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Gonzalez-Salazar, Miguel Angel, Mirko Morini, Michele Pinelli, et al. "Methodology for estimating biomass energy potential and its application to Colombia." Applied Energy 136 (December 2014): 781–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.004.
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Pérez-Rodríguez, Claudia Patricia, Luis Alberto Ríos, Carmen Sofía Duarte González, Andres Montaña, and Catalina García-Marroquín. "Harnessing Residual Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source in Colombia: A Potential Gasification Scenario." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (2022): 12537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912537.
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Currently, developing new or more efficient ways of producing bioenergy has caused governments from around the world to formulate compromises. These compromises translate, on a national scale, into government policies and strategies that aim to decarbonize the energy matrix of each country. The first step for efficient development is the quantification and energy-potential characterization of the available biomass. Using this framework, this study establishes the energy potential of the residual biomass produced by agricultural, agro-industrial, and forestry processes in Colombia, with gasification being the selected transformation technology. For this purpose, data from primary and secondary sources were analyzed. Next, some biomasses were prioritized according to their availability and physicochemical properties. Then, the theoretical energy potential of the total biomass produced in these productive sectors was estimated by using its physicochemical properties. The technical biomass–energy potential of the country (204.8–235.3 PJ) was estimated by considering the current level of unused biomass and evaluating the logistics and conditioning requirements of the gasification process, while accounting for the peaks and off-peaks of production in the country. Thus, if all the biomasses were processed in a gasification plant (22.2–24.0% efficiency), as proposed in this study, then the installed capacity—if the plant-use factor was 85%—would range between 1696.7–2111.3 MW. The results of the present research were validated by representatives of unions, companies, and government entities.
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Gonzalez-Salazar, Miguel Angel, Mirko Morini, Michele Pinelli, et al. "Methodology for biomass energy potential estimation: Projections of future potential in Colombia." Renewable Energy 69 (September 2014): 488–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.03.056.
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Ruiz, Mabell, and Fabian Diaz. "Life Cycle Sustainability Evaluation of Potential Bioenergy Development for Landfills in Colombia." Environmental and Climate Technologies 26, no. 1 (2022): 454–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0035.
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Abstract The Colombian energy matrix faces significant changes toward meeting its energy needs while fulfilling its pledges in the Intended National Determined Contributions linked to the Paris Agreement. The country has developed a plan for energy transition with a 2050 horizon, a strategy reflected and supported by new legislative packages. Within its design, biomass and biomass waste play a vital role in bioenergy production; however, the benefits of deploying new bioenergy production facilities have not been fully accounted for, including only an economic and climate change perspective. In this work, a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of a potential bioenergy plant for industrial symbiosis with the largest landfill in the country is undertaken, avoiding environmental burden shifting between environmental damage categories and exposing the social potential of such projects. The results show how these types of projects are economically feasible and have the potential to boost the sustainable development of local communities, which under the Colombian context, have been structurally relegated from conventional economic growth for decades.
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Rivera-Usme, JJ, GA Pinilla, JO Rangel-Churio, MI Castro, and DL Camacho-Pinzón. "Biomass of macroinvertebrates and physicochemical characteristics of water in an Andean urban wetland of Colombia." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 1 (2015): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.10613.
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Aquatic macroinvertebrates (AMI) play an important role in the ecology of wetlands, either by their job as regulators of the cycles of matter, as for their energy storage function represented in their biomass, which is transferred to higher trophic levels. To answer the question of how biomass of different AMI trophic guilds is related with physicochemical variables in the wetland Jaboque (Bogotá, Colombia), four samplings were achieved between April 2009 and January 2010, according to periods of rain and drought in the region. The AMI biomass values obtained were rated as of intermediate rank. No temporal but spatial significant differences were found. Apparently these spatial differences appear to be associated with variations in anthropogenic pressure, which differs in each area of the wetland. In dry months (January and August), biomass was greater and dominated by detritivores. We observed a positive relationship between the specific conductance of water and the biomass of predators and detritivores and between water temperature and the biomass of detritivores and shredders. These relationships suggest that the physical and chemical variables influence the distribution, abundance, and biomass of functional groups. The physical and chemical conditions of water exhibited spatiotemporal fluctuations related to changes in the concentration of organic matter and nutrients, which presumably were related to the affluents discharges and the high impact of local human populations.
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Rivera-Cadavid, Manyoma-Velásquez, and Manotas-Duque. "Supply Chain Optimization for Energy Cogeneration Using Sugarcane Crop Residues (SCR)." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (2019): 6565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236565.
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Access to clean and non-polluting energy has been defined as a Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). In this context, countries such as Colombia have promoted policies and incentives for the implementation of energy projects with non-conventional sources of energy. One of the main energy alternatives available is related to the use of residual biomass left by agribusiness supply chains, such as sugarcane. In Colombia, sugar cane is grown and harvested all year round, due to the local tropical climate. The model we propose addresses the question of the selection of the plots whose crop residue will be transported for energy production on a given day. We built a Mixed-Integer Programming model to decide which plots to harvest on a given day. Although no additional energy is generated in the model, the results show that it is feasible to replace all coal used in the boilers with sugarcane crop residues (SCRs) for power cogeneration.
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Muñoz, Yecid, Adalberto Ospino, Carlos Robles, and Carlos Arizmendi. "Implementation of a frequency control in a biomass gasifier system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 1 (2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp66-77.
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Distributed power generation has grown in popularity in recent years, especially in areas not connected to the national grid. As a result, rural microgrids are becoming more common, involving great potential for energy based on biomass conversion such as gasification. After analyzing distributed power generation facilities in developing countries, the authors found problems with the frequency stability. This paper focuses on solving the problem of frequency control in energy supplied by microgrids based in biomass gasification. For that purpose, the authors have developed a physical model of a downdraft gasifier, this model was used for design a novel strategy for frequency control, which has been based and validated on an existing gasification system, which supplies power to a population in Necoclí (Colombia).
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Meza-Sepúlveda, Diana C., Ana M. Castro, Annie Zamora, Jorge W. Arboleda, Adriana M. Gallego, and Anyela V. Camargo-Rodríguez. "Bio-Based Value Chains Potential in the Management of Cacao Pod Waste in Colombia, a Case Study." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (2021): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040693.
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Agriculture generates 11.4 billion tons of biomass worldwide, including residues from crop production and industrial processing. Improper disposal of agricultural residues results in environmental pollution and the waste of valuable biomass resources. Management of agricultural waste is particularly suboptimal in developing countries where low added-value traditional practices to manage the residues are commonplace. A bioeconomy approach to better manage agricultural waste is to use renewable biological resources from land and sea to produce new materials and energy, allowing the development of bio-based value chains (BBVC). This study explored the potential of BBVC in the management of cacao pod husk (CPH), the primary residual biomass generated from the production of cacao in Colombia. Thus, a literature review on cacao pod husk (CPH) management strategies and a survey for farmers from Caldas State in Colombia between August and November of 2020 were performed to identify the potentials and limitations of BBVC in the management of CPH. Assessment of CPH management strategies suggested variable uses for CPH categorized in energy, food, and miscellaneous. Analysis of surveys indicated farmers are keen to implement strategies to better manage their agricultural waste, but that information is not available to them. Finally, an approach to develop a BBVC from cacao was proposed, which we plan to implement as a future research direction. We expect to impact the economic growth positively in the region with bio-based products in the market.
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Galvis Cabrera, Oscar Iván, Cristian Arturo Lee Capera, Claudia María Cardona Londoño, and Johann Alexander Hernández. "Mathematical model for a mixed energy system as a technological alternative in the supply of electrical energy in non-interconnected areas." Sistemas y Telemática 15, no. 42 (2017): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18046/syt.v15i42.2540.
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The final product of this article is a mathematical model of a Mixed Energy System (MES) with Biogas-Electrical Energy (B-EE) that uses residual biomass of the pig waste, with which it is possible to estimate the amount of organic biomass necessary (or the number of animals required to produce it) to supply a farm for a certain number of hours a day, knowing the loads to be connected to the generator and taking into account the parameters necessary for the biodigester to perform its fermentation process and deliver the necessary biogas for the generator to supply power under normal conditions. The work was carried out in San Antonio del Tequendama (Cundinamarca, Colombia), a rural municipality, with a high degree of pork exploitation, and without supply of electrical energy. A small biodigester of 2.84 m3 was standardized, chorizo type, with a load of six pigs, C:N ratio of 1:30, temperature between 18-24 °C; a pH range of 6.8-7.2, for the supply of 2 kW of power, with a generator that runs with this biogas, for a consumption of 0.55 m3⁄h.
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Durán-Sarmiento, M. A., L. A. Del Portillo-Valdés, Y. J. Rueda-Ordonez, J. S. Florez-Rivera, and A. D. Rincón-Quintero. "Study on the gasification process of the biomass obtained from agricultural waste with the purpose of estimating the energy potential in the Santander region and its surroundings." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1253, no. 1 (2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1253/1/012001.
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Abstract The generation of energy through renewable sources motivates to study the process of gasification of agricultural residual biomass and to obtain the greatest benefit. In turn, the energy potential in the department of Santander was estimated, which represents 2% of the total production nationwide, and an average of the energy production that can be obtained with the gasification process was obtained, yielding a result of 67% efficiency, with this the department of Santander is located in the ranking of bioenergy producing departments in Colombia. As an additional factor, an economic analysis was carried out to calculate an average of how much money can be saved by replacing fossil fuels with biofuels. The gasification of residual biomass is one of the most striking and studied methods today, with which you can contribute positively to the environment and with which you can achieve a bioeconomy quite sustainable and independent of fossil fuels.
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Moreno Rocha, Christian Manuel, Esnaider D. Florian Domingue, Daniel A. Diaz Castillo, Kevin Logreira Vargas, and Andres Alfredo Medina Guzman. "Evaluation of Energy Alternatives through FAHP for the Energization of Colombian Insular Areas." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 4 (2022): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13056.
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In this study, the methodology of the Analytical Hierarchy Process with fuzzy logic (FAHP) is implemented to provide decision criteria in the selection, planning and development of electric power generation projects from renewable energy sources in the insular regions of Colombia. In this study, six renewable energy sources were considered, biomass combustion, anaerobic digestion of biomass, biogas landfills, waste incineration, photovoltaic energy and hydrogen-generated energy, due to their energy potential in insular areas and not interconnected with the national electricity system. To determine the order of priority in the development of energy conversion technologies, a questionnaire was drawn up and sent to a group of experts. Given the need to generate electricity in a sustainable way, the information was analyzed under four main criteria: technical, environmental, social and economic. Sixteen additional subcriteria were selected based on a literature review. In general, the economic criterion is the most relevant in the area due to the high investment and operating costs of electricity generation. The social criterion highlights the opportunity to create new jobs very important for the study area, while the environmental criterion highlights the component of renewable energy substitution and environmental care, a key aspect in the diversification of the energy matrix, which is part of the country's political agenda. Regarding the technological component, self-consumption photovoltaic energy seems the most favorable due to its low environmental impact and the considerable price reduction experienced by the solar panel market in recent years.
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Ramírez-Contreras, Nidia Elizabeth, David Munar-Florez, Floor van der Hilst, et al. "GHG Balance of Agricultural Intensification & Bioenergy Production in the Orinoquia Region, Colombia." Land 10, no. 3 (2021): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030289.
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Energy crop expansion can increase land demand and generate displacement of food crops, which impacts greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mainly through land-use change (LUC). Increased agricultural productivity could compensate for this. Our study aims to evaluate the regional combined GHG emissions of increasing agricultural yields for food crop and beef production and using the generated surplus land for biomass production to replace fossil fuels in the Orinoquia region of Colombia until 2030. The results show that surplus land for biomass production is obtained only when strong measures are applied to increase agricultural productivity. In the medium and high scenario, a land surplus of 0.6 and 2.4 Mha, respectively, could be generated. Such intensification results in up to 83% emission reduction in Orinoquia’s agricultural sector, largely coming from increasing productivity of cattle production and improving degraded pastures. Biofuel potential from the surplus land is projected at 36 to 368 PJ per year, with a low risk of causing indirect LUC, and results in GHG emission reductions of more than 100% compared to its fossil fuel equivalent. An integrated perspective of the agricultural land use enables sustainable production of both food and bioenergy.
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Martínez-Ruiz, Yessenia, Diego Fernando Manotas-Duque, Juan Carlos Osorio-Gómez, and Howard Ramírez-Malule. "Evaluation of Energy Potential from Coffee Pulp in a Hydrothermal Power Market through System Dynamics: The Case of Colombia." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (2022): 5884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14105884.
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Colombia has abundant solar, wind, and biomass resources for energy production with non-conventional renewable energy (NCREs) sources. However, the current participation of NCREs is negligible in the electricity mix of the country, which has historically depended on hydroelectric plants. Meteorological phenomena, such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), threaten the energy supply during periods of drought, and the generation of energy using fossil fuels is necessary to offset the hydric deficit. Since Colombia is one of the largest coffee producers in the world, this study used system dynamics to evaluate the energy potential from cherry coffee pulp and analyze trends in the energy supply for different energy sources in scenarios of climatic vulnerability. First, the causal relationship of the system was identified, and the key variables of the model were projected. Then, the behavior of the system was evaluated by simulating a 120-month period. The results showed a generation potential from coffee pulp of 177 GWh per year and a power generation of 11,250 GWh and 7537 GWh with solar and wind resources, respectively, by 2030. Finally, it was confirmed that including new renewable resources is a key factor in supporting hydraulic generation in the warm phase of ENSO while reducing thermal generation dependence.
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Moreno Rocha, Christian Manuel, Jose Ricardo Nunez Alvarez, Daniel A. Diaz Castillo, Esnaider D. Florian Domingue, and Juan Camilo Barrera Hernandez. "Implementation of the Hierarchical Analytical Process in the Selection of the Best Source of Renewable Energy in the Colombian Caribbean Region." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 2 (2022): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12537.
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In this study, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology is implemented to provide decision criteria in the selection, planning, and development of electric power generation projects from renewable energy sources in the Caribbean region of Colombia. Six sources of renewable energy; biomass combustion; anaerobic digestion of biomass; biogas landfills; waste incineration; Photovoltaic energy and solar thermal radiation were considered in this study due to their energy potential in rural areas and areas not interconnected to the national electricity system. To determine the order of priority in the development of energy conversion technologies, a questionnaire was developed and sent to a group of experts. Given the need to generate electricity sustainably, the information was analyzed under four main criteria: technical, environmental, social, and economic. Sixteen additional sub-criteria were selected based on a literature review. In general, the economic criterion is the most relevant in the area due to the high investment and operating costs of electricity generation. The social criterion highlights the opportunity to create new jobs, while the environmental criterion highlights the component of substitution of renewable energy, a key aspect in the diversification of the energy matrix, which is part of the country's political agenda. Regarding the technological component, photovoltaic energy seems the most favorable due to its low environmental impact and the considerable reduction in prices experienced by the solar panel market in recent years.
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Oliveira, Rosana Cavalcante de, Rogerio Diogne de Souza e. Silva, and Maria Emília De Lima Tostes. "A methodology for analysis of cogeneration projects using oil palm biomass wastes as an energy source in the Amazon." DYNA 82, no. 190 (2015): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v82n190.43298.
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In the search for strategies to mitigate climate change, the promotion of renewable energy is a major challenge worldwide, particularly for developing countries such as Brazil and Colombia, which aim to diversify their power grids by using unconventional renewable energy sources. One of the main obstacles is the development of innovative projects. Increasing oil palm cultivation in the Amazon region for the food and biodiesel industries is producing a large volume of biomass. The present study outlines a methodology for analysis of renewable energy projects based on identification of environmental, economic, and social sustainability criteria and indicators (C&I) for the oil palm production chain. This methodology was then used to develop a computer simulation model in the RETScreen® International software environment for financial viability and risk analysis.
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Sierra Márquez, Juan, Lucellys Sierra Márquez, and Jesus Olivero-Verbel. "Potencial económico de la palma aceitera (Elaeis guineensis Jacq)." Agronomía Mesoamericana 28, no. 2 (2017): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ma.v28i2.25927.
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The objective of this research was to highlight the economic importance of the optimal use of products and byproducts of oil palm. In Colombia, productive crops per hectare can generate, over one year, an average of 3.14 tons of oil, and up to 21.68 t of solid and liquid waste when the plant is on a productive stage. These data allowed the researcher to estimate that more than nine million of t of solid and liquid waste was produced from the 450 131 ha present in 2014, in Colombia; the produced biomass was used to generate energy and steam, releasing carbon dioxide back again into the environment. These residues have great potential in many industries, some to be developed, therefore, it is of special importance to try to maximize the use of waste produced by oil palm production, to generate economic and environmental benefits. An example of this is the palm kernel cake, with a nutritional potential in animal feed, fiber in the biocompound industry, biomass and stipe in the timber industry, glycerol, biodiesel, and liquid effluents in the chemical and biotechnological industry. The use of these raw materials may help to establish a positive balance in the cultivation of this species of oil palm in the country.
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Parra Garcia, Edison Andres, Nicole Rivera Parra, Boris Anghelo Rodriguez Rey, and Isabel Cristina Hoyos Rincón. "SIMULATION OF BIOMASS DYNAMICS IN PLANKTON OF A HIGH-ALTITUDE ANDEAN TROPICAL RESERVOIR IN COLOMBIA." Acta Biológica Colombiana 26, no. 3 (2021): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v26n3.83182.
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The understanding of the relationships between the planktonic communities in a reservoir allows us to infer possible changes in the redistribution of matter and energy flows in these systems. This work proposes a dynamic model for the trophic network of the Riogrande II tropical reservoir, which integrates the planktonic trophic chains of detritus and grazing, limiting the prey-predator interactions by introducing the prey meeting factor (pmf). We built a dynamic model of mass balance supported by an extensive bibliographic search. The limitations of consumers and resources were represented simultaneously by means of the pmf. The data used to validate the model were compiled from previous investigations carried out in this reservoir from 2010 to 2013. The values of pmf that we found in each simulation suggest that the top predator can access its main prey in certain concentrations of total phosphorus, with a probability of encounter ranging from 9.3 % to 17.7 %. Our simulations indicate that most of the primary production is poorly used by the primary consumers in the photic zone, however, it enters in the flows of the detrital chain and supports the production of zooplankton almost entirely. According to this finding, the biomass densities obtained in the previous studies can be better explained by the causal relationships assumed in this model.
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Cruz, M. L., T. R. Preston, and A. W. Speedy. "Protein sources for monogastric and ruminant livestock in the cauca valley of colombia." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960001134x.
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Almost all attempts to improve animal production systems in developing countries have failed because they relied on the transfer of technologies from developed countries. Livestock production systems in industrialized conuntries have high rates of animal productivity, which at the same time require high quality feeds, rich in energy and protein. Most developed countries are located in temperate climates in which cereals and high quality feeds and grains can be readily grown and have the currency to provide all the fossil fuel inputs required.In order for Third World countries, located mostly in tropical regions, to adapt these systems, they must import exotic livestock and provide the high level of feeding at high cost. The transferred system has led to a loss of interest in indigenous breeds and local resources.It is clear that there is a great need for new rural development strategies that should take into account not only food production but also renewable energy resources, employment generation, self reliance and protection of the enviroment. This strategy includes selection of crops and cropping systems which maximize biomass production, nitrogen fixation and minimize the use of imported or expensive inputs.
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Acevedo, C. H., G. E. Valencia, and Y. D. Cardenas. "Techno-economic analysis of on-grid biomass renewable energy power station: A case study in Caribbean region of Colombia." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1126 (November 2018): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1126/1/012033.
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Sæbø, Jørgen S., Jacob B. Socolar, Edicson P. Sánchez, et al. "Ignoring variation in wood density drives substantial bias in biomass estimates across spatial scales." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 5 (2022): 054002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac62ae.
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Abstract Rapid development of remote sensing and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology has refined estimates of tree architecture and extrapolation of biomass across large spatial scales. Yet, current biomass maps show significant discrepancies and mismatch to independent ground data. A potential obstacle to accurate biomass estimation is the loss of information on wood density, which can vary at local and regional scales, in the extrapolation process. Here we investigate if variation in wood specific gravity (WSG) substantially impacts the distribution of above-ground biomass (AGB) across a range of scales from local plots to large regions. We collected wood cores and measured tree volume in 341 forest sites across large altitudinal and climatic gradients in Colombia. At all spatial scales, variation in WSG was substantial compared to variation in volume. Imputing study-wide average values of WSG induced regional biases in AGB estimates of almost 30%, consequently undervaluing the difference between forest areas of low and high average wood density. Further, neither stem size nor climate usefully predicted WSG when accounting for spatial dependencies among our sampling plots. These results suggest that remote sensing- and LiDAR-based projections to biomass estimates can be considerably improved by explicitly accounting for spatial variation in WSG, necessitating further research on the spatial distribution of WSG and potential environmental predictors to advance efficient and accurate large-scale mapping of biomass.
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Restrepo-Serna, Daissy, Jimmy Martínez-Ruano, and Carlos Cardona-Alzate. "Energy Efficiency of Biorefinery Schemes Using Sugarcane Bagasse as Raw Material." Energies 11, no. 12 (2018): 3474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123474.
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The use of biomass to obtain value-added products has been a good alternative for reducing their environmental impacts. For this purpose, different studies have been carried out focused on the use of agro-industrial waste. One of the most commonly used raw materials has been bagasse obtained from the processing of sugarcane in high quantities in countries like Brazil, India, China, Thailand, Pakistan, Mexico, Colombia, Indonesia, Philippines, and the United States. From 1 ton of sugarcane, 280 kg of bagasse can be obtained. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a waste that is rich in polysaccharides, which makes it a promising raw material for obtaining products under biorefinery concept. The objective of this work was to analyze from the energetic point of view, different biorefinery schemes in which SCB is employed as a raw material. The design and simulation of the different biorefinery schemes is performed in Aspen Plus software. From this software, it was possible to obtain the different mass and energy balances, which are used in the technical and energetic analysis. Exergy is used as a comparison tool for the energy analysis. These analyses allowed for the selection of the best biorefinery configuration from SCB.
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Gomez, Rafael D., Mario Palacio, Juan F. Arango, Adrian E. Avila, and Jorge M. Mendoza. "Evaluation of the energy generation potential by an experimental characterization of residual biomass blends from Córdoba, Colombia in a downdraft gasifier." Waste Management 120 (February 2021): 522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.014.
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Sagastume Gutiérrez, Alexis, Juan J. Cabello Eras, Luc Hens, and Carlo Vandecasteele. "The energy potential of agriculture, agroindustrial, livestock, and slaughterhouse biomass wastes through direct combustion and anaerobic digestion. The case of Colombia." Journal of Cleaner Production 269 (October 2020): 122317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122317.
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Beltrán, Vivian, Laura V. Martínez, Andrés López, and María F. Gómez. "Kinetic analysis of Wood residues and Gorse (Ulex europaeus) pyrolysis under non-isothermal conditions: A case of study in Bogotá, Colombia." E3S Web of Conferences 103 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910302004.
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Thermal degradation and kinetic for biomass materials wood residues and Gorse (Ulex europaeus) have been evaluated under pyrolysis (N2) conditions, using a non-isothermal thermogravimetric method (TGA) from 25°C to 900°C at different heating rates of 10, 20, 30 and 40°C min-1. In DTG curves the temperature peaks at maximum weight loss rate changed with increasing heating rate. The maximum rate of weight loss (%s-1) was obtained at a heating rate of 40°C/min of 0,38 and 0,46 (%s-1) for wood residues and Gorse, respectively. Activation energy calculations were based on selected non-isothermal methods (Kissinger, FWO, KAS, and Starink). For Gorse, the energy activation was 195.41, 194.44, 214.39 and 179.42 kJmol-1 by Kissinger, FWO, KAS, and Starink methods, respectively. In the other hand, the energy activation for wood residues was 176.03, 221.75, 243.08 and 198.26 kJmol-1 by Kissinger, FWO, KAS, and Starink methods, respectively. The results showed that Gorse has a lower activation energy than wood residues, which represents a great potential to be used as a feedstock in thermochemical technologies. The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) was calculated for gasification of wood residues and Gorse, which was 186 and 169 USD/MWh, respectively.
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Ramirez-Contreras, Nidia Elizabeth, and André P. C. Faaij. "A review of key international biomass and bioenergy sustainability frameworks and certification systems and their application and implications in Colombia." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 96 (November 2018): 460–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.001.
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Patiño-Camelo, Karen, Carlos Diaz-Uribe, Euler Gallego-Cartagena, et al. "Cyanobacterial Biomass Pigments as Natural Sensitizer for TiO2 Thin Films." International Journal of Photoenergy 2019 (August 21, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7184327.
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In this work, we studied the effect of TiO2 sensitization with dry biomass extracted of cyanobacteria on the degradation of methylene blue dye (AM). Cyanobacterial cultures isolated from water samples were collected from the swamp of Malambo in Colombia; two main genera of cyanobacteria were identified, and they were cultivated with BG-11 culture medium. The concentrations of chlorophyll a in the exponential and stationary phases of growth were measured; the phycobilin content was quantified by spectrophotometry. Thin films of TiO2 were deposited by a doctor blade method, and they were sensitized by wet impregnation. Furthermore, a methylene blue (MB) photodegradation process was studied under visible light irradiation on the cyanobacterial biomass sensitized TiO2 material (TiO2/sensitizer); besides, the pseudo-first-order model was used to obtain kinetic information about photocatalytic degradation. The results showed that the BG-11+ treatment reported a higher amount of dry biomass and phycobiliproteins. After the sensitization process, the TiO2/sensitizer thin films showed a significant red shift in the optical activity; besides the thin film roughness decreasing, the TiO2/sensitizer showed photocatalytic activity of 23.2% under visible irradiation, and besides, the kinetic (kap) constant for TiO2/sensitizer thin films was 3.1 times greater than the kap value of TiO2 thin films. Finally, results indicated that cyanobacterial biomass is a suitable source of natural sensitizers to be used in semiconductor sensitization.
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Mosquera, Jhessica, Linda Varela, Angélica Santis, Sergio Villamizar, Paola Acevedo, and Iván Cabeza. "Improving anaerobic co-digestion of different residual biomass sources readily available in Colombia by process parameters optimization." Biomass and Bioenergy 142 (November 2020): 105790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105790.
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Gamarra Quintero, Juan Sebastián, Carlos A. Díaz Gonzalez, and Leonardo Pacheco Sandoval. "Exergoeconomic analysis of a simulated system of biomass gasification-based power generation with surplus syngas storage in a rural zone in Colombia." Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 44 (April 2021): 101075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101075.
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Chará, Julián, Julián Rivera, Rolando Barahona, Enrique Murgueitio, Zoraida Calle, and Carolina Giraldo. "Intensive silvopastoral systems with Leucaena leucocephala in Latin America." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, no. 4 (2019): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(7)259-266.
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Plenary paper presented at the International Leucaena Conference, 1‒3 November 2018, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.Leucaena leucocephala has played a key role in the development of sustainable cattle ranching in Latin America. This species is the backbone of the so-called Intensive Silvopastoral Systems (ISPS) that combine high-density cultivation of leucaena as fodder shrubs (4,000–40,000 plants/ha) with grasses and trees. The layers of vegetation added by shrubs and trees increase the system’s capacity for transforming solar energy into biomass and enhance habitat complexity. Although part of the biomass is transformed into livestock products, a significant amount is deposited as litter on the soil and, along with the nitrogen fixed by leucaena and other trees, has positive effects on soil properties and grass production. The increased complexity of the system has measurable effects on biodiversity. ISPS with leucaena support more species of birds, ants, dung beetles and woody plants than conventional pasture monocultures, contribute to landscape-scale connectivity and provide environmental services. They also enhance animal welfare through reduced heat stress and improved availability and quality of fodder resources. ISPS contribute to climate change mitigation by improving above- and below-ground carbon sequestration and by cutting down greenhouse gas emissions per units of dry matter consumed and cattle product. Although these systems have been successfully implemented in Colombia, Mexico and other countries, their adoption is still limited in relation to the area suitable for their introduction.
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Meramo-Hurtado, Samir Isaac, Plinio Puello, and Julio Rodríguez. "Computer-Aided Environmental Assessment Applied for Estimation of Ecological Impacts Derived from Topological Pathways Based on Lignocellulosic Biomass Transformation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (2020): 6586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186586.
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The growing awareness to include sustainability goals in the chemical process design has been making palpable since many governments and research institutions have made many efforts precisely to progress new ways to transform available resources into valuable chemicals. In this sense, this work is presenting a computer-aided evaluation based on environmental impact assessment and comparison of technical parameters for estimating the potential effects of two biorefinery designs. The first process involved a multiproduct production of acetone, butanol, and ethanol from cassava waste, while the second biorefinery comprised of succinic acid and bioethanol production from a mixture of cassava waste and banana rachis. These residues are highly available in the North Colombia region due to the agroindustrial activities of that zone. The developed environmental analysis employed the waste reduction algorithm (WAR) for estimating impact generation and output rates considering atmospheric and toxicological categories. Otherwise, process simulation of biorefineries showed production of 546.3 kg/h of acetone, 280.0 kg/h of ethanol, and 1305 kg/h of butanol for topology 1, while topology 2 delivered a synthesis of 13,865.7 kg/h of acetic acid and 2277.9 kg/h of ethanol. Data generated from process simulation allowed performing a technical comparison between evaluated biorefineries, showing a higher performance of evaluated indicators for topology 2. These evaluated variables included resource energy efficiency, and production yield, among others. The environmental analysis provided relevant information, indicating that topology 2 is a better alternative from an ecological viewpoint since this design would emit substances with lower effects than topology 1.
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Tejada-Tovar, Candelaria, Angel Villabona-Ortíz, and Ángel González-Delgado. "Adsorption Study of Continuous Heavy Metal Ions (Pb2+, Cd2+, Ni2+) Removal Using Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Pod Husks." Materials 15, no. 19 (2022): 6937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196937.
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The serious toxicological effects of heavy metal ions in aquatic ecosystems have motivated the search for alternatives to reduce contamination of water sources from industrial wastewater. In this work, continuous adsorption of nickel, cadmium, and lead was assessed using a packed bed column filled with Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husks widely available in the northern region of Colombia. The physicochemical characterization of the agricultural biomass was performed to quantify its chemical composition by bromatological, FT-IR, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The breakthrough curves were constructed for all heavy metal ions with bed depth of 4 and 7.5 cm, taking aliquots at 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, and 270 min. Moreover, experimental data were fitted to adsorption models in continuous mode to predict adsorptive performance (Adams–Bohart, Thomas, and Yoon–Nelson). For the FT-IR analysis of biomass before and after adsorption, the most representative bands occur around 3200–3900 cm−1 attributed to the presence of hydroxyl groups, showing the destruction of the peaks of lignocellulosic materials. The breakthrough curves revealed that for a 7.5 cm bed, adsorption performance reported the following order of promising results: Pb2+ > Ni2+ > Cd2+; while for a 4 cm bed, Pb2+ > Ni2+. The mechanism of adsorption of the evaluated metals onto cocoa pod husk was attributed to cationic exchange and microprecipitation due to the presence of Ca, K, and Si in the structure of the bio-adsorbent. Finally, the continuous adsorption was modeled under the mathematical expressions of Adams–Bohart, Thomas, and Yoon–Nelson reporting good fitting with correlation coefficient above 0.95.
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Javier R., Javier R., Ana B. Vacca-Casanova, and Carlos A. Cuy-Hoyos. "Pyrolysis system to obtain carbonaceous material from rice husk used as a precursor." Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 44, no. 172 (2020): 805–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18257/raccefyn.1109.
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We present the development and validation of a pyrolysis system with a controlled nitrogen atmosphere for the production of carbonaceous materials from biomass elements. Our objective was to use rice husk as a precursor to produce carbonaceous material and explore its application in different technological fields. In Colombia, over 800.000 tons of rice are produced every six months by the leading producing regions such as the Orinoquia region and the provinces of Tolima and Huila, among others. This system provides the opportunity to use agro-industrial waste such as rice husk, an environmental contaminator, and convert it into a useful and value-added material for the development of science and technology in emerging technological fields. Analyses performed using electron scanning microscopy (SEM) have shown that the synthesized material is a porous carbonaceous substance composed of irregular fibers with a hollow internal structure between 5 and 30 μm in size. The Raman spectra show a vibrational response of graphene oxide (GO) multilayer type. These results suggest the GO derived from rice husk can be a candidate for the development of applications in technological areas such as flexible electronic devices and systems, sensors, batteries, supercapacitors for energy storage, and bioremediation systems, among other technological applications.
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Preston, T. R. "Sustainable systems of intensive livestock production for the humid tropics using local resources." BSAP Occasional Publication 16 (1993): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00031116.
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AbstractThe design of sustainable intensive livestock production systems for developing countries must be judged according to their likely impact on economic, ecological, ethological and sociological issues. Economic issues to be satisfied include international competitivity in price of finished products which requires maximizing comparative advantages of available natural resources. Ecological sustainability requires that the production system will result in (i) reduced emissions of the principal greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane; (ii) reduced contamination of soil and water resources; (iii) an effective control of soil erosion; and (iv) self sufficiency in on-farm production of energy from renewable resources. Ethological concerns relate to potential effects of production systems on animal welfare and the safety and consumer acceptability (wholesomeness) of foods produced in such systems. Sociological acceptability requires that employment opportunities are increased, especially for women, and that the production system encourages self-reliance with minimum dependence on outside inputs.The basic technology, designed and adapted by Convenio Interinstitucional para la Producción Pecuaria en el Valle del Rio Cauca (CIPAV) and cooperating local farmers in the Cauca Valley of Colombia, uses sugar cane, multipurpose trees and water plants as sources of biomass to provide food for a range of livestock species and fuel for the farm and the family. The chosen crops have a proven high capacity to fix atmospheric carbon dioxide and nitrogen into biomass, which is a permanent carbon reservoir (1 ha planted in sugar cane and trees is a sink for some 80 t carbon dioxide), and also a source of substrate for food and fuel. Sugar cane and trees help prevent erosion, maintain soil fertility, have well developed systems of biological pest control, require minimum synthetic chemical inputs and are easily separated into high and low fibre fractions as required for the different end uses of food for monogastric and ruminant animals and fuel.The preferred animal species are pigs and ducks which adapt readily to the ‘non-conventional’ high-moisture food resources (mainly cane juice, tree leaves and water plants) and have a high meat : methane production ratio. They are complemented by African sheep, dual purpose (Holsteinzebu) cattle and buffaloes, managed as triple purpose animals (draught, milk and meat) and deriving most of their food from the more nutritive parts of the fibrous crop residues. All the livestock are managed in partial or total confinement to minimize environmental damage and to maximize nutrient recycling to the crops.Fuel for the family is derived from the biodigestor which uses as substrate the excreta from the pigs; and from the sugar cane bagasse. Earthworms upgrade the fertilizer value of the excreta from the ruminant animals and produce part of the protein for the ducks.The CIPAV model is flexible as witnessed by the increasing acceptance of many of the elements in the model by both resource-poor and entrepreneurial farmers. The biomass concept, on which the CIPAV model is based, can also be scaled up to the level of agro-industry (the biomass refinery) offering renewable alternatives to present fossil-fuel-based technologies for chemical and energy needs.
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TAMARIS TURIZO, Cesar Enrique, and Javier RODRÍGUEZ. "TRANSPORTE DE MATERIA ORGÁNICA A LO LARGO DE UN RÍO TROPICAL DE MONTAÑA EN LA SIERRA NEVADA DE SANTA MARTA (COLOMBIA)." Acta Biológica Colombiana 20, no. 3 (2015): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v20n3.45421.
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<p>En los ríos tropicales, la materia orgánica es la principal fuente de energía para las comunidades que allí habitan. Las principales proporciones de materia orgánica se encuentra la materia orgánica particulada gruesa (MOPG) y la materia orgánica particulada fina (MOPF). Por lo anterior, en este trabajo se evaluó el transporte de la MOPG, la MOPF y su relación con algunas variables físicas y químicas en tres tramos de un gradiente altitudinal de los 50 msnm hasta los 1700 msnm durante un ciclo diario en el río Gaira (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta). Para lo cual se realizaron muestreos mensuales entre los meses de marzo a junio del 2008. Se detectaron diferencias significativas en la deriva de MOPG entre las estaciones, siendo la estación 2 (parte media) durante el primer muestreo, la que registró los valores más altos reportados para todo el estudio (474 kg m<sup>-3</sup>) y la estación 3 mostró la menor biomasa derivante (0,26 kg m<sup>-3</sup>). La MOPF registró valores similares durante todos los muestreos (0,58 – 6,34 g m<sup>-3</sup>). Sin embargo, se detectaron diferencias significativas en los muestreos tres y cuatro. Con el aumento de las lluvias, descendió el transporte de MOPG. Una relación inversa entre la velocidad del agua y el transporte de MOPG (rs = -0,70; n = 12; <em>p</em> &lt; 0,05) se registró, mientras que la MOPF, presentó valores constantes. Los resultados de este trabajo coinciden parcialmente con lo registrado en la literatura, lo cual indica que las dinámicas de transporte de MO están relacionadas con las variaciones ambientales locales.</p><p><strong>Transport of Organic Matter Across a Tropical Mountain Stream of Sierra Nevada De Santa Marta (Colombia)</strong></p><p>In tropical streams organic matter is the principal source of energy for the communities in the river. Main components of organic matter are coarseparticulate organic matter (CPOM) and fine particulate organic matter (FPOM). Therefore, transport of CPOM and FPOM and its relationship with some physical and chemical variables was evaluated, on three sections of an altitudinal gradient from 50 to 1700 masl during a daily<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">-</span>cycle at Gaira river. Samples were taken monthly from March to June 2008.It was observed significant differences in drift of CPOM between stations. Station 2 (middle part), first sample, recorded the highest value (474 kg m<sup>-3</sup>) and station 3 showed the lowest lower value of drift biomass (0,26 kg m<sup>-3</sup>) during the study. FPOM showed similar values during all<span style="text-decoration: line-through;"> the</span> sampling (0,58 – 6,34 g m<sup>-3</sup>). However, significant differences were detected between sampling three and four. Transport of FPOM decreased with the increase of precipitation. A inverse relationship between water velocity and transport of CPOM was observed, while the FPOM, showed constant values. These results are partiality similar to reported in the literature, because the dynamic of transport of OM is relationship with local variations environmental.</p>
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Suárez, Juan Carlos, Amara Tatiana Contreras, José Alexander Anzola, José Iván Vanegas, and Idupulapati M. Rao. "Physiological Characteristics of Cultivated Tepary Bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) and Its Wild Relatives Grown at High Temperature and Acid Soil Stress Conditions in the Amazon Region of Colombia." Plants 11, no. 1 (2021): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11010116.
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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is sensitive to different types of abiotic stresses (drought, high temperature, low soil fertility, and acid soil), and this may limit its adaptation and consequently to its yield under stress. Because of this, a sister species, tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray), has recently gained attention in breeding for improved abiotic stress tolerance in common bean. In this study, we evaluated the adaptation of 302 accessions of tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) and its wild relatives (grouped in four types of tepary bean genetic resource: cultivated, acutifolius regressive, acutifolius wild, tenuifolius wild) when grown under high temperature and acid soil conditions with aluminum toxicity in the Amazon region of Colombia. Our objective was to determine differences among four types of tepary bean genetic resource in their morpho-phenological, agronomic, and physiological responses to combined high temperature and acid soil stress conditions. We found that cultivated P. acutifolius var acutifolius presented a greater number of pods per plant, as well as larger seeds and a greater number of seeds per pod. Some traits, such as root biomass, days to flowering and physiological maturity, specific leaf area, and stomatal density, showed significant differences between types of tepary bean genetic resource, probably contributing to difference in adaptation to combined stress conditions of high temperature and acid soil conditions. The photochemical quenching (qP) was higher in cultivated P. acutifolius var. acutifolius, while energy dissipation by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in the form of heat and the coefficient of non-photochemical dissipation (qN) were higher in acutifolius regressive and tenuifolius wild accessions. We have identified 6 accessions of cultivated and 19 accessions of tenuifolius wild that exhibited grain yields above 1800 kg ha−1. These accessions could be suitable to use as parents to improve dry seed production of tepary bean under combined stress conditions of high temperature and acid soil.
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Marrugo, Gloria, Carlos F. Valdés, and Farid Chejne. "Characterization of Colombian Agroindustrial Biomass Residues as Energy Resources." Energy & Fuels 30, no. 10 (2016): 8386–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01596.
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González-Campo, Carlos Hernán. "Editorial." Cuadernos de Administración 36, no. 67 (2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/cdea.v36i67.10614.
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The globalization of information, even more so at times like these, has placed scientific journals into very competitive contexts of news or articles, which circulate and become publicized even faster, for example, social networks. This makes it necessary for scientific journals to increasingly use technological elements and resources to gain greater visibility and disseminate the knowledge authors shared for their readers. To such an end, authors need to be absolutely clear about the importance of metadata, correct citation, or rigorous referencing in standardized formats, because in some way, in addition to good content and consistent structure, depending on the type of paper, these bring on broader readership, downloads, and citations for their papers. In addition to addressing these technical elements, journals must have their editorial processes under constant transformation as determined by self-evaluation processes coupled with strategies that seek improvement. Another vital element is to define the journal’s scope and approach because these elements help both authors and readers to decide whether it is the right journal to publish or consult. In Cuadernos de Administración, the editorial and production evaluation process is understood as a peer dialogue in an academic context, and opinions, recommendations, and editorial decisions are framed in respect among the process participants from each one’s role. It is the academic community that develops around a scientific journal that determines its future and relevance.Issue 67 of the journal Cuadernos de Administración, May-August 2020, after a double-blind evaluation and the editorial process, set out to publish ten papers on scientific and technological research and one review paper.The first group contains scientific and technological research papers. The group’s first one is entitled “Organizational characterization of craftsmanship in northern of Valle del Cauca.” Therein, the authors present the organizational state of artisans in developing their profession or trade in the municipalities that make up the northern region of Valle del Cauca (Colombia). Using a documentary analysis and in consultation with stakeholders, they identified the territory’s comparative and competitive advantages from the productive vocation and its relationship to artisanal production. The results seek to propose innovative strategies to strengthen the region’s craftsmanship.The second article, presents the results of a research that sought to establish the effectiveness of the constructivist training method in the business administration program, based on the Balanced Scorecard and others management tools, and from the students’, the entrepreneurs’, the institutions’ and the teaching perspectives. The study employed the quantitative and qualitative analysis coupled with surveys applied to a group of students and entrepreneurs. The authors hope these results will contribute to improving teaching in these programs.The third paper, “Sustainable design of reverse supply chain for solid waste in Mexico,” proposes an Inverse Supply Chain procedure for Urban Solid Waste in the Mexican municipality of Netzahualcóyotl.The fourth paper presents the results of surveillance, and strategic intelligence applied on the scientific, technological, and commercial trends of 10 natural ingredients prioritized in the project “Strengthening R&D capabilities for the production of natural ingredients (NI) from residual biomass in Palmira, Vall del Cauca.” The findings analyze pineapple, soursop, and peach palm fruit. The fifth manuscript, “Identification of organizational leaders’ managerial competences in the passiflowers producing sector in the department of Huila,” results from a research that sought to identify managerial competencies in the sector. The authors used mixed methods to enable managers of passiflower producing associations in the production chain to obtain a map of managerial competencies to strengthen their managerial capabilities and competitiveness. In the sixth article, the authors aim to establish the factors that influence mobile banking’s embracing by microentrepreneurs from the Theory of Planned Behavior (PB) and the TPB extended to relative advantage and perceived risk. To that end, they used quantitative methods on a sample of 101 microentrepreneurs. The findings confirm the effect of attitude, subjective norms, behavior control, and relative advantage over mobile banking adoption.The seventh paper, “Effects of the prices of mining and energy commodities on the Colombian economy,” evaluates the impact from price changes shocks in mining and energy goods that bear the highest weight on Colombian exports, i.e., oil, coal, and nickel. In this vein, they observe the different effects on economic aggregates. A database consisting of 129 variables for the 2001-2016 period was used, and a FAVAR model was estimated.The eighth article, analyzes the impact of organizational strategies on the financial performance of large-, medium- and small-sized rubber and plastic companies in the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga, Colombia. The authors used qualitative and quantitative methods. They analyze indicators and then characterize the strategic orientation and performance in 2017 through a survey.The ninth paper, “Adjustment by the effect of size on the cost of equity: Pending practice in the capital budget in Colombia,” identifies and analyzes the implications of capital budget techniques implemented by large-, medium- and small-size companies in connection to the use and calculation of the discount rate. For this purpose, they use descriptive analysis to characterize a group of 182 Colombian companies.The tenth article, entitled “Training for professional judgment in accounting education,” aims to analyze, in the educational projects of high-quality Public Accounting programs in Colombia, the approach to professional judgment and critical thinking as a factor contributing to the formation of this judgment in accountants. They use a qualitative-documentary methodology on the Syllabus of accredited universities’ programs.The last paper, “Gender job gaps and challenges in the digital economy: Findings from global governance entities,” makes a descriptive review of the most recent studies on gender labor gaps as prepared by the leading entities of global governance, focusing on technological and scientific areas. Moreover, the author shows the risk of erosion, and even loss, of women’s progress in recognition, inclusion, and equality. The author also argues that despite the achievements in closing educational, health, and economic gaps, the wage gap and the access-to-management gap continue to exist.
 We hope that the eleven papers in this issue will contribute knowledge to the sciences of administration. The content of each paper is its authors’ responsibility and not the journal’s. We hope that they will contribute to future reflections and research. We thank the authors, reviewers, committee members, and readers of our journal for being part of this academic community.
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Díez, Hernán E., and Juan F. Pérez. "Physicochemical Characterization of Representative Firewood Species Used for Cooking in Some Colombian Regions." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4531686.
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Socioeconomic conditions and the main firewood species used for cooking in three Colombian regions are studied in this work. The species collected were Cordia alliodora, Guazuma ulmifolia, Eucalyptus grandis, and Pinus patula. The used patterns of biomass and socioeconomic conditions of the selected regions were defined by means of secondary information. Firewood was physicochemically characterized and the species are compared with fossil fuels with regard to emissions of CO2, energy density, and costs. The studied regions require solutions to use firewood in eco-efficient systems, since in these rural regions people use biomass as an energy source. Studied firewood species are suitable to be gasified in fixed bed reactors due to their high volatile matter content (>80%) and low ash content (<1.8%). Pinus patula is the one with the highest fuel value index, mainly due to its low ash content (0.4%). The firewood consumption in advanced stoves has environmental advantages resulting from its low CO2 emissions: a cubic meter of Eucalyptus could replace 113 liters of kerosene or 120 m3 of natural gas for cooking applications.
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Bonilla, Javier, and Gerardo Gordillo. "Adiabatic Fixed-Bed Gasification of Colombian Coffee Husk Using Air-Steam Blends for Partial Oxidation." Journal of Combustion 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3576509.
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The increasing energy consumption, mostly supplied by fossil fuels, has motivated the research and development of alternative fuel technologies to decrease the humanity’s dependence on fossil fuels, which leads to pollution of natural sources. Small-scale biomass gasification, using air-steam blends for partial oxidation, is a good alternative since biomass is a neutral carbon feedstock for sustainable energy generation. This research presents results obtained from an experimental study on coffee husk (CH) gasification, using air-steam blends for partial oxidation in a 10 kW fixed-bed gasifier. Parametric studies on equivalence ratio (ER) (1.53 < ER < 6.11) and steam-fuel (SF) ratio (0.23 < SF < 0.89) were carried out. The results show that increasing both SF and ER results in a syngas rich in CH4 and H2 but poor in CO. Also, decreased SF and ER decrease the peak temperature (Tpeak) at the gasifier combustion zone. The syngas high heating value (HHV) ranged from 3112 kJ/SATPm3 to 5085 kJ/SATPm3 and its maximum value was obtained at SF = 0.87 and ER = 4.09. The dry basis molar concentrations of the species, produced under those operating conditions (1.53 < ER < 6.11 and 0.23 < SF < 0.89), were between 1.12 and 4.1% for CH4, between 7.77 and 13.49% for CO, and between 7.54 and 19.07% for H2. Other species were in trace amount.
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Vélez, Jhon F., Farid Chejne, Carlos F. Valdés, Eder J. Emery, and Carlos A. Londoño. "Co-gasification of Colombian coal and biomass in fluidized bed: An experimental study." Fuel 88, no. 3 (2009): 424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.10.018.
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Marrugo, Gloria, Carlos F. Valdés, and Farid Chejne. "Biochar Gasification: An Experimental Study on Colombian Agroindustrial Biomass Residues in a Fluidized Bed." Energy & Fuels 31, no. 9 (2017): 9408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b00665.
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Verdeza-Villalobos, Arnaldo, Yuhan Arley Lenis-Rodas, Antonio José Bula-Silvera, Jorge Mario Mendoza-Fandiño, and Rafael David Gómez-Vásquez. "Performance analysis of a commercial fixed bed downdraft gasifier using palm kernel shells." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 9, no. 2 (2019): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.181.
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This work analyzes the use of palm kernel shells (PKS) produced by the Colombian palm oil mill industry, for purposes of fueling a commercial downdraft fixed bed gasifier (Ankur Scientific WGB- 20) designed to operate with wood chips. Operational parameters such as hopper shaking time, ash removal time, and airflow were varied in order to get the highest gasifier performance, computed as the ratio between producer gas chemical energy over biomass feeding energy. Experiments were carried out following a half fraction experimental design 24-1. Since these parameters affect the equivalence ratio (ER), behavior indicators were analyzed as a function of ER. It was found that the shaking time and airflow had a significant effect on higher-heating-value (HHV) and process efficiency, while the removal time is not significant. The highest performance for palm shell was reached at ER=0.35, where the resulting gas HHV and process efficiencies were 5.04 MJ/Nm3 and 58%, respectively.
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Garcia-Freites, Samira, Andrew Welfle, Amanda Lea-Langton, Paul Gilbert, and Patricia Thornley. "The potential of coffee stems gasification to provide bioenergy for coffee farms: a case study in the Colombian coffee sector." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 10, no. 4 (2019): 1137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13399-019-00480-8.
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AbstractThe coffee industry constitutes an important part of the global economy. Developing countries produce over 90% of world coffee production, generating incomes for around 25 million smallholder farmers. The scale of this industry poses a challenge with the generation of residues along with the coffee cultivation and processing chain. Coffee stems, obtained after pruning of coffee trees, are one of those abundant and untapped resources in the coffee supply chain. Their high lignocellulosic content, the low calorific value ranging between 17.5 and 18 MJ kg−1 and the low ash content make them a suitable solid fuel for thermochemical conversion, such as gasification. This research evaluates the feasibility of using these residues in small-scale downdraft gasifiers coupled to internal combustion engines for power and low-grade heat generation, using process modelling and the Colombian coffee sector as a case study. The producer gas properties (5.6 MJ Nm−3) and the gasifier’s performance characteristics suggest that this gas could be utilized for power generation. A cogeneration system efficiency of 45.6% could be attainable when the system’s low-grade heat is recovered for external applications, like in the coffee drying stage. An analysis of the energy demand and coffee stems availability within the Colombian coffee sector shows that the biomass production level in medium- to large-scale coffee farms is well matched to their energy demands, offering particularly attractive opportunities to deploy this bioenergy system. This work assesses the feasibility of providing coffee stem–sourced low-carbon energy for global coffee production at relevant operating scales in rural areas.
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Carmona-Garcia, Estefanny, Paula Andrea Marín-Valencia, Juan Camilo Solarte-Toro, Konstantinos Moustakas, and Carlos Ariel Cardona-Alzate. "Comparison of acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation and ethanol catalytic upgrading as pathways for butanol production: A techno-economic and environmental assessment." Biofuel Research Journal 8, no. 2 (2021): 1384–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18331/brj2021.8.2.4.
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Butanol is an important compound used as a building block for producing value-added products and an energy carrier. The main butanol production pathways are conventional acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation and catalytic upgrading of ethanol. On the other hand, the application of biomass as a promising substrate for biofuel production has been widely considered recently. However, few studies have compared different butanol production pathways using biomass as raw material. In light of that, the present work aims (i) to provide a short review of the catalytic ethanol upgrading and (ii) to compare conventional ABE fermentation and catalytic ethanol upgrading processes from the economic and environmental perspectives. Aspen Plus v9.0 was used to simulate both processes. The economic and environmental assessments were carried out considering the Colombian economic context, a gate-to-gate approach, and single impact categories. Considering a processing scale of 1000 ton/d, the conventional ABE fermentation process presented a more favorable technical, economic, and environmental performance for butanol production from biomass. It also offered lower net energy consumption (i.e., 57.9 GJ/ton of butanol) and higher butanol production (i.e., 2.59 ton/h). Nevertheless, the proposed processing scale was insufficient to reach economic feasibility for both processes. To overcome this challenge, the minimum processing scale had to be higher than 1584 ton/d and 1920 ton/d for conventional ABE fermentation and catalytic ethanol upgrading, respectively. Another critical factor in enhancing the economic feasibility of both butanol production pathways was the minimum selling price of butanol. More specifically, prices higher than 1.56 USD/kg and 1.80 USD/kg would be required for conventional ABE fermentation and catalytic ethanol upgrading, respectively. From the environmental impact point of view, the conventional ABE fermentation process led to a lower potential environmental impact than catalytic ethanol upgrading (0.12 PEI/kg vs. 0.18 PEI/kg, respectively).
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Pizarro-Loaiza, Carlos Alexander, Patricia Torres-Lozada, Josep Illa, Jordi Palatsi, and August Bonmatí. "Effect of Harvesting Age and Size Reduction in the Performance of Anaerobic Digestion of Pennisetum Grass." Processes 8, no. 11 (2020): 1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111414.
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In the rural zones of Latin American and Caribbean developing countries, the poorest households rely on traditional fuels such as firewood to meet their daily cooking needs. Many of those countries are located near the equator, where they have a tropical climate and grass is one of the most common biomass crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of harvesting age (30, 44, and 57 days) in the performance of anaerobic digestion of King Grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. King Grass) grown under tropical climate conditions. Three reduction methods of crop size were also compared. Results showed that 44-day harvesting age presented the greater specific methane yield (347.8 mLCH4 g−1VS) and area-specific methane yield (9773 m3CH4 ha−1 y−1). The machine chopped method (1–3 cm for stems and 1–10 cm for leaves) was the reduction method that maximized the methane production. From those results, the calculated area required for grass cultivation to provide the cooking energy to a typical family in the Colombian rural zones is 154 m2.
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Salamanca-Carreño, Arcesio, Mauricio Vélez-Terranova, Oscar M. Vargas-Corzo, Pere M. Parés-Casanova, and Jannet Bentez-Molano. "Productive and Nutritional Characteristics of Native Grasses from the Floodplain Banks Ecosystem in the Colombian Orinoquia." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (2022): 15151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215151.
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Productive and nutritional evaluations of native grasses are usually scarce, limiting their use in the feeding of herbivorous species. This study aims to determine the forage yield and nutritional value of native grasses from the floodplain “banks” ecosystem in the Colombian Orinoquia. Four native grasses (Paspalum plicatulum, Axonopus compresus, Axonopus purpussi, and Paspalum spp.) and a “control” grass (introduced Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato) were sown and sampled at 30, 40, and 50 days of age. On each sampling date, biomass production in a 1 m2 frame was estimated, and the chemical composition was analyzed using near-infrared spectroscopy. Data analysis included repeated measures analysis, correlations, and multiple linear regression. The grasses’ nutritional characteristics varied as follows: dry matter (DM, 0.9–2.5 ton/ha), crude protein (CP, 4.3–10.2%), neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 61–73.9%) ash (3.2–8.7%), and dry matter digestibility (DMD, 50.8–56.3%). P. plicatulum achieved comparable forage production to that of the “control” grass. A. purpussi, Paspalum sp., and P. plicatulum presented similar CP and ash contents, and a higher Ca:P ratio. Regression analysis indicated that DMD was affected by the CP and acid detergent fiber (ADF) levels. These native grasses constitute promising nutritional alternatives that must be considered in the region’s livestock-production systems; however, detailed studies to evaluate animal performance and consumption are still required.
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Mosquera, Jhessica, Carol Rangel, Jogy Thomas, Angelica Santis, Paola Acevedo, and Ivan Cabeza. "Biogas Production by Pilot-Scale Anaerobic Co-Digestion and Life Cycle Assessment Using a Real Scale Scenario: Independent Parameters and Co-Substrates Influence." Processes 9, no. 11 (2021): 1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9111875.
Full textAbstract:
This study evaluates the performance of different agricultural by-products to identify the potential effect of independent variables, using as the dependent variable the biogas production. A Box–Behnken experimental design was carried out in a pilot-scale plant of four stirred stainless-steel digesters under mesophilic semi-continuous digestion. The results obtained support the creation of a technical framework to scale up the process and further evaluation of the potential environmental impacts through life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. A stable behaviour was achieved in 12 of the 13 experiments proposed. The highest value of daily biogas production was 2200.15 mL day−1 with a stabilization time of 14 days, an organic loading rate of 4 g VS feed daily, low C/N ratio and a 1:1 relation of nitrogen providers. The concentrations of CH4 remained stable after the production stabilization and an average biogas composition of 60.6% CH4, 40.1% CO2 and 0.3% O2 was obtained for the conditions mentioned above. Therefore, the real scale plant was estimated to manage 2.67 tonnes of residual biomass per day, generating 369.69 kWh day−1 of electricity. The LCA analysis confirms that the co-digestion process evaluated is a feasible and environmentally sustainable option for the diversification of the Colombian energy matrix and the development of the agro-industrial sector.
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Lopez Lezama, Jesus Maria, Fernando Villada, and Nicolas Muñoz Galeano. "Effects of Incentives for Renewable Energy in Colombia." Ingenieria y Universidad 21, no. 2 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.iyu21-2.eire.
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<p>Renewable energy is becoming very important as a way to mitigate climate change and promote job creation. Colombia is not excluded from this reality, being a country with huge renewable resources and the challenge to give employment to thousands or rebels, signing the peace process. This paper studies the potential effects of the new regulation to promote the development of renewable energy technologies in Colombia. Two incentives are analyzed: tax deductions on the investment and accelerated depreciation on assets. The work also establishes a methodology to include the effects of tax incentives in the calculation of the Levelized Cost Of Electricity (LCOE). The results show up to 20% reduction in the LCOE; unfortunately, the regulation restricts small or new business to apply for all incentives. For this reason, two complementary mechanisms (granting five years as grace period for loan repayment and lower discount rate as subsidy from the government) are proposed in order to allow small business ventures such as forest biomass projects apply to incentives. As a result, 30% reduction in the LCOE is obtained for photovoltaics (PV) and 15% for forest biomass; being the last one a great opportunity in Colombia because of the huge amount of biomass resources and its potential to create new job opportunities.</p><p> </p>
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Amado, Mónica, Cristian Barca, Mario A. Hernández, and Jean-Henry Ferrasse. "Evaluation of Energy Recovery Potential by Anaerobic Digestion and Dark Fermentation of Residual Biomass in Colombia." Frontiers in Energy Research 9 (June 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.690161.
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This study provides the first overview in Colombia on energy recovery potential by anaerobic digestion (AD) and dark fermentation (DF) of three different residual biomasses: coffee mucilage (CFM), cocoa mucilage (CCM), and swine manure (SM). First, AD and DF models were developed based on the ADM1 model. Then, simulated biogas production yields were compared to experimental data to validate the models. The results of comparative simulations indicate that energy recovery potentials from biogas for the different Colombian departments range from 148 to 48,990 toe, according to the local production amounts of CFM, CCM, and SM in 2017. The study provides crucial information that can be used to assess the best design, operation mode, and locations of AD and DF plants in Colombia. The results indicate that biogas production performances and energy recovery yields improve by increasing CFM/SM and/or CCM/SM ratios of the feed, and by increasing organic load from 2 to 26 gCOD∙l−1.
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Forero Buitrago, Gonzalo Alberto. "Integrated farming system for the foothill-regions of Colombia – Ariporo System (A.S.)." Revista de Tecnología 12, no. 2 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.18270/rt.v12i2.697.
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<p>Abundance of sun, wind and water (provided by equatorial regions) causes agriculture, energy and carbon sequestration to be unique in terms of Productive conditions in Colombia. This natural productivity yields land areas rich in biodiversity due to the high rates of efficient solar energy conversion and water, feeding macro and micro organisms, fauna and flora. This potential is wasted through the current use of extensive livestock production, which is inefficient in the conversion of solar energy into biomass. This article presents an adaptation of farming techniques applied to the seasons as well as to the foothill ecosystems of Colombia in order to exploit such natural resources without negative impact to the environment including the conservation of an endangered animal species.</p>