting. "Development of an automated AmpliSeq™ library building workflow for biological stain samples on the Biomek® 3000." BioTechniques 68, no. 6 (June 2020): 342–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/btn-2019-0156.

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Here, we present the development of an automated AmpliSeq™ (ThermoFischer, MA, USA) workflow for library building using the Biomek® 3000 Laboratory Automation Workstation (Beckman Coulter Inc., CA, USA), in which the total volume of PCR reagents and reagents for library preparation are reduced by one-half. The automated AmpliSeq workflow was tested using 43 stain samples (blood, bone, muscle tissue, semen, swab, nail scrape and cigarette butts) collected from crime scenes. The sequencing data were evaluated for locus balance, heterozygous allele balance and noise. The performance of libraries built with the automated AmpliSeq workflow using one-half of the recommended reagent volumes were similar to the performance of libraries built with the recommended (full) volumes of the reagents.

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Boulanger, Yvan, and Patrick Vinay. "Nuclear magnetic resonance monitoring of sodium in biological tissues." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 820–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y89-129.

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In recent years, the 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique has been applied to the study of biological tissues. The advantages of this method are noninvasiveness and good sensitivity. The resonances of the intra- and extra-cellular sodium can be separated by the addition of shift reagents to the extracellular compartment. The method has been mostly applied to cell suspensions, kidney tubules, glands, and small organs. Owing to line-broadening effects, the NMR visibility of the intracellular sodium is reduced to 40% in most cases but can be lower or higher. Time-dependent measurements are possible with adequate life-supporting equipment, allowing the determination of transport parameters. 23Na relaxation times are short in tissues (below 50 ms) and highly dependent on the medium composition. The application of the 23Na NMR technique to intact organs can be hampered by the difficulty of getting a good distribution of the shift reagent in the extracellular milieu. A summary of the studies performed is presented with specific examples to illustrate typical applications.Key words: 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance, shift reagents, sodium quantitation, sodium transport, 23Na relaxation times.

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Golovkina, L. L., R. S. Kalandarov, A. G. Stremoukhova, O. S. Kalmykova, T. D. Pushkina, V. L. Surin, O. S. Pshenichnikova, T. L. Nikolaeva, and N. I. Olovnikova. "DIFFERENTIATION OF THE A1 AND A2 SUBGROUPS OF THE AB0 SYSTEM: BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND AND SEROLOGICAL STRATEGY." Russian journal of hematology and transfusiology 64, no. 4 (December 12, 2019): 504–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35754/0234-5730-2019-64-4-504-515.

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Introduction. The identification of weak variants of the A antigen, as well as their differentiation, is necessary for the proper selection of erythrocyte-containing media for blood transfusions. To this end, selective anti-A1 reagents that react only with the A1 antigen are used in combination with anti-A reagents reacting equally with the A1 and A2 antigens. Given that the expression of the A antigen varies within the subgroups and there is no established standard for reagents and procedures, the interpretation of the obtained results presents difficulties.Aim. To develop a strategy for identifying the variants of the A antigen using available reagents in an agglutination reaction.Methods. We compared the effectiveness of four anti-A1 and two anti-H reagents using 23 blood samples (groups A2 and A2B) and control samples (groups A1 and A1 B). Two types of anti-A1 reagents were employed: Dolychos biflorus lectin and monoclonal antibodies. All of the reagents were designed for direct agglutination reactions. Belonging of the erythrocytes to the A2 subgroup was confirmed using genetic analysis.Results. It is shown that anti-A1 reagents did not interact with A2B red blood cells and often reacted with A2 red blood cells. The strength of the reaction with A2 red blood cells varied greatly and was weaker than with A1 red blood cells; however, it hindered the subgroup identification. Simultaneous tests conducted using an anti-H reagent allowed the authors to draw an unambiguous conclusion about blood belonging to a subgroup: a strong reaction indicated the A2 subgroup, whereas a negative or weak reaction indicated the A1 subgroup. A discrepancy was noted between the results obtained for two donors using serological and molecular methods: the A3 subgroup was identified serologically, whereas genotyping revealed the AB0*A1 allele. In both cases, direct sequencing showed a combination of mutant alleles giving the A3 phenotype. When using commercial kits to perform genotyping analysis through a polymerase chain reaction, it should be taken into consideration that primers are matched to the most common variants and cannot detect all mutations of the AB0 gene.Conclusion. Reliable identification of the A2 subgroup through serological methods is possible when using lectin or monoclonal anti-A1 antibodies in combination with a monoclonal anti-H reagent.Conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest.Financial disclosure: the study had no sponsorship.

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Sviridov, A. V., V. V. Iurchenko, I. K. Gindulin, and M. S. Roschina. "The use of high-fine modified aluminosilicate adsorbents in the processes of purification of household waste water." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 83, no. 4 (January 17, 2022): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2021-4-274-279.

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The article deals with the problem of treatment and purification of domestic waste water. Today, many treatment facilities do not have a reagent treatment system and are limited only by mechanical and biological methods of water treatment. We have considered the possibility of using a new scheme for reagent treatment of domestic wastewater. The existing reagent treatment at treatment facilities does not always cope with the tasks of water treatment. It is not possible to achieve the required values for many indicators: COD, residual phosphate content, residual iron content, etc. The water under study was treated with traditional coagulants (iron chloride and aluminum sulfate) and new highly dispersed modified aluminosilicate adsorbents of the KS brand. Lime and alkali were used as alkalizing reagents. A feature of KS grade reagents is their high coagulation-adsorption activity in relation to the extracted components. This is due to the high activity of modifiers on the surface of the aluminosilicate matrix. In the course of the study, a coagulation-flocculation experiment was carried out. During the purification process, the water was examined for the residual content of various components: pH, phosphates, ammonium nitrogen, chlorides, and iron. Effective dosages have been established for each of the reagents used and the possibility of using reagents for the treatment of domestic wastewater to the required standards has been shown. Traditional reagents have shown insufficient efficiency in wastewater treatment. When using iron chloride and aluminum sulfate, it is not possible to reduce the phosphate content to the required values. For the KS reagent, the effective dose was 40 mg / dm3 with the combined use of lime at a dose of 30 mg/dm3

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Alkhafaji, Mohammed Nawfal Abdul Maged, Hutham Abd Ali Abd Al Hussain, and Dr Nagham Mahmood Aljamali. "Synthesis, Spectral, Bio Assay, Chromatographic - Studying of New Imidazole Reagents Via Three Components Reaction." NeuroQuantology 19, no. 7 (August 11, 2021): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2021.19.7.nq21092.

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Imidazoles are part of the theophylline Reagent, found in tea leaves and coffee beans, which stimulates the central nervous system. It is found in the anti-cancer drug mercaptopurine, which fights leukemia by interfering with DNA systems. A number of prepared imidazoles, including clotrimazole, are selective inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase, which makes them interesting drug targets in inflammation, respiratory diseases and tumors of the nervous system. Other biological activities of the drug carrier imidazole relate to deregulation of the intracellular fluxes of (Ca and K) ions. Novel imidazole –heterocyclic reagents were created via cyclization process then condensation process., followed by investigation of all created new reagents via a number of spectral performances (FT.IR, H.NMR)–spectrophotometric, other physical and chemical properties, and chromatographic study with microbial studying for all new created imidazole reagents.

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DABAGHI, HABIBEH HADAD, MAHMOOD KAZEMZAD, YADOLAH GANJKHANLOU, and AMIR ALI YUZBASHI. "ELECTROCHEMICAL PREPARATION OF NEW ORGANOSILICONE COMPOUNDS FOR FUNCTIONALIZING OF MESOPOROUS SILICA." Functional Materials Letters 06, no. 03 (May 28, 2013): 1350031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604713500318.

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Electrochemistry has been introduced as a powerful tool in order to prepare new organometallic reagents for functionalizing of mesoporous silica. Preparation of the reagents was based on electrochemical oxidation of dihydroxybenzene derivatives in the presence of 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol as a nucleophile. The mechanisms of electrochemical reactions were studied by voltammetric studies. Mesoporous silica SBA-15 was also synthesized in this work through sol-gel hydrothermal method using Genapol PF-10 as structure directing compound. The prepared mesoporous silica was characterized by FT-IR analysis and Barrett–Joiner–Halenda (BJH) pore size and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurement methods using N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm. Finally, the organometallic reagent was covalently grafted on the surface of mesoporous silica. Functionalizing of this material with the new reagent was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The functionalized mesoporous silica by new reagent can be utilized in biological applications.

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Gruber, Helen E. "Linscott's Directory Of Immunological & Biological Reagents." Microscopy Today 00, no. 5 (June 1992): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500070814.

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Borek, F. "Linscott's directory of immunological and biological reagents." Journal of Immunological Methods 94, no. 1-2 (November 1986): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(86)90244-9.

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Callard, R. "Linscott's directory of immunological and biological reagents." Journal of Immunological Methods 120, no. 1 (June 1989): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(89)90299-8.

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Bromfield, SM. "Simple tests for the assessment of aluminium and manganese levels in acid soils." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 3 (1987): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870399.

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Alkaline formaldoxime and a reagent mixture based on pyrocatechol violet in ammonium acetate were found to be the best of several reagents tested for ranking the concentrations of manganese (Mn) and aluminium (Al), respectively, in solutions absorbed by filter paper strips. The concentrations of these metals in soil suspensions, 1:1 (vh) in 0.01 mol L-1 calcium chloride, were estimated by obtaining clean samples on test strips of filter paper and visually comparing the colours produced with the above reagents against those formed using standard solutions of known Mn and Al concentrations. The test values when compared with analytical values for the filtered suspensions showed that acid soils can be readily ranked into groups. Each group is defined by a given range of Mn or Al levels. The reagents, sampling procedure and colour development have many advantages suited to a field test for characterising the A1 and Mn levels of acid soils.

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de�Heij, Bas, Martina Daub, Oliver Gutmann, Remigius Niekrawietz, Hermann Sandmaier, and Roland Zengerle. "Highly parallel dispensing of chemical and biological reagents." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 378, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-003-2294-2.

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Sharon, Nathan. "Lectins: Carbohydrate-specific Reagents and Biological Recognition Molecules." Journal of Biological Chemistry 282, no. 5 (January 26, 2007): 2753–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.x600004200.

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Duff, Yann Le, Sarah Gilbert, and Neil Almond. "Building a Repository to Support Research on Emerging Pathogens: How to Use the Experience of the Centre for AIDS Reagents." Proceedings 45, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020045006.

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The increasing health threat arising from emerging infectious disease requires an urgent global response. The accelerated development of vaccines, diagnostics and treatments requires facilitated access to and timely transfer of pertinent research reagents between scientists, especially those from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) which are frequently the worst affected. To meet this global need, we propose to establish a Centre for Emerging Disease Research Reagents (CEDRR) which will support research on those emerging diseases that pose the greatest threat. This initiative will be based on the model of the Centre for AIDS Reagents, a not-for-profit repository based at the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), UK, which has been providing a sustained HIV research reagent resource to scientists worldwide for 30 years. CEDRR will encourage leading scientists to donate research materials under an established transfer agreement, that will enable onward supply of samples to requesting laboratories in a manner that protects intellectual property. In addition, we will prepare and commission novel research materials including non-infectious subgenomic clones, recombinant proteins, peptides and antibodies. All the reagents will be characterized and provided individually or as all-in-one packages for specific assays along with detailed data sheets and corresponding standard operating procedures. They will be available globally and access will be prioritized with the objective to help build research capacity in LMICs. In order to provide a service that will meet the scientific community need, CEDRR will actively participate in existing networks and consortia on emerging pathogens, provide frequent newsletters and held regular meetings to discuss reagent requirements. By building an infrastructure that will provide quality research reagents to scientists worldwide, CEDRR hopes to speed up the development of much needed vaccines, diagnostics and treatments to fight emerging pathogens.

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Kale, Mohan B., Shrikant B. Jagtap, and Santosh S. Devkate. "Study of CuSCN Catalyzed Conjugate Addition Reactions of Grignard Reagents to Substituted Chalcones with Dilithium Tetrachloromanganate and their Biological Activities." Asian Journal of Organic & Medicinal Chemistry 6, no. 2 (2021): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajomc.2021.ajomc-p327.

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The regioselective 1,4-addition reactions of copper thiocyanate catalyzed Grignard reagents to the substituted chalcones are reported. The homogeneous solution of dilithium tetrachloromanganate is used to transmetallate magnesium by using manganese. It adds regio-selectively to substituted chalcone derivatives and forms 1,4-addition products with higher yield under nitrogen atmosphere and at a lower temperature. It have been observed that manganese from dilithium tetrachloromanganate reagent replaces magnesium from Grignard reagent and adds regioselectively by 1,4-addition manner utilizing copper thiocyanate as a catalyst. The course of the reaction in the absence of dilithium tetrachloromanganate reagent was also studied and obtained a mixture of 1,2-addition and 1,4-addition products. In presence of dilithium tetrachloromanganate reagent, a good regio-selectivity and higher yield of desired 1,4-addition product were obtained. All the synthesized compounds were also evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli (Gramnegative) and antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger.

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Singh, D., and G. Bansal. "Synthesis of Morpholine Containing Sulfonamides: Introduction of Morpholine Moiety on Amine Functional Group." E-Journal of Chemistry 1, no. 3 (2004): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2004/728245.

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Sulfonamides have been the center of drug structures as this group is quite stable & well tolerated in human beings. The synthesis of these structures was started in search of new pharmacological active reagents. These compounds are being tested for the desired activity (ICAM-1/LFA-1 Interaction inhibitors as anti-adhesion therapeutic agents), the biological activity & structure activity relationship will be published elsewhere. Synthesis of morpholine moiety from amino group is done by using reagent 2-chloroethanol.

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Alam, Mohammad A. "Methods for Hydroxamic Acid Synthesis." Current Organic Chemistry 23, no. 9 (July 31, 2019): 978–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272823666190424142821.

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Substituted hydroxamic acid is one of the most extensively studied pharmacophores because of their ability to chelate biologically important metal ions to modulate various enzymes, such as HDACs, urease, metallopeptidase, and carbonic anhydrase. Syntheses and biological studies of various classes of hydroxamic acid derivatives have been reported in numerous research articles in recent years but this is the first review article dedicated to their synthetic methods and their application for the synthesis of these novel molecules. In this review article, commercially available reagents and preparation of hydroxylamine donating reagents have also been described.

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Shklyaev, Oleg E., Henry Shum, Ayusman Sen, and Anna C. Balazs. "Harnessing surface-bound enzymatic reactions to organize microcapsules in solution." Science Advances 2, no. 3 (March 2016): e1501835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501835.

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By developing new computational models, we examine how enzymatic reactions on an underlying surface can be harnessed to direct the motion and organization of reagent-laden microcapsules in a fluid-filled microchannel. In the presence of appropriate reagents, surface-bound enzymes can act as pumps, which drive large-scale fluid flows. When the reagents diffuse through the capsules’ porous shells, they can react with enzymatic sites on the bottom surface. The ensuing reaction generates fluid density variations, which result in fluid flows. These flows carry the suspended microcapsules and drive them to aggregate into “colonies” on and near the enzyme-covered sites. This aggregation continues until the reagent has been depleted and the convection stops. We show that the shape of the assembled colonies can be tailored by patterning the distribution of enzymes on the surface. This fundamental physicochemical mechanism could have played a role in the self-organization of early biological cells (protocells) and can be used to regulate the autonomous motion and targeted delivery of microcarriers in microfluidic devices.

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Mohamed, Marwa El Badry, Eman Y. Z. Frag, Hana A. El-Boraey, and Safa S. El-Sanafery. "Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of Chlorpheniramine Maleate in Pure Form, Pharmaceutical Preparations and Biological Fluids." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 75 (August 2017): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.75.11.

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In this study a simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of an antihistaminic drug chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) in pure form, pharmaceutical preparations, spiked humane urine and spiked blood serum. This method was based on the formation of ion-pairs between the basic nitrogen of the CPM drug and four chromogenic reagents namely bromocresol purple (BCP), alizarine Red S (ARS), eriochrome cyanine R (ECR), and cresol red (CR). The extracted colored ion-pairs were measured spectrophotometrically at 390, 425, 503 and 408 nm for BCP, ARS, ECR and CR reagents, respectively. The different parameters that affect the color development between CPM drug and dyestuff reagents were extensively studied to determine the optimal conditions for the assay procedure. The reaction was studied as a function of the volume of reagents, nature of solvent, temperature, reaction time and stoichiometric ratio between the CPM drug and the reagents. Beer’s law was valid over the concentration ranges of 1-30, 1-10, 2-120 and 4-120 μg mL-1 of CPM drug using BCP, ARS, ECR and CR reagents, respectively. The Sandell sensitivity, molar absorptivity, limit of detection and limit of quantification were determined. Applications of the proposed procedure to the analysis of the pharmaceutical preparations, spiked humane urine and spiked blood serum gave reproducible and accurate results without any interference from excipients. The results obtained by the proposed method were in good agreement with those obtained by reported method. The method can be suggested for the routine analysis of the cited drug.

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Mohamed, Marwa El Badry, Eman Y. Z. Frag, Hana A. El-Boraey, and Safa S. El-Sanafery. "Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of Chlorpheniramine Maleate in Pure Form, Pharmaceutical Preparations and Biological Fluids." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 75 (August 17, 2017): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-1e5rn8.

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In this study a simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of an antihistaminic drug chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) in pure form, pharmaceutical preparations, spiked humane urine and spiked blood serum. This method was based on the formation of ion-pairs between the basic nitrogen of the CPM drug and four chromogenic reagents namely bromocresol purple (BCP), alizarine Red S (ARS), eriochrome cyanine R (ECR), and cresol red (CR). The extracted colored ion-pairs were measured spectrophotometrically at 390, 425, 503 and 408 nm for BCP, ARS, ECR and CR reagents, respectively. The different parameters that affect the color development between CPM drug and dyestuff reagents were extensively studied to determine the optimal conditions for the assay procedure. The reaction was studied as a function of the volume of reagents, nature of solvent, temperature, reaction time and stoichiometric ratio between the CPM drug and the reagents. Beer’s law was valid over the concentration ranges of 1-30, 1-10, 2-120 and 4-120 μg mL-1 of CPM drug using BCP, ARS, ECR and CR reagents, respectively. The Sandell sensitivity, molar absorptivity, limit of detection and limit of quantification were determined. Applications of the proposed procedure to the analysis of the pharmaceutical preparations, spiked humane urine and spiked blood serum gave reproducible and accurate results without any interference from excipients. The results obtained by the proposed method were in good agreement with those obtained by reported method. The method can be suggested for the routine analysis of the cited drug.

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Hassan, Namir J., and Sheraz Gul. "Strategies to generate biological reagents for kinase drug discovery." Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery 6, no. 12 (November 9, 2011): 1215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17460441.2011.635140.

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Wu, M. "Enhancement of immunotoxin activity using chemical and biological reagents." British Journal of Cancer 75, no. 9 (May 1997): 1347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1997.228.

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Ombito, Japheth O., and Girija S. Singh. "Recent Progress in Chemistry of β-Lactams." Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 16, no. 6 (August 27, 2019): 544–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570193x15666180914165303.

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The β-lactams constitute a well-known class of compounds having tremendous biological significance. Besides being a motif of biological interest, they serve as versatile synthons in organic chemistry. In fact, their easy accessibility in the laboratory by several methods combined with inherent reactivity of the β -lactam ring due to ring-strain places it among the most sought for substrate in the arsenal of synthetic organic chemists. Several chemical reagents, heat, and light promote its ring-opening, ring-expansions and rearrangement reactions yielding a wide variety of biologically relevant nitrogen-containing acyclic and heterocyclic compounds. In recent years, the reactivity of differently functionalized β-lactam rings towards diverse kinds of reagents has been investigated. These investigations exploit selective bond cleavage of the β-lactam nucleus via N1-C2, C3- C4, C2-C3 or N1-C4 bond cleavage using simple reagents. The reduction of amide carbonyl group, thionation, and pyrolysis/photolysis have also been explored. These investigations have led to the discovery of many easy synthetic methods for biologically important classes of compounds such as β-amino acids, β-amino esters, amino sugars, amino alcohols, peptides, azetidines, and other heterocyclic compounds. This article discusses the advances made in the studies on the reactivity of β- lactam ring during the last ten years.

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Lang, Erin N., and Shelley A. Claridge. "Cow-to-cow variation in nanocrystal synthesis: learning from technical-grade oleylamine." Nanotechnology 33, no. 8 (December 2, 2021): 082501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac39cb.

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Abstract Many technical-grade reagents, including oleylamine, are broadly used as ligands in nanocrystal synthesis, allowing for cost-effective, and more environmentally friendly, preparation of materials in useful quantities. Impurities can represent 30% or more of these reagent blends, and have frequently emerged as substantial drivers of nanocrystal morphology, assembly, or other physical properties, making it important to understand their composition. Some functional alkyl reagents are derived from natural sources (e.g. often beef tallow, in the case of oleylamine), introducing alkyl chain structures very different than those that might be expected as side products of synthesis from pure feedstocks. Additionally, impurities can exhibit variations based on biological factors (e.g. species, diet, season). In biology, blends of alkyl chains allow for surprisingly sophisticated function of amphiphiles in the cell membrane, pointing to the possibility of similar control in synthetic materials if reagent composition were either better controlled or better understood. Here, we provide brief context on the breadth of roles technical-grade impurities have played in nanocrystal materials, followed by a perspective on oleylamine impurities, their physical properties, and their potential contributions to nanomaterial function.

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Echioda, Samuel, Adepeju Oluwabunmi Ogunieye, Salisu Salisu, Amina Abdulazeez Abdulrasheed, I. Y. Chindo, and A. M. Kolo. "UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Determination of Selected Heavy Metals (Pb, Cr, Cd and As) in Environmental, Water and Biological Samples with Synthesized Glutaraldehyde Phenyl Hydrazone as the Chromogenic Reagent." European Journal of Advanced Chemistry Research 2, no. 3 (July 13, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejchem.2021.2.3.59.

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A simple, sensitive, selective, and non-extractive UV-Vis spectrophotometric method for the determination of cadmium, lead, chromium, and arsenic in biological, soil and water samples using synthesized and characterized phenyl hydrazone; glutaraldehydephenyl hydrazone (GPH) as the chromogenic reagent was developed. GPH was synthesized as new chromogenic analytical reagents for the direct UV-Vis spectrophotometric determination of the selected metals of interest in a slightly acidic pH of 6.5-7.5 and 20 % dimethylformamide (DMF) solution to give stable coloured metal-ligand complexes. The reactions were instantaneous; the wavelengths of maximum absorptions were followed spectrophotometrically and noted. The reagent GPH revealed a wavelength of maximum absorption between 360.0 (Cr) to 395.0 nm for (Pb and As) at a working pH of 6.5 to 7.5 room temperature (37 °C). The reagent GPH had a molar absorptivity (L mol-1 cm-1) ranging from 2.213×104 (Pb) to 2.460×104 (As), a mole ratio of metal to ligand of 2:1, the detection limit (µg/g) ranging from 0.3432 (As) to 0.5250 (Pb) and the metal-ligand complex was stable for 0-48 hours. The reagents had a Beer’s law validity range (mg L-1) of 0.001 to 100. The Sandell’s sensitivities (µg/cm2) ranged from 0000409 (As) to 0.00499 (Pb) for APDH and 0.00406 (As) to 0.00452 (Pb) respectively. Large excess of cations and anions as possible interferences up to 15 folds were studied and do not interfere with the determination of the selected metals of interest. The developed method is highly selective for Cd, Pb, and Cr and As and was successfully used for the determination for the said elements in soil, water, and biological samples. The results of the developed methods were comparable with AAS and were found to be in good agreement. The method had very high precision and very good accuracy.

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Karmawan, Listya Utami, Fenny Martha Dwivany, Rizkita Rachmi Esyanti, and I. Nyoman Pugeg Aryantha. "Pre-treatment and Suitable Reagent Enabled a Reliable and Consistent for Molecular Detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc4)." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 26, no. 4 (December 28, 2019): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.26.4.196.

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Fusarium wilt which is caused by the soil-borne fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc), is one of important diseases in banana plant. Foc tropical race 4 (Foc4) is the most pathogenic race which could infect various banana cultivars including Cavendish cultivar which was previously considered as resistant cultivar. Molecular detection of Foc using PCR analysis is indispensable to determine the race of Foc. We demonstrate a faster DNA isolation procedure described in previous method by substituting sodium acetate precipitation with ammonium acetate precipitation without affecting the result. Based on our experience, some fungal genomes were troublesome to be amplified. We suggested pre-treatment step prior to amplification procedure by incubating fungal DNA in 65°C for 10 minutes for any samples of fungal genome, including stubborn samples, before mixing into PCR mix reagent. PCR reagents should be tested for stubborn samples since some of the reagents were unable to amplify the desired DNA fragment. Pre-treatment and the choice of robust PCR reagent should be taken into consideration for a reliable and consistent Foc4 molecular detection result.

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Lemasova, L. V., G. A. Tkachenko, E. V. Prokhvatilova, L. I. Belitskaya, D. V. Viktorov, and A. V. Toporkov. "ASSESSMENT OF THE POSSIBILITY OF APPLICATION IN LABORATORY PRACTICE OF REAGENT KIT FOR DIAGNOSIS OF GLANDERS AND MELIOIDOSIS BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 64, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2019-64-11-700-704.

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The reagent kit AmpligenBurk-mallei/pseudomallei-RT PCR is designed for detecting in vitro diagnostics and differentiate the DNA of glanders and melioidosis pathogens by real-time multiplex PCR in biological (clinical) material and cultures of microorganisms, as well as environmental objects and solid food products (rice). During clinical testing diagnostic value of reagent kit AmpligenBurk-mallei/pseudomallei-RT PCR has been studied. Based on the results obtained, a high analytical sensitivity (1×103 microbe cells/ml) and specificity (100%) of PCR-RT with the developed reagent kit were established, regardless of the type of material being studied. The diagnostic sensitivity of PCR-RT using a set of reagents was at least 98.0% and specificity at least 99%. The stages of state examination have been completed, a registration certificate has been obtained at Roszdravnadzor, production, sale and use of reagent kit in medical laboratory practice have been permitted.

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Wang, Juan, Ling Fei Fan, and Di Fan. "Experimental Research on the Total Hardness Control over Wastewater Treatment Recycling Process for Pulp and Paper Mill." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 2067–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.2067.

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In this paper, we presented an approach to control on the total hardness over the wastewater treatment recycling process for pulp and paper mill. The main problem, however, is the effects of Ca2+ concentration on the recycling treatment process. The experiments were conducted by using coagulation method with reagents of Ca(OH)2 addition alone and Ca(OH)2 +PAC addition respectively to control on total hardness. The samples were collected from the effluent and the influent of the biological treatment tank respectively of the wastewater treatment plant in a pulp and paper mill. The experimental results identified that the optimum reagent addition position was in the effluent of the biological treatment tank. When addition Ca(OH)2 alone, the optimum Ca(OH)2 addition amount was 2g/L, as a result, 70.1% of total hardness was removed ( from 1088.05mg/L down to 325.16mg/L), pH value was from 7.23 to 8.61, and sludge volume ratio was 9.9%. When addition PAC+ Ca(OH)2 , the optimum Ca(OH)2 addition amount was 1g/L, the optimum PAC addition amount was 300mg/L respectively, as a result, 71% of total hardness was removed( from 1088.05mg/L down to 315.25 mg/L), pH value was from 7.23 to 7.66, and sludge volume ratio was 6.5%. The effluent-quality can meet the National Industrial Wastewater Recycling Standard on the total hardness of 450 mg/L requirement. The reagents of Ca(OH)2 +PAC had many advantages over Ca(OH)2 alone , such as less sludge quantity, high density of sludge, small volume of sludge, and less addition of reagents and so on.

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Klimánková, Iveta, Martin Hubálek, Václav Matoušek, and Petr Beier. "Synthesis of water-soluble hypervalent iodine reagents for fluoroalkylation of biological thiols." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 17, no. 47 (2019): 10097–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ob02115a.

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Porter, Meghan R., Joan M. Walker, and Jeffrey M. Zaleski. "The Outliers: Metal-Mediated Radical Reagents for Biological Substrate Degradation." Accounts of Chemical Research 52, no. 7 (June 25, 2019): 1957–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00185.

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Carr, Christopher E., Holli Rowedder, Cyrus Vafadari, Clarissa S. Lui, Ethan Cascio, Maria T. Zuber, and Gary Ruvkun. "Radiation Resistance of Biological Reagents for In Situ Life Detection." Astrobiology 13, no. 1 (January 2013): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ast.2012.0869.

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Holmila, Reetta, Hanzhi Wu, Xiaofei Chen, Thomas Poole, Chung-Min Park, Leslie B. Poole, Ming Xian, Allen W. Tsang, S. Bruce King, and Cristina M. Furdui. "Selective Reagents for Analysis of Redox Effects in Biological Systems." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 100 (November 2016): S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.054.

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Zaletova, Nina, Sergey Zaletov, and Ivan Bulychev. "Potential of biological phosphorus removal." MATEC Web of Conferences 178 (2018): 09021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817809021.

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The purpose of studies was to assess the potential effectiveness of phosphorus compounds removal from waste water by biological method. Phosphorus removal is very important because of strict standards to phosphate concentration in effluent. But removal of phosphorus by chemical method requires a lot of reagents. Moreover objectives of research were to determine actual efficiency of the biological phosphorus removal. The study shows that under certain technological parameters of biological treatment it is possible to meet strict requirement phosphate removal. This technology can be implemented on existing wastewater treatment plants. The technology of biological phosphorus removal can be combined with the technology of nitrification and denitrification.

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Rana, Bidyut Kumar, Snehasis Mishra, Deblina Sarkar, Tapan Kumar Mondal, Saikat K. Seth, Valerio Bertolasi, Krishna Das Saha, Christopher W. Bielawski, Anvarhusein A. Isab, and Joydev Dinda. "Isoelectronic Pt(ii)– and Au(iii)–N-heterocyclic carbene complexes: a structural and biological comparison." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 13 (2018): 10704–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj01562g.

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Miu, Bogdan Andreii, and Anca Dinischiotu. "Green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their future applications in biomedicine, agriculture and industry." Reviews in Biological and Biomedical Sciences 4, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/rbbs.2021.4.1.1.

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In the green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) chemical reagents are replaced with biological extracts. Conventional methods used in the manufacture of TiO2 NPs raise environmental issues as they use harmful chemicals and spend a high amount of energy. At a laboratory scale, biologically synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (bio-TiO2 NPs) proved to be a suitable alternative to the chemically synthesized ones. The biological activity of NPs is mainly determined by their shape, size and crystalline structure. However, these characteristics are hardly controlled when natural sources of reagents are used and so bio-TiO2 NPs did not reach an advanced technology readiness level. In this paper, we reviewed the majority of the available studies referring to bio-TiO2 NPs. Our aim is to briefly present the efficiency of biochemicals from different living organisms in producing TiO2 nano-scale particles as well as the benefits bio-TiO2 NPs would bring to the biomedical, agricultural and industrial sectors. Finally, based on the available data we discuss the sustainability of bio-TiO2 NPs referring to their possible environmental, economic and societal impacts.

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Vermet, Laurent. "Critical reagents issues & solutions for anti-drug antibody assays." Bioanalysis 13, no. 10 (May 2021): 779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio-2020-0255.

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Background: Anti-Drug Antibody assays (ADA) are developed and constructed with biological and chemical reagents. Capture and detector reagents as well as ADA standard are considered critical for the performance’s characteristics of a bridging assay. Current literature well describes theoretical considerations to manage critical reagents (CR) life cycle management. Nevertheless, those recommendations must be completed by a pragmatic approach which have to be exemplified. Methodology: This article intends to present and describe two study cases of bioanalytical challenge coming from the practical experience of dealing with ADA CR and offers a concrete explanation of how to solve issues. Conclusion: An appropriate management of ADA CR goes through availability anticipation, characterization and by a scientific understanding process of assay and reagents inconsistency.

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Lo, Kenneth Kam-Wing, and Karson Ka-Shun Tso. "Functionalization of cyclometalated iridium(iii) polypyridine complexes for the design of intracellular sensors, organelle-targeting imaging reagents, and metallodrugs." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 2, no. 6 (2015): 510–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5qi00002e.

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Das, Prajwalita, Etsuko Tokunaga, Hidehiko Akiyama, Hiroki Doi, Norimichi Saito, and Norio Shibata. "Synthesis of fluoro-functionalized diaryl-λ3-iodonium salts and their cytotoxicity against human lymphoma U937 cells." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (February 7, 2018): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.24.

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Conscious of the potential bioactivity of fluorine, an investigation was conducted using various fluorine-containing diaryliodonium salts in order to study and compare their biological activity against human lymphoma U937 cells. Most of the compounds tested are well-known reagents for fluoro-functionalized arylation reactions in synthetic organic chemistry, but their biological properties are not fully understood. Herein, after initially investigating 18 fluoro-functionalized reagents, we discovered that the ortho-fluoro-functionalized diaryliodonium salt reagents showed remarkable cytotoxicity in vitro. These results led us to synthesize more compounds, previously unknown sterically demanding diaryliodonium salts having a pentafluorosulfanyl (SF5) functional group at the ortho-position, that is, unsymmetrical ortho-SF5 phenylaryl-λ3-iodonium salts. Newly synthesized mesityl(2-(pentafluoro-λ6-sulfanyl)phenyl)iodonium exhibited the greatest potency in vitro against U937 cells. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of selected phenylaryl-λ3-iodonium salts against AGLCL (a normal human B cell line) was also examined.

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Stankova, Ivanka, Stoyan Schichkov, Kalina Kostova, and Angel Galabov. "New Analogues of Acyclovir – Synthesis and Biological Activity." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 65, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2010): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2010-1-205.

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New acyclovir esters with peptidomimetics were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antiviral activity against the replication of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). The infl uence of peptidomimetics containing oxazole and thiazolyl-thiazole moieties on the antiviral activity is also reported. The esters were synthesized using the coupling reagents N-ethyl-N’-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine (DMAP) as a catalyst.

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Барахнина and V. Barakhnina. "Biodegradation of Acrylic-Based Drilling Reagents." Safety in Technosphere 1, no. 4 (August 25, 2012): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/137.

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As a result of biodegradation studies of the most common drilling acrylic-based reagents in the liquid medium by microorganisms Pseudomonas putida VKM 1742 D, Rhodococcus erythropolis AS 1339 D, Fusarium sp. Number 56 in the form of monocultures and associations in a 1:1:1 ratio revealed a significant biological stability of drilling additives IKSTABL, DK-DRILL A-1, CYPAN compared to GIVPAN-N and LAKRIS-20B. The evaluation of phytotoxicity of drilling additives in studied derivatives showed that the inhibitory effect of polymers decreases with their biodegradation, and the accumulated products are non-phytotoxic.

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Hu, Yanhui, Aram Comjean, Jonathan Rodiger, Yifang Liu, Yue Gao, Verena Chung, Jonathan Zirin, Norbert Perrimon, and Stephanie E. Mohr. "FlyRNAi.org—the database of the Drosophila RNAi screening center and transgenic RNAi project: 2021 update." Nucleic Acids Research 49, no. D1 (October 26, 2020): D908—D915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa936.

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Abstract The FlyRNAi database at the Drosophila RNAi Screening Center and Transgenic RNAi Project (DRSC/TRiP) provides a suite of online resources that facilitate functional genomics studies with a special emphasis on Drosophila melanogaster. Currently, the database provides: gene-centric resources that facilitate ortholog mapping and mining of information about orthologs in common genetic model species; reagent-centric resources that help researchers identify RNAi and CRISPR sgRNA reagents or designs; and data-centric resources that facilitate visualization and mining of transcriptomics data, protein modification data, protein interactions, and more. Here, we discuss updated and new features that help biological and biomedical researchers efficiently identify, visualize, analyze, and integrate information and data for Drosophila and other species. Together, these resources facilitate multiple steps in functional genomics workflows, from building gene and reagent lists to management, analysis, and integration of data.

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Li, Jieming, Yan Liu, Huilan Li, Wei Shi, Xinzhou Bi, Qianqian Qiu, Bo Zhang, Wenlong Huang, and Hai Qian. "pH-Sensitive micelles with mitochondria-targeted and aggregation-induced emission characterization: synthesis, cytotoxicity and biological applications." Biomaterials Science 6, no. 11 (2018): 2998–3008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8bm00889b.

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Boonstra, Eger, Hiroaki Hatano, Tatsuro Goda, Satoshi Uchida, Horacio Cabral, and Yuji Miyahara. "Mechanistic Analyses of Polymer/Lipid-Based Gene Transfection Processes through Membrane Integrity Assay Using Proton Sensing Transistor." Materials Proceedings 4, no. 1 (November 12, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iocn2020-07988.

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Gene delivery is a promising therapeutic approach for a variety of diseases. However, the exact physical mechanisms of transfection agent-mediated gene delivery are yet to be fully understood. The endosomal membrane is a major barrier for efficient transfection, and endosome escape has become known as a crucial step in the delivery of nucleic acids. Previous research revealed distinct reagent-mediated membrane disruption mechanisms: the formation of small pores allowing protons to pass biological membranes and the permeabilization of large molecules such as LDH through amphiphilic translocation. Here, we measure the membrane permeation of protons in cultured cells after exposition to commercial transfection agents at endosomal pH conditions (pH 5.5) using a proton-sensing transistor (ISFET). In addition, we characterize the effect of transfection agents on cytosolic LDH leakage from cultured cells. Comparing the results from both assays at endosomal pH indicates that both types of transfection reagents have pore-forming activity at endosomal pH, while there is no such activity at pH 7.4. The pores formed by polymer-based reagents result in LDH leakage, whereas lipid-based reagents do not. This suggests a mechanistical difference in terms of the size of the pores formed. The effect of this difference on the endosomal escape profile is also investigated with a CLSM-based assay. These data indicate that the ISFET may be used to more accurately assess the endosome escape capabilities of different gene carriers.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Biological reagents'

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