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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Biological wafare

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Academic literature on the topic 'Biological wafare'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Biological wafare"

1

Szymanowska, Urszula, Monika Karaś, and Justyna Bochnak-Niedźwiecka. "Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential and Consumer Acceptance of Wafers Enriched with Freeze-Dried Raspberry Pomace." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 24, 2021): 6807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156807.

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In this study, the effect of the addition of freeze-dried raspberry pomace on the content of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of wafers was investigated. Particular attention was paid to the biological activity of the potentially bioavailable fraction of polyphenols extracted via gastro-intestinal digestion. In the basic recipe for the waffle dough, flour was replaced with freeze-dried raspberry pomace in the amount of 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, and 75%. The content of total phenolic compounds, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins in ethanol and buffer extracts and after in vitro digestion increased with the increase in the addition of pomace. A similar relationship was noted for antioxidant properties: ability to neutralize ABTS—2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and DPPH—1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, iron II chelating ability, and reduction power. The extracts obtained after the simulated digestion showed the highest activities, which confirms that the polyphenols are a potentially bioavailable fraction. Extracts from the fortified wafers effectively inhibited the activity of enzymes involved in the generation of free radicals and induction of inflammation, i.e., xanthine oxidase (XO), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). The lowest IC50 values were determined for extracts after in vitro digestion. The sensory evaluation of the prepared wafers showed that the wafers fortified with 20% pomace achieved optimal scores. Enrichment of confectionery products with waste products from the fruit and vegetable industry can be a good way to increase the proportion of biologically active polyphenols in the diet and brings benefits to the environment.

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Majeed, Bivragh, Wim De Malsche, Lei Zhang, Paolo Fiorini, Deniz Sabuncuoglu Tezcan, and Philippe Soussan. "Silicon Micro-Fabrication Technologies for Micro-Filters." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2010, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 000498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2010-wa5-paper1.

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Silicon micro-fabrication techniques allow for the development of microfluidic systems with very accurate control of size and uniformity of structures. In this paper we report on the silicon fabrication process of micro-filters for versatile application in fluidics systems. Micro-filters are composed of an ordered array of pillars and supply channels. Depending on pillar pitch, they can be used for, e.g., electrophoresis, chromatography and purification of biological mixtures. In this paper we focus on high performance liquid chromatography. The process that we have developed for micropillar fabrication consists of defining first 1μm diameter pillars with an inter-pillar distance of 1μm or less in an oxide hard mask with a DUV stepper, stitching is used to form few cm long patterns across the 200mm wafers. Second, the supply channels are defined with 1× alignment lithography. After definition of supply channels, deep reactive ion etching of silicon is performed with an optimised recipe to etch submicron pillars and supply channels of 100μm wide at the same time. The simultaneous etch of both structures avoids complex lithography steps otherwise necessary to protect the pillars while etching the supply channels or vice versa as would be done conventionally. Wafers are then anodically bonded to 200mm Pyrex wafers in order to seal the channels. Pyrex wafer also allows the use of optical detection system. Feed through holes for accessing the supply channels are etched on the backside of Si wafer. Filter characterization has been performed: a plate height of 1μm was measured and successful separation of 3 coumarin dyes is achieved.

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Folch, A., A. Ayon, O. Hurtado, M. A. Schmidt, and M. Toner. "Molding of Deep Polydimethylsiloxane Microstructures for Microfluidics and Biological Applications." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 121, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2798038.

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Here we demonstrate the microfabrication of deep (>25 μm) polymeric microstructures created by replica-molding polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) from microfabricated Si substrates. The use of PDMS structures in microfluidics and biological applications is discussed. We investigated the feasibility of two methods for the microfabrication of the Si molds: deep plasma etch of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers and photolithographic patterning of a spin-coated photoplastic layer. Although the SOI wafers can be patterned at higher resolution, we found that the inexpensive photoplastic yields similar replication fidelity. The latter is mostly limited by the mechanical stability of the replicated PDMS structures. As an example, we demonstrate the selective delivery of different cell suspensions to specific locations of a tissue culture substrate resulting in micropatterns of attached cells.

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Kim, Hyungjun, Hanmin Jang, Bongjoong Kim, Min Ku Kim, Dae Seung Wie, Heung Soo Lee, Dong Rip Kim, and Chi Hwan Lee. "Flexible elastomer patch with vertical silicon nanoneedles for intracellular and intratissue nanoinjection of biomolecules." Science Advances 4, no. 11 (November 2018): eaau6972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau6972.

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Vertically ordered arrays of silicon nanoneedles (Si NNs), due to their nanoscale dimension and low cytotoxicity, could enable minimally invasive nanoinjection of biomolecules into living biological systems such as cells and tissues. Although production of these Si NNs on a bulk Si wafer has been achieved through standard nanofabrication technology, there exists a large mismatch at the interface between the rigid, flat, and opaque Si wafer and soft, curvilinear, and optically transparent biological systems. Here, we report a unique methodology that is capable of constructing vertically ordered Si NNs on a thin layer of elastomer patch to flexibly and transparently interface with biological systems. The resulting outcome provides important capabilities to form a mechanically elastic interface between Si NNs and biological systems, and simultaneously enables direct imaging of their real-time interactions under the transparent condition. We demonstrate its utility in intracellular, intradermal, and intramuscular nanoinjection of biomolecules into various kinds of biological cells and tissues at their length scales.

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Miki, Hiroko, Atsunobu Isobayashi, Tatsuro Saito, and Yoshiaki Sugizaki. "Ionic Liquids With Wafer-Scalable Graphene Sensors for Biological Detection." IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience 18, no. 2 (April 2019): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnb.2019.2905286.

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Chen, Chong-You, Chang-Ming Wang, Hsiang-Hua Li, Hong-Hseng Chan, and Wei-Ssu Liao. "Wafer-scale bioactive substrate patterning by chemical lift-off lithography." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (January 26, 2018): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.31.

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The creation of bioactive substrates requires an appropriate interface molecular environment control and adequate biological species recognition with minimum nonspecific attachment. Herein, a straightforward approach utilizing chemical lift-off lithography to create a diluted self-assembled monolayer matrix for anchoring diverse biological probes is introduced. The strategy encompasses convenient operation, well-tunable pattern feature and size, large-area fabrication, high resolution and fidelity control, and the ability to functionalize versatile bioarrays. With the interface-contact-induced reaction, a preformed alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer on a Au surface is ruptured and a unique defect-rich diluted matrix is created. This post lift-off region is found to be suitable for insertion of a variety of biological probes, which allows for the creation of different types of bioactive substrates. Depending on the modifications to the experimental conditions, the processes of direct probe insertion, molecular structure change-required recognition, and bulky biological species binding are all accomplished with minimum nonspecific adhesion. Furthermore, multiplexed arrays via the integration of microfluidics are also achieved, which enables diverse applications of as-prepared substrates. By embracing the properties of well-tunable pattern feature dimension and geometry, great local molecular environment control, and wafer-scale fabrication characteristics, this chemical lift-off process has advanced conventional bioactive substrate fabrication into a more convenient route.

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Berlova, E. V., V. A. Zhukova, N. V. Latukhina, and G. A. Pisarenko. "SPECTRAL INVESTIGATIONS OF NANOCOMPOSITES ON THE BASIS OF POROUS SILICON." Vestnik of Samara University. Natural Science Series 19, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7525-2013-19-3-75-84.

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The results of experimental studies of porous silicon nanocomposites with biological materials: powder mineral phase of bone (hydroxyapatite) and biochemical solution identical to the natural tear fluid are presented in the work. Layers of porous silicon have been obtained in the process of electrochemical etching silicon wafers. There have been studies of IR reflection spectra of samples of nanocomposites in the range 4000-550 cm-1 produced.

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Knight, Shannon C., Bret A. Unger, and Kurt W. Kolasinski. "Crystallographically Defined Silicon Macropore Membranes." Open Material Sciences 4, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/oms-2018-0004.

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Abstract Laser ablation with nanosecond-pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation combined with anisotropic alkaline etching of Si wafers creates 4-20 μm macropores that extend all the way through the wafer. The walls of these macropores are crystallographically defined by the interaction of the anisotropy of the etchant with the orientation of the single-crystal silicon substrate: rectangular/octagonal on Si(001), parallelepiped on Si(110), triangular/hexagonal on Si(111). Laser ablation can create pillars with peak-tovalley heights of over 100 μm. However, with nanosecondpulsed irradiation at 532 nm, the majority of this height is created by growth above the original plane of the substrate whereas for 355 nm irradiation, the majority of the height is located below the initial plane of the substrate. Repeated cycles of ablation and alkaline etching are required for membrane formation. Therefore, irradiating with 355 nm maintained better the crystallographically defined nature of the through-pores whereas irradiation at 532 nm led to more significant pore merging and less regularity in the macropore shapes. Texturing of the substrates with alkaline-etching induced pyramids or near-field modulation of the laser intensity by diffraction off of a grid or grating is used to modulate the growth of ablation pillars and the resulting macropores. Texturing causes the macropores to be more uniform and significantly improves the yield of macropores. The size range of these macropores may make them useful in single-cell biological studies.

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Dekeyser, C. M., C. C. Buron, S. R. Derclaye, A. M. Jonas, J. Marchand-Brynaert, and P. G. Rouxhet. "Degradation of bare and silanized silicon wafer surfaces by constituents of biological fluids." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 378, no. 1 (July 2012): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2012.04.022.

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Song, Enming, Chia-Han Chiang, Rui Li, Xin Jin, Jianing Zhao, Mackenna Hill, Yu Xia, et al. "Flexible electronic/optoelectronic microsystems with scalable designs for chronic biointegration." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 31 (July 15, 2019): 15398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907697116.

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Flexible biocompatible electronic systems that leverage key materials and manufacturing techniques associated with the consumer electronics industry have potential for broad applications in biomedicine and biological research. This study reports scalable approaches to technologies of this type, where thin microscale device components integrate onto flexible polymer substrates in interconnected arrays to provide multimodal, high performance operational capabilities as intimately coupled biointerfaces. Specificially, the material options and engineering schemes summarized here serve as foundations for diverse, heterogeneously integrated systems. Scaled examples incorporate >32,000 silicon microdie and inorganic microscale light-emitting diodes derived from wafer sources distributed at variable pitch spacings and fill factors across large areas on polymer films, at full organ-scale dimensions such as human brain, over ∼150 cm2. In vitro studies and accelerated testing in simulated biofluids, together with theoretical simulations of underlying processes, yield quantitative insights into the key materials aspects. The results suggest an ability of these systems to operate in a biologically safe, stable fashion with projected lifetimes of several decades without leakage currents or reductions in performance. The versatility of these combined concepts suggests applicability to many classes of biointegrated semiconductor devices.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biological wafare"

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Hunger, Iris. "Biowaffenkontrolle in einer multipolaren Welt : zur Funktion von Vertrauen in internationalen Beziehungen /." Frankfurt am Main : Campus, 2005. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015362409&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Books on the topic "Biological wafare"

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Sheng wu wu qi de yi xue fang hu. Shanghai: Shanghai ke xue ji shu chu ban she, 1985.

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2

This must be the place: How the U.S. waged germ wafare in the Korean War and denied it ever since. Seattle]: Bennett & Hastings Publishing, 2012.

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3

Kosal, Margaret E. Nanotechnology for chemical and biological defense. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009.

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4

Susan, Wright. Preventing a biological arms race. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990.

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5

Kellman, Barry. Bioviolence: Preventing biological terror and crime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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6

Judith, Miller. Germs: America's secret war against biological weapons. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.

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Judith, Miller. Germs: Biological weapons and America's secret war. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.

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Judith, Miller. Germs: Biological weapons and America's secret war. Waterville, ME: G.K. Hall, 2002.

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9

Ken, Alibek, ed. Biological and chemical terrorism: A guide for healthcare providers and first responders. New York: Thieme, 2003.

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Bryden, John. Deadly allies: Canada's secret war, 1937-1947. Toronto, Ont: McClelland & Stewart, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Biological wafare"

1

Furuno, Taiji, Ayano Sato, and Hiroyuki Sasabe. "Scanning Electron Microscopy of Protein Monolayers on a Silicon Wafer." In Synthetic Microstructures in Biological Research, 121–29. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1630-3_10.

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2

Karakaya-Stump, Ayfer. "The Forgotten Forefathers: Wafaʾi Dervishes in Medieval Anatolia." In The Kizilbash-Alevis in Ottoman Anatolia, 89–144. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474432689.003.0003.

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Using Alevi documents and Seljuk and Ottoman-era archival sources, chapter 2 tracks the various Sufi figures and sayyidfamilies who are purported to be spiritual and/or biological descendants of Abu’l-Wafaʾ and who thrived in Anatolia from the late twelfth century or early thirteenth until the mid-sixteenth century. It shows how, from the second half of the fifteenth century onward, most Wafaʾi offshoots in eastern Anatolia came to be assimilated under the common flag of Kizilbashism, gradually losing their group identities and order structures as they evolved into components of the Kizilbash/Alevi ocaksystem. This chapter also argues that the erosion of the Wafaʾi memory, to some extent a natural corollary of the incorporation of the Wafaʾi affiliates into the Safavid-led Kizilbash movement, also involved the conflation and blending of the Wafaʾi legacy with that of the Bektashi tradition as it was configured in the Bektashi hagiographic and oral tradition compiled at about the turn of the sixteenth century.

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Saito, Ken, Minami Takato, Yoshifumi Sekine, and Fumio Uchikoba. "MEMS Microrobot with Pulse-Type Hardware Neural Networks Integrated Circuit." In Advances in Computational Intelligence and Robotics, 18–35. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7387-8.ch002.

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Hexapod locomotive Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) microrobot with Pulse-type Hardware Neural Networks (P-HNN) locomotion controlling system is presented in this chapter. MEMS microrobot is less than 5 mm width, length, and height in size. MEMS microrobot is made from a silicon wafer fabricated by micro fabrication technology to realize the small size mechanical components. The mechanical components of MEMS microrobot consists of body frames, legs, link mechanisms, and small size actuators. In addition, MEMS microrobot has a biologically inspired locomotion controlling system, which is the small size electrical components realized by P-HNN. P-HNN generates the driving pulses for actuators of the MEMS microrobot using pulse waveform such as biological neural networks. The MEMS microrobot emulates the locomotion method and the neural networks of an insect with small size actuator, link mechanisms, and P-HNN. As a result, MEMS microrobot performs hexapod locomotion using the driving pulses generated by P-HNN.

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Saito, Ken, Minami Takato, Yoshifumi Sekine, and Fumio Uchikoba. "Silicon Micro-Robot With Neural Networks." In Rapid Automation, 979–90. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8060-7.ch045.

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Insect type 4.0, 2.7, 2.5 mm. width, length, height size silicon micro-robot system with active hardware neural networks locomotion controlling system is presented in this chapter. The micro-robot system was made from a silicon wafer fabricated by Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology. The mechanical system of the robot equipped with millimeter-size rotary type actuators, link mechanisms, and six legs to realize the insect-like switching behavior. In addition, the authors constructed the active hardware neural networks by analog CMOS circuits as a locomotion controlling system. Hardware neural networks consisted of pulse-type hardware neuron models as basic components. Pulse-type hardware neuron model has same basic features of biological neurons such as threshold, refractory period, spatio-temporal summation characteristics, and enables the generation of continuous action potentials. The hardware neural networks output the driving pulses using synchronization phenomena such as biological neural networks. Four output signal ports are extracted from hardware neural networks, and they are connected to the actuators. The driving pulses can operate the actuators of silicon micro-robot directly. Therefore, the hardware neural networks realize the robot control without using any software programs or A/D converters. The micro-robot emulates the locomotion method and the neural networks of an insect with rotary type actuators, link mechanisms, and hardware neural networks. The micro-robot performs forward and backward locomotion, and also changes direction by inputting an external trigger pulse. The locomotion speed was 26.4 mm/min when the step width was 0.88 mm.

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Saito, Ken, Minami Takato, Yoshifumi Sekine, and Fumio Uchikoba. "Silicon Micro-Robot with Neural Networks." In Engineering Creative Design in Robotics and Mechatronics, 1–10. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4225-6.ch001.

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Insect type 4.0, 2.7, 2.5 mm. width, length, height size silicon micro-robot system with active hardware neural networks locomotion controlling system is presented in this chapter. The micro-robot system was made from a silicon wafer fabricated by Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology. The mechanical system of the robot equipped with millimeter-size rotary type actuators, link mechanisms, and six legs to realize the insect-like switching behavior. In addition, the authors constructed the active hardware neural networks by analog CMOS circuits as a locomotion controlling system. Hardware neural networks consisted of pulse-type hardware neuron models as basic components. Pulse-type hardware neuron model has same basic features of biological neurons such as threshold, refractory period, spatio-temporal summation characteristics, and enables the generation of continuous action potentials. The hardware neural networks output the driving pulses using synchronization phenomena such as biological neural networks. Four output signal ports are extracted from hardware neural networks, and they are connected to the actuators. The driving pulses can operate the actuators of silicon micro-robot directly. Therefore, the hardware neural networks realize the robot control without using any software programs or A/D converters. The micro-robot emulates the locomotion method and the neural networks of an insect with rotary type actuators, link mechanisms, and hardware neural networks. The micro-robot performs forward and backward locomotion, and also changes direction by inputting an external trigger pulse. The locomotion speed was 26.4 mm/min when the step width was 0.88 mm.

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Conference papers on the topic "Biological wafare"

1

Simon, Mathieu, Bernard Masserey, Jean-Luc Robyr, and Paul Fromme. "High frequency guided wave defect imaging in monocrystalline silicon wafers." In Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems XIII, edited by Paul Fromme and Zhongqing Su. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2513675.

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Fromme, Paul, Bernard Masserey, Jean-Luc Robyr, and Michael Lauper. "Silicon wafer defect detection using high frequency guided waves." In Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems XII, edited by Tribikram Kundu. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2294523.

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Liu, Peipei, Kiyoon Yi, and Hoon Sohn. "Coating thickness estimation in silicon wafer using ultrafast ultrasonic measurement." In Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems IX, edited by Paul Fromme and Zhongqing Su. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2558380.

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Pandya, Hardik J., Hyun Tae Kim, and Jaydev P. Desai. "A Microscale Piezoresistive Force Sensor for Nanoindentation of Biological Cells and Tissues." In ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2013-3994.

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We present the design and fabrication of a Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems based piezoresistive cantilever force sensor as a potential candidate for micro/nano indentation of biological specimens such as cells and tissues. The fabricated force sensor consists of a silicon cantilever beam with a p-type piezoresistor and a cylindrical probing tip made from SU-8 polymer. One of the key features of the sensor is that a standard silicon wafer is used to make silicon-on-insulator (SOI), thereby reducing the cost of fabrication. To make SOI from standard silicon wafer the silicon film was sputtered on an oxidized silicon wafer and annealed at 1050 °C so as to obtain polycrystalline silicon. The sputtered silicon layer was used to fabricate the cantilever beam. The as-deposited and annealed silicon films were experimentally characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The annealed silicon film was polycrystalline with a low surface roughness of 3.134 nm (RMS value).

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Tian, Yiran, Yanfeng Shen, and Zhaofei Shang. "An omnidirectional shear horizontal wave transducer based on thickness-mode (d33) piezoelectric wafer active sensors." In Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems XV, edited by Paul Fromme and Zhongqing Su. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2582291.

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Fieres, Johannes, Johannes Schemmel, and Karlheinz Meier. "Realizing biological spiking network models in a configurable wafer-scale hardware system." In 2008 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2008 - Hong Kong). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2008.4633916.

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Lubner, Sean D., Jeunghwan Choi, Yasuhiro Hasegawa, Anthony Fong, John C. Bischof, and Chris Dames. "Measurements of the Thermal Conductivity of Sub-Millimeter Biological Tissues." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89706.

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Accurate knowledge of the thermal conductivities of biological tissues is important for thermal bioengineering, including applications in cryopreservation, cryosurgery, and other thermal therapies. The thermal conductivity of biomaterials is traditionally measured with macroscale techniques such as the steady longitudinal heat flow method or embedded thermistor method. These techniques typically require relatively large, centimeter-scale samples, limiting their applicability to finer biological structures. They are also vulnerable to errors caused by thermal contact resistances and parasitic heat losses. In contrast, the thermal conductivity of inorganic solids such as semiconductor wafers and thin films is commonly measured using the “3 omega method” [1–3]. This frequency domain technique is robust against thermal contact resistances and parasitic heat losses. It routinely has sub-millimeter spatial resolution, with theoretical limits down to tens of microns. Here we adapt the 3 omega method for measurements of biological tissues. Thermal conductivity measurements are made on both frozen and un-frozen samples including agar gel, water, and mouse liver, including samples with sub-millimeter thicknesses. The measurement results compare favorably with literature values and span the range from around 0.5 to 2.5 W/m-K. This study demonstrates the promise that this technique holds for thermal measurements of bulk tissues as well as fine sub-millimeter samples.

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Dhawan, Anuj, Yan Du, Hsinneng Wang, Donovon Leonard, Veena Misra, Mehmet Ozturk, Michael Gerhold, and Tuan Vo-Dinh. "Development of plasmonics-active SERS substrates on a wafer scale for chemical and biological sensing applications." In 2008 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iedm.2008.4796732.

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Mosleh, Mohsen, and Vijay T. John. "A Means of Generating Polyethylene Wear Particles With Desired Size and Shape for Biological Studies of Osteolysis." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58240.

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Metallic and ceramic counterfaces with artificial surface textures were rubbed against ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) pins in water-lubricated wear tests and the characteristics of wear debris were studied. Two types of surface textures were utilized. In the first type, an array of wedge shaped features was created on silicon wafers by microfabrication. It was found that the mean size of UHMWPE wear particles strongly depended on the length of the cutting edge of the wedge. For instance, for wedges with a cutting edge length of 55 μm, 15 μm, and 7 μm, it was found that more than 75% of wear particles had a mean length of 30–60 μm, 6–15 μm, and 4–10 μm, respectively. In the second type of textured surfaces, unidirectional patterns were created on the stainless steel discs. These unidirectional patterns consisted of long, parallel edges and grooves and were created by abrading the discs by different grits of sand papers. The length of the majority of unidirectional edges was found to be approximately equal to the dominant size of elongated wear debris. The narrowly distributed wear debris produced in this investigation can be used in the biological study of the effects of size and shape of UHMWPE wear particles in total joint replacements on osteolysis.

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Ang, X. F., A. T. Lin, J. Li, J. Wei, Z. Chen, and C. C. Wong. "Stability of Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold for MEMS/NEMS Applications." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66908.

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Stability of self-assembled monolayers on gold under various environmental conditions is a crucial component in many biological, chemical and mechanical surface-functionalizations. In this study, we investigate the effects of relative humidity, ambient conditions (air, nitrogen-purged) and temperature on the structural stability of alkanethiols on gold at different chain length using contact angle measurements and time-of-flight secondary ions mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS). The ability of self-assembled monolayers functioning under these conditions is critical in protecting gold metal surfaces especially, from surface contamination. This in turn, affects the bonding conditions required in wafer level bonding process which is a key fabrication step in microelectromechanical (MEMs) and nanoelectromechanical (NEMs) systems. Such findings are particularly important in bioMEMs or bioNEMs since gold is one of the most common microfabrication material used in MEMs drug delivery devices due to its superior biocompatibility and reduced biofouling.

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