Journal articles: 'Biological Warfare Agents [MESH]'

1

Thavaselvam, Duraipandian, and Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan. "Biological warfare agents." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 2, no. 3 (2010): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.68499.

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Kamboj, Dev Vrat, Ajay Kumar Goel, and Lokendra Singh. "Biological Warfare Agents." Defence Science Journal 56, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.56.1915.

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Spencer, R. C., and M. H. Wilcox. "Agents of biological warfare." Reviews in Medical Microbiology 4, no. 3 (July 1993): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00013542-199307000-00003.

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Song, Linan, Soohyoun Ahn, and David R. Walt. "Detecting Biological Warfare Agents." Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, no. 10 (October 2005): 1629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1110.050269.

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Vogel, LTC Peter. "The Agents of Biological Warfare." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 5 (August 6, 1997): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550050102044.

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Vogel, P. "The agents of biological warfare." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 5 (August 6, 1997): 438–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.278.5.438.

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Tokuda, Y. "Physicians and Biological Warfare Agents." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 279, no. 4 (January 28, 1998): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.4.273.

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Cieslak, T. J., G. W. Christopher, M. G. Kortepeter, J. R. Rowe, J. A. Pavlin, R. C. Culpepper, and E. M. Eitzen. "Immunization against Potential Biological Warfare Agents." Clinical Infectious Diseases 30, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/313812.

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Yuen, ECP. "Biological Warfare: The Facts." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 8, no. 4 (October 2001): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790100800408.

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Recent international situation has brought our attention back to the imminent threat of biological weapon. Contrary to other weapons of mass destruction, biological warfare is relatively silent and invisible. This review will examine the history and characteristic of biological warfare. Several biological agents like Anthrax, Plaque, Smallpox, Tularemia and Viral Haemorrhagic Fever will be discussed in details.

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Szinicz, L. "History of chemical and biological warfare agents." Toxicology 214, no. 3 (October 2005): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2005.06.011.

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BROUSSARD, LARRY A. "Biological Agents: Weapons of Warfare and Bioterrorism." Molecular Diagnosis 6, no. 4 (2001): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00066982-200106040-00013.

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Brooks, Tim. "Medical Counter-measures against Biological Warfare Agents." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, S1 (March 2003): S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00057708.

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EMBER, LOIS. "Foam rapidly degrades chemical/biological warfare agents." Chemical & Engineering News 77, no. 10 (March 8, 1999): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v077n010.p010a.

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Borak, Jonathan. "Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 50, no. 10 (October 2008): 1203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0b013e318188e245.

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Broussard, L. "Biological agents: Weapons of warfare and bioterrorism." Molecular Diagnosis 6, no. 4 (December 2001): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/modi.2001.29155.

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SETO, Yasuo. "Decontamination of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents." YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 129, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.129.53.

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17

Shoham, Dany. "Iraq's Biological Warfare Agents: A Comprehensive Analysis." Critical Reviews in Microbiology 26, no. 3 (January 2000): 179–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408410008984176.

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18

Nettleman, Mary D. "Biological Warfare and Infection Control." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 12, no. 6 (June 1991): 368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646358.

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Though biological weapons were outlawed in 1925 by the Geneva Convention and though research, development, and stockpiling of such weapons were forbidden by the Biological Weapons Convention in 1972, the threat of biological warfare has not been eradicated. A wide variety of agents have been considered as possible weapons. In addition to their devastating effect on the battlefield, some have potential for nosocomial spread in US hospitals that care for victims of biological warfare. The following is a brief review of the history of germ warfare, a description of selected agents under consideration, and a discussion of the potential impact of biological weapons on hospital infection control.Biological warfare has been attempted many times in past centuries and is not a concept unique to the war in the Persian Gulf. Poisoning wells by throwing dead bodies into them was not uncommon in the Middle Ages. During the 14th century conflict in Crimea, plague victims were catapulted into the besieged city of Kaffa by the Tartar army. Whether aided by this or not, plague soon broke out and the city surrendered. Escaping citizens and returning soldiers soon spread the disease to much of Europe. In another example, blankets from smallpox victims were considered as potential weapons against American Indians by British colonial commanders in the 18th century. More recently, Japan purportedly investigated biological weapons to spread plague, cholera, yellow fever, and anthrax during World War II. Attempts in earlier centuries usually were unsuccessful due to the lack of knowledge about disease vectors and etiological agents. Only with the advent of modern microbiological techniques has intentional biological warfare been possible on an organized and vast scale.

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Burrows, W. D., and S. E. Renner. "Biological warfare agents as threats to potable water." Environmental Health Perspectives 107, no. 12 (December 1999): 975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.99107975.

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Campbell, James, Stephen Francesconi, Jennifer Boyd, Lisa Worth, and Timothy Moshier. "Environmental Air Sampling to Detect Biological Warfare Agents." Military Medicine 164, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 541–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/164.8.541.

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21

Shah, Jasmin, and Ebtisam Wilkins. "Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Biological Warfare Agents." Electroanalysis 15, no. 3 (March 2003): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.200390019.

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22

Prasad, G., Beer Singh, and R. Vijayaraghavan. "Respiratory Protection Against Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents." Defence Science Journal 58, no. 5 (September 24, 2008): 686–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.58.1692.

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23

Goel, A. K. "Looming Threat of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents." Defence Science Journal 66, no. 5 (September 30, 2016): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.66.10705.

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<p><br />In the recent past, a dramatic shift has been observed in the strategies of warfare from conventional to non-conventional. Now-a-days, traditional power is of less importance than it used to be earlier. Weapons of mass destruction, which comprise of nuclear weapons, and chemical and biological warfare agents, are posing a great peril to the world due to their devastating potential. Though, there are several bilateral as well as multilateral treaties to control the use and proliferation of these weapons, yet the risk of use of such agents by non-state actors cannot be overlooked. Chances of use of chemical and biological agents are more likely than the nuclear weapons. A comparison of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons in terms of technology, cost, signature, effectiveness on protected and un-protected troops shows that chemical and biological weapon programmes require much lower level of technology and cost than the nuclear weapon programme. Further, there is no or least distinctive and readily observable signature in biological weapon programme in comparison to nuclear and chemical weapon facilities. There can be two possibilities of use of these agents in terrorist attacks. First, there is a risk of transfer of material or know-how of these weapons to terrorists for using against the adversaries and second, the risk of these agents being pilfered due to poor security, thereby sabotaging the national security. The International Committee of Red Cross in February 1918 reckoned these agents as ‘barbarous inventions’ that can ‘only be called criminal’.</p>

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24

Carter, David L. "Review ofHandbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents." Journal of Forensic Sciences 45, no. 5 (September 1, 2000): 14853J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs14853j.

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Dashek, W. V., J. E. Mayfield, G. C. Llewellyn, C. E. O'Rear, and A. Bata. "Trichothecenes and yellow rain: Possible biological warfare agents." BioEssays 4, no. 1 (January 1986): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.950040108.

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26

Moquin, Ross R., and Mary E. Moquin. "Weapons of mass destruction: biological." Neurosurgical Focus 12, no. 3 (March 2002): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2002.12.3.3.

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Humans are susceptible to microbial infections from many sources. Biological warfare is the use of microbial forms of life to diminish the capabilities, disrupt the organization, and terrorize the noncombatant population of an adversary. This form of warfare has been used throughout history and has gained renewed interest with the current use of asymmetrical warfare. The civilized world has condemned its use by the implementation of treaties specifically against it. This is a brief review of some of the more easily used biological agents such as anthrax, plague, tularemia, Q fever, and smallpox. Each agent's biology, infectious route, and disease course will be discussed. Possible delivery systems and signs of outbreak will also be reviewed. There are few real neurosurgery-related implications in biological warfare. Neurosurgeons, as members and leaders of the healthcare community, must have the ability to recognize and initiate treatment when biological agents have been deployed. If there is widespread use of these inhumane agents, the neurosurgical community will not be able to practice the surgical art for which we have trained. New knowledge must be acquired so that we can best serve our patients and communities during times of extreme need.

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27

Pohanka, Miroslav. "Current Trends in the Biosensors for Biological Warfare Agents Assay." Materials 12, no. 14 (July 18, 2019): 2303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142303.

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Biosensors are analytical devices combining a physical sensor with a part of biological origin providing sensitivity and selectivity toward analyte. Biological warfare agents are infectious microorganisms or toxins with the capability to harm or kill humans. They can be produced and spread by a military or misused by a terrorist group. For example, Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Brucella sp., Yersinia pestis, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, botulinum toxin and orthopoxviruses are typical biological warfare agents. Biosensors for biological warfare agents serve as simple but reliable analytical tools for the both field and laboratory assay. There are examples of commercially available biosensors, but research and development of new types continue and their application in praxis can be expected in the future. This review summarizes the facts and role of biosensors in the biological warfare agents’ assay, and shows current commercially available devices and trends in research of the news. Survey of actual literature is provided.

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28

Greenwood, Darryl P., Thomas H. Jeys, Bernadette Johnson, Jonathan M. Richardson, and Michael P. Shatz. "Optical Techniques for Detecting and Identifying Biological-Warfare Agents." Proceedings of the IEEE 97, no. 6 (June 2009): 971–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2009.2013564.

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29

Russell, Alan J., Jason A. Berberich, Géraldine F. Drevon, and Richard R. Koepsel. "Biomaterials for Mediation of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents." Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5, no. 1 (August 2003): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.121202.125602.

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30

Kumar, Deepak, Ramesh C. Sharma, and Anil K. Maini. "Standoff Laser-Induced Fluorescence Sensors for Biological Warfare Agents." Spectroscopy Letters 46, no. 2 (February 2013): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00387010.2012.702183.

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31

Gibson, T. M. "Duty of Care in Immunisation Against Biological Warfare Agents." Medical Law International 5, no. 3 (March 2002): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096853320200500303.

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32

Kumar, Om, Yamini Singh, V. Rao, and R. Vijayaraghavan. "Carbon Nanotubes: Detection of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents." Defence Science Journal 58, no. 5 (September 24, 2008): 617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.58.1684.

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33

Veerabuthiran, S., and A. Razdan. "LIDAR for Detection of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents." Defence Science Journal 61, no. 3 (April 27, 2011): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.61.556.

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34

Nulens, E., and A. Voss. "Laboratory diagnosis and biosafety issues of biological warfare agents." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 8, no. 8 (August 2002): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00528.x.

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35

FRANZ, DAVID R. "Foreign Animal Disease Agents as Weapons in Biological Warfare." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894, no. 1 FOOD AND AGRI (December 1999): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08051.x.

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36

SETO, Yasuo. "On-site Detection Method for Biological and Chemical Warfare Agents." Bunseki kagaku 55, no. 12 (2006): 891–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.55.891.

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37

Lai, Wilson, Henry Lai, Spencer P. Kuo, Olga Tarasenko, and Kalle Levon. "Decontamination of biological warfare agents by a microwave plasma torch." Physics of Plasmas 12, no. 2 (February 2005): 023501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1843131.

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38

Carus, W. Seth, and Noreen A. Hynes. "Prioritizing the Defense Department's Response to Biological Warfare Threat Agents." Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 12, no. 6 (December 2014): 370–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2014.0054.

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39

Sadik, Omowunmi A, Walker H Land, and Joseph Wang. "Targeting Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents at the Molecular Level." Electroanalysis 15, no. 14 (August 2003): 1149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.200390140.

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40

Stephenson, Joan. "Pentagon-Funded Research Takes Aim at Agents of Biological Warfare." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 5 (August 6, 1997): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550050033009.

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41

Stephenson, J. "Pentagon-funded research takes aim at agents of biological warfare." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 5 (August 6, 1997): 373–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.278.5.373.

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42

Raber, Ellen, and Raymond McGuire. "Oxidative decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents using L-Gel." Journal of Hazardous Materials 93, no. 3 (August 2002): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(02)00051-1.

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43

Titball, Richard W., and Graham S. Pearson. "BWC Verification Measures: Technologies for the Identification of Biological Warfare Agents." Politics and the Life Sciences 12, no. 2 (August 1993): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400024199.

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The future effectiveness of the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) will be dependent largely on the introduction of an effective verification system. If such a system is to be effective, it will need to be underpinned by the expertise and reagents that have already been used to produce battlefield detectors for biological warfare (BW) agents. Samples for analysis could range from those taken from a fermenter vessel to samples taken from the environment surrounding the suspect facility. The analysis of such samples could be carried out in the field or at specialist laboratories. Specialist laboratories would offer a wider range of tests and a higher degree of test sensitivity; however, the problem of sample transport to the laboratory will need to be addressed. In the longer term, improved fieldable verification equipment could be developed.

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44

Franz, David R., Peter B. Jahrling, David J. McClain, David L. Hoover, W. Russell Byrne, Julie A. Pavlin, George W. Christopher, Theodore J. Cieslak, Arthur M. Friedlander, and Edward M. Eitzen. "Clinical Recognition and Management of Patients Exposed to Biological Warfare Agents." Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 21, no. 3 (September 2001): 435–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-2712(18)30018-0.

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45

EDELSTEIN, R. "The BARC biosensor applied to the detection of biological warfare agents." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 14, no. 10-11 (January 2000): 805–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-5663(99)00054-8.

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46

Franz, David R. "Clinical Recognition and Management of Patients Exposed to Biological Warfare Agents." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 5 (August 6, 1997): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550050061035.

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47

Franz, D. R. "Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 5 (August 6, 1997): 399–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.278.5.399.

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48

Wagner, Jarrad R. "Review of: Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition." Journal of Forensic Sciences 53, no. 6 (October 27, 2008): 1486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00887.x.

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49

Pal, Vijai, M. K. Sharma, S. K. Sharma, and A. K. Goel. "Biological Warfare Agents and their Detection and Monitoring Techniques (Review Paper)." Defence Science Journal 66, no. 5 (September 30, 2016): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.66.10704.

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Recently, threat from biological warfare agents (BWAs) has emerged as the foremost national and global security challenge because of their simple and cheap production, easy dispersal, complicated detection, expensive protection and psychological, economical and social impact. Early detection and identification of BWAs during intentional biological event is essential to initiate corrective emergency responses for management of such incidents. Efforts are being made across the globe for development of state of the art technologies and systems for detection and identification of BWAs. However, till date there is no single system which can detect all the biothreat agents. In the present review, we describe the currently available techniques and systems for detection and identification of these agents. The basic identification techniques including biological culture, immunological methods, nucleic acid based detection, MALDI-TOF MS, cellular fatty acid profiling and flow cytometry based detection are presented. Detection of BWAs with biosensors, surface plasmon resonance, biological detectors, and stand-off detection systems is also summarized. However, despite of availability of several techniques and tools, no full proof system is available for detection/identification of all the BWAs.

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50

WATSON, SHARON A. "The Changing Biological Warfare Threat: Anti-Crop and Anti-Animal Agents." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894, no. 1 FOOD AND AGRI (December 1999): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08059.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Biological Warfare Agents [MESH]'

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