Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biologie. Biophysique'
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Da, Silva Figueiredo Celestino Priscila. "Étude des mécanismes oncogéniques d'activation et de résistance des récepteurs tyrosine kinase de type III." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DENS0026/document.
Full textThe receptors tyrosine kinase (RTKs) CSF-1R and KIT are important mediators of signal transduction. Their normal function is altered by gain-of-function mutations associated with cancer diseases. A secondary effect of the mutations is the alteration of receptors’ sensitivity imatinib, employed in cancer treatment. Our goals in this thesis consist of (i) study the structural and dynamical effects induced by the D802V mutation in CSF-1R; (ii) characterize imatinib’s affinity to the wild-type (WT) and mutant forms of KIT (V560G, S628N and D816V) and CSF-1R (D802V). By means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we have shown that the D802V mutation disrupts the allosteric communication between the activation loop and the auto-inhibitory juxtamembrane (JMR) domain. However, this rupture is not sufficient to induce the JMR’s departure. The subtle effect of this mutation in CSF-1R was associated with differences in the primary sequence between CSF-1R and KIT in the JMR region. The affinity of imatinib to the different targets was estimated by docking, DM and binding energy calculations. The electrostatic interactions showed to be the main force driving the resistance, with mutations D802/816V being the most deleterious in energy contribution. As a general conclusion, we have established that the D802V mutation in CSF-1R does not provoke the same structural effects as its equivalent in KIT. In addition, the study of both receptors in their WT and mutant forms complexed with imatinib indicate that the conformational changes induced by the mutations allied to the electrostatic interactions with the ligand could explain the resistance phenomena
Debouzy, Jean-Claude. "Étude par RMN des interactions drogues-membranes : application aux molécules d'ajoène, d'amphotéricine B et aux glucosyl phospholipides de nucléotides." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066584.
Full textParent, Benjamin. "Algorithmes d'optimisation et d'analyse des problèmes multidimensionnels non-linéaires en biologie et biophysique." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00196740.
Full textPour cela, nous avons abordé le problème via deux aspects : le premier concerne la modélisation des interactions moléculaires en vue de prédire les modes de fixation et les affinités entre molécules. Puisque ces estimations nécessitent de considérer la flexibilité des acteurs, nous avons abordé, en premier lieu, la prédiction des conformations moléculaires qui reste un challenge majeur, caractérisé par ses aspects multimodal et de grandes dimensions. Nous avons alors développé une suite d'heuristiques autour d'un algorithme génétique central. Les paramètres de contrôle et les stratégies d'hybridation sont pilotés par un méta-algorithme permettant d'optimiser la recherche. En outre, des stratégies innovantes de parallélisation sur grilles d'ordinateurs ont été validées afin de réduire les temps de calculs. Enfin, pour entreprendre l'étude des conformations de plusieurs molécules, nous avons développé des algorithmes de criblage rapides basés sur la comparaison d'indices topologiques.
Nous avons également étudié un autre aspect en modélisant formellement certains graphes d'interactions, ceci à une toute autre échelle : celle des concentrations des molécules. Nous avons alors mis en évidence l'impact des modes d'interactions moléculaires sur la dynamique globale.
Benzina, Ouafa. "Etude biophysique de la régénération de neurones périphériques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20001/document.
Full textPeripheral nerve injuries lead to paralysis, anesthesia and lack of autonomic control of the affected body areas. The trauma results in loss of motor and sensory functions conveyed by the involved nerves. This process is referred to as Wallerian degeneration; it creates a microenviroment in the injury site that favors neurites regrowth. The increased intrinsic growth capacity of injured peripheral neurons is manifested experimentally by the conditioning lesion paradigm. Axotomy of a peripheral neuron previous to the test lesion, ‘‘primes'' the neuron, switches it on to a regenerative state and, thus, it will regenerate faster after receiving the second injury. Mechanical interactions play a key role in many processes associated with neuronal growth and development. Membrane cytoskeleton elasticity is a determining parameter of membrane mechanical properties and provides important information toward the health and function of the cell. For this reason the first objective of this thesis was to understand the conditioning injury effects on both morphology and rheological properties of live sensory neurons cell bodies and growth cones, using particularly the atomic force microscopy, and to correlate this to eventual modifications in the composition of the cytoskeletal proteins. In addition to the role of cell elastic properties and mechanical sensing in the regeneration process, the structural organization of tissues plays a major part in deciding the degree and direction of tissue growth and cell movement. The ability to guide cells and their outgrowth by modifying surfaces is possible with the microcontact printing technique which enables the design of protein pathways with experimentally defined geometries. Therefore, the second objective of the thesis was to modulate the regenerative growth of dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons and spinal motoneurons using cell adhesion proteins in order to physically mimic the in vivo longitudinal axonal growth. We used the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, ideal biomolecules for printing as they can guide in vitro the cellular adhesion, differentiation, migration. The patterning allowed us to normalize neurite elongation and electrical activity of sensory neurons before and after conditioning lesion
Caillon, Lucie. "Etude biophysique de peptides amyloïdes en présence de membranes : caractérisation de leurs interactions et détermination de leurs structures." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066484.
Full textThe amyloid peptide IAPP, which is implicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus, aggregates from an initial monomeric state to amyloid fibrils, via oligomeric species. Peptide aggregation, which takes place through membrane contact, was studied using fluorescence, electron microscopy, circular dichroism and NMR. The effect of membrane model was highlighted, in terms of shape, size (micelles, bicelles, SUV, LUV) and composition (lipid headgroups and acyl chains), on aggregation kinetics, conformational change kinetics and fibril morphology. Next, we wanted to elucidate the role of cholesterol in peptide/membranes interactions using vesicles composed of 0 to 30% cholesterol. High cholesterol content was shown to increase aggregation kinetics. Furthermore, IAPP in the presence of bicelles was studied by liquid state NMR in order to solve its structure under these conditions. First results indicate that the C terminus does not insert into the membrane and has an important flexibility. Finally, IAPP was compared with an antimicrobial and amyloid-like peptide, dermaseptin S9. This study shows that fibril formation and membrane permeabilisation mechanisms are not linked and that dermaseptin S9 binds to membrane in an aggregated state, maybe leading to the formation of a transient pore
Shaik, Tajith Baba. "Etude biochimique, biophysique et structurale du mécanisme d'action et de l'inhibition sélective de l'histone désacétylase HDAC8." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ057.
Full textHistone deacetylases (HDACs) are the major targets of currently FDA-approved anti-cancer epigenetic drugs. HDACs also play an important role in the homeostasis of eukaryotic pathogens. Hence, a strategy to tackle neglected diseases caused by these pathogens is to modify currently approved epigenetic drugs targeting HDACs. HDAC8 from Schistosoma mansoni (smHDAC8) was shown to be a valid drug target to treat schistosomiasis, second deadliest tropical disease after malaria. Structural differences between human HDAC8 and smHDAC8 catalytic pocket enabled the design of schistosome-selective inhibitors that bind in a HDAC8 selective pocket, which is unique to HDAC8 among the highly conserved HDAC isozymes. This thesis work shows how to target selectively related isoforms with the help of atomic resolution structures, and opens the door to the investigation of the mode of action of HDAC8 at the fundamental level
Léger, Corentin. "Conception de protéines artificielles multidomaines." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS384.
Full textThe creation of new protein functions based on recognition and molecular assembly is not only a major goal in biotechnology but is also a means to understand the relation structure/function of proteins involved in interaction processes. Today, libraries of artificial proteins obtained by engineering can be a source of proteins with recognition properties similar to the properties of antibodies.The team Protein Engineering and Modeling has thus created a library of proteins with structural repeats called the “alphaReps”. The alphaReps present remarkable properties in terms of production and stability. Unlike most of the antibodies and their derivatives, they can even be expressed and functional in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Such objects can therefore be used as building bricks in modular engineering. The construction of new optimized recognition functions both in specificity and in affinity can then be possible by rearranging or duplicating these elementary bricks.The first part of this thesis project consisted in the construction and study of the biophysical properties of bidomain proteins based on alphaRep in order to have a better understanding of the behaviour of such constructions. Beside the fundamental aspect of this question, this study will give the “rules” to modulate the interactions between these proteins in a controlled way. The results show that it is possible to create new functions such as avidity, cooperativity, conformational change, simply by adding a linker between two alphaReps.In a second step, the goal was to develop, with the bidomain proteins previously studied, new biosensors based on the FRET (Förster Resonance Energy Transfer) which can be used in vivo and in vitro. This second part presents two biosensors with limits of detection in the nanomolar range. Since the alphaReps used in these constructions can be changed depending on the chosen target, it is a proof of concept which can be adapted to any desired target.Finally, the third part of this thesis focused on the development of genetically codable biosensors. These biosensors have the particular advantage of being usable directly after production and therefore no longer require a chemical coupling step. The results show that the development of such biosensors is worth considering but an optimization is still required in order to improve their specificity, their stability and their detection capacity
Moreau, Adrien. "Le pore oméga, un défaut biophysique commun aux mutations des canaux Nav1.5 causant le développement des arythmies associées à la cardiomyopathie dilatée." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27241.
Full textVoltage gated sodium channels (Nav) are broadly expressed in the human body. They are responsible for the initiation of action potentials (AP) in excitable cells. They underlie several physiological processes such as the cognitive, the sensitive, the motor and the cardiac functions. Nav1.5 channel is the main Nav expressed in the heart. Their dysfunctions are usually associated to the development of pure electrical disorders. However, mutations of Nav1.5 have recently been linked to the development of an atypical clinical phenotype combining complex arrhythmias and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The main objective of my thesis has been to identify and characterize a common biophysical defect for all Nav1.5 mutations located in the channel’s voltage sensitive domains (VSDs) and associated with the atypical clinical phenotype. We were first interested in the case of two families of patients who displayed the same clinical phenotype although they carried two different Nav1.5 mutations, which have been reported to induce divergent biophysical defects. We identified a new alternative permeation pathway (called omega pore or gating pore) in the VSD of mutant Nav1.5 channels. This omega pore might constitute a common biophysical defect for all Nav1.5 mutations located in the channel’s VSDs. The second axe consisted in strengthening the association between mutations in the VSD of Nav1.5 and the creation of a gating pore. This research, based on the study of two other Nav1.5 mutations, confirmed the creation of an omega pore and increased the suspicion of the cardiovascular pathogenic potential of such an alternative permeation pathway. Finally, we studied a fifth Nav1.5 mutation. We used this mutation to characterize the pathological consequences of the creation of an omega pore. This study revealed that the creation of an omega pore disrupts the ionic homeostasis of cardiomyocytes. This homeostatic imbalance then affects electrical signals, cell morphology and also the function of cardiac myocytes. The studies of my thesis permitted to identify the omega pore as a potential common biophysical defect of Nav1.5 mutations located in the channel’s VSDs and associated to the arrhythmias and DCM. Furthermore, we also identified the pathological mechanism linking these mutations and the observed atypical clinical phenotype.
Al, @Addan Fathel. "Biophysique du sol : étude quantitative des relations entre le travail lombricien et des propriétés de sols méditerranéens." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20166.
Full textRossis, Georges. "Explication et interpretation des phenomenes biologiques. Une contribution a la philosophie des sciences." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA070065.
Full textWe examine the problem of the relation between physics and biology; we start our study by considering the problem of reductionism. The problem of reductionism can be subdivided into two distinct problems, the problem of logical reductionism (which is impossible) and the problem of empirical reductionism. Empirical reductionism of laws may be possible - the attempt to explain biological laws in terms of physical laws is called bio- physics. Empirical reductionism of concepts is possible - the inter- pretation of biological concepts in terms of physical concepts is called biologic. An epistemological study of the concept of entropy leads to the conclusion that there is neither a definite relation between entropy and disorder nor an identity relation between entropy and information. Organization is the category (fundamental concept) of the bio- logical level of description; organization cannot be defined and is not an objective concept. The concept of computation can be used for the interpretation of living organisms. A living organism is a computator which computes the representations and the relations which maintain its integrity. We distinguish between non-conscious organisms, conscious organisms (that are differentiated from non-conscious organisms through their ability to demarcate themselves from the environment) and self-con- scious organisms (that are differentiated from conscious organisms through their ability to communicate with other self-conscious orga- nisms). Demarcation and communication can be interpreted in terms of computation. Self-consciousness is the ability to communicate
Kanaan, Joanne. "Étude biochimique et biophysique de l’ARN hélicase UPF1 : un moteur moléculaire hautement régulé." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEE008/document.
Full textUPF1 (Up-Frameshift 1) is a multifunctional helicase that unwinds nucleic acids and is conserved throughout the eukaryote kingdom. UPF1 is required for the Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay (NMD) surveillance pathway, which degrades mRNAs carrying premature termination codons, among other substrates. UPF1 is the archetype of a family of 11 helicases sharing similar cores but involved in various cellular pathways. However, the structure-function relationship and intrinsic biophysical properties of these molecular engines remain poorly described. In vitro, the UPF1 helicase core is highly processive, it travels along thousands of RNA or DNA bases and unwinds double-strands. In this work, we looked for key factors governing this remarkable processivity. We combined biochemical and biophysical techniques. In particular, we used magnetic tweezers to study helicases in real time at a single molecule scale. In contrast to UPF1, the related IGHMBP2 is not processive, thus processivity is not a shared family trait. Based on the 3D structures of both proteins, we designed various mutants and used them to identify structural elements that modulate processivity. Our approach reveals that UPF1 has a very firm grip on nucleic acids, guaranteeing long binding lifetimes and action times that dictate its high processivity. Thanks to the variety in mutant behaviors, we built a novel mechanistic model linking binding energy to processivity. Furthermore, we show that UPF1 processivity is required for an efficient NMD in vivo. In addition, we used the same biochemical and biophysical tools to investigate a natural human UPF1 isoform moving faster than the major isoform, and to compare the regulation of human andyeast UPF1 by their flanking domains. We also characterized the interaction of yeast UPF1 with new NMD partners. Our work shows how a combination of biochemical, biophysical, structural and in vivo tools can offer unexpected insights into the operating mode of molecular motors
Sawicka, Anna. "Aspects biophysiques de l'activation des cellules T." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB079.
Full textT cells play many roles in the adaptive immune response: they stimulate B cells for the production of antibodies; they secrete cytokines, which guide the action of other immune cells; they kill infected or mutated cells of the body; they assure the immune memory, staying ready to respond upon another infection with the same pathogen. All T cells activate when they recognise their specific antigen: a short peptide presented on the major histocompatibility complex on the surface of the antigen-presenting cell. The binding of the T cell receptor (TCR) to this antigen triggers a cascade of signalling events inside the T cell, resulting in cytoskeleton modifications, changes in the expression levels of different genes, and proliferation. One of the early responses of T cells to the antigen recognition is force generation. T cells, upon TCR triggering, push and pull on the antigen-presenting cell. Although the body of research concerning these forces has been recently growing, their nature and role is still largely unknown. The goal of my PhD project was to characterise the pushing and pulling forces generated by T cells. I measured the forces with the micropipette force probe, which uses a glass micropipette as a cantilever of known bending stiffness. The technique allowed to measure the maximal force generated by T cells and the speed at which T cells generated forces (force rate), and, simultaneously, to track the morphology of cells as seen from the side. These experiments revealed that human primary resting CD4+ T cells, when activated with antibodies against CD3 and CD28 molecules, followed a sequence of morphology changes and force generation. This sequence was qualitatively the same for CD4+ T lymphoblasts, a model of effector T cells. The sequence was then studied in the biological context of T cell activation. As different antigen-presenting cells, with which T cells interact in the body, were shown to have different mechanical properties, I varied the bending stiffness of the micropipette probe, to measure the response of T cells to targets of different stiffness. The force rate changed with this bending stiffness, indicating that force generation in T cell activation is a mechanosensitive process. Next, the conditions necessary for force generation were investigated. Binding to antibodies against CD45 molecule did not result in force generation, suggesting that force generation is specific to TCR triggering. To dissect the contribution of the different components of the actin cytoskeleton to the process, T cells were treated with different cytoskeleton inhibitors. The largest influence was found with SMIFH2, an inhibitor of formins, suggesting an important role for formins in force generation in early T cell activation. This work contributes to the understanding of the biophysical aspects of T cell activation. It shows that force generation is incorporated into the early events of the activation process, and is directly influenced by the stiffness of the T cell target. Further work is needed to link the force generation with the signalling pathways induced by TCR triggering, to explain the molecular basis of T cell mechanosensitivity. This link will open the possibility of functional studies of forces in T cell activation, to answer the open questions regarding the function of T cells in physiology and pathology of the immune system
Kurauskas, Vilius. "Fonction d'une protéine membranaire : étude structurale et dynamique par RMN." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV005/document.
Full textThe use of detergents is often unavoidable in the structural studies of membrane proteins. Dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) is one of the most commonly used detergents for such studies in solution state NMR spectroscopy. The effect of detergent on structure and dynamics remains an important and poorly understood question. In this study we have investigated millisecond dynamics, substrate binding and structural features of three different yeast proteins from mitochondrial carrier family (GGC1, ORC1 and AAC3) in DPC micelles. We have detected millisecond dynamics, which are asymmetrically distributed across the structure. Contrary to previous claims, we show that these dynamics are unrelated to function, as they are not affected by the substitutions which abolish mitochondrial carrier transport in proteoliposomes. Furthermore, we could show that the very well-defined substrate specificity of these proteins in membranes is abolished when they are reconstituted in DPC, questioning their functionality. Structural investigations have revealed that both tertiary and secondary structures of these carriers are perturbed in DPC micelles, with some TM helices showing substantial solvent exposure. We have concluded from these observations that DPC detergent strongly perturbs these, and likely other mitochondrial carriers by rendering them very flexible. Our findings point to a possibly general effect of this detergent on membrane proteins, as we discuss with examples of previously studied membrane proteins. In the second part we have addressed a fundamental question of protein dynamics: how do proteins move inside crystals? We have investigated ms dynamics in a crystalline ubiquitin to gain the insight on the impact of the crystalline lattice on such motions, using solid-state NMR and ms long MD simulations of explicit crystal arrangements. Interestingly a local dynamic exchange process on a ms time scale is still present in crystals. However, by comparing different crystal forms we establish that the thermodynamics of the exchanging states and their interconversion rate constants are significantly altered by the crystal contacts. Furthermore, we detect overall "rocking" motion of molecules in the crystal, occurring on a tens-of-ms time scale, and provide evidence that overall and local motion are coupled. We discuss the implications of ms dynamics on the data quality in X-ray diffraction experiments
Blanc, Olivier. "Mesure in vivo de la mécanique cellulaire lors de la morphogénèse d'un tissu." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4020/document.
Full textPendant le développement d'un organisme, les tissus subissent, génèrent des changements morphologiques drastiques nécessaires à l'obtention d'une forme finale ou intermédiaire spécifique et fonctionnelle. On comprend cette acquisition de formes comme un phénomène émergent résultant de l'interaction mécanique entre toutes les cellules composant le tissu. On sait que les structures de protéines du cytosquelette sont capables aussi bien de générer des forces ou de changer les propriétés mécaniques des cellules i.e de changer la réaction de celles-ci à un stress mécanique. Ces phénomènes émergents font l'objet de nombreuses études et mesures aussi bien lors d'expériences in vitro (solution de protéines purifiées) que sur cellules de cultures. Le travail décrit dans cette thèse s'est attaché à mesurer quantitativement les forces et propriétés mécaniques in vivo durant le développement d'un organisme. À terme, ces mesures sont utiles à l'élaboration d'un modèle mécanique qui amènerait une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes morphogénétiques.Pour réaliser ces mesures, un banc de mesures optiques a été développé. Il permet de réaliser desmesures de microrhéologie passives et actives durant l'extension de la bandelette germinale de l'embryon de drosophile. Des mesures quantitatives de viscosité, de raideur et de force jonctionnelle ont été réalisées
Beber, Alexandre. "In vitro study of membrane remodeling and curvature sensing at the micrometric scale by budding yeast septins." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS375.
Full textSeptins constitute a novel class of cytoskeletal proteins. Budding yeast septins self-assemble into non-polar filaments bound to the inner plasma membrane through specific interactions with L- α-phosphatidylinositol-4,5- bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). Septins localize at constriction sites during cytokinesis and impact membrane remodeling processes. We have analyzed a range of in vitro biomimetic tools to examine how yeast septins behave on curved and deformable membranes. In vitro assays using Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are relevant tools to reveal insights in proteins-lipids interactions, membrane mechanics and curvature sensitivity. GUVs doped with PI(4,5)P2 are challenging to prepare. We first optimized the incorporation of PI(4,5)P2 lipids into GUVs by probing the proteins-PI(4,5)P2 GUVs interactions. We show that the interaction between budding yeast septins and PI(4,5)P2 is more specific than using usual reporters (phospholipase C1). We have shown that electro-formation on platinum wires is the most appropriate method to achieve an optimal septin-lipid interaction. Besides, we have shown that PI(4,5)P2 GUVs have to be used within a few hours after their preparation. Indeed, over time, PI(4,5)P2 is expelled from the GUV membrane and the PI(4,5)P2 concentration in the bilayer decreases. Next, we analyzed how septins can control the mechanical properties of membranes and analyzed how membrane deformations could be induced by a specific curvature sensitivity of septins. Indeed, we have shown that septins reshape the membranes of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles with the formation of periodic spikes. We have shown that membrane deformations are associated to septin filament curvature arrangement preferences. When binding to bilayers supported on custom-designed periodic wavy patterns displaying positive and negative micrometric radii of curvatures, septin filaments remain straight and perpendicular to the curvature of the convex parts, while bending negatively to follow concave geometries. Based on these results, we propose a theoretical model that quantitatively describes the deformations and micrometric curvature sensitivity observed in vitro. The model captures the reorganizations of septin filaments throughout cytokinesis in vivo, providing mechanistic insights into cell division
Heo, Minyoung. "Dynamique fonctionnelle du moteur flagellaire bactérien entraîné par des stators marqués par des protéines fluorescentes et par des stators étrangers modifiés par évolution." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT080/document.
Full textThe bacterial flagellar motor (BFM) is the macromolecular complex which allows bacteria to swim in liquid media. Located at the base of the flagellum, anchored in the cell membrane, this remarkably small (~45nm) yet powerful rotary motor rotates each flagellum of the cell switching between counterclockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) direction. The motor rotation is generated at the interface between the two key components of the motor: the stator protein complexes (each composed of 4 MotA and 2 MotB proteins) and the C- ring protein complex at the base of the rotor. The stator complexes are structurally and functionally discernible modules of the motor, and their dynamical association and dissociation around the rotor controls the generation of torque.The first project of this study aims to investigate how the FP tag on the stator protein modifies the torque generation and switching of the motor. This is particularly important because the fluorescent protein tag lies at the interface between stator and rotor, where torque and switching are produced. Three different FPs (eGFP, YPet, Dendra2) were fused to MotB. Interestingly, despite the high similarity of their structures, our analysis revealed that the three fusion stators generate different torque. Furthermore, in the presence of fusion stators, the motor showed significantly impaired switching abilities. When switching direction of the rotation, the absolute value of the speed of WT motors does not change, whereas this symmetry of speed upon switching is not observed in the fusion stator motors, and switching can be accompanied with a significant (~30%) decrease in absolute speed. Both the impaired torque generation and the switching ability were improved by introducing a rigid linker between the stator and the FP tag. Taken together, this study provides a further insight into the dynamics of the stator and rotor interaction at its interface.When the cells carrying the fluorescently labeled stators were observed in a custom made TIRF-fluorescence microscope with single molecule capability, the fluorescence signals were detected as concentrated clusters in the membrane as expected for these membrane proteins around the motors, together with a population of stators diffusing in the membrane. Fluorescent clusters were visible at the center of rotating cells tethered to the glass slide by a single flagellum, confirming that the fluorescent tags can be visualized in functioning motors.In a second project developed in Bertus Beaumont lab at TU Delft, taking BFM as an experimental evolutionary model system, its modularity and evolvability have been explored to learn the molecular details of the evolution of molecular machines. The stators of E.coli have been exchanged by a set of 21 homologue foreign stators. The experiments revealed that the stator proteins can be exchanged between distant bacteria species, and some of the non-compatible stators can be positively modified by evolution to become functional. Those evolved strains accumulated beneficial mutations in their foreign motA and motB genes, especially on their functional domains. Identical mutations in different stators were common, indicating that evolution is repeatable. The functional investigation at the single motor level revealed that those beneficial mutations improved the torque generation and/or the switching ability of the motor. The detailed genotype and phenotype investigations of the evolutionary modified BFM may bring an insight into how molecular machines such as BFM have evolved as well as the functional effects of the beneficial mutations that facilitate functional integration
Allain, Gwenhael. "Modélisation biophysique pour la prévision du recrutement : Couplage stochastique d'un modèle individu-centré de croissance larvaire avec un modèle hydrodynamique 3D pour développer un indice de recrutement de l'anchois dans le golfe de Gascogne." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NSARH056.
Full textExploited fish populations are dependent on recruitement (i. E. Size of the new year class) to sustain their abundance. Recruitment variations are related to hydroclimatic variations and may accentuate the detrimental effects of fishing. Recruitment prediction requires accurate fischeries oceanographic tools which are expected to be more reliable than large-scale correlation analyses between fish abundance and climate variables. Recruitment is the result of the integration over a season and large oceanic areas of precessses affecting larval survival which are dependent on small-scale mechanisms. Hydrodynamic models are a tool to perform this integration. This thesis aims at exploring and modelling physical-biological interaction mechanisms in order to provide recruitment predictions usable for fisheries management. This thesis integrates into general scientific problematics in ecology, variability analysis and spacetime scale integration. It is applied to the case of Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay, and important social and economic resource for Spain in France. Due to the short life of the species the fisheries mainly relies on the success of annual recruitement
Bosanac, Lana. "Dynamique des facteurs nucléaires: Régulation de l'expression génique par l'étude du P-TEFb." Phd thesis, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris - ENS Paris, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00699906.
Full textBédard, Mikaël. "Caractérisation structurale de Miz-1 dans le cadre de la répression génique causée par le complexe c-Myc/Miz-1." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9788.
Full textAbstract : c-Myc is a transcription factor (TF) deregulated in the majority of human cancers. In heterodimer with its obligatory partner Max, c-Myc preferentially binds E-Box DNA sequences (CACGTG) and activates genes involved in protein and RNA biogenesis, metabolism and cell proliferation. It is now well established that c-Myc can also bind and inhibit some TFs involved in the expression of cytostatic genes to exert its mitogenic potential. Among those, the inhibition of Miz-1 by c-Myc is the best characterized case. Miz-1 is a TF containing 13 Cys2-His2 zinc fingers (ZFs) that is involved in the expression of many cell cycle regulators such as the CDK inhibitors p15[superscript INK4], p21[superscript CIP1] et p57[superscript KIP2]. More recently, it was shown that, on the other hand, Miz-1 is also able to reverse the transcriptional activator functions of c-Myc and to prevent the proliferation of c-Myc-dependent cancer cells. These observations led to the interesting hypothesis that the balance of c-Myc and Miz-1 levels could determine cell fate and establish Miz-1 as an interesting target for the design of novel cancer drugs. Although those proteins seem central to the regulation of the cell cycle, the molecular mechanisms allowing them to inhibit each other and the molecular determinants allowing their specific association remain poorly understood. Moreover, the structural biology of Miz-1 remains to be explored considering that none of its 13 ZF structures, essential to its DNA binding, have been determined so far. The work presented in this thesis aim at characterizing the structural biology of Miz-1 in the context of the transcriptional repression caused by the c-Myc/Miz-1 complex. We present results from in vitro experiments showing that a domain comprised between the 12th and 13th ZFs of Miz-1 is involved in its binding to c-Myc. Moreover, we demonstrate that Miz-1 and Max compete to engage c-Myc. These results suggest for the first time that Miz-1 inhibits c-Myc by a sequestration mechanism preventing its association with its obligatory partner Max. Moreover, they argue that Miz-1 could serve as a reference for the development of c-Myc specific peptide inhibitors as a new approach for cancer drug design. Finally, we realized the structural and dynamical characterization of Miz-1 ZFs 1 to 4 and 8 to 10 and the characterization of their DNA binding potential. The results collected, coupled to bioinformatics analysis, allowed us to suggest a model for Miz-1 specific binding to its consensus DNA sequence recently unveiled.
Charitat, Thierry. "Contributions théorique et expérimentale à l'étude des propriétés élastiques de systèmes physiques "inspirés" de la biologie." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10179.
Full textCoulon, Antoine. "Stochasticité de l'expression génique et régulation transcriptionnelle -- Modélisation de la dynamique spatiale et temporelle des structures multiprotéiques." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00538047.
Full textDjafer-Cherif, Ilyas. "Descriptions continues et stochastiques de la matière active." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS216/document.
Full textThis thesis purpose is to study simple "self-propelled" agents models: they are able to generate motion by consumming energy comming from their environment, without external forcing. Two models of that kind have been studied:-In the first part a Vicsek-style model has been studied, that is we particles are modeled by a couple (position,velocity) which evolution is dictated by simple rules of alignment and self-propulsion at constant speed. Here the alignment is nematic particles align along their long axis and alignment is not polar, contrarily to a polar alignment particles don't discriminate between head and tail . Compared to previous models of this type, the first novelty is the introduction of a pseudo-repulsion (in the Vicsek-spirit, modelized by a torque-like term) providing spatial extension to these particles. The second addition is a flipping rate which renders the persistence time of the direction of self-propulsion. In this part we describe several phase diagrams of this new model which show new phases not previously classified: arches but also "smectic" bands, some propreties of these structures have been measured. Hydrodynamic equations from the "Boltzmann-Ginzburg-Landau" method have been also developped, comparisons are performed: the hydrodynamic model recovers most phases and some of their propreties.-In the second part we study Neisseria Meningitidis, a bacteria which particularity is to generate pili: filamentous structures several micrometers long. By depolymerizing these structures at constant speed (~1µm/s), it is able to generate gigantic forces for the living word (~ 100pN). This bacteria has a tendancy to form spherical aggregates, showing all propreties of a liquid, in order to colonize the host organism. Viscosity and surface tension measure of these aggregates have shown the crucial role of the pili number. Using these data we've built a microscopic model which particularity is the presence of a stochastically attractive potential, that is to say that particles are transiting between an attractive state and a diffusive one. This part relates the model evolution in time. We've ben able to reproduce some aggregate propreties, in particular we've highlighted a variation of the diffusion between aggregate center and edges which fits experimental data
Paris, Alisier. "Développement d'un système micro-robotique sur puce microfluidique pour la manipulation sans contact en 3D de matériel biologique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS555.
Full textDuring the XXst century science fiction literature anticipated the development of robots so small that they could enter a human body to manipulate its cells, or even its DNA. Since the beginning of the XXIst century, this vision has taken shape in the development of micro-robotics. Although far from equaling the prowess of his literary alter-ego, micro-robotics develops in many directions and sees its panel of applications expand. In parallel, the development of microfluidics makes it possible to have a highly controlled environment for carrying out work in biology or chemistry. But this confined feature brings constraints on the manipulation options of microfluidic chip content. Also, without being able to work in-vivo, micro-robotics can offer in-vitro mechanical manipulation options in microfluidics. This thesis aims to develop a micro-robot whose function is to offer functional hydrodynamic vortex manipulations of biological material within microfluidic chips. Wanting to propose a complete system we are interested in the four parts composing our micro-robot. The microscopic swimmer intended to be integrated into the microfluidic chip and to generate the capture vortices. The microfluidic chips used as working environment for this swimmer. The electromagnetic facility used to manipulate the swimmer through magnetic field. And finally the computer software used to drive the robot. The micro-swimmers proposed are able to move in two as in three dimensions while being able to capture, and therefore manipulate, particles of about ten micrometers in diameter over distances of several millimeters. Unfortunately we did not have the opportunity to go to the proof of concept with biological material, but our demonstrations on polystyrene particles are very encouraging. Microfluidic chips have seen two successive developments. One is to make them more suitable for long-term biological work by adding pneumatic valves and oxygenation option on chip with temporary integration of swimmer. A second aimed at making chips faster and easier to manufacture with a definitive integration of the swimmer, which can be used in the case of studies with a strong material need, such as statistical studies. The electromagnetic facility has been studied to be integrated into complex geometrical configurations with, for example, a successful integration in an inverted microscope, a tool widely used in biological laboratories. Finally, we developed control software to provide our robot with an easy-to-use user interface and automated video analysis and swimmer control features with a simple 2D image acquisition. Therefor we believe that the developed system show in this thesis could be an essential step towards biological or biomedical application of micro-robotic
Cornet, Julie. "Étude numérique de la formation de domaines dans les biomembranes : des vésicules biphasiques aux récepteurs viraux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30295.
Full textPlasma membrane forms a selective barrier for the cell, yet its role goes far beyond a simple frontier. Indeed, it plays a crucial role in biological functions such as endo and exocytosis, cell communication or adhesion. It is now widely agreed that membrane lipid and protein spatial repartition is not homogeneous but that these components are organized into nanodomains, which have proven to be key players in the above-mentioned biological functions. Combining statistical physics analytical tools and numerical simulations, we propose in this work a physical mechanism for this membrane organization in a simple model bicomponent vesicle. At the mesoscale, we describe the membrane with a composition- curvature coupling mechanism. We perform extensive Monte Carlo simulations for different membrane parameters (concentration, spontaneous curvature, mixture affinity, surface tension) and study its equilibrium states. We characterize the range of parameters leading to phase modulations by drawing phase diagrams from the simulation results and compare them to the ones previously obtained by analytical field-theoretic techniques. Different observables are computed such as correlation functions and domain size distributions to extract information about the emerging membrane patterns, such as their typical shape, size or spacing. With respect to domain shape, we analyse experimental membrane protein (HIV receptors) trajectories to quantify domain shape and compare it to our simulations. In order to propose a valid rationale for membrane structuring at different scales, we also perform coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations (MARTINI) of lipid bilayers including curvature-generating components from which we extract the physical membrane parameters that can be plugged into the mesoscale model. We extend our mesoscale model by studying the effect of applied forces to the vesicle, inspired by cell division process during which membrane components reorganize and such forces are at play
Azouzi, Slim. "Interaction de molécules antipaludiques avec des systèmes membranaires biomimétiques." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1989.
Full textIn this thesis, we have studied the possibility to use membrane targets for the development of new antimalarial drugs. Furthermore, we have proposed an original protocol to study the mechanism of action of certain antimalarial drugs. Our work is based on the characterization at the molecular and nanoscale levels of the interactions between antimalarial drugs and membrane models mimicking parasite membrane. Indeed, using various biophysical techniques, we have shown that sphingomyelin membranes of Plasmodium could be an attractive target for many potential antimalarial compounds such as Cyclosporin A. In addition, we have demonstrated the importance of lipid membranes in the hematin detoxification that is implementing carried out by the parasite by incorporating these molecules in an inert crystal inert called hemozoin. Thus, the AFM observations have allowed us to visualize for the first time and in real time the formation of this crystal in a lipid bilayer. Finally, we have showed that the combination of antimalarial drugs with hematin could inhibit the formation of hemozoin by inhibiting of the insertion of hematin in the membranes (e. G. As in chloroquine) or by the increasing of the membranotrope effect of hematin (for e. G. Derivatives of piperazine ursolic acid derivatives)
Hennequin-Marot, Elisabeth. "Utilisation des réactions nucléaires (neutron, α) et (neutron, proton) pour la détection d'isotopes stables en biologie." Rouen, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ROUES023.
Full textCottinet, Denis. "Diversité phénotypique et adaptation chez Escherichia Coli étudiées en millifluidique digitale." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00981358.
Full textSarkis, Joe. "Mécanismes Moléculaires impliqués dans les Myopathies: Analyses des interactions Dystrophine-Lipides." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00678400.
Full textBarbieri, Carlo. "Des problèmes inverses en biophysique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00624691.
Full textRaio, vilela Fernando Augusto. "Structural characterization of JIP3 recruitment by Kinesin-1." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS123.
Full textThe intracellular transport of cargos is a crucial process on eukaryotic cells, and notably in neurons, in order to regulate different functions as cell’s maturation and synaptic transmission. The Kinesin-1 is a molecular motor capable of transporting different types of cargos as organelles, vesicles and macromolecular assemblies along the microtubules. It is a heterotetramer composed by a homodimer of heavy chains (KHC) bound to two light chains (KLC), where both KHC and KLC are capable of cargos recruitment. One of the first identified cargos of Kinesin-1 is JIP3/4 (JNK-Interacting Protein 3/4), which are also adaptor proteins, intermediating the transport of other cargos. Kinesin-1 recruits JIP3/4 by two different and independent modes, (i) via KHC and (ii) via KLC. Therefore, JIP3/4 recruitment by KHC and KLC activates the motility of Kinesin-1, by distinct mechanisms, allowing the intracellular transport of cargos and the associated functions in neurons. During my PhD, I contributed to the characterization of the dual binding mode of Kinesin-1 and JIP3/4 by bioinformatical, biochemical/biophysical and structural approaches. This work allowed a better understanding of the cargos’ recruitment by Kinesin-1, as well as the molecular mechanisms of Kinesin-1 activation by JIP3/4
Barberi, Luca. "Inferring forces from geometry in biology." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS438.
Full textInter-molecular forces on which we have poor prior knowledge are often essential for the stability and evolution of biological assemblies. In this thesis, we focus on two such forces that are critically involved in the deformation of either biopolymers or membranes. We infer these forces by reconciling the geometry of such deformation with simple mechanical models. In the first part of the thesis, we consider the attractive force between DNA molecules mediated by multivalent cations. This attraction is required to compensate DNA bending rigidity when packaging large quantities of DNA in comparatively small environments, such as the nuclei of sperm cells. In vitro, multivalent cations drive DNA condensation into dense toroidal bundles. Geometrical data on DNA toroidal bundles give access to the competition between inter-helical attraction and DNA bending rigidity. From these data, we infer inter-helical forces and argue that the toroid curvature weakens the adhesion between DNA molecules. In the second part of the thesis, we turn to the binding force of a membrane remodeling protein complex, ESCRT-III, to cellular membranes. ESCRT-III proteins assemble into membrane-remodeling polymers during many cellular processes, ranging from HIV budding to cytokinesis. The mechanism by which ESCRT-III polymers deform membranes is still unclear. In vitro, ESCRT-III polymers can reshape spherical membrane vesicles into helical tubes. We argue that helical tubes result from the peculiar positioning of membrane-binding sites on the surface of ESCRT-III polymers. Furthermore, we infer the binding force between ESCRT-III and membrane from the geometry of helical tubes
Benoit, Matthieu. "Etudes biophysiques de l'interaction entre la protéine humaine TRBP et un précurseur de microARN oncogène." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01038628.
Full textKouzayha, Achraf. "Apport des systèmes biomimétiques et des outils biophysiques associés pour la compréhension des interactions peptides-membranes." Amiens, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AMIE0112.
Full textRecent research contributed to our knowledge on biological membranes. Thus, the peptide-membrane interactions can be modelled due to the developments of biomimetic membrane systems and their biophysical tools. The present study investigates the role of peptide structure during the interaction with the biological membranes. This work was carried out on two peptides. The first one, alamethicin, a member of the peptaibol family, allowed analyzing the interactions between α-helical peptides and membranes. The second one, K3A18K3, is a synthetic peptide and its conformation was predicted as helix. Some biomimetric membrane models, such as Langmuir monolayers which mimics external leaflet and supported lipid bilayers which mimics both leaflets of the biological membrane were used. The results showed that the secondary structure of the alamethicin is more stable than those of synthetic peptide which depends on the environment. The organization of both peptides in lipid monolayers was characterized by Brewster angle microscopy imaging. The orientation and the secondary structure of these peptides at the air-water interface were determined by an adapted infrared spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). Moreover, PET-supported bilayers in the presence of peptides were investigated by solid-state NMR spinning at the magic angle (MAOSS). The impact of both peptides on the lipid organization was analyzed and the orientation of K3A18K3, 15N-labelled, was determined. This work also contributed to the improvement of a tethered bilayer model inside aluminium oxide
Sophie, Sacquin-Mora. "Représentations gros-grain pour la modélisation des protéines : Propriétés mécaniques et interactions." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00652917.
Full textMahieu, Emilie. "Étude du mécanisme d’action du protéasome PAN-20S par diffusion de neutrons aux petits angles résolue en temps." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY073.
Full textProteasomes are large ubiquitous macromolecular assemblies composed of a 20S catalytic complex and a regulatory particle containing an AAA-ATPase module. This cellular machine is responsible for selectively degradation of intracellular proteins in order to allow proteome renewal, elimination of defective proteins and control of many biological functions. The objective of this thesis was to reveal the mechanisms by which the AAA-ATPase complexes selectively unfold substrate proteins and translocate them into the 20S particle, where they are destroyed. To this end, an innovative approach was used by combining time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering (TR-SANS) combined with fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor biochemical activity. The proteasome of the hyperthermophilic archaea Methanocaldococcus jannaschii was used as a model system. It is composed of the 20S protease of the regulatory particle AAA-ATPase PAN. A variant of the fluorescent protein GFP was used as a substrate protein.The data obtained show that PAN unfolding activity generates denatured species of GFP forming aggregates. The association with the 20S particle prevents the formation of these species and indicates that once the unfolding of a substrate by PAN is engaged, translocation into the 20S complex and degradation processes are closely coupled. Analysis of the neutron scattering spectra of the GFP substrate reveal that the native GFP population is rapidly disappearing in favor of peptides generated by the 20S protease, as confirmed by mass spectrometric analysis. This demonstrates the highly processive nature of the proteasome. Finally, two modes of action of PAN have been identified depending on the amount of proteins to be degraded compared to the PAN-20S proteasome. This work allows to experimentally validate one of the proteasome function models previously proposed and emphases the importance of controlling the association of proteasomes in vivo. This study also highlights the interest of TR-SANS technique to study the functional dynamics of large cellular machines
De, Mets Richard. "Etude de la mécanotransduction : relation entre les forces de tractions cellulaires et la dynamique des intégrines." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY031/document.
Full textThe originality of the project, initiated during the M2 internship, consist to measure the mobility of adhesive molecules of cells mechanically controlled.This control will be fixed thanks to a coverslip with adhesive protein pattern. We will next use different technics of mobility measurement to have information about different time scale : FCS for fast dynamics, FRAP for slow dynamics
Borja, da rocha Hudson. "Collective effects in muscle contraction and cellular adhesion." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX072/document.
Full textTwo biological systems, a half-sarcomere of a skeletal muscle and an adhesive cluster of a crawling keratocyte, are considered in parallel because of the deep similarity in their structure and functionality. Their passive response can be modeled by a large number of multi-stable units coupled through long-range interactions, frustrated by quenched disorder and exposed to thermal noise. In such systems, long-range interactions lead to synchronization, defying temporal and spatial fluctuations. We use a mean-field description to obtain analytic results and elucidate the remarkable ensemble-dependence of the mechanical behavior of such systems in the thermodynamic limit. Despite important structural differences between muscle cross-bridges and adhesive binders, one can identify a common underlying spin glass structure, which we fully exploit in this work. Our study suggests that the muscle machinery is fine-tuned to operate near criticality, and we argue that in this respect the quenched disorder, reflecting here steric incommensuration, may be functional. We use the analogy between cell detachment and thermal fracture of disordered solids to study the statistics of fluctuations during cellular adhesion. We relate the obtained results to recent observations of intermittent behavior involved in cell debonding, also suggesting near-criticality. In addition to the study of the equilibrium properties of adhesive clusters, we also present the first results on their kinetic behavior in the presence of time-dependent loading
Bernauer, Julie. "Utilisation de la tessellation de Voronoï pour l'étude des complexes protéine-protéine." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804990.
Full textFuchs, Patrick. "Etudes bioinformatiques et biophysiques des coudes β dans les polypeptides. Applications aux protéines élastomériques élastine et abductine." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMS010.
Full textMontagner, Caroline. "Approche biophysique de l'étude de l'insertion du domaine de translocation de la toxine botulique dans les membranes." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00264440.
Full textL'apomyoglobine appartient à la famille des protéines à repliement de type globine, comme certaines toxines bactériennes. Son interaction avec la membrane présente de fortes homologies avec celle du domaine de translocation de la toxine diphtérique. Ce processus à deux étapes (liaison puis insertion) est dépendant du pH et requiert le passage par un état partiellement replié. Pour chaque étape, les régions impliquées ont été localisées par des expériences d'échanges Hydrogène/Deuterium analysées par spectrométrie de masse. La liaison à la bicouche se fait par une hélice amphiphile, puis une hélice hydrophobe intervient pour l'insertion. Cette dernière n'est accessible qu'après formation de l'état partiellement replié.
Héraud, Sandrine. "Adaptation de méthodes biophysiques et biomécaniques pour l'exploration des peaux reconstruites in vitro." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10307.
Full textA skin equivalent consist of a epidermis reconstructed on the top of a dermis equivalent classically composed of fibroblasts cultured into a biomaterial scaffold which is often a collagen gel or sponge. This scaffold hold its own mechanical properties, influencing the global skin equivalent biomechanical response, so we choose to develop a scaffold-free skin equivalent (SFSE), based on the ability of fibroblasts to synthezise their own extracellular matrix. Our first objective was to optimize and characterize the structure, the reproducibility and functionality of this scaffold-free model. Our second goal was to adapt biophysical and biomechanical tools classically used for in vivo evaluation to in vitro skin equivalents. Their morphology was explored with different resolutions using echography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and laser scanning microscopy whereas biomechanical functionality was evaluate by a suction test, the cutometry. This biophysical data were compared to more classical histological, immununohistological and transmission electronic microscopy results. The long-term culture of the scaffold-free model showed the good stability of epidermis and the continuous remodelling of MEC with notably an increase of collagen and elastin fibers. We selected a reference culture time, corresponding to the complete terminal differentiation of epidermis. At this culture time, we showed the epidermis and dermis thickness reproducibity in histology and OCT, the constant epidermis and dermo-epidermal junction maturity and the dermal expression of elastin, colocalized with fibrillin. The barrier function of epidermis was also demonstrated via stratum corneum and tight junctions impermeability
Demers, Éric. "Aspects biophysiques de l'interaction membranaire de la retinitis pigmentosa 2 et de la phosphodiestérase 6, deux protéines impliquées dans la rétinite pigmentaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28209/28209.pdf.
Full textSoule, Pierre. "Etude des mécanismes de translocation des peptides pénétrateurs de cellules (cpp) à l'aide de techniques biophysiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066563/document.
Full textGene therapy relies on an efficient and specific delivery of drugs into targeted cells. For this purpose, the use of carriers that will help the drugs to cross the membrane, without introducing deleterious effect due to the membrane disruption, are promising. A family of such carriers is known as Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs). These peptides are short, about ten amino acids, and often cationic. They are able to translocate through the membrane with different cargos and deliver them into the cytosol. However the mechanisms are still, to a great extent, unknown. We used three biophysical techniques to gain insights into the mechanisms leading to the translocation of a CPP. i) We found the heparan sulfates to be the strongest partner of the CPP penetratin at the cell surface. This adhesion has been pointed out using the Biomembrane Force Probe, a force measuring tool. ii) We evidenced the translocation of penetratin through the lipid bilayer (without any cell mechanism) as long as it contains enough negatively charged lipids. This has been carried out using model bilayers formed at the interface between droplets generated by an inverted emulsion: water in an oil and lipid mixture. iii) To view the translocation of CPPs at the single molecule level we developed a total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) on a suspended bilayer
Dulin, David. "Observation de l'activité traductionnelle d'un ribosome unique par microscopie de fluorescence couplée à un système microfluidique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00538401.
Full textAppolaire, Alexandre. "Etude des grands assemblages protéolytiques de la famille TET : processus d'oligomérisation et régulation fonctionnelle associée." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENV062/document.
Full textProteolysis is a key function in the cell for the maintenance of the proteome integrity, the metabolism and for the regulation of many physiological processes. The thesis work is focused on a family of self-compartmentalized energy-independent cytosolic peptidases discovered in Archaea, the TET aminopeptidases. Three different TET showing contrasted enzymatic specificities co-exist in the cytosol of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii, which is the model organism for this study. The structural characterization of the known members of this family shows that they self-assemble in a unique 450 kDa hollow tetrahedral structure . Recent studies have revealed the existence of peptidases complexes that adopt the same conformation in the three domains of life. The first part of this work allowed identifying structural markers to assign without any ambiguity uncharacterized peptidases to the TET family. The second objective of the work was to understand the multiplicity of TET peptidases in hyperthermophilic archaeon that was highlighted by a phylogenomic study presented in this work . The co-expression of PhTET2 and PhTET3 in E. coli revealed that the two proteins form a hetero-oligomeric complex with enhanced enzymatic activity compared to the homo-oligomers. The last part of the work addressed the question of oligomerization-function relationship in TET particles. A mutagenesis strategy was used to slow down the oligomerization process of PhTET2, and, using an integrative strategy combining biochemistry, enzymology, biophysics (SAXS and AUC) and in vivo studies we were able to dissect the oligomerization pathway of the TET particles and to demonstrate that it is a highly controlled process aim to enhance the activity of the peptidases. Finally, the contrast variation technique in small angle neutron scattering studies (SANS) allowed us to unravel the rational topology of the TET hetero-oligomers that favored the formation of multi-catalytic enzymatic pockets in the complex. All theses studies contributed to specify the biological importance of the TET molecular machines in the cells
Robert, Hadrien. "Optical heating of gold nanoparticles and thermal microscopy : applications in hydrothermal chemistry and single cell biology." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0131/document.
Full textNowadays, thermal experiments at the microscopic scale remain challenging to conduct due to the lack of reliable temperature measurment techniques. To solve these problems, a label-free temperature measurement technique called TIQSI has been developed in the Institut Fresnel.With the objective to study new thermal-induced effects on the microscale using TIQSI, I built a microscope aimed to control heat diffusion on the microscale using nanoparticle. Thus, I could study different phenomena in chemistry and biology.Hydrothermal methods in chemical synthesis rely on the use of superheated liquid water as a solvent. It has been shown that gold nanoparticles can be used superheated water in a metastable state. I managed to conduct hydrothermal chemistry experiments using thermoplasmonics without autoclave which represents a new paradigm in chemistry.A living cell can be damaged by a heat stress which can misfold its proteins. To response to this stress, the HSP synthesis enables the reparation of misfolded proteins. I could study the heat stress response of HSP at short time scale which allowed me to illustrate the interest of using TIQSI and a local heat.As an application mixing superheating water and biology, I studied organisms that are able to live at high temperature (80-110°C) namely hyperthermophiles. Motion of these organisms has been studied without autoclave which paves the way to more sophisticated experiments such as the interaction between hyperthermophiles
Nowacki, Laetitia. "Étude des effets antiprolifératifs de la bétanine extraite de betterave sur cellules cancéreuses humaines et de son mode d'action au niveau des membranes cellulaires." Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP2024.
Full textDuring this thesis we studied the anticancer properties of the major beetroot’s pigment: betanin. Our work is based on a multidisciplinary approach.First we developed a protocol for the extraction and the purification of betanin from fresh beetroots. Several purification steps ended by separation in semi-preparative HPLC are required to obtain a betanin at 90 % pure, which is the highest purity ever recorded. Then we assessed the cytotoxic effect of our extract on cancer cells and its safety on non-cancer cells. By identifying the signaling pathways that might be involved in these effects, we were thus able to suggest ways concerning the mode of action of betanin on cells, but also propose, for the first time, the idea of an involvement of autophagy in cell death induced by betanin. Finally, we have shown by interfacial biophysical techniques applied on cell and biomimetic membranes that, regarless to its deep insertion in the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer, betanin did not affect the physical properties of the membrane such as its fluidity or its permability.This scoping study confirms the interest to bring to betanin which, given its high bioavailability, has many potential therapeutic applications
Hogan, Brenna. "Numerical study of blood microcirculation and its interactions with the endothelium." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX004/document.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the study of the interactions between red blood cells (RBCs) and the endothelium, the monolayer of cells lining blood vessels. The endothelium and RBCs have been shown to be active participants in various processes in the vascular system, and their interactions trigger biochemical signalling by mechanical (wall shear stress) and chemical (signalling molecules) means. We first investigate the role of RBCs, including pathological conditions, in creating time- and space-varying shear stress on the endothelium. Shear stress has been shown to be a critical element in biochemical signalling from the endothelium. In addition, as it has been shown that the endothelium is undulating due to the individual endothelial cells comprising it, we take this into account in our model of the geometry of the vessel wall. We find that this undulation affects the dynamics of the RBCs in the flow and the wall shear stress. We briefly explore how the deformability of a single RBC affects its trajectory in undulating channels, inspired by the idea behind deterministic lateral displacement devices (DLDs) which exploit the differing trajectories of particles based upon their sizes to separate them in flow. We also investigate the effect of suspensions of RBCs in undulating channels on rheological properties and wall shear stress. Finally, we address the chemical interactions by building a numerical model with the lattice Boltzmann-immersed boundary method (LB-IBM) to solve advection-diffusion of solute released from moving, deformable particles. Oxygen and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are both released by RBCs and are advected and diffused in the flow and uptaken by the endothelium and serve as critical signalling factors in inflammation and vasodilation. We find that the morphology of RBCs will affect the residence time and dilution of the chemical species upon contact with the wall. Together, these elements lead us towards the development of a model capable of simulating vital processes in the vascular system which result from local interactions of individual components
Mangeol, Pierre. "Interaction entre la proteine ribosomique L20 et l'ARN 23S : sondage direct par piege optique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00873738.
Full textSocrier, Larissa. "Influence de la localisation d’antioxydants sur la peroxydation des lipides membranaires : étude du mode d’action de dérivés PBN et de composés phénoliques." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2382/document.
Full textReactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential in living cells as they intervene in several physiological processes like the immune system and signaling pathways. However, an excess of the production of ROS can alter the equilibrium with antioxidants. This imbalance is called oxidative stress. As oxidative stress has been reported to be implicated in more than 200 diseases, the action of antioxidants to limit the deleterious effects of ROS is crucial. The antioxidants used by the cells can be chemical. Among them, α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) is widely used in biological systems to neutralize ROS. Because this molecule possesses a poor ability to target membranes, our collaborators synthesized amphiphilic nitrones bearing a PBN moiety. The first chapter describes the interactions of cholesterol derived PBN derivatives with the membrane. Results underlined the influence of the polar moiety on the nature of their interactions with membrane lipids. In addition, the evaluation of the antioxidant properties revealed the importance of the membrane localization of the nitrone moiety on the protective activity of the derivatives. The second chapter deals with a second set of amphiphilic nitrones that have the particularity of bearing a perfluorinated chain that constitutes the hydrophobic moiety. We noticed the membrane localization is important for the antioxidant efficiency; however the nature of the antioxidant moiety remains the most important parameter in this case. Finally, the strategy of grafting two different antioxidants on the same carrier seems to be promising to enhance the protective effect and create a synergistic antioxidant effect. However, cells also use natural antioxidants to defend themselves. These antioxidants come from food, especially from vegetables and fruits. Among them, phenolic compounds are known for their beneficial effects on health. Flavonoïds, phenolic acids, stilbenes and lignans constitute the 4 main classes of phenolic compounds. Lignans are particularly present in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum). Flaxseed is the plant that possesses the highest quantity of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. In order to understand their mechanisms of action and their interactions with membranes, lignans as well as hydroxycinnamic acids were purified from flaxseed. The third chapter describes the results obtained on model membranes. Generally speaking, both classes of compounds are efficient against lipid oxidation. Studying their interactions with membrane lipids allowed us to show that the mechanism of lignans, that penetrate membranes, is more efficient than the mechanism of hydroxycinnamic acids