Academic literature on the topic 'Biology - Social aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Biology - Social aspects"
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Regosin, Jonathan V., and Stephen Pruett-Jones. "Aspects of Breeding Biology and Social Organization in the Scissor-Tailed Flycatcher." Condor 97, no. 1 (February 1995): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368993.
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MASSEY, DOUGLAS S. "Social and Economic Aspects of Immigration." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1038, no. 1 (December 2004): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1315.028.
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Clark, Rebecca L., and Rosalind Berkowitz King. "Social and Economic Aspects of Immigration." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1136, no. 1 (July 25, 2008): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1425.021.
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Bromham, David R. "Surrogacy: Ethical, legal, and social aspects." Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 12, no. 8 (September 1995): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02212913.
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Сухов, А. Н., and Л. Н. Каращук. "Social and Psychological Aspects of Trust in Medical Patients." Психолого-педагогический поиск, no. 2(62) (August 5, 2022): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2022.62.2.015.
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Проблема доверия к врачу в настоящее время приобретает особую актуальность, так как возрастает потребность общества в психологически грамотных специалистах, способных целенаправленно развивать доверительные отношения со своими пациентами. Кроме того, актуальность обусловливается отсутствием специальной подготовки будущих специалистов в этом направлении, а также недостаточной разработкой проблемы доверительных отношений в отечественной психологии.В статье дается анализ уже существующих подходов к содержанию доверия в рамках различных отраслей научной деятельности с акцентом на психологическую составляющую контента данного феномена. Прослеживается трансформация понимания доверия во временном аспекте вплоть до современного осмысления. Вместе с тем изучается теоретический аспект доверия во взаимоотношениях субъектов и анализируется содержание этого аспекта в трудах различных ученых (А. Селигмен, А. Б. Купрейченко, Т. П. Скрипкина и др.).В эмпирической части исследования рассматриваются особенности содержательного аспекта феномена доверия, то есть контента доверия в отношениях «врач — пациент». Исследование было проведено на выборке из пациентов, находящихся на стационарном лечении в следующих отделениях: хирургическое, травматологическое, терапевтическое ГБУ РО «Городская клиническая больница скорой медицинской помощи» (ГКБСМП) и пульмонологическое ГБУ РО «Областная клиническая больница» г. Рязани. Исследование имело пилотажный характер. Приняли участие 50 респондентов: 25 пациентов, подвергавшихся оперативному вмешательству, и 25 — не подвергавшихся. В работе с респондентами соблюдались этические принципы психолога: исследование проводилось на добровольной основе, соблюдалась анонимность и неразглашение личной тайны. Работа заключалась в устных и письменных ответах на вопросы. Основным методом изучения контента доверия к врачам со стороны пациентов было свободное интервью.Изучая отдельные содержательные стороны, составляющие контент доверия, удалось выделить четыре основные категории, которые формируют доверие пациента к врачу: профессиональные, коммуникативные, морально-этические и саморегуляция. Предпринята попытка найти различия в особенностях доверия у пациентов, проходивших оперативное и консервативное лечение. Таких различий не выявлено, что послужило благоприятным фактором, поскольку формирование доверия у врачей не вызовет отдельной дифференциации мишеней работы в зависимости от направленности медицинского воздействия. The issue of patients’ trust in doctors has become highly relevant, for there is an urgent need for reliable specialists who are well versed in psychology of human relationships and can build patient-doctor relationships based on trust. The relevance of the research consists in the fact that nowadays there are few specialists meeting this requirement and the issue of patient-doctor trust is largely underinvestigated by Russian psychologists.The article analyzes the existing approaches to the notion of trust focusing on the psychological aspect of this phenomenon. The article underlines that scholars’ understanding of the concept of trust has changed several times. The article analyzes theoretical aspects of trust and investigates the concept of trust as represented in works of different scholars (A. Seligmen, A. B. Kupreychenko, T. P. Skripkina, etc.).The empirical part of the research focuses on the content of the phenomenon of trust, i.e. on the content of patients’ trust in their doctors. The research is conducted in the Department of Surgery, the Department of Trauma and the Department of Therapeutics of the City Clinical Hospital (Ryazan) and in the Department of Pulmonology of the Regional Clinical Hospital (Ryazan). The research involves 50 respondents: 25 surgical patients and 25 non-surgical patients. The communication with patients is voluntary (as required by the code of ethics), anonymous, and confidential. The respondents are asked to answer a number of questions both orally and in writing. The main method of investigating patients’ trust in doctors is an interview.The research shows that there are four basic factors that predetermine patients’ trust in their doctors: doctors’ professional qualities, communication skills, moral and ethical principles, self-regulation. The research has uncovered no differences in surgical patients’ and non-surgical patients’ trust in doctors, which may be beneficial for further research, since there will be no need to trace differences in different groups of patients.
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Tarasjev, Aleksej. "Evolutionary biology and epistemology." Theoria, Beograd 49, no. 1-2 (2006): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo0602011t.
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Foundation and further development of modern biology raised many epistemological questions and biology was often criticized on that ground. There has been attempts, especially after emergence of molecular biology, to reduce biology to physics and chemistry. Epistemological basis of modern biology were also under ideologically motivated attacks from various positions. On the other hand, there were also attempts to reduce psychology and social sciences to biology. Finally, there were attempts to biologize epistemology itself through so-called evolutionary epistemology. Concise presentation of all that aspects of relationship between epistemology and biology is given.
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Pereira-Bomfim, Maria da Graça Cardoso, William Fernando Antonialli-Junior, and Daniel Acosta-Avalos. "Magnetoreception in Social Wasps: An Update." EntomoBrasilis 9, no. 1 (April 29, 2016): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v9i1.526.
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Abstract. Magnetoreception is a mechanism of active orientation that occurs in animals with nervous systems. Social insects such as bees, ants, wasps and termites have been studied on the influence of the magnetic field exerts on its biology. The social wasps comprise species represented in Stenogastrinae, Vespinae and Polistinae, however studies on the influence of magnetic field on wasps Vespinae address only. The areas studied include the biomineralization of magnetic material and behavioral aspects related to changes in local intensity of the geomagnetic field. The objective of this review is to integrate knowledge of social wasps’ magnetoreception in order to build an instructive overview of the current situation of studies, therefore, provide the conceptual framework for the development of future work on the topic.Magnetorrecepção em Vespas Sociais: Uma AtualizaçãoResumo. Magnetorrecepção é um mecanismo de orientação ativa que ocorre em animais com sistema nervoso. Insetos sociais tais como abelhas, formigas, vespas e cupins são estudados sobre a influência que o campo magnético exerce em sua biologia. As vespas sociais compreendem espécies representadas em Stenogastrinae, Vespinae e Polistinae, no entanto os estudos sobre a influência do campo magnético em vespas abordam somente Vespinae. As áreas de estudo incluem a biomineralização do material magnético e aspectos comportamentais relacionados a mudanças na intensidade do campo geomagnético local. O objetivo desta revisão é integrar o conhecimento sobre magnetorrecepção em vespas sociais, a fim de construir um panorama elucidativo da atual situação dos estudos, e assim fornecer uma estrutura conceitual para o desenvolvimento de trabalhos futuros sobre o tema.
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Weingart, Peter. "Eugenics — Medical or Social Science?" Science in Context 8, no. 1 (1995): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700001952.
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The ArgumentEugenics is the paradigmatic case of the conflict between biology and medicine over social influence. Commenting on as essay by Debora Kamrat–Lang(1995), the paper reconstructs the historical roots of eugenics as a form of preventive medicine. A comparision between the development of some crucial aspects of eugenics between Germany and the United States reveals that the prevalence of the value placed on the individual over hereditary health of a population ultimately determined the outcome of the conflict but collective concepts may be revived by new biological knowledge
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Udey, Mark C. "Social Aspects of Scientific Investigation – Recent Compromises and Anticipated Recovery." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 142, no. 4 (April 2022): 989–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2022.01.019.
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Hammer, Cornelius, Olav Sigurd Kjesbu, Gordon H. Kruse, and Peter A. Shelton. "Rebuilding depleted fish stocks: biology, ecology, social science, and management strategies." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 9 (May 13, 2010): 1825–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq039.
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Abstract Hammer, C., Kjesbu, O. S., Kruse, G. H., and Shelton, P. A. 2010. Rebuilding depleted fish stocks: biology, ecology, social science, and management strategies. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1825–1829. This is an introduction to an ICES/PICES symposium entitled as in the title of this manuscript. During the symposium, five theme sessions embraced the subject material under the headings “Impact of fisheries and environmental impacts on stock structure, reproductive potential, and recruitment dynamics”, “Trophic controls on stock recovery”, “Methods for analysing and modelling stock recovery”, “Social and economic aspects of fisheries management and governance”, and “Management and recovery strategies”. A panel discussion provided a valuable overview of current understanding and research focus.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biology - Social aspects"
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Huthnance, Neil Peter School of Sociology UNSW. "Creativity in the bioglobal age: sociological prospects from seriality to contingency." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Sociology, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25954.
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This thesis is the first dedicated sociological attempt to offer a critical response to cultural studies and allied discourses that concern themselves with the relationship between technology and violence. A critical reconstruction is necessary because these cultural theorists have failed to adequately contextualize their arguments in relation to both the globally ascendant neoliberal policy outlook and its associated social Darwinian technoculture: the combined pernicious effects of which could be described as the logic of ???social constructionism as social psychosis???. The most prominent manifestation of this theoretical psychosis has to do with an interest in biotechnology in particular. The problem I identify in the treatment of this theme is how easily it can be used to support a technologically determinist position. One undesirable side effect is that these determinists are able to project from present trends a dystopian exhaustion of all critique through their focus on violence. In the thesis of ???bioglobalism??? this state of affairs is also deployed to take sociologists to task for insufficient recognition of processual ???network??? forms of distributed agency in technological processes. At stake therefore is the recovery of sociological critique. It follows that the core of my thesis is the radical reworking of two related heuristic devices: seriality and contingency. Seriality is taken to refer to social practices as diverse as the possible relationships between the social problem of rationality, case studies of individuals who have run amok, and the functioning of network characteristics. I use contingency to eschew seriality???s deterministic accounting of the social. Here I propose a new conceptual relationship between creativity and action. Emphasis is accordingly placed upon two related normative projects: Raymond Williams???s cultural materialism, and three of the ???problematiques??? Peter Wagner has identified as inescapable for theorizing modernity: the continuity of the acting person, the certainty of knowledge, and the viability of the political order. I conclude with a renewed conception of the role of normative critique as a form of conceptual therapy for bioglobal projections of seriality.
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Burrows, Andrea C. "A social study of women in contemporary biological sciences." Diss., This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-135540/.
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Monteiro, Marko Synesio Alves 1975. "Os dilemas do humano : reinventando o corpo numa era (bio) tecnologica." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280492.
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Orientador: Laymert Garcia dos SantosTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: A tese tem por objetivo debater as mudanças atualmente em curso nas concepções modernas do corpo, a partir do impacto das novas tecnologias associadas à genética. Tais concepções, calcadas fortemente na dualidade cartesiana, estariam sendo modificadas pela possibilidade, cada vez mais real, de manipulação da natureza em seu nível molecular. As conseqüências teóricas de transformar o corpo, junto com a própria prática científica, em objetos de analise social, são debatidos. Um estudo de caso, a partir de pesquisa de campo feita em laboratórios de bioinformática na Universidade de São Paulo e no Instituto Ludwig de Pesquisa com Câncer/Hospital do Câncer, fundamenta empiricamente a discussão. Os microarrays, utilizados em pesquisas que buscam estabelecer biomarcadores para câncer de próstata, são analisados como objetos que encarnam as novas visões do corpo, num contexto marcado pelo avanço da biotecnologia. A tese debate também alguns aspectos políticos que se mostram relevantes na compreensão desse avanço tecnológico, como os temores de um ressurgimento da eugenia. Ao final, debatem-se alternativas analíticas e políticas para a compreensão do novo esatuto do corpo e da matéria viva, a partir de pistas dadas por artistas, engajados com a expressão artística através do corpo e da tecnologia, e através de teóricos que buscam repensar as bases nas quais assenta-se a biologia e a pesquisa científica contemporâneas
Abstract: This thesis analyzes transformations in contemporary conceptions of the body under the light of changes brought on by new technologies associated with genetics. These conceptions, strongly marked by a cartesian opposition between mind/matter, are being shifted in the context of the growing possibilities of the manipulation nature in its molecular leveI through technology. The theoretical consequences of tuming the body, as well as the scientific practice of manipulating it, as an object for the Social Sciences, are also debated. A case study, originated ITom field research with done in bioinformatics laboratories at the Universidade de São Paulo (USP) and the Ludwig Center for Cancer Research/Cancer Hospital, provides the empirical basis of the argument. Microarrays, used in the research being developed in the laboratories cited above in research towards the development of molecular markers for prostate cancer, are analyzed as objects that embody the new conceptions of the body that arise in a context of rapid advance in biotechnology. The thesis debates also some political aspects that are relevant for a deeper understanding of these technological developments, such as the fears surrounding a retum of eugenic practices. ln the conclusion some analytical and political altematives are discussed, as a means of pursuing a richer criticism of the new statute of the body and of living matter, using the example of artists that use the body and technology as medium of artistic expression; also through a debate of theorists that are busy rethinking the bases of contemporary biology and of current scientific practices
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Doutor em Ciências Sociais
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Weiss, Shelby A. "Social and Ecological Aspects of Managing Wildlife in Fire-dependent Forested Ecosystems." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1498039608388317.
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Barber, Richard Henry 1942. "Arroyo Chico: The effects of design and management on the biological and social aspects of an urban wash." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278512.
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Arroyo Chico Wash, an important drainage for central Tucson, Arizona, runs through numerous neighborhood and industrial areas before emptying into the Santa Cruz River. Within four suburban neighborhoods along the wash, direct observations, personal interviews, survey questions, and historical documents are used to describe design and management influences on the biological and human aspects of the wash. Plants along the wash are identified by 2-meter wide belt transects run at 100-meter intervals over the 4 kilometer length of the study area. Wild animal and bird lists are based on observation and information given by residents. Relationships between design, maintenance and neighborhood attitudes toward the wash are assessed using a survey questionnaire given to people living adjacent to the wash. Results show the wash in the Colonia Solana neighborhood has the greatest biological diversity, highest neighborhood satisfaction and highest recreational use. In neighborhoods where the wash is a "backyard easement", satisfaction and use are the lowest.
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Nielsen, Kirstin. "Creationism as a social movement : the textbook controversy." Virtual Press, 1988. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/544150.
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The purpose of this thesis was to analyze the rhetoric of the Creationist-evolutionist textbook controversy. In Chapter II, Leland Griffin's approach to the study of historical movements was used concomitantly with Thomas Kuhn's ideas concerning scientific revolution to explore the first research question: What changes have occurred in the persuasive success rate of the Creationists' textbook battle as it has moved from its stance of "the good versus the evil" toward the stance of the scientist, (including scientific methods of reasoning and observation)?Chapter III explored the second research question: Do the new persuasive tactics, the use of scientific vocabulary, grammar, and forms of argument, provide more effective persuasive persuasive methods than did the earlier approaches. This chapter examined the evolutionary content of secondary school biology textbooks, and in particular, estimated the impact of change in Creationist persuasive tactics used since 1968 upon the content and marketing of secondary biology textbooks. The textbook studies supported the contention that the bifurcated movement has been highly successful. Evolutionary coverage has decreased in biology textbooks since 1968 while biblical creation has seen a definite increase.Currently, however, the two Creationist fronts face a new challenge as their polar views have been observed together in recent legal battles. This polarity in approach has already proven detrimental to the Creationists in recent trials. Chapter IV discussed the implications of this bifurcation of the Creationist Movement. Further, the implications of the current rhetorical crisis were examined. It was recommended that research be continued examining the rhetorical strategies used by the Creationists since 1963. Also, further research in the area of textbook analysis was deemed necessary.Department of Speech Communication
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Leite, Marcelo. "Biologia total : hegemonia e informação no genoma humano." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280489.
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Orientador: Laymert Garcia dos SantosTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: A tese central deste trabalho é que a aceitação pública despertada pelo Projeto Genoma Humano só se explica pelo uso político e retórico de um determinismo genético crescentemente irreconciliável com os resultados empíricos da pesquisa genômica atual. A complexidade verificada no genoma humano e em suas interações com o meio desautoriza a manutenção de uma noção simples e unidirecional de causalidade, contrariamente ao pressuposto na idéia de gene como único portador de informação, esteio da doutrina do determinismo genético. Um complexo de metáforas informacionais e/ou lingüísticas continuo vivo nos textos publicados por biólogos moleculares na literatura científica, notadamente nos artigos veiculados nos periódicos de alto impacto Nature e Science de 15 e 16 fevereiro de 2001, respectivamente. Tais metáforas inspiram um tipo de discurso ambíguo que modula nuances variadas de retórica determinista, conforme se dirija aos próprios pares ou ao público leigo" O campo da genômica ainda está longe de rejeitar a conjunção problemática das noções de gene pré-formacionista e de gene como recurso desenvo/vimenta/ na base da metáfora do gene como informação. Essa fusão inspirada pela terminologia cibernética propicia uma versão asséptica de gene, distanciada da natureza, puramente sintática, móvel e virtual o bastante para circular desimpedida nos circuitos de produção de valor como recurso genético passível de garimpagem e de patenteamento. Críticos dã tecnociência devem desafiar o campo da genômica a reformular drasticamente as metáforas que dão suporte a seu programa hegemônico de pesquisa
Abstract: The central thesis of this work is that the public support generated for the Human Genome Project and the hype surrounding it can be explained only by the political and rhetorical uses of genetic determinism, a notion which increasingly cannot be reconciled with the empirical results of on-going genomic research. The complexity that has been uncovered in the human genome and in its interactions with the environment implies that a simple and unidirectional notion of causality cannot be maintained, contrary to a presupposition of the idea of the gene as the sole carrier of iliformation, an idea that contributes to sustain the doctrine of genetic determinism. A complex of informational and/or linguistic metaphors lives on in the texts published by molecular biologists in the scientific press, most notably in the issues published February 15thand 16thof 2001 ofthe high impact journals Nature and Science, respectively. These metaphors generate an ambiguous type of discourse that modulates various nuances of deterministic rhetoric, depending on whether it addresses peers or the lay publico The field of genomics is still a long way ITom rejecting the questionable conflation of the notions of gene as preformation and gene as developmental resource which underpins the metaphor of gene as information. This conflation inspired by cybernetics terminology enables an aseptic version of the gene, separated ITom nature, portable and virtual enough to flow unimpeded through the channels ofvalue production as genetic resource suitable for mining and patenting. Critics of technoscience should challenge the field of genomics to drastically reshape the metaphors which have supported its hegemonic research agenda
Doutorado
Doutor em Ciências Sociais
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Kirkpatrick, Erin Jolene. "Green Mind Gray Yard: Micro Scale Assessment of Ecosystem Services." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/884.
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There is a spatial mismatch between the size of the area where people are living and the extent of land needed to ecologically support developed areas. More people are living in urban areas than any time in history, and the resources need to support cities have had to expand to try and meet the demands of increasing urban populations. However, areas of opportunity exist for urban areas to begin to positively contribute towards the available resources in a region. Because a large portion of urban areas is within private control, gaining a baseline understanding of how residents interact with ecosystem services served as basis of this study. Using a survey of residents in the Portland, OR area, correlations between demographic groups and questions regarding their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors as they relate to vegetation proved that the knowledge of environmental relationships is an important first step in creating pro-environmental behavior. Those reporting a high level of knowledge for ecological system and processes were more likely to value the benefits of vegetation for other associated reasons, such as for recreational activities, aesthetic purposes, and air or water quality. Additionally, survey responses were mapped to spatial data to gain an understanding of the spatial characteristics of neighborhoods in the survey area and how they have changed over time. Overall, the results in the study display trends that can help outreach organizations and municipalities to determine plans to strategically engage the public in a way that could create a net gain in urban ecosystem services.
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Weihs, Marla Leci. "A produção de conhecimento em biologia : uma pesquisa edtnografia." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286841.
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Orientador: Lea Maria Leme Strini VelhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: Este trabalho é um estudo de laboratório, que se apóia metodologicamente nos escritos de Latour e Woolgar (1987), teoricamente em Kohler (2002) e se aplica à comunidade científica de Biologia do Campus da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT) de Nova Xavantina - MT. Objetiva identificar os fatores que levaram à escolha de determinadas linhas de pesquisa em detrimento de outras. Analisa, também, os condicionantes da constituição dos grupos de pesquisa e como se dá a produção de conhecimento no interior de cada um deles. Para isso, investiga o papel dos fatores institucionais e daqueles ligados ao ambiente local para o desenvolvimento de pesquisa científica; a construção social da agenda de pesquisa e a cultura científica que diferencia os pesquisadores em três tribos - de campo, de fronteira ou de laboratório, - em Biologia. Os resultados do estudo indicam que a qualificação dos profissionais incentivada pela UNEMAT; o fomento a projetos de pequena abrangência, à implementação de infra-estrutura e à aquisição de equipamentos para a pesquisa; a facilidade de desenvolvimento de pesquisas de baixo custo e a especialização dos pesquisadores em linhas de campo e de fronteira, foram os fatores que permitiram o desenvolvimento da pesquisa biológica em uma universidade periférica localizada no interior do Estado de Mato Grosso. Além disso, depreende-se da análise que é a linha de pesquisa escolhida na iniciação científica e na pósgraduação que socializa o pesquisador da área biológica na cultura de pesquisa de campo, de laboratório ou de fronteira. Essa formação é também o ¿bilhete de acesso¿ de uma ¿pessoa comum¿ ao mundo científico, permitindo a ela o aprendizado das técnicas, metodologias, teorias e as ¿atitudes científicas¿ que deve adotar para inserir-se no ciclo de credibilidade que configura o meio científico. Os créditos obtidos na carreira são usados como moedas de troca que permitem o reconhecimento dos pares e de instituições de fomento, ingredientes que são a verdadeira motivação dos pesquisadores, apesar de demonstrarem paixão pela pesquisa biológica
Abstract: This research may be classified as a ¿laboratory study¿ of the biological scientific community of the Mato Grosso State University Campus (UNEMAT) in Nova Xavantina ¿ MT. It follows the methodological approach developed by Latour and Woolgar (1987) and it relies on the concepts of lab and field research proposed by Kohler (2002) applied to. The study aims to identify the factors that lead to the choice of certain biology research lines and not others. It also identifies the determinants of the establishment of research teams and the dynamics of knowledge production in the interior of each team. Ti this end, it investigates the role of institutional factors and of those linked to the local environment on the scientific research development; the social construction of the research agenda and scientific culture that differentiates the researchers into three tribes - field, the border and the laboratory - in Biology. The findings reveal that the factors that enabled the development of biological research in the peripheral countryside university of Mato Grosso State were as follows: the type of professional qualification encouraged by UNEMAT; the funding of small scope projects, the implementation of infrastructure and the purchase of research equipment; the preference for low-cost researches given the easy access to savannah fields and the researchers specialization in specific lines of field and border Biology. , The findings also indicate that a biology researcher chooses to be a field, lab or border researcher since the beginning of his/her career in accordance to the research topic or line of investigation pursued. Research training, be it at the undergraduate or graduate level, is the admission ticket of a "common person" to the scientific world, by enabling the learning of techniques, methodologies, theories and "scientific attitudes" that are part of the cycle of credibility of a specific specialty. The credits earned in their careers are used as currency exchange allowing the recognition of peers and research funding institutions. The latter are the true motivation of the researchers, despite their showing passion for biological research
Mestrado
Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica
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Montagna, Thiago dos Santos. "ASPECTOS DA BIOLOGIA SOCIAL DA VESPA NEOTROPICAL MISCHOCYTTARUS CONSIMILIS ZIKÁN, 1949 (HYMENOPTERA, VESPIDAE)." UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA GRANDE DOURADOS, 2009. http://tede.ufgd.edu.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/283.
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Previous issue date: 2009-03-09Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Aspects of the social biology of the Neotropical wasp Mischocyttarus consimilis Zikán, 1949 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) - This work had for objective to study aspects social biology of the Neotropical wasp Mischocyttarus consimilis, of the which specifically understand: 1. colonial phenology; 2. architectonic model of nests and pattern of construction of nests; 3. colonial productivity; 4. foundation pattern and colonial success; 5. duration of the immature stage and 6. duration of the colonial stage and flotation s in the offspring density and adults. The observations were led at the own nidification places. The nests of M. consimilis presented an only discovered comb that is arrested to the substratum by an only petiole. Architectural data of the nest showed a correlation significantly positive between the size of the comb and diameter of the petiole, and still between the length and width of the cells. The nidification happened in substrata of plan horizontal, vertical and tilted, without seemingly to exist any preference for either specific orientation. The colonies produced 72.85 cells and 40.71 adults on average. The medium frequency of productive cells was of 33.27% and the maximum number of maximal number of cell utilization was on average 2.07 times. The medium duration of the all immature stage was of 69.73 days, and the stage of egg, larva and pupa had medium duration of 14.86, 36.03 and 18.84 days, respectively. The duration of each immature stage was significantly smaller in the hot-humid station, and the stage of larva and pupa were only smaller during the colonial stage of pre-emergence. The foundation periodicity and abandonment s of colonies in this species followed a pattern asynchrony. Most of the abandonment s happened for natural causes and they were more frequent in the preemergence colonial stage. The through colonial cycle had medium duration of eight months, however, some colonies had duration above one year. The colonies were found rather in human constructions and in sheltered places, without direct incidence of solar light and water of the rain. The foundations of colonies happened so much for haplometrosis as for pleometrosis, being the first the predominant pattern. In the foundations pleometrotics the foundress number varied among two and six
Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar aspectos da biologia social da vespa Neotropical Mischocyttarus consimilis, dos quais especificamente compreendem: 1. descrever a fenologia das colônias; 2. descrever o modelo arquitetônico e padrão de construção de ninhos; 3. determinar a produtividade colonial; 4. determinar o padrão de fundação e o sucesso colonial; 5. descrever a duração dos estágios imaturos e 6. descrever a duração dos estágios colonial e as flutuações na densidade de prole e adultos. As observações foram conduzidas nos próprios locais de nidificação. Os ninhos de M. consimilis apresentaram basicamente um único favo descoberto que se prende ao substrato por um único pedicelo. Dados arquitetônicos do ninho mostraram existir uma correlação significativamente positiva entre o tamanho do favo e diâmetro do pedicelo, e ainda entre o comprimento e largura das células. As nidificações ocorreram em substratos de plano horizontal, vertical e inclinado, sem existir aparentemente qualquer preferência por uma ou outra orientação específica. As colônias produziram em média 72,85 células e 40,71 adultos. A freqüência média de células produtivas foi de 33,27% e o número máximo de reutilizações foi em média 2,07 vezes. A duração média de todo o estágio imaturo foi de 69,73 dias, sendo que os estágios de ovo, larva e pupa tiveram duração média de 14,86, 36,03 e 18,84 dias, respectivamente. A duração de cada estágio imaturo foi significativamente menor na estação quente-úmida, e somente os estágios de larva e pupa foram menores durante o estágio colonial de pré-emergência. A periodicidade de fundação e abandonos de colônias seguiu um padrão assincrônico. A maior parte dos abandonos ocorreu por causas naturais e foram mais freqüentes no estágio colonial de pré-emergência. O ciclo colonial teve uma duração média próxima de oito meses, entretanto, algumas colônias tiveram duração acima de um ano. As colônias foram encontradas preferencialmente em edificações humanas e em locais abrigados, sem incidência direta de luz solar e água da chuva. As fundações de colônias ocorreram tanto por haplometrose quanto por pleometrose, sendo a primeira o padrão predominante. Nas fundações pleometróticas o número de fundadoras variou entre duas e seis
Books on the topic "Biology - Social aspects"
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Allen, Garland E. Biology: Scientific process and social issues. Bethesda, MD: Fitzgerald Science Press, 2001.
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Kaye, Howard L. The social meaning of modern biology: From social Darwinism to sociobiology. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.
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Bach, Shirley. Social biology: Science and issues. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1990.
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Lewontin, Richard C. Biology as ideology: The doctrine of DNA. Concord, Ont: Anansi, 1991.
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Lewontin, Richard C. Biology as ideology: The doctrine of DNA. New York, NY: HarperPerennial, 1992.
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Lewontin, Richard C. Biology as ideology: The doctrine of DNA. Concord, Ont: Anansi, 1991.
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Lewontin, Richard C. The doctrine of DNA: Biology as ideology. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1993.
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Lewontin, Richard C. The doctrine of DNA: Biology as ideology. London: Penguin, 2001.
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Eldredge, Niles. Interactions: The biological context of social systems. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
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Laborit, Henri. Les bases biologiques des comportements sociaux. Québec: Musée de la civilisation, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Biology - Social aspects"
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Lodge, Wilton G., Michael J. Reiss, and Richard Sheldrake. "Investigative School Research Projects in Biology: Effects on Students." In Shaping the Future of Biological Education Research, 107–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44792-1_8.
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AbstractScience education is sometimes oriented around students learning science by doing science. Investigative research projects may be intended to reflect some aspects of science more authentically than other teaching and learning approaches. What remains under-researched is what the effects on students are of undertaking such projects. We collected data from students who were participating in biology research projects. Our research question is ‘How do secondary school students who are participating in a biology research project see both science and themselves in relation to it?’. Thirteen 12–18-year-olds who were undertaking such projects in England participated in in-depth 1:1 semi-structured interviews in 2021. There was an association between the participants’ motivation for engaging with the investigative research project and their science identities, with many of them articulating that the project provided them with an “authentic” experience of what “real scientists” do. For some of the participants, engaging in an investigative research project afforded them opportunities not only to develop their scientific inquiry skills but to gain a deeper understanding of the epistemological dimensions of science and its connection with historical, cultural and social values. This greater appreciation and insight into the nature of science increased their science-related career aspirations.
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Brown, Moira Wilding, and Mariano Sironi. "Right Whale Sexual Strategies and Behavior." In Sex in Cetaceans, 543–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35651-3_23.
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AbstractNorth Atlantic and southern right whale social interactions and sexual behavior have been studied for decades. Understanding whale mating systems can inform about many aspects of their biology and even their anatomy. Right whales have a polygynandrous mating strategy where females and males mate with multiple partners within a breeding season. It is hypothesized that this promotes sperm competition among males and likely explains the large testis-to-body-size ratio in Eubalaenids. Surface active groups (SAGs) characterize mating behavior in North Atlantic and southern right whales, where two or more animals are at the surface with frequent physical contact. Observations of copulation in SAGs have led to the hypothesis that conception is the primary function, with females practicing a mating strategy where the chance of conception with the largest and likely healthiest male would be maximized. Right whales produce their entire acoustic repertoire of known calls while in SAGs and sounds are thought to serve a social communication function. In the North Atlantic, surface active behavior is seen in all habitat areas and in all months of the year in which right whales are sighted. SAGs tend to increase in size and vigor as the mating season approaches, resulting in spectacular and highly energetic courtship activity with group sizes numbering 30 animals and more; however, the whereabouts of any breeding ground is unknown. On southern right whale calving grounds, mother-calf pairs use relatively shallow waters along the coastline, and SAGs tend to occur farther from shore: calving and mating occur in winter in largely the same habitat areas. Analyses of seasonal timing and group composition of individually identified animals within SAGs suggest that they may serve multiple other roles, since conceptive and non-conceptive groups have been revealed. SAGs often include pregnant females, juveniles, and occasionally calves. Some groups consist of exclusively same sex individuals. It has been hypothesized that, in addition to conception, SAGs may also provide opportunities for right whales to socialize, play, learn, practice mating, and identify potential future mates.
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Mascie-Aylor, C. G. Nicholas. "The Biology of Social Class." In Biosocial Aspects of Social Class, 117–42. Oxford University PressOxford, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198577249.003.0004.
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Abstract The primary objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive summary of those biological variables which are associated with social class. ‘Associated’ can have several meanings; it can refer to significantly more or less individuals than expected with a specified character in a social class. Alter-natively, for a continuous character the term signifies average or mean differences between classes. In the latter case this might result in a measurable gradient for either an increase or decrease in mean values from social class I to V.
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Macbeth, Helen. "Ethnicity and human biology." In Social and Biological Aspects of Ethnicity, 47–91. Oxford University PressOxford, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198522805.003.0002.
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Abstract This chapter has a very broad mandate in its consideration of ethnicity and human biology. Ethnicity as a term has already been discussed in the first chapter. I wish to draw attention to two essential aspects: firstly, it is found in the processes and transmission of ideas of belonging to a group by those in that group, and secondly it is the way people outside the group classify people into that group. Furthermore, it is all the factors, especially those visible and audible, which confirm, and which are recognized as confirming, the classification both to those within and to those without.
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Frazer, Nat, and Blair Witherington. "Social and Economic Aspects of Sea Turtle Conservation." In Marine Biology, 355–84. CRC Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420040807.ch14.
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"Introduction to Social and Economic Aspects of Shrubs." In The Biology and Utilization of Shrubs, 591. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-484810-8.50039-7.
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Lofgren, C. S., and C. T. Adams. "Economic Aspects of the Imported Fire Ant in the United States." In The Biology of Social Insects, 124–28. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429309113-26.
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"Social and Economic Aspects of Sea Turtle Conservation." In The Biology of Sea Turtles, Volume II, 407–36. CRC Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420040807-19.
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"Young Women and HIV: The Role of Biology in Vulnerability." In The Impact of AIDS: Psychological and Social Aspects of HIV Infection, 171–81. CRC Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482283389-29.
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Bailey, Mike. "Young Women and HIV: The Role of Biology in Vulnerability." In The Impact of AIDS Psychological and Social Aspects of HIV Infection, 159–69. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003072188-12.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Biology - Social aspects"
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Akhedzhak-Naguze, S. K., V. V. Romantsov, Z. S. Popov, and A. A. Naguze. "MEDICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS AFFECTING THE MORBIDITY OF MEDICAL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS." In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-2-1.189-193.
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The presented work presents basic data on the availability of medical services that affect the level of health of students in medical higher educational institutions. The authors reflect the relationship of the considered problems and the development of somatic anthologies among student youth. The article puts forward proposals for optimizing the process of improving the social group of the population.
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Rini, Daniar Setyo, Eka Putri Azrai, Anidya Annisa Khansa, and Yunida Wulandari. "Enhance biology learning outcomes with applying augmented reality (AR Sinaps) as learning media." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “DIGITALIZATION AND SUSTAINABILITY FOR DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS”. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0184458.
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Dewahrani, Yulilina Retno, Mieke Miarsyah, Denada Kinanti Mahapranawati, Dimyati Hakim, and Rambat. "Sign language vocabulary to support biology learning for deaf and hard-of-hearing students." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “DIGITALIZATION AND SUSTAINABILITY FOR DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS”. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0184361.
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Dewahrani, Yulilina Retno, Nurmasari Sartono, Hamidah, and Halimah Syifa Febrina. "The development of digital comic based on biology literacy as learning media on the topic of immune system." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “DIGITALIZATION AND SUSTAINABILITY FOR DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS”. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0184369.
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Bodei, Silvia. "La Fábrica verde de la Ciudad lineal industrial: una propuesta de Le Corbusier para el trabajo del hombre en la “época maquinista”." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.1128.
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Resumen: En Les trois établissements humains (1945) Le Corbusier, junto con el grupo ASCORAL, describe la fábrica verde como un establecimiento industrial organizado según “una biología de las circulaciones, de la composición de los edificios y de la eficiencia”, que “reinstala de nuevo las condiciones de la naturaleza alrededor del trabajo”. Son palabras importantes, que destacan algunos de los temas cruciales del pensamiento social de principios del siglo XX y sobre los cuales Le Corbusier reflexionó para crear nuevas soluciones arquitectónicas y urbanísticas. El artículo recorre sintéticamente estos aspectos del pensamiento de Le Corbusier a través de sus diferentes modelos urbanos, para detenerse en particular sobre la idea de Fábrica verde de la Ciudad lineal industrial, puesta en práctica en el proyecto de la fábrica de armas en Aubusson (1940), donde el verde, el paisaje, la circulación y los espacios están pensados con una idea de funcionamiento alternativa a la organización del trabajo, alejada de los ritmos mecánicos de la cadena de montaje. Esta concepción es alimentada por referencias culturales y arquitectónicas, entre las cuales figura el pensamiento del sindicalista obrero Hyacinthe Dubreuil, que Le Corbusier traduce en un proyecto para una fábrica que quiere conciliar el maquinismo funcional con la naturaleza a través de soluciones y relaciones compositivas “orgánicas” más que mecánicas. Abstract: In Les trois établissements humains (1945) Le Corbusier, with the ASCORAL group, describes the Green Factory as an industrial establishment organised according to « a biology of circulation, a composition of buildings and efficiency », that « newly reintroduces natural conditions around the workplace ». These are important words that highlight some crucial themes of the social thought of the XX century on which Le Corbusier had reflected a long time in order to create new architectural and urban solutions. The article traces and summarises these particular aspects of the architect's thought process through the different urban models of his studies, to then dwell especially on the idea of the Green Factory and the “linear industrial city ”, applied to the project for the arms factory in Aubusson (1940). Here trees, landscape, circulation and spaces give work a different and alternative meaning that is very distant to the mechanical rhythms of the production line. This concept is nurtured by cultural and architectural references, amongst which figures that of the trade unionist and factory worker Hyacinthe Dubreuil. Le Corbusier translates Dubreuil's thought in a project for a factory that wishes to conciliate functional machinism with nature, by using "organic" compositive solutions and relationships rather than mechanical ones. Palabras clave: establecimiento industrial, modelos urbanos, paisaje, espacios de trabajo. Keywords: industrial establishment, urban models, landscape, workspaces. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.1128
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Forstenpointner, Gerhard, Alfred Galik, and Gerald E. Weissengruber. "The zooarchaeology of cult. Perspectives and pitfalls of an experimental approach." In Bones, behaviour and belief. The osteological evidence as a source for Greek ritual practice. Swedish Institute at Athens, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/actaath-4-55-17.
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A broad variety of ritual behaviours involve the killing and/or consumption of domestic as well as game animals, and are functionally assigned to most important social procedures and ceremonies such as religious worship, activities of public administration or funerary rites and very often also to subsistence-oriented sacrifice. Material remains indicative of these ceremonies reveal specific aspects of the ritual procedure, but their significance is always dependent on the degree of scrutiny that has been spent during archaeological excavation and more so in the analysis of the finds. Focusing on ritual patterns in Mediterranean antiquity, the remains of burnt offerings and agglomerations of caprine horn cores are attested frequently by the zooarchaeological record. Even when literary descriptions of all of these sacrificial activities are available, obvious uncertainties about the actual procedure of burning meria and osphys and of the consecration of goat horns made experimental efforts necessary. Experimental approaches characterize a well established methodological tradition in archaeological and historical research, not only enhancing our understanding of poorly handed down evidence of ancient life, but also allowing the feasibility of reconstructive suggestions to be judged. On the other hand, obtaining evidence by means of experimental studies always has to take into account potential and maybe biasing phenomena of convergence. Talking in terms of evolutionary biology, the phenotypically similar appearance of archaeological findings and experimental results has to be understood as the outcome of two distinctly evolved and necessarily different processes.
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Bodrug, Nicolae. "Unele aspecte a starii sanatatii populatiei în raioanele Orhei si Telenesti." In Impactul antropic asupra calitatii mediului. Institute of Ecology and Geography, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53380/9789975330800.06.
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. Environmental pollution affects population health depending on the extension and the degree of exposure to environmental factors. In most cases it is difficult to obtain an accurate situation of exposure of population to harmful factors. Health status is determined by: human biology, ecological factors, the socio-economic situation of each person, and the quality of medical services. In according to regional peculiarities the interdependence of those factors could vary, but not significantly. The environmental risks are everywhere but diminishing them may improve the health status of the population.
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Bodrug, Nicolae. "Unele aspecte a stării sănătății populației în raioanele Orhei și Telenești." In Starea actuală a componentelor de mediu. Institute of Ecology and Geography, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53380/9789975315593.25.
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Environmental pollution affects population health depending on the extension and the degree of exposure to environmental factors. In most cases it is difficult to obtain an accurate situation of exposure of population to harmful factors. Health status is determined by: human biology, ecological factors, the socio-economic situation of each person, and the quality of medical services. In according to regional peculiarities the interdependence of those factors could vary, but not significantly. The environmental risks are everywhere but diminishing them may improve the health status of the population.
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Vagts, Steffen, and Josef Schlattmann. "General Systems Theory in a Horizontal and Vertical Action Process for Cross-Disciplinary Knowledge Transfer." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64235.
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Biomimetic product development builds a bridge between the scientific disciplines engineering and biology and represents a cross-disciplinary knowledge circulation, which can produce highly innovative advancements in technology. The methodological support for such projects was initiated by the VDI guideline 6220 by 2012 [1] and still requires further research. The method presented in this abstract tries to provide a significant contribution to the successful transfer of knowledge across disciplines, to convey innovative solutions from biology to technology. The central idea of the method called Heli-Act (an acronym of Helix and Action) described here is based on the system-theoretical analysis of the action and the action carrier, the action circle and the action line under the relevant aspects of the socio-technical integration of methods and tools that will support the action carrier in the biomimetic development process. As a cross-common “language” general systems theory is used, which also includes the mathematical modeling system for both action as well as for object systems, which allows a computer-assisted method implementation. For the association of specialized terminology of the disciplines involved in the cross-disciplinary communication a semantic network is used to derive a translation tool in the Ontology World Language (OWL). Practical application experiences from a current project are presented, which describes the tribological optimization of a technical joint by awareness from the analysis of insects joints.
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Lotz, Jeffrey C., Elisa C. Bass, and Diane R. Wagner. "Integration of Mechanical and Biological Criteria When Defining Injury Tolerance." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1920.
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Abstract Degeneration of the intervertebral disc is an important clinical and socio-economic problem. Because of associations between injury rates and physical activity, mechanical factors are thought to play an important role in the incidence and progression of this disease. Bioengineers have historically utilized a strength-of-materials approach to develop tolerance criteria and design interventions meant to reduce injury risk. However, it has become apparent that the disc’s biologic response to loading is an important determinant of degeneration rate. In order to quantify degeneration risk, a hierarchical approach is required which links whole body mechanical exposures to tissue responses that are consistent with the clinical presentation. One challenging aspect of this approach is the definition of accurate constitutive relationships for disc tissues, which are inherently nonlinear, anisotropic and heterogeneous. A second challenge is the development and interpretation of models that allow assessment of the in vivo biologic response to loads. Recent progress in these areas indicates that mechanical and biological factors should be quantitatively linked to provide a comprehensive injury tolerance criteria.
Reports on the topic "Biology - Social aspects"
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Molina, Randy, Thomas O'Dell, Daniel Luoma, Michael Amaranthus, Michael Castellano, and Kenelm Russell. Biology, ecology, and social aspects of wild edible mushrooms in the forests of the Pacific Northwest: a preface to managing commercial harvest. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-309.
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Agrela, Fabiano de Abreu. TEA: O cérebro e a infância de uma pessoa com autismo. CPAH REDAÇÃO, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/cpahciencia-011.
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O TEA - Transtornos do Espectro Autista - ainda é um campo onde há muito a ser descoberto, apesar dos grandes e significativos avanços da ciência na compreensão da condição, existem detalhes que não são totalmente entendidos, um dos principais é a sua evolução durante a vida adulta. Não há apenas uma causa para o desenvolvimento de autismo, ele é multifatorial e pode sofrer influência de inúmeras variáveis, como fatores genéticos, condições neurológicas e mentais pré-existentes, fatores ambientais, entre vários outros, no entanto, entende-se que essa vasta gama de influências converge para prejudicar a comunicação entre os dois hemisférios cerebrais. A hipoconectividade entre os hemisférios é uma das mais marcantes características do autismo, uma espécie de assimetria entre as funções de cada parte do cérebro, o que gera, principalmente, dificuldade em realizar tarefas que demandem a interação e integração entre os dois hemisférios, como as habilidades sociais. As dobras presentes no cérebro, conhecidas como giros ou sulcos, possuem uma função primordial para o melhor funcionamento cerebral, elas possibilitam o aumento da área da superfície encefálica, permitindo o aumento do processamento de informações, ou seja, quanto mais dobras um cérebro possuir, maior a sua capacidade de processar informações e estímulos. No cérebro humano, os lobos frontal, parietal, occipital e temporal desempenham papéis fundamentais em uma variedade de funções, desde o movimento até o pensamento, localizado no topo desses lobos está o córtex cerebral, conhecido como massa cinzenta, onde ocorre o processamento das informações, a presença de dobras no cérebro aumenta a área de superfície do córtex cerebral, permitindo o processamento de mais informações.O que se nota no cérebro de uma pessoa com autismo é uma maior incidência das dobras em determinadas regiões cerebrais, como os lobos parietais e temporais esquerdo e lobos frontais e temporais direitos,o que altera a forma como ocorre a conectividade neuronal. Também é importante notar que indivíduos com autismo geralmente apresentam um padrão de crescimento acelerado em certas áreas do cérebro, especialmente durante o segundo ano de vida, no entanto, na idade adulta, ocorre um encolhimento, assim como em indivíduos não autistas, embora de forma precoce, geralmente antes dos 20 anos, entretanto, este tipo de redução não implica necessariamente que o cérebro ficará menor em relação ao período de expansão, podendo até mesmo ser maior que a média da população e variando consideravelmente dependendo do nível de severidade do autismo. Ainda durante a infância pode-se notar uma característica em comum, as altas concentrações de líquido cefalorraquidiano em comparação com os pares não-autistas, esse excesso surge a partir dos 6 meses de idade e vai aproximadamente até os 3 anos. Alguns sintomas mais tradicionalmente encontrados são dificuldades em usar concomitantemente a linguagem corporal, expressões faciais e manter contato visual, dificuldade em se expressar, não compreender totalmente as “regras sociais”, apresentar reações inesperadas a estímulos visuais, auditivos e táteis, comportamentos repetitivos, não responder ao próprio nome aos 12 meses, entre outros aspectos. O autismo é um distúrbio multigênico, envolvendo muitos genes, principalmente agindo em conjunto uns com os outros, assim, não existe uma associação direta e linear entre genes e autismo, mas isso não significa que não haja uma base genética para o autismo ou que o distúrbio não seja hereditário. Também deve ser analisado que há casos de pessoas com predisposição genética alta para o autismo e não apresentar os sintomas, então é importante não apenas analisar probabilidades genéticas, como também uma anamnese para os sintomas. Além disso, pode-se notar, de acordo com algumas pesquisas, uma relação próxima entre o autismo e QI, estudos indicam que mais da metade de todos os indivíduos autistas possuem um QI acima da média e 16%, um superior a 130. Um conjunto de estudos relatou correlações genéticas positivas entre o risco de autismo e as medidas de capacidade mental, há, pelo menos da minha parte, por enquanto, uma suspeita de predisposição alta para o autismo em relatório genético de pessoas de alto QI. Mesmo que o indivíduo não apresente todos os sintomas de autismo, mas sim, algumas singularidades comuns, também deve-se determinar se é uma forma mais leve como Síndrome de Asperger, ou intermediário como Transtorno Invasivo do Desenvolvimento ou o Autismo em si, denominado TEA. Por isso, a complexidade do autismo ainda é uma das características que dificultam a sua total compreensão, mas com a complementação de conhecimentos de diversas áreas, como neurociência, genética, biologia, psicologia, entre outras, possibilita um conhecimento mais amplo acerca da multifatoriedade e complexidade do TEA.