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Journal articles on the topic 'Biology, Plant Physiology. Chemistry, Biochemistry'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Drobyk, N. M., M. M. Barna, L. S. Barna, V. Z. Kurant та A. I. Herts. "ХІМІКО-БІОЛОГІЧНИЙ ФАКУЛЬТЕТ ТЕРНОПІЛЬСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ПЕДАГОГІЧНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ ІМЕНІ ВОЛОДИМИРА ГНАТЮКА: ІСТОРІЯ, СЬОГОДЕННЯ, ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ (до 80-річчя заснування)". Scientific Issue Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: Biology 79, № 1-2 (2020): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2078-2357.20.1-2.17.

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The facts and figures related to the 80-year history of formation and development of the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University are provided. The main stages of foundation, development of the faculty, achievements of the teaching staff in educational and research work are highlighted.
 The structural elements of the faculty are characterized: the department of botany and zoology, general biology and methods of instruction of natural sciences, chemistry and methods of its teaching, laboratory of biology and ecology “Holytskyi botany and entomology preserve of the university", agrobiological laboratory, “Educational laboratory of morphology and systematics of plants - herbarium”, educational and methodical room “Zoological Museum”, laboratory of ecobiotechnologies and basics of health, laboratory of experimental biology, Botanical Garden, within which the Biblical Botanical Garden was launched in 2019. 
 The following qualifications and majors are enlisted, in particular: bachelor’s degree - 014 Secondary education (Biology), 014 Secondary education (Biology and human health), 014 Secondary education (Chemistry), 014 Secondary education (Natural sciences), 202 Plant protection and quarantine; master’s degree - 014 Secondary education (Biology and human health), 014 Secondary education (Chemistry), 014 Secondary education (Natural sciences), 091 Biology, 102 Chemistry.
 Considerable attention is paid to scientific work, in particular research laboratories: cytoembryology, plant physiology and microbiology, ecological biochemistry, comparative biochemistry and molecular biology, ecology and biotechnology, ecotoxicology and bioindication, chemistry of unsaturated compounds, as well as scientific and methodological center of natural sciences. 
 It should be emphasized that the faculty creates ample opportunities for postgraduate work, and PhD studies both TNPU-based and in other educational and scientific institutions, as well as for scientific publications in «Scientific Notes of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: Biology.» (category B) and “Scientific notes of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: Chemistry ".
 Career counselling is an integral part of work carried out at the faculty. Prospects for further development of the faculty are outlined.
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2

Nadarajah, Kalaivani, Nur Wahida Abdul Hamid, and Nur Sabrina Natasha Abdul Rahman. "SA-Mediated Regulation and Control of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (2021): 5591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115591.

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Environmental or abiotic stresses are a common threat that remains a constant and common challenge to all plants. These threats whether singular or in combination can have devastating effects on plants. As a semiaquatic plant, rice succumbs to the same threats. Here we systematically look into the involvement of salicylic acid (SA) in the regulation of abiotic stress in rice. Studies have shown that the level of endogenous salicylic acid (SA) is high in rice compared to any other plant species. The reason behind this elevated level and the contribution of this molecule towards abiotic stress management and other underlying mechanisms remains poorly understood in rice. In this review we will address various abiotic stresses that affect the biochemistry and physiology of rice and the role played by SA in its regulation. Further, this review will elucidate the potential mechanisms that control SA-mediated stress tolerance in rice, leading to future prospects and direction for investigation.
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3

Devinyak, Oleg, Iryna Stan, Viktoriya Syatynya, Yaroslava Deyak, Olena Lytvyn, and Ivan Kachur. "PHARMACY STUDY PLANS IN VISEGRAD GROUP COUNTRIES AND UKRAINE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." Ukrainian Scientific Medical Youth Journal 121, no. 1 (2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/usmyj.1(121).2021.13-21.

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Careful design of study plan is a key element of any successful educational program. Till 2018 Ministry of Health of Ukraine regulated the structure of Pharmacy study plans through the adoption of unified Ministerial study plan. Now the responsibility of educational programs and corresponding study plans design in Ukraine is fully transferred to universities. The purpose of this study is to compare the structure and content of pharmacy study plans in Visegrad Group countries with the most recent unified Pharmacy study plan in Ukraine. Methods. The official documents of Warsaw Medical University, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Charles University, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Comenius University, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Semmelweis University and University of Debrecen were studied and data on required courses and corresponding ECTS credits extracted and compared with Ukrainian study plan. Results. Ukrainian unified study plan in Pharmacy pays much more attention to Humanity, Social and Economics section (9 ECTS credits plus 6 ECTS credits of Foreign Language), Computer and IT skills (8 ECTS credits), Hygiene and Ecology (3 ECTS credits), Life Safety, Labor Safety and Bioethics (6 ECTS credits in total), Extreme Medicine and Military Training (6 ECTS credits in total), Toxicological and Forensic Chemistry (4 ECTS credits), Organization and Economics of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Management and Marketing (12 ECTS credits in total) as compared to foreign universities. While natural science courses receive less ECTS credits in Ukraine, and some courses in rapidly evolving sciences like Molecular Biology, Immunology or Clinical Biochemistry are significantly underrepresented. Conclusions. The Pharmacy study plans of Visegrad Group universities show greater similarity with each other and tend to differ from the Ukrainian Ministerial study plan. The necessary steps to harmonize Pharmacy study plans of Ukrainian universities with V4 countries include the introduction of Molecular Biology, Immunology, Clinical Biochemistry courses, and strengthening the basic medical and chemical science courses like Human Anatomy and Physiology, Organic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Pharmacology, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
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4

Filgueiras, Camila C., Adalvan D. Martins, Ramom V. Pereira, and Denis S. Willett. "The Ecology of Salicylic Acid Signaling: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Effects with Applications in Agriculture." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 23 (2019): 5851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235851.

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The salicylic acid pathway is one of the primary plant defense pathways, is ubiquitous in vascular plants, and plays a role in rapid adaptions to dynamic abiotic and biotic stress. Its prominence and ubiquity make it uniquely suited for understanding how biochemistry within plants can mediate ecological consequences. Induction of the salicylic acid pathway has primary effects on the plant in which it is induced resulting in genetic, metabolomic, and physiologic changes as the plant adapts to challenges. These primary effects can in turn have secondary consequences for herbivores and pathogens attacking the plant. These secondary effects can both directly influence plant attackers and mediate indirect interactions between herbivores and pathogens. Additionally, stimulation of salicylic acid related defenses can affect natural enemies, predators and parasitoids, which can recruit to plant signals with consequences for herbivore populations and plant herbivory aboveground and belowground. These primary, secondary, and tertiary ecological consequences of salicylic acid signaling hold great promise for application in agricultural systems in developing sustainable high-yielding management practices that adapt to changing abiotic and biotic environments.
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5

Mannino, Giuseppe, Giorgia Chinigò, Graziella Serio, et al. "Proanthocyanidins and Where to Find Them: A Meta-Analytic Approach to Investigate Their Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Distribution and Effect on Human Health." Antioxidants 10, no. 8 (2021): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081229.

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Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are a class of polyphenolic compounds that are attracting considerable interest in the nutraceutical field due to their potential health benefits. However, knowledge about the chemistry, biosynthesis, and distribution of PACs is limited. This review summarizes the main chemical characteristics and biosynthetic pathways and the main analytical methods aimed at their identification and quantification in raw plant matrices. Furthermore, meta-analytic approaches were used to identify the main plant sources in which PACs were contained and to investigate their potential effect on human health. In particular, a cluster analysis identified PACs in 35 different plant families and 60 different plant parts normally consumed in the human diet. On the other hand, a literature search, coupled with forest plot analyses, highlighted how PACs can be actively involved in both local and systemic effects. Finally, the potential mechanisms of action through which PACs may impact human health were investigated, focusing on their systemic hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects and their local anti-inflammatory actions on the intestinal epithelium. Overall, this review may be considered a complete report in which chemical, biosynthetic, ecological, and pharmacological aspects of PACs are discussed.
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Patyka, V. P., I. P. Hryhoriuk, M. M. Barna, N. M. Drobyk та O. B. Kononchuk. "З ВІДДАНІСТЮ СВОЇЙ СПРАВІ, З ЛЮБОВ’Ю ДО ЛЮДЕЙ ТА З ІСКРОЮ ДОБРА У СЕРЦІ". Scientific Issue Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: Biology 76, № 2 (2019): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2078-2357.19.2.17.

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July 7, 2019 marks the 60th anniversary of the renowned scientist in the field of plant physiology and microbiology, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Higher School of Ukraine, Head of the Department of Botany and Zoology of the Ternopil National Pedagogical University and University
 Svitlana Vasylivna was born in the village of Ishkiv, Koziv district, Ternopil region, to a family of teachers. She started schooling at the Ishkiv eight-year school and later Ternopil Secondary School #8, which she graduated with honours in 1976. In August 1977, she entered Ternopil Pedagogical Institute, Natural Sciences faculty. She graduated with honors in 1982 and got qualification of a teacher of chemistry and biology
 Since July 1982, Svitlana Vasylivna's work has been associated with the Department of Botany (now the Department of Botany and Zoology of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University), where she became an assistant at the laboratory of plant physiology and biology.
 As a laboratory assistant, S.V. Pyda commenced her first scientific studies concerned with nitrogen nutrition of legumes supervised by Professor, Head of the Symbiotic Nitrogenation Department of the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine Yukhym Polikarpovych Starchenko, candidates of biological sciences, professor of the Department of Botany of Ternopil Pedagogical Institute Vekirchyk Kuzma Mykolaiovych and associate professor Butnytskyi Ivan Mykolaiovych.
 From 1989 to 1993 S.V. Pyda carried out scientific research at National Botanical Garden M.M. Hrishko NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv) supervised by professor, head of allelopathy department Holovko Erast Anatoliiovych. May 26, 1994 as a result of scientific research S.V. Pyda became a successful defense of a Ph.D. thesis for the degree of Candidate of Biological Sciences in the specialty 03.00.12 – plant physiology in the specialized scientific council of the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine entitled: «Allelopathic and symbiotic features of lupine at different levels of nitrogen nutrition».
 During her postgraduate studies, in 1990 S. V. Pyda was transitioned to the position of Assistant Professor of the Department of Botany of Ternopil Pedagogical Institute, and after the defense of her Ph.D. thesis in January 1995 – to the post of Senior Lecturer, Associate Professor of Botany – on December 25, 1997. Pyda S.V. was given the academic title of Associate Professor of Botany.
 Pyda S.V. managed to combine her teaching career with scientific research concerned with a wide range of questions of plant physiology, biochemistry and ecology, microbiology, agriculture. Her major research focuses on the biological fixation of molecular nitrogen by legumes, allelopathic and biochemical features of species of the genus Lupine and some floral-ornamental plants, problems of chemical interaction between plants in natural and artificial phytocenoses, microorganisms and agriculture.
 Her 13-year-long scientific work found its expression in the manuscript of the doctoral dissertation, successfully defended on June 14, 2007 for the degree of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences in the specialized academic council of the Uman Agrarian University (now Uman National University of Horticulture) entitled: “Physiology of symbiosis of Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) – Lupinus L.: allelopathic analysis” specialty 03.00.12 – plant physiology.
 On April 1, 2008, after a significant achievement in the scientific and pedagogical field, the decision of the Scientific Council of the Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University Pyda S.V. was appointed the professor of the Department of Botany. On January 20, 2011, by the decision of the Attestation Board of the Ministry of Education and Science, Pyda S.V. was awarded the academic title of Professor of Botany. Since November 26, 2014 prof. Pyda S.V. has been the head of the Department of Botany and Zoology after the merging of the departments of Botany and Zoology.
 Svitlana Vasylivna Pyda’s legacy comprises 342 works, including 4 monographs, 7 utility model patents, over 30 scientific articles, 2 textbooks, 7 methodological tutorials, 1 bibliographic index, 2 e-courses etc.
 Professor S.V. Pyda has been teaching at the University for many years the disciplines "Plant Physiology", "Microbiology with the Fundamentals of Virology", "Research Methods", "Nutrition and Productivity of Plants", "Mechanisms of Plant Productivity". She is also a teacher of Ternopil Oblast Territory -Municipal Branch of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, a member of the jury and head at the numerous competitions of city and all-Ukrainian importance, the head of the Ternopil branch of the Ukrainian Society of Plant Physiologists and Ternopil branch of the Society of microbiologists of Ukraine.
 For a significant contribution to the teacher training courses, the introduction of modern technologies of education and upbringing of student youth and the support of gifted students, Svitlana Vasylivna Pyda was elected Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Higher School of Ukraine, awarded by Ternopil state administration, Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil Oblast Ecological and Naturalistic Center student youth, Ternopil Regional Communal Territorial Branch of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, NAS of Ukraine, Ministry of Education and Science, etc.
 Svitlana Vasylivna considers herself a happy person because she had the best teachers – Yavonenko A.F., Vekirchyk K.M., Shusta I.V., Barna M.M., Butnytskyi I.M., Shymanska V.A., Kuzmovych L.G., Orchuk K.I., Talposha V.S., Grushka S.I., Yakovleva V.O., Yakovenko B.V., Kuratova T.S., colleagues and scholars such as Y. P. Starchenko, E.A. Golovko, V.P.Patyk, I.P. Grygoryuk, friends, and sincere and friendly people. She is a role model and we all appreciate her dignity, integrity, high spirits and loyalty to Ukraine and science.
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7

Juzoń, Katarzyna, Dominika Idziak-Helmcke, Magdalena Rojek-Jelonek, et al. "Functioning of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Response to Drought Stress in Oat × Maize Addition Lines." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18 (2020): 6958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186958.

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The oat × maize chromosome addition (OMA) lines, as hybrids between C3 and C4 plants, can potentially help us understand the process of C4 photosynthesis. However, photosynthesis is often affected by adverse environmental conditions, including drought stress. Therefore, to assess the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus in OMA lines under drought stress, the chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a fluorescence (CF) parameters were investigated. With optimal hydration, most of the tested OMA lines, compared to oat cv. Bingo, showed higher pigment content, and some of them were characterized by increased values of selected CF parameters. Although 14 days of drought caused a decrease of chlorophylls and carotenoids, only slight changes in CF parameters were observed, which can indicate proper photosynthetic efficiency in most of examined OMA lines compared to oat cv. Bingo. The obtained data revealed that expected changes in hybrid functioning depend more on the specific maize chromosome and its interaction with the oat genome rather than the number of retained chromosomes. OMA lines not only constitute a powerful tool for maize genomics but also are a source of valuable variation in plant breeding, and can help us to understand plant susceptibility to drought. Our research confirms more efficient functioning of hybrid photosynthetic apparatus than oat cv. Bingo, therefore contributes to raising new questions in the fields of plant physiology and biochemistry. Due to the fact that the oat genome is not fully sequenced yet, the mechanism of enhanced photosynthetic efficiency in OMA lines requires further research.
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8

Soares, Sabrina S., Elmira Bekbolatova, Maria Dulce Cotrim, et al. "Chemistry and Pharmacology of the Kazakh Crataegus Almaatensis Pojark: An Asian Herbal Medicine." Antioxidants 8, no. 8 (2019): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080300.

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Crataegus almaatensis, an endemic ornamental plant in Kazakhstan is used in popular medicine due to its cardiotonic properties. The most studied species of the same genus are commonly found in Europe, which shows the importance of having the Kazakh species validated via its chemical and pharmacological studies. High-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) operated under optimized conditions enabled an isolation of the three main compounds from the aqueous phase of the leaves ethanol extract, further identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (quercitrin) (4.02% of the crude extract-CECa); quercetin 3-O-β-galactoside (hyperoside) (1.82% of CECa); kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (afzelin) (0.94% of CECa). The CECa, the aqueous phase of the crude extract (APCa) together with the isolates were evaluated for their vascular (vascular reactivity in human internal mammary artery-HIMA), anti-nociceptive (formalin-induced liking response and hot plate) and anti-inflammatory (subcutaneous air-pouch model-SAP) activities. CECa at the concentrations of 0.014 and 0.14 mg/mL significantly increased the maximum contractility response of HIMA to noradrenaline. The APCa CR curve (0.007–0.7 mg/mL) showed an intrinsic relaxation effect of the HIMA. APCa at the dose of 100 mg/kg i.p. significantly decreased the total leukocyte count and the IL-1β release in the SAP wash.
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9

Antonijević, Marko R., Dušica M. Simijonović, Edina H. Avdović, et al. "Green One-Pot Synthesis of Coumarin-Hydroxybenzohydrazide Hybrids and Their Antioxidant Potency." Antioxidants 10, no. 7 (2021): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071106.

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Compounds from the plant world that possess antioxidant abilities are of special importance for the food and pharmaceutical industry. Coumarins are a large, widely distributed group of natural compounds, usually found in plants, often with good antioxidant capacity. The coumarin-hydroxybenzohydrazide derivatives were synthesized using a green, one-pot protocol. This procedure includes the use of an environmentally benign mixture (vinegar and ethanol) as a catalyst and solvent, as well as very easy isolation of the desired products. The obtained compounds were structurally characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The purity of all compounds was determined by HPLC and by elemental microanalysis. In addition, these compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activity. Mechanisms of antioxidative activity were theoretically investigated by the density functional theory approach and the calculated values of various thermodynamic parameters, such as bond dissociation enthalpy, proton affinity, frontier molecular orbitals, and ionization potential. In silico calculations indicated that hydrogen atom transfer and sequential proton loss–electron transfer reaction mechanisms are probable, in non-polar and polar solvents respectively. Additionally, it was found that the single-electron transfer followed by proton transfer was not an operative mechanism in either solvent. The conducted tests indicate the excellent antioxidant activity, as well as the low potential toxicity, of the investigated compounds, which makes them good candidates for potential use in food chemistry.
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10

Medina, Sonia, Ángel Gil-Izquierdo, Thierry Durand, Federico Ferreres, and Raúl Domínguez-Perles. "Structural/Functional Matches and Divergences of Phytoprostanes and Phytofurans with Bioactive Human Oxylipins." Antioxidants 7, no. 11 (2018): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox7110165.

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Structure-activity relationship (SAR) constitutes a crucial topic to discover new bioactive molecules. This approach initiates with the comparison of a target candidate with a molecule or a collection of molecules and their attributed biological functions to shed some light in the details of one or more SARs and subsequently using that information to outline valuable application of the newly identified compounds. Thus, while the empiric knowledge of medicinal chemistry is critical to these tasks, the results retrieved upon dedicated experimental demonstration retrieved resorting to modern high throughput analytical approaches and techniques allow to overwhelm the constraints adduced so far to the successful accomplishment of such tasks. Therefore, the present work reviews critically the evidences reported to date on the occurrence of phytoprostanes and phytofurans in plant foods, and the information available on their bioavailability and biological activity, shedding some light on the expectation waken up due to their structural similarities with prostanoids and isoprostanes.
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11

Bibi Sadeer, Nabeelah, Domenico Montesano, Stefania Albrizio, Gokhan Zengin, and Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally. "The Versatility of Antioxidant Assays in Food Science and Safety—Chemistry, Applications, Strengths, and Limitations." Antioxidants 9, no. 8 (2020): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080709.

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Currently, there is a growing interest in screening and quantifying antioxidants from biological samples in the quest for natural and effective antioxidants to combat free radical-related pathological complications. Antioxidant assays play a crucial role in high-throughput and cost-effective assessment of antioxidant capacities of natural products such as medicinal plants and food samples. However, several investigators have expressed concerns about the reliability of existing in vitro assays. Such concerns arise mainly from the poor correlation between in vitro and in vivo results. In addition, in vitro assays have the problem of reproducibility. To date, antioxidant capacities are measured using a panel of assays whereby each assay has its own advantages and limitations. This unparalleled review hotly disputes on in vitro antioxidant assays and elaborates on the chemistry behind each assay with the aim to point out respective principles/concepts. The following critical questions are also addressed: (1) What make antioxidant assays coloured? (2) What is the reason for working at a particular wavelength? (3) What are the advantages and limitations of each assay? and (4) Why is a particular colour observed in antioxidant–oxidant chemical reactions? Furthermore, this review details the chemical mechanism of reactions that occur in each assay together with a colour ribbon to illustrate changes in colour. The review ends with a critical conclusion on existing assays and suggests constructive improvements on how to develop an adequate and universal antioxidant assay.
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Cannataro, Roberto, Alessia Fazio, Chiara La Torre, Maria Cristina Caroleo, and Erika Cione. "Polyphenols in the Mediterranean Diet: From Dietary Sources to microRNA Modulation." Antioxidants 10, no. 2 (2021): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020328.

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It is now well established that polyphenols are a class of natural substance that offers numerous health benefits; they are present in all plants in very different quantities and types. On the other hand, their bioavailability, and efficacy is are not always well proven. Therefore, this work aims to discuss some types of polyphenols belonging to Mediterranean foods. We chose six polyphenols—(1) Naringenin, (2) Apigenin, (3) Kaempferol, (4) Hesperidin, (5) Ellagic Acid and (6) Oleuropein—present in Mediterranean foods, describing dietary source and their chemistry, as well as their pharmacokinetic profile and their use as nutraceuticals/supplements, in addition to the relevant element of their capability in modulating microRNAs expression profile.
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Tungmunnithum, Duangjai, Samantha Drouet, Atul Kabra, and Christophe Hano. "Enrichment in Antioxidant Flavonoids of Stamen Extracts from Nymphaea lotus L. Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Macroporous Resin Adsorption." Antioxidants 9, no. 7 (2020): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9070576.

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Nymphaea lotus L. is the medicinal plant that has long been used for food, cosmetics and traditional medicines in Africa and Asia since ancient times. Its flavonoids and other interesting phytochemical compounds from rhizome, leaf and the whole flowers have been reported in the previous published research. However, stamens, which are essential for reproductive functions, may also represent new alternative sources of potential antioxidant flavonoids, as investigated in this study. The innovative green chemistry methods, i.e., ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) as well as a macroporous resin (MPR) purification procedure, were employed in this current research. Using a full factorial design coupled to three-dimensional (3D) surface plot methodology, the influence of three variables, namely aqEtOH concentration (ranging from 50 to 100% (v/v), US frequency (ranging from 0 (no US applied) to 45 kHz), and the extraction duration (ranging from 20 to 60 min), were evaluated. Five MPRs with different surface areas, average pore diameters, matrix types and polarities were also investigated for the purification of total flavonoids. The optimal UAE condition is 90% (v/v) aqEtOH with 34.65 khz ultrasonic frequency and 46 min of extraction duration. Compared with the conventional heat reflux extraction (HRE) method, a significant 1.35-fold increase in total flavonoids content was obtained using optimized UAE conditions (169.64 for HRE vs. 235.45 mg/g dry weight for UAE), causing a 2.80-fold increase when this UAE associated with MPR purification (475.42 mg/g dry weight). In vitro cell free antioxidant activity of N. lotus stamen extracts and in cellulo antioxidant investigation using yeast model showed the same trend, indicating that the best antioxidant flavonoid can be found in UAE coupled with MPR purification. Moreover, in the yeast model, the expression of key antioxidant genes such as SIR2 and SOD2 were expressed at the highest level in yeast cells treated with the extract from UAE together with MPR purification. Consequently, it can be seen that the UAE combined with MPR purification can help enhance the flavonoid antioxidant potential of the stamens extract from this medicinal species.
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Givan, C. V. "Plant physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 16 (January 1991): 198–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(91)90078-a.

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15

Hoffmann, Franz. "Plant dormancy: Physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology." Plant Science 125, no. 2 (1997): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(97)00062-9.

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16

Guardiola, Jose L. "Plant hormones. Physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology." Scientia Horticulturae 66, no. 3-4 (1996): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4238(96)00922-3.

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17

Li, Guowei, Véronique Santoni, and Christophe Maurel. "Plant aquaporins: Roles in plant physiology." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1840, no. 5 (2014): 1574–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.11.004.

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18

Dalton, Howard. "The Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2000 The natural and unnatural history of methane-oxidizing bacteria." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360, no. 1458 (2005): 1207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1657.

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Methane gas is produced from many natural and anthropogenic sources. As such, methane gas plays a significant role in the Earth's climate, being 25 times more effective as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. As with nearly all other naturally produced organic molecules on Earth, there are also micro-organisms capable of using methane as their sole source of carbon and energy. The microbes responsible (methanotrophs) are ubiquitous and, for the most part, aerobic. Although anaerobic methanotrophs are believed to exist, so far, none have been isolated in pure culture. Methanotrophs have been known to exist for over 100 years; however, it is only in the last 30 years that we have begun to understand their physiology and biochemistry. Their unique ability to use methane for growth is attributed to the presence of a multicomponent enzyme system—methane monooxygenase (MMO)—which has two distinct forms: soluble (sMMO) and membrane-associated (pMMO); however, both convert methane into the readily assimilable product, methanol. Our understanding of how bacteria are capable of effecting one of the most difficult reactions in chemistry—namely, the controlled oxidation of methane to methanol—has been made possible by the isolation, in pure form, of the enzyme components. The mechanism by which methane is activated by sMMO involves abstraction of a hydrogen atom from methane by a high-valence iron species (Fe IV or possibly Fe V ) in the hydroxylase component of the MMO complex to form a methyl radical. The radical combines with a captive oxygen atom from dioxygen to form the reaction product, methanol, which is further metabolized by the cell to produce multicarbon intermediates. Regulation of the sMMO system relies on the remarkable properties of an effector protein, protein B. This protein is capable of facilitating component interactions in the presence of substrate, modifying the redox potential of the diiron species at the active site. These interactions permit access of substrates to the hydroxylase, coupling electron transfer by the reductase with substrate oxidation and affecting the rate and regioselectivity of the overall reaction. The membrane-associated form is less well researched than the soluble enzyme, but is known to contain copper at the active site and probably iron. From an applied perspective, methanotrophs have enjoyed variable successes. Whole cells have been used as a source of single-cell protein (SCP) since the 1970s, and although most plants have been mothballed, there is still one currently in production. Our earlier observations that sMMO was capable of inserting an oxygen atom from dioxygen into a wide variety of hydrocarbon (and some non-hydrocarbon) substrates has been exploited to either produce value added products (e.g. epoxypropane from propene), or in the bioremediation of pollutants such as chlorinated hydrocarbons. Because we have shown that it is now possible to drive the reaction using electricity instead of expensive chemicals, there is promise that the system could be exploited as a sensor for any of the substrates of the enzyme.
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19

Harborne, Jeffrey B. "Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Lipids." Phytochemistry 47, no. 6 (1998): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(98)80098-8.

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20

Walters, Dale R. "Physiological plant pathology the biochemistry and physiology of plant disease." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 12 (January 1987): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(87)90136-8.

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21

Shimizu, J., and J. F. Kennedy. "Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology." Carbohydrate Polymers 24, no. 2 (1994): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(94)90029-9.

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22

Synkova, H. "Heldt, H.-W.: Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology." Photosynthetica 40, no. 3 (2002): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1022608015786.

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23

Epstein, Emanuel. "Plant nutrition, plant stress, and plant silicon." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 153, no. 2 (2009): S185—S186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.405.

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24

Jones, Jonathan D. G. "From Physics and Chemistry to Plant Biology." Plant Physiology 128, no. 2 (2002): 332–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.900017.

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25

Barnett, Neal. "Plant Metabolism Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology David T. Dennis David H. Turpin." BioScience 42, no. 5 (1992): 373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311789.

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26

BOUDET, A. M., C. LAPIERRE, and J. GRIMA-PETTENATI. "Biochemistry and molecular biology of lignification." New Phytologist 129, no. 2 (1995): 203–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb04292.x.

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27

Sofrova, D. "Dashek, W.V. (ed.): Methods in Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology." Photosynthetica 35, no. 4 (1998): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1006903712815.

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28

Fojtová, Miloslava, and Jiří Fajkus. "Chromatin, Epigenetics and Plant Physiology." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 8 (2020): 2763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082763.

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29

Sestak, Z. "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Revised Edition." Photosynthetica 38, no. 4 (2000): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1012450632573.

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30

Kováčik, Jozef. "Correctness of plant physiology and biochemistry under nickel excess." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 15 (2021): 19533–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13194-0.

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31

Wang, Kun, Timothy P. Durrett, and Christoph Benning. "Functional diversity of glycerolipid acylhydrolases in plant metabolism and physiology." Progress in Lipid Research 75 (July 2019): 100987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100987.

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32

Stasolla, Claudio, Lisheng Kong, Edward C. Yeung, and Trevor A. Thorpe. "Maturation of somatic embryos in conifers: Morphogenesis, physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 38, no. 2 (2002): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ivp2001262.

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33

Komamine, A., R. Kawahara, M. Matsumoto, et al. "Mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis in cell cultures: Physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 28, no. 1 (1992): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02632185.

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34

Davey, Christopher, Helen Ougham, Andrew Millar, Howard Thomas, Christopher Tindal, and Robert Muetzelfeldt. "PlaSMo: Making existing plant and crop mathematical models available to plant systems biologists." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 153, no. 2 (2009): S225—S226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.562.

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35

Davies, B., I. Dodd, A. Belimov, and V. Safranova. "Soil: Plant signalling networks and the control of water use and plant productivity." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 146, no. 4 (2007): S236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.540.

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36

Dadkhah, A., and H. Moghtader. "Sugar beet plant–water uptake and plant–water relationships under saline growth conditions." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 146, no. 4 (2007): S275—S276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.624.

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37

Evers, Jochem B., Jan Vos, and Paul C. Struik. "Modelling plasticity in plant architecture." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 153, no. 2 (2009): S224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.557.

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38

Hawes, C., J. Schoberer, E. Hummel, and A. Osterrieder. "Dynamics of plant leave membranes." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 150, no. 3 (2008): S140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.345.

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39

Evans, D., and K. Graumann. "Probing the plant nuclear envelope." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 150, no. 3 (2008): S199—S200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.551.

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40

Rees, Tom Ap. "Plant Physiology: Virtue on both sides." Current Biology 4, no. 6 (1994): 557–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00125-1.

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41

Hetherington, Alistair M. "Plant physiology: Spreading a drought warning." Current Biology 8, no. 25 (1998): R911—R913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(98)00007-4.

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42

Bardor, M. "Plant N-glycosylation: An engineered pathway for the production of therapeutical plant-derived glycoproteins." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 150, no. 3 (2008): S164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.430.

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43

Raven, J. A. "Land plant biochemistry." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1398 (2000): 833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0618.

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Biochemical studies have complemented ultrastructural and, subsequently, molecular genetic evidence consistent with the Charophyceae being the closest extant algal relatives of the embryophytes. Among the genes used in such molecular phylogenetic studies is that ( rbcL ) for the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase–oxygenase (RUBISCO). The RUBISCO of the embryophytes is derived, via the Chlorophyta, from that of the cyanobacteria. This clade of the molecular phylogeny of RUBISCO shows a range of kinetic characteristics, especially of CO 2 affinities and of CO 2 / O 2 selectivities. The range of these kinetic values within the bryophytes is no greater than in the rest of the embryophytes; this has implications for the evolution of the embryophytes in the high atmospheric CO 2 environment of the late Lower Palaeozoic. The differences in biochemistry between charophycean algae and embryophytes can to some extent be related functionally to the structure and physiology of embryophytes. Examples of components of embryophytes, which are qualitatively or quantitatively different from those of charophytes, are the water repellent/water resistant extracellular lipids, the rigid phenolic polymers functional in waterconducting elements and mechanical support in air, and in UV–B absorption, flavonoid phenolics involved in UV–B absorption and in interactions with other organisms, and the greater emphasis on low M r organic acids, retained in the plant as free acids or salts, or secreted to the rhizosphere. The roles of these components are discussed in relation to the environmental conditions at the time of evolution of the terrestrial embryophytes. A significant point about embryophytes is the predominance of nitrogen–free extracellular structural material (a trait shared by most algae) and UV–B screening components, by contrast with analogous components in many other organisms. An important question, which has thus far been incompletely addressed, is the extent to which the absence from bryophytes of the biochemical pathways which produce components found only in tracheophytes is the result of evolutionary loss of these functions.
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44

Prochazkova, D. "Baker, A., Graham, I.A. (ed.): Plant Peroxisomes. (Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Biotechnical Applications.)." Photosynthetica 41, no. 2 (2003): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:phot.0000011981.81406.f1.

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45

Zimmerman, Matthew C., and Adam J. Case. "Redox biology in physiology and disease." Redox Biology 27 (October 2019): 101267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2019.101267.

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46

P, Parolin, M. Ion Scotta, and C. Bresch. "Biology of Dittrichia viscosa, a Mediterranean ruderal plant: a review." Phyton 83, no. 1 (2014): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2014.83.251.

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47

JM, Villa-Hern醤dez, B. Garc韆-Oc髇, E. del C Sierra-Palacios, et al. "Molecular biology techniques as new alternatives for medicinal plant identification." Phyton 87, no. 1 (2018): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2018.87.072.

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48

Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw. "Constraints of space in plant development." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 153, no. 2 (2009): S219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.539.

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49

Murray, J. "Integrating cell division and plant development." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 150, no. 3 (2008): S141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.350.

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50

Long, Steve. "Achieving sustainable biofuels from plant feedstocks." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 150, no. 3 (2008): S174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.462.

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