Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biologie moléculaire végétale'
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Droual, Anne-Marie. "Analyse moléculaire et régulation comparée de l'expression de gènes de stress végétaux : étude d'un gène codant une cyclophiline cytosolique et de deux gènes codant des protéines riches en proline." Tours, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOUR3803.
Full textWattier, Christopher. "Pucerons et paroi végétale : implication directe ou indirecte de pectine méthylestérases dans la résistance d'Arabidopsis thaliana ?" Amiens, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AMIE0115.
Full textAphids are phloem-feeding insects that generally insert their mouthpart (stylets) through the plant cell wall layers to reach the sieve elements and uptake phloem sap. During stylets progression in the apoplasm, most cells are briefly punctured intracellularly for probing. Plant defense responses to an aphid infestation appear to be quantitatively and qualitatively different from responses to other biotic stresses. Plant acceptance by an aphid depends on the level of plant resistance established and on its ability to feed on a more or less restricted range of plants. The study of their feeding behavior, monitored using the electropenetrography technique, showed that a polyphagous aphid (Myzus persicae) might be more adapted to Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae family) than an oligophagous aphid specialist of this family (Brevicoryne brassicae), this latter being able to discriminate variations between natural ecotypes. These variations concern in particular the content of secondary metabolites that could be toxic or repellent, but also the structure of the plant cell wall. Among the genes associated with cell wall modifications, some encoding pectin methylesterases (PMEs, EC 3. 1. 1. 11) are induced during plant-aphid interactions. PMEs belong to a large multigenic family (66 isoforms in A. Thaliana) and control the degree of methylesterification (DM) of the main pectic domain: the homogalacturonan (HG), an unbranched polymer of α-(1-4) linked D-galacturonic acid residues. The control of the DM of HGs determines the rheological properties of the cell wall (elasticity) and controls the accessibility of HG-degrading enzymes (polygalacturonases PGs and pectate lyases) able to change cell wall porosity and produce oligogalacturonides, endogenous defense inducers. PME activity is therefore likely to influence both the plant defense responses and the aphid probing behavior. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we demonstrated that an aphid infestation (M. Persicae) differently modifies cell wall structure and sugars composition of A. Thaliana Col and WS ecotypes, activities of HG-modifying enzymes (PMEs and PGs), as well as the expression of some defense genes. The role of two pectin methylesterases (PME17 and PME3) and an inhibitor of PME (PMEI4) in A. Thaliana - Myzus persicae interactions has been demonstrated using this wide range of approaches. Mutant and overexpression lines inversely affect the aphid trophic behavior (electropenetrography during 8 h) but don't affect its physiology (demographic parameters during 21 days). These effects are correlated with significant changes in term of cell wall structure and defense gene expression, underlining a pleiotropic effect specific to each PME and also of PMEI4. This work highlights the potential roles of plant cell wall and PMEs in the plant resistance against aphids and sheds new light on understanding the mechanisms of plant defense
Cordier, Hélène. "Caractérisation moléculaire du métabolisme du mévalonate chez les eucaryotes ; l'hydroxyméthylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase de saccharomyces cerevisiae et la mévalonate diphosphate décarboxylase d'arabidopsis thaliana." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2324.
Full textBurcklen, Michel. "Peroxygénase végétale : Double localisation d'une oxygénase originale." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13184.
Full textDuring the last decade, increasing interest in oxygenated fatty acids, collectively named oxylipins, has been generated as these metabolites are considered to be involved in infection. In plants, oxylipins mainly derive from linole(n)ic acid via the lipoxygenase pathway. Fatty acids hydroperoxyds produced by lipoxygenase are rapidly metabolised in a variety of physiologically active derivatives by CYP74s and by peroxygénase (PXG). This later membrane bound hemoprotein catalyses reaction of oxydation by a mechanism which seems to be quite unique and surprisingly, it do not presents any homology with presently known oxidases. Peroxygenase is able to metabolise fatty acid hydroperoxyds (CYP74's substrate) as good as hydrogen peroxyd (peroxydase's substrate), raising questions about peroxygenase original mechanism origin which I try to characterize in studying the mode of linking of the heme iron. By site-directed mutagenesis experiments on AtPXG1, I found that the heme was not coordinated by cysteine residues like in CYP74s but to a histidine residue like in peroxydases. These results were confirmed by EPR, identifying an heme in which iron is coordinated via an histidine residue. In a second time, I have demonstrated that different isoforms differ from each other by various reactions specificity. In order to find some answer concerning plant peroxygénase physiological function, I have localized, by GFP fused strategy, AtPXG1 and AtPXG3 isoforms in endoplasmic reticulum and in lipid bodies, which are organelles constituted by a neutral lipid core surrounded by a proteic and phospholipid monolayer. I demonstrated that an FFAT motif was responsible of peroxygénase targeting to reticulum and that a DXE motif permit its export from RE to lipid bodies. First experiment round seems to demonstrate that this export is dependant from Sar1, an element of COPII complex, responsible of protein export from RE to Golgi apparatus
Laigle, Guillaume. "Zea mays outer cell layer 4 (ZmOCL4) : fonction moléculaire et association avec des traits agronomiques." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENSL0485.
Full textSchmitt, Fabrice. "Expression au cours du cycle cellulaire, localisation et rôle potentiel des cyclines A de plantes." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13002.
Full textSoulé, Salomé. "Développement de nouvelles résistances aux nématodes à galles : caractérisation des cibles d'effecteurs du parasitisme chez la tomate." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04509642.
Full textPlant-parasitic nematodes of the Meloidogyne genus, commonly known as root-knot nematodes, represent a significant global threat to agriculture. These obligatory plant parasites have evolved intricate and unique parasitic mechanisms. By injecting proteins known as "effectors" into the host plant, they trigger cellular reprogramming, resulting in the transformation of root cells into hypertrophied, multinucleate feeding cells termed "giant cells." However, the mechanisms underlying the formation of these newly developed structures remain largely elusive. This work delves into the investigation of two secreted proteins from the root-knot nematode M. incognita, namely EFFECTOR 12 (MiEFF12) and EFFECTOR 17 (MiEFF17). Using a yeast two-hybrid strategy, their respective plant protein targets were identified. Their roles in the plant-nematode interaction and formation of giant cells were investigated.In situ hybridization experiments showed that MiEFF12 is expressed in the salivary glands of the RKN juveniles, suggesting that it is secreted in planta. Fusion of MiEFF12 with GFP revealed its localization to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of plant cells. Among its plant targets, the PLANT BAP-LIKE PROTEINs (PBLs) proteins were identified in tomato. These PBLs are crucial in regulating ER homeostasis. RNA sequencing of roots of Arabidopsis plants overexpressing MiEFF12, compared to wild-type plants, showed that this effector can modulate defense and ER stress functions. In N. benthamiana, plants affected in PBL expression showed increased resistance to root-knot nematodes. These results showed that the EFF12 effectors manipulate PBL functions to enable nematode parasitism in N. benthamiana. In addition, the expression of the MiEFF17 effector in salivary glands was demonstrated. Yeast two-hybrid assays ere used to identify its host targets, the Kinesin Light Chain Related proteins (KLCRs) in tomato and Arabidopsis. Functional analysis showed that manipulation of KLCR by MiEFF17 is pivotal for the parasitic success of M. incognita.This research highlights the importance of studying the molecular dialogue between parasites and plants, in particular characterizing the proteins targeted by these pests. Such knowledge will contribute to the development of novel resistance strategies against these crop-damaging nematodes
Carpin, Sabine. "Cytokinines et accumulation alcaloïdique : essai de caractérisation de gènes régulés positivement par les cytokinines." Tours, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOUR3805.
Full textWirth, Jérémie. "Etude de la filiation entre les norisoprénoi͏̈des et les caroténoi͏̈des chez la vigne." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20057.
Full textThibodeau-Gagnon, Annie-Ève. "Prédation intraguilde chez les Coccinellidae : développement d'un nouvel outil moléculaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27507/27507.pdf.
Full textUnderstanding intraguild predation (IGP) between predators is of great interest for ecologists and biological control practitioners because its presence can, in some cases, impede biological control. Studies on IGP are usually realized under artificial environments, which may interfere with intraguild predation. This project focused on the study of IGP, in open field in soybean crop, between four species of ladybirds: Harmonia axyridis, Coccinella septempunctata, Coleomegilla maculata lengi and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata. Those predator populations frequently engage in IGP and it can be an important cause of mortality. Principal goals of this study were to: i) develop molecular tools to detect and quantify in situ IGP; ii) establish relations between IGP and ecological factors; and iii) evaluate the impact of extraguild prey density and plant structure on IGP between ladybirds. DNA markers have been developed for four species of ladybirds to detect intraguild prey in the gut-content of near 1000 predators, sampled in three years. We established a mean rate of IGP of 35% between ladybird species. We applied a correction to those rates to compensate for differences in digestion rate between predators and prey of different species. Factors increasing the prevalence of IGP were: extraguild prey density, the ratio of predator:prey, developmental stage of the predator and seasonality. Finally, we evaluated the impact of extraguild prey density and plant structural complexity on IGP between H. axyridis and P. quatuordecimpunctata. IGP was principally modulated by extraguild prey density. This study shows the ubiquity of IGP among ladybird interactions and the understanding of principal factors regulating the intensity of IGP. This thesis supports the hypothesis that IGP, even if extremely frequent, did not always have a measurable impact on biological control and consideration of principal ecological factors modulating its intensity is important.
Quéro, Anthony. "Approche métabolomique de l'amélioration de la tolérance au stress hydrique chez le lin (Linum usitatissimum) par application de l'acide β-amino butyrique (BABA) ou d'oligosaccharides." Amiens, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AMIE0118.
Full textThe cultivation of linseed (Linum usitatissimum), fell into disuse in the last century, is gaining interest through the abundance in seeds of compounds as α-linolenic acid and lignans. Despite its benefits, linseed is often considered as unprofitable particularly due to its regular exposure to drought which disrupts yield. To assess plant plasticity during osmotic stress, changes in metabolome and in inorganic solutes content were evaluated. Content analysis of these two classes of solutes has highlighted an opposite behavior during osmotic stress. Thus, metabolites accumulation is associated with a decreased in inorganic solutes content. The application of β-amino butyric acid (BABA) has led to an improved linseed drought stress tolerance. This tolerance is associated with a higher water content in leaves of treated plants, with a major solute content reorganization and an osmotic potential decrease. We showed that solute content deviations in response to anionic oligosaccharides application were similar that observed in linseed submitted to oligosaccharides or BABA treatments. These preliminary results suggest a role of oligosaccharides in improving of linseed drought stress tolerance
Schneider, Rémi. "Contribution à la connaissance de l'arôme et du potentiel aromatique du Melon B. (Vitis vinifera L. ) et des vins de Muscadet." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20156.
Full textSarry, Jean-Emmanuel. "Etude biochimique & moléculaire de β-D-Glucoside hydrolases de la baie de raisin (Vitis vinifera L. )." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20059.
Full textDay, Arnaud. "La lignification des fibres périphloémiennes du lin (Linum usitatissimum L. ) : approches cytochimique, chimique et moléculaire." Lille 1, 2004. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/591bb0bd-3841-4a7b-a571-f3cf36c2ba36.
Full textEn outre, des lignines de type gai͏̈acyle-syTingyleont été identifiées en moindre quantité dans l'ensemble de la paroi secondaire. La quantification de ces lignines révèle une hypolignification marquée dans les fibres par rapport au bois. La caractérisation des lignines inscrustant les faisceaux fibreux du lin par thioacidolyse puis par oxydation alcaline par le nitrobenzène suggère la présence d'une lignine de type H-G-S possédant un très faible ratio S/G associé à un fort degré de condensation. Ces particularités des lignines des fibres de lin semblent s'accentuer au cours de leur maturation s'effectuant pendant quelques semaines après la floraison des plantes. La caféoyl-coenzyme A 3-O-Methyltransferase, CCoAOMT, est une enzyme clé de la voie de biosynthèse des lignines contrôlant leur synthèse et leur composition. Son étude a mis en évidence une corrélation positive entre i. L'expression du gène, ii. La présence de la protéine et iii. Son activité enzymatique, suggérant une régulation transcriptionnelle de cette enzyme. Par ailleurs, l'activité de cette enzyme et l'expression de ses gènes coi͏̈ncident avec les variations spatio-temporelles du dépôt des lignines dans les tiges. La production d'nne CCoAOMT recombinante a permis de tester in vitro la spécificité de substrat de cette enzyme. Ces analyses ont révélé l'implcation de la CCoAOMT dans la synthèse des unités gai͏̈acyles et syringyles proposannt ainsi une nouvelle voie dans la biosynthèse des monolignols
Vandecasteele, Guénin Stéphanie. "Rôle des pectines méthylestérases dans la régulation de l'élongation de l'hypocotyle et de la rhizogenèse adventive chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Amiens, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AMIE0104.
Full textIn plants, the primary cell wall consists of a network of cellulose microfibrils and xyloglucan cross-links embedded in a complex pectic and protein matrix. Homogalacturonans, which are one of the main pectic compounds, can be demethylesterified by cell wall bases enzymes, pectin methylesterases (PME, EC 3. 1. 1. 11), a multigenic family of 66 members in Arabidopsis. Thus, PMEs are likely to play major roles in pectin remodelling in muro. Our work aims at characterizing the function of two genes coding pectin methylesterase that was shown to be expressed during seed maturation and in the early stages of germination for PME36 gene while PME3 gene is expressed ubiquitously in the vascular tissues. We showed that the decreased PME activity in Arabidopsis pme3 mutant led to increase the degree of methylesterification (DM) of pectins as well as the adventitious root formation in hypocotyl [1]. Unexpectedly, 48 hours after germination, PME activity in dark-grown hypocotyls of pme36 was higher than in the wild-type. This led to a decrease in the DM of pectins and in the number of adventitious roots in the mutant. While confirming the positive correlation between DM of pectins and adventitious rooting, these results highlight the existence of a mechanism overcompensating the absence of the PME36 protein in pme36 hypocotyls. We found that this compensatory mechanism involved transcriptional regulation, i. E. Other PME genes being overexpressed in pme36 hypocotyl. In addition, looking at hormone content and assessing the expression of genes involved in the hormone signaling pathways shown to control adventitious rooting, we found a strong alteration in hormone homeostasis in pme36 hypocotyls. Taken together these results suggest that adventitious rooting and hypocotyl elongation are controlled by a regulatory network involving crosstalk between hormone signaling and PME activity, which is modulated through a compensatory mechanism triggered by variations in DM of pectins
Robert, Christine. "Le brunissement enzymatique chez le palmiste rouge des Bas (Acanthophoenix rubra) : purification et caractérisation du système polyphénoloxydasique." La Réunion, 1995. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/95_S002_Robert.pdf.
Full textFortuné, Philippe. "Phylogénie et dynamique des gènes dupliqués chez les plantes polyploïdes : évolution dans les genres Bromus L. et Spartina Schreb. (Poaceae)." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S029.
Full textGenome duplication is an important speciation process in plants promoting diversification and adaptation. This work aims at unravelling the evolutionary history of polyploid lineages in genus Bromus and Spartina (Poaceae) that display polyploid species of ecological interest, due to their rapid expansion. Various phylogenetic analyses based on sequences from the chloroplast and the nuclear genomes have helped to elucidate the origin of the polyploidy. Reticulate evolution through allopolyploidy appears to be the rule in these groups, having an important impact on the ecological success of these species. Variable retention rates of homeologues were encountered for the nuclear Waxy gene depending on the lineages. The nuclear Waxy gene presented a variable retention rate of the homeologous copies depending on the lineages. No relaxation of selective constraints was detected on the retained gene copies
Ventelon-Debout, Marjolaine. "Génomique de l'interaction entre le riz (Oryza sativa L. ) et le virus de la panachure jaune (Rice yellow mottle virus) : étude comparative de la réponse chez un cultivar sensible et un cultivar partiellement résistant." Perpignan, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PERP0525.
Full textRice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV) is one of the most damaging pathogens of rice (Oryza sativa) in Africa. O. Sativa comprises two groups of subspecies: O. S. Indica , very susceptible to RYMV infection and O. S. Japonica, partially resistant. Our project concerns the study of the transcriptome and the proteome of two varieties, a RYMV susceptible one (IR64, O. S. Indica) and a partially resistant one (Azucena, O. S. Japonica). Our main objectives are to identify and characterize the specific responses to RYMV of the two cultivars at the early stages of infection. Transcriptionnal expression is largely disturbed. Photosynthetic genes, metabolic genes and defense related genes are deregulated during RYMV infection specifically in each cultivar
Mahé, Frédéric. "Phylogénie, éléments transposables et évolution de la taille des génomes chez les lupins." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00494607.
Full textBesseau, Sébastien. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle d’HCT, une acyltransférase impliquée dans le métabolisme des phénylpropanoïdes." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2007/BESSEAU_Sebastien_2007.pdf.
Full textPhenylpropanoid metabolism is specific of plants. Phenylalanine is the general precursor of the pathway that leads to a large variety of phenolic compounds as lignin, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, stilbenes, coumarins or hydroxycinnamic acid esters. These secondary compounds provide a vast array of physiological functions, being involved in development and defence responses for instance. During my PhD, I studied acyltransferases implicated in the phenylpropanoid metabolism. This work was initated, after the identification of a N. Tabacum enzyme with Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA : Shikimate/Quinate Hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity (HCT). This acyltransferase catalyzes in vitro , the formation of shikimate and quinate esters of p-coumarate, that are substrates of a P450 3- hydroxylase implicated in phenylpropanoid pathway. Functional characterization of HCT was performed in tobacco and Arabidopsis. It was shown that is expressed in all lignified tissues and HCT gene silencing by VIGS in N. Benthamiana or by RNAi in Arabidopsis deeply affected phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, in particular that of lignin. In HCT-repressed Arabidopsis plants, the metabolic flux was redirected towards flavonoid synthesis through chalcone synthase activity. Consequently, flavonoid accumulation inhibited auxin transport and plant growth. Normal plant development and auxin transport were restored by chalcone synthase repression that inhibited flavonoid synthesis in HCT-deficient plants. Putative acyltransferases of Arabidopsis were identified by bioinformatic analysis. Two of these enzymes have high identity to HCT and are probably implicated in phenylpropanoid pathway. One of them is expressed in stem phloem and the second is specific of anthers. Transgenic plants repressed for these enzymes were obtained and will be important tools to identify biological functions
Le, Saux Agnès. "Le transporteur mitochondrial d'Adenine-nucléotides chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae : approches moléculaires des relations structure-activité." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR28334.
Full textDehlouz, Kilian. "Quels sont les acteurs moléculaires influençant le devenir et la différenciation du bourgeon axillaire de fraisier en stolon ou en branche pouvant se terminer par une inflorescence ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0310.
Full textStrawberries reproduce both sexually (flowering) and asexually (stolons). These two methods, although antagonistic, are agronomically important: flowering influences fruit yield, while stolons enable the propagation of varieties. This competition takes place in particular at the level of axillary buds (AxB), which develop either into branches that can end in an inflorescence, or into stolons. Understanding the genetic network controlling AxB development is crucial, as it affects both fruit and plant yield in strawberry.The aim of my thesis is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the balance between sexual and asexual reproduction in diploid strawberry through three main questions:1. What are the molecular actors involved in the development of axillary buds into stolons or branches? A comparative transcriptomics approach on morphologically undifferentiated AxB has enabled us to identify biological processes and a shortlist of genes potentially involved in this balance.2. What are the molecular actors involved in the differentiation of AxB into stolons or branches, and can we associate a molecular signature of AxB according to differentiation stage and fate? Comparative and predictive transcriptomic analyses of AxB taken from different genotypes, at different stages of development and in different positions on the plant, have revealed key players and signature genes for AxB fate and differentiation status.3. Do changes in the expression of candidate genes alter the balance between sexual and asexual reproduction? Genome-editing approaches via CRISPR were used on two genes of interest to assess the impact of loss-of-function of these genes on the balance between sexual and asexual reproduction.This thesis enabled us to complete the regulatory network that controls AxB fate and differentiation, and thus the balance between sexual and asexual reproduction in strawberry, and to highlight potential targets for the improvement of cultivated strawberry
Ben, Ali Doha. "Production de dianthalexine et de protéines b dans des cellules de Dianthus caryophyllus L. élicitées par Phytophthora parasitica Dastur : approche de la voie de synthèse de la phytoalexine." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO11665.
Full textCatusse, Julie. "Utilisation de la protéomique pour la dissection des processus de germination et de vigueur germinative des graines de betterave à sucre." Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU3025.
Full textWe have used proteomics to better characterize germination and early seedling vigor in sugarbeet. Our strategy includes (1) construction of proteome reference maps for dry and germinating seeds of a high-vigor reference seed lot; (2) investigation of the specific tissue accumulation of proteins (root, cotyledon, perisperm); (3) investigation of changes in protein expression profiles detected in the reference seed lot subjected different vigor-modifying treatments, e. G. Aging and/or priming. More than 1,100 sugarbeet seed proteins have been identified by LC/MS-MS mass spectrometry (albumins, globulins and glutelins have been analyzed separately). Due to the conservation of protein sequences and the quality of MS sequencing (more than 5000 peptide sequences have been obtained), the success rate of protein identification was on the average of 80%. This is to our knowledge the best detailed proteome analysis ever carried out in seeds. The data allowed us to build a detailed metabolic chart of the sugarbeet seed, generating new insights into the molecular mechanisms determining the development of a new seedling. Also, the proteome of a seed-storage tissue as the perisperm is described for the first time
Reymond, Mathieu. "Etude des gènes cibles de facteurs de transcription impliqués dans le développement du carpelle chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENSL0536.
Full textThe female reproductive structure, or gynoecium, of the Arabidopsis thaliana flower consists of an ovary, divided longitudinally by a septum, and topped by a stigma and short style. Carpel development is controlled by transcription factors including SPATULA (SPT), CRABS CLAW (CRC), and ETTIN (ETT). However, nothing was previously known of the downstream pathways through which these transcription factors control the development of these tissues. This thesis uncovers some of these pathways
Petit, Jules. "Membrane Tethering in Plant Intercellular Communication : Structure-Function of Multiple C2 domains and Transmembrane Region Proteins (MCTP) at Plasmodesmata ER-PM Membrane Contact Site." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2022. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03789611.
Full textPlant multicellularity relies on intercellular communication in order to transmit information from cell to cell and throughout the entire plant body. In land plants, the major line for such cellular conversations is through plasmodesmata (PD) pores, which are nanoscopic membranous tunnels spanning the pecto-cellulosic cell wall. These pores are indeed involved in the transfer of a wide variety of molecules such as transcription factors, RNAs, hormones and metabolites during all stages of plant life, adaptation and responses to their environment. PD are singular amongst other types of intercellular junctions as they provide a direct continuity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the plasma membrane (PM) and the cytosol between neighboring cells. Their architectural organization can be summarized as followed: a thin strand of constricted ER, called desmotubule, is encased in a tube of PM lining the cell wall. PD are seen as a specialized ER-PM membrane contact sites from the very close apposition (2 to 10 nm) of the ER and PM membranes and the presence of tethering elements bridging the two organelles. In this study, we describe the structural organization and function of several members of the MCTP (Multiple C2 domains and Transmembrane region Protein) family which act as ER-PM tethering elements at PD. We show that these proteins possess molecular features capable of transient interaction with anionic lipids of the PM, through their C2 domains, as well as ER membrane shaping, through their transmembrane region which presents homology to a reticulon domain. We further correlate MCTP function with PD architecture and biogenesis, and investigate on the role of the ER inside PD. Altogether, this work provides original data placing MCTPs as core PD proteins that appear to be crucial in the establishment of PD ultrastructure and associated functions
Kazmierczak, Theophile. "Identification de nouveaux régulateurs de la sénescence nodositaire chez Medicago truncatula." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS080.
Full textSenescence is the last step of plant organ lifespan and allows their degradation in order to remobilize components from senescent tissues toward others organs. In the nitrogen fixing symbiosis nodulation occurring between legume plants and rhizobia bacteria, a senescence process has been described. However, limited knowledge about regulatory systems controlling senescence in the symbiotic nodule is available. In the laboratory, the MtNAC969 transcription factor was identified as a regulator of nodule senescence. The aim of this PhD project is to identify and characterize new regulatory factors involved in nodule senescence. We developed two independent approaches : (i) the identification of genes coregulated with MtNAC969 or a cystein protease MtCP6 used as nodule senescence marker ; and (ii), targeted approach focused on the role of cytokinin signaling pathways in nodule senescence. This project allowed us to identify two regulator transcription factors, MtbHLH107 and MtNAC009 ; and to decipher the cytokinin role in the senescence of the symbiotic organ. This PhD thesis allowed us to identify two new potential regulators of nodule senescence, MtbHLH107 and MtNAC009; and to decipher the role of cytokinins in the senescence of this symbiotic organ
Pascaud, François. "Bases moléculaires de la régulation de l'activité des canaux potassiques de type Shaker chez les plantes." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0020.
Full textAmongst the ion transport systems expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, the Shaker-like K+ channels are the most characterized regarding both their functional features and their physiological role. Little is known, however, about molecular mechanisms underlying their post-translational regulation. Previous identification of AtPP2CA as a AKT2-targetting phospatase and detailed evidence that this Shaker channel activity is strongly dependent on its phosphorylation status pointed out AKT2 as a worth studying model. Here, we report on the identification of a protein complex made of a calcium sensing protein (CBL4, Calcineurin-B Like 4) and of a protein kinase (CIPK6, CBL-Interacting Protein Kinase 6), which is able to interact with and to strongly stimulate the channel activity of AKT2. BiFC experiments in Tobacco protoplasts demonstrated that these three proteins interact and traffic together to the cell membrane. Voltage-clamp experiments in Xenopus oocytes indicated that co-expression of CBL4 and CIPK6 with AKT2 increases AKT2 activity in a calcium-dependent manner without changing AKT2 voltage-gating properties. In contrast to recent report on AKT1 stimulation by the CIPK23-CBL1 complex, regulation of AKT2 activity by CIPK6 does not require the CIPK6 kinase activity. Two mechanisms are involved in this regulation: (1) CBL4 targets (Ca2+-dependently) the AKT2/CIPK6 complex to the plasma membrane (BiFC in Tobacco protoplasts) and (2) in presence of Ca2+, CIPK6-CBL4 complex seems able to protect AKT2 against rundown i. E. Against dephosphorylation (voltage-clamp on membrane patch excised from oocyte). In conclusion, we identified a new CIPK/CBL complex able to regulate AKT2 via a calcium-dependent but CIPK kinase activity-independent mechanism
Brunet, Judicaelle. "Adaptation aux métaux lourds d'une Fabacée (légumineuse) : réponses phénologique et moléculaire au plomb du Lathyrus sativus L." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00462143.
Full textEvrard, Alexandre. "Etude des interactions cellulaires des puroindolines et étude de la régulation de l'expression des gènes PinA et PinB de blé." Montpellier, ENSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSA0012.
Full textPuroindolines are 13kDa proteins, involved in wheat grain softness. Nethertheless, Cell function and Pin genes expression regulation are not very well documented. Puroindolines cell interactions were studied in the yeast Saccaromyces cerevisiae. Puroindolines do not form homo or heterodimer but interact in vivo with the yeast plasma membrane. Site directed mutagenesis approach highlighted that the tryptophan rich domain of puroindoline-a is involved in this interaction but not in the case of puroindoline-b. In parallel, promoter of both PinA and PinB genes were studied in transgenic rice plants. PinA and PinB genes are expressed in the grain and regulated during development. Whereas PinB gene expression is grain specific, PinA gene is expressed also in other organs is wound induced in stems and leaves
Gomez, Rodrigo Enrique. "Unravelling the contribution of lipids in plant autophagy : Identification and functional characterization of lipids implicated in the autophagic process in Arabidopsis." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0103.
Full textPlants, being sessile organisms, are frequently confronted to a plethora of environmental stresses and harsh conditions. Enduring these conditions can lead to the accumulation of protein aggregates or organelles that become dysfunctional. To withstand these conditions, plants have evolved sophisticated adaptation mechanisms for the recycling of intracellular components. These mechanisms are essential for the metabolic transitions required for efficient nutrient use, as well as proper disposal of protein aggregates or damaged organelles. One of these mechanisms is autophagy, an intracellular degradation pathway that employs specialized double membrane vesicles that encapsulate cytosolic material and delivers it to the vacuole for degradation. Autophagy relies on the formation of these specialized vesicles, called autophagosomes (APs). APs are unique vesicles in the endomembrane system, first because they are made of a double lipid bilayer, and second because they do not but from a pre-existing compartment. AP biogenesis is a multistep process implicating a core machinery (ATG proteins) that mediate the de novo formation of an initial membrane; then, by the addition of lipids, this membrane expands into a cup-shaped structure with highly curved edges to engulf autophagic cargo. Upon completion, the rims of the structure seal and form a mature AP that traffics to the vacuole, where its outer membrane fuses with the tonoplast releasingthe inner membrane and cargo inside the vacuole. Thus, AP biogenesis relies on numerous membrane remodeling events, first to initiate the initial membrane, then to maintain the highly curved shape of the structure while ensuring its expansion, and finally to seal the mature structures and its subsequent fusion to the vacuole. Lipids, thanks to their physicochemical properties define important membrane features such as its, fluidity, curvature and electrostatics. Hence, evidence showing the crucial role of lipids in autophagy has emerged in the recent years. In plants however, little is known about the lipid composition of autophagic membranes and thus, about the functional contribution of lipids in plant autophagy. My PhD thesis consisted on identifying crucial lipids for plant autophagy with an aim to characterize their function in the process. By performing a lipid-related enzymes inhibitor screen in which we assayed the impact of inhibiting the synthesis of specific lipids on autophagy, we identified different lipid candidates important for plant autophagy. Notably, we identified the phosphatydil-inositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) as being critical for the formation of APs. In the absence of PI4P, AP formation is stalled at a very early stage resulting in a block in the process. Furthermore, we have obtained valuable insights to better understand the AP formation. In plants, particularly, our results suggest that the plasma membrane (PM) plays important roles in the formation of these structures. Taken together, our results confirmed that lipids are more than just building blocks constituting the autophagic membranes; rather, they seem to play distinct and specific roles in the pathway. Finally, this thesis highlights how lipids are key actors for the autophagic process and thus for plants adaptations to adverse and stressful environmental conditions
Gicquel, Morgane. "Mécanismes moléculaires de la réponse des plantes aux radiations ionisantes. Exploration du rôle des glucosinolates dans la réponse antioxydante." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00797465.
Full textTourdot, Edouard. "Spatiotemporal distribution of ploidy levels and ploidy specific transcriptome during Tomato fruit development." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0121.
Full textEndoreduplication is a cellular process during which nuclear DNA content (ploidy) is increased through successive genome duplication without cell division. Endoreduplication plays pivotal functions throughout the plant life cycle such as morphogenesis or cell specification, and also in response to environmental stresses. Another potential role of endoreduplication is that, by increasing gene copy number, transcription could be increased. In Tomato, the fruit pericarp tissue (fleshy part) is composed of a heterogeneous population of cells displaying a large variation of ploidy levels reaching up to 256c (c = haploid genome quantity). In this tissue, these high ploidy levels are generally correlated with large cells. However, little is known about the onset and progression of endoreduplication during tomato fruit growth and its consequences on the regulation of cell size and gene expression. We therefore aim to determine the in situ distribution of gene expression based on the ploidy levels in the pericarp during fruit development.For that, ploidy distribution in the pericarp is first quantified in situ by Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FisH). In parallel, cell size is measured to study the potential link between ploidy and cell growth. Second, RNA extracted from nuclei sorted based on their ploidy level are used for sequencing. From this transcriptome data, a search for potential markers of ploidy and/or genes having a ploidy specific expression will be done. These ploidy distribution and transcriptomics experiments are done by harvesting fruits at five stages from 6 to 12 days post anthesis (dpa) during fruit growth. Using this data a virtual map of ploidy distribution and gene expression will be done for early development of Tomato fruit pericarp
Delahaie, Julien. "Comparaison moléculaire des graines orthodoxes de Medicago truncatula et récalcitrantes de Castanospermum australe : une nouvelle approche pour comprendre l'acquisition de la tolérance à la dessiccation." Phd thesis, Angers, 2013. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00961568.
Full textDesiccation tolerance (DT) is defined as the ability to survive in the dry state and resume metabolic activity upon imbibition. Unlike orthodox seeds, that acquire DT during their maturation, recalcitrant seeds do not survive desiccation. A comparative analysis of orthodox and recalcitrant seeds development constitutes an interesting model to highlight mechanisms that are involved in DT. Using proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, the development of the recalcitrant Castanospermum australe seeds was characterized and compared to development of orthodox Medicago truncatula seeds, species from the same sub-family of Fabaceae. Our results show that most LEA (Late Embryogenesis Abundant) proteins are absent or faintly accumulated in mature seeds of C. Australe compared to M. Truncatula. The LEA protein profile is similar to seeds of the Mtabi3 mutant that is deficient in the expression of the major regulator of orthodox seed maturation ABI3 (ABscissic acid Insensitive 3). Transcriptome analysis reveals a strong repression of CaABI3 and its putative targets at the end of C. Australe seed development while the transcript levels of these target genes remain high until the end of maturation of M. Truncatula seeds. Two genes coding for ABI3 were cloned in C. Australe: CaABI3 and CaABI3-like. Ectopic expression in M. Truncatula roots demonstrated that only CaABI3-like is able to activate the same targets as MtABI3. Moreover, CaABI3 does not complement the abi3-5 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. This analysis strengthens the implication of ABI3 in the desiccation sensitivity of recalcitrant seeds. In addition, mature C. Australe seeds display certain characteristics of a seed that is preparing for germination and express many stress response genes
Delahaie, Julien. "Comparaison moléculaire des graines orthodoxes de Medicago truncatula et récalcitrantes de Castanospermum australe : une nouvelle approche pour comprendre l'acquisition de la tolérance à la dessiccation." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00961568.
Full textMontpetit, Jonatan. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle et expression hétérologue de transporteurs de silicium chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28284/28284.pdf.
Full textFafard, Patrick. "Étude de la synthèse des taxanes chez l'if du Canada (Taxus Canadensis Marsh.) et recherche de traitements pouvant influencer cette dernière." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27252/27252.pdf.
Full textSturbois, Bénédicte. "Transfert vésiculaire des lipides chez Allium porrum L. : effet de la température in vivo, reconstitution in vitro, isolement des intermédiaires vésiculaires." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR28416.
Full textPuscas, Mihai. "Phytoécologie et phylogéographie des pelouses alpines à Carex curvula des montagnes carpatiques : Comparaison avec les autres montagnes du système alpin." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10062.
Full textThe alpine meadows dominated by the sedge Carex curvula are among the most emblematic plant communities of the alpine vegetation of the European mountains. This work aims at exploring the spatial patterns of genetic diversity within C. Curvula and the spatial patterns of species diversity in the meadows where C. Curvula is dominant. This comparative study has been conducted throughout the whole distribution area of this type of alpine ecosystem in Europe. First, this work examines the floristic variability of the C. Curvula communities and tries to identify the most important drivers for the species distribution within the European alpine belt. The results show an important variation in the spatial distribution of species diversity among mountain ranges. The floristic boundaries match only partly the geographical limits. The current species distribution in the alpine belt of the high mountains in Europe has to be related primarily to large-scale, historical drivers and only secondarily to local-scale, ecological determinants. Then, we study the phylogeographical patterns of C. Curvula using nuclear and chloroplastic molecular markers. The spatial distribution of genetic diversity highlights a contrasting impact of Quaternary glaciations in the Eastern and Western part of Europe. Based on genetic data, we infer a large East-West recolonization wave in the Alps and local, upward migration events in the Carpathians after ice retreat. We hypothesize recent long-distance dispersal from a secondary glacial refugium located in the South-Western Alps to explain genetic diversity observed within Pyrenean populations. Finally, we explore the relationships between genetic and floristic diversity. Our result support a lack of positive correlations between the two levels of diversity, contrary to what is suggested by several theoretical works. We explain this situation by a contrasting history of genes and species in response to the spatial range dynamics driven by temperature fluctuations during the Quaternary. To conclude, we call for further multidisciplinary studies (including species distribution modelling) to investigate the biogeography of these alpine meadows in a context of global change
Puscas, Mihai. "Phytoécologie et phylogéographie des pelouses alpines à Carex curvula des montagnes carpatiques : Comparaison avec les autres montagnes du système alpin." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00386998.
Full textDans un premier temps, ce travail examine la variabilité floristique des pelouses dominées par C. curvula et tente d'identifier les forces qui ont joué le rôle le plus important dans la structuration des espèces de l'étage alpin acidiphile européen. Les résultats des analyses montrent qu'il existe une variabilité importante pour la distribution de la diversité interspécifique et seulement une correspondance partielle entre la position des barrières biogéographiques de l'étage alpin et les grandes distances géographiques qui séparent les massifs montagnards. Il ressort nettement que les forces qui ont joué le rôle le plus important dans la structuration floristique de l'étage alpin acidiphile européen sont de nature historique et dans une moindre mesure de nature écologique.
Ensuite, nous explorons la distribution de la diversité génétique dans les populations de C. curvula dans un contexte phylogéographique. L'impact des glaciations quaternaires correspond à deux histoires différentes pour les flores alpines dans les montagnes de l'ouest et de l'est du continent européen. Chez C. curvula, les mécanismes de recolonisations postglaciaires auraient impliqué un large vague de migration est-ouest dans les Alpes et une migration verticale beaucoup plus locale dans les Carpates. Les Pyrénées auraient été colonisé plus récemment, à partir d'un refuge secondaire localisé dans les Alpes du Sud-Ouest.
Enfin, dans un troisième temps, nous nous intéressons au problème des relations entre la diversité génétique et floristique, en analysant la diversité locale des espèces dans les pelouses à C. curvula et la diversité génétique de l'espèce dominante. Le manque de corrélation positive entre les deux niveaux de la diversité est expliqué par des réponses différentes des gènes et des espèces aux grands changements climatiques qui sont intervenus au cours du Quaternaire.
Nous concluons sur les perspectives de biogéographie comparative ouvertes par ce travail, en particulier sur l'articulation souhaitée entre les efforts de modélisation de la distribution biologique, la phylogéographie et l'écologie évolutive.
Irshad, Muhammad. "DYNAMIQUE DES PROTÉINES PARIÉTALES AU COURS DE L'ÉLONGATION CELLULAIRE DANS DES HYPOCOTYLES ÉTIOLÉS D'ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA : APPROCHES PROTÉOMIQUE ET TRANSCRIPTOMIQUE." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00323217.
Full textHamdi, Faten. "'Identification morphologique et moléculaire et caractérisation bio-écologique d'un agent de lutte biologique zoophytophage méditerranéen : Macrolophus pygmaeus'." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20053.
Full textThe success of a biological or integrated pest management control program is deeply dependant of the involved biological control agent as well as its intrinsic characteristics and its various interactions with the target introduction area. Before any implication in such a program an accurate/correct identification, a detailed knowledge of its biology, ecology, potential in pest control are necessary. This work was developed in a context of the sanitary and environmental fruits and vegetables production limitation risk problems. It consists, more specifically, in the phytosanitary and environmental impact limitations of some tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) pests. In the last twenty years, the biological and integrated pest management has considerably changed by involving a large scale of biological control agents for a successful control of the main parasitic invasions (the two whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci [Gennadius, 1889) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood, 1856), more recently the moth Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)]. Among the natural enemies used on the Mediterranean region, one finds a zoophytophagous bug belonging to the Macrolophus genus (Hemiptera: Miridae. In spite of its marketing since the 1990s under the name Macrolophgus caliginosus, its specific identity still remains unclear. This is due to the presence in the origin zone (Mediterranean area) of two morphologically closed species: Macrolophus caliginosus/melanotoma and Macrolophus pygmaeus. The first part of this thesis shed light on the identification problem through a double morphological and molecular approach. It also provided a new identification key of all the Palaearctic species belonging to the genus Macrolophus. The second part focused on some bio-ecological traits of the commercialised species, identified in this work as M. pygmaeus. The influence of trophic/feeding resources on the survival capacity has been studied and a cannibalistic behaviour has been demonstrated. The close relationship between phytophagy and zoophagy was characterized; finally the impact of temperature on its functional response was described. The results showed the importance of all these parameters on M. pygmaeus predation potential and emphasized their contribution on the success or failure in tomato pest management
Vanden, Abeele Samuel. "Comparative phylogeography of widespread tree species from the Congo Basin." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/298065.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Hammami, Walid. "Étude physiologique et métabolique de la production de la flocculosine chez Pseudozyma flocculosa." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27003/27003.pdf.
Full textPuga, Freitas Ruben, and Freitas Ruben Puga. "Effet du ver de terre Aporrectodea caliginosa sur la croissance des plantes, leur développement et leur résistance aux pathogènes : réponse physiologique et moléculaire de la plante à l'émission de molécules-signal." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804633.
Full textLecolier, Aurélie. "Caractérisation de certains impacts de la mutation "Laurina" chez "Coffea arabica L. " aux niveaux histo-morphologique et moléculaire." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00468113.
Full textAuvray, Gaëlle. "Les relations phylogénétiques au sein d'un système réticulé : cas particulier de Cytisus scoparius L. (Genisteae, Fabaceae) et des espèces, hybrides et cultivars apparentés." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00975350.
Full textMassoni, Julien. "Phylogeny, molecular dating and floral evolution of Magnoliidae (Angiospermae)." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01044699.
Full textLageix, Sébastien. "Impact d'un stress viral sur la transcription des SINE d'Arabidopsis thaliana et influence de l'ARN SINE sur la kinase GCN2." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00731032.
Full textZhang, Hui. "Manipulation des végétaux par les organismes endophytes : dialogue chimique et moléculaire entre les insectes manipulateurs de plantes et leurs plantes hôtes." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4003/document.
Full textBecause phytohormones lie at the very core of molecular mechanisms controlling the plant physiology and development, they have long been hypothesized to be involved in insect-induced plant manipulations. Insects are using phytohormones to manipulate their host plants for their own benefit, regulating nutrient provisioning and plant defenses. However, a mechanistic understanding of how phytohormones operate in plant reconfigurations by plant-manipulating insects, especially by gall-inducing and leaf-minging insects, is lacking. The objective of my Ph.D. was to provide an extensive characterization of how plant-manipulating insects modulate the plant global hormonal balance with a specific focus on the leaf-mining moth Phyllonorycter blancardella. We thus developed a time course characterization of plant transcriptomic and biochemical responses following attack by leaf-mining larvae. A comparative analysis between different biological systems allowed us to estimate similarities in strategies developed leaf-mining and gall-inducing insects, to identify the possible origin of phytohormones involved in the plant manipulation and to estimate the role of insect endosymbiotic bacteria in these interactions